Sebastiaan
Urban and Landscape Design
www.sebastiaanbrons.nl
Energy resources demand over time
100
80
60 % Gas 40 Oil Peat 20 Wood
Coal Other
0 1600
1650
1700
1750
1800 Year
1850
1900
1950
2000
Worldwide energy consumption Worldwide Energy Consumption
Geothermal electricity = 0.07% Solar PV power = 0.06% Nuclear = 2.7%
Wind power = 0.51% Biomass electricity = 0.28% Biodiesel = 0.17% Ethanol = 0.50%
Hydropower = 3.34%
Renewables = 16.7%
Biomass heat = 11.44%
Geothermal heat = 0.12% Solar hotwater = 0.17%
Fossil fuels = 80.6%
Data from source: Renewable Energy Policy Network, 2010
Total
Renewables
Fossil fuels = 80.6% Renewables = 16.7% Nuclear = 2.7%
Biomass heat = 11.44% Solar hotwater = 0.17% Geothermal heat = 0.12% Hydropower = 3.34% Ethanol = 0.50% Biodiesel = 0.17% Biomass electricity = 0.28% Wind power = 0.51% Geothermal electricity = 0.07% Solar PV power = 0.06% Solar CSP = 0.002% Ocean power = 0.001%
Energy consumption Netherlands
Conversion losses Built environment 15%
20% gas
61%
electricity other 29%
33% 6% 0%
Industry
33% Transport 3% Agriculture
TotalEnergy Energy consumption per sector (1150 Total consumption perTWh*/y) sector (1150 TWh/y) *One terawatt-hour is equal to a sustained power of approximately 114 megawatts** for a period of one year. One one terawatt-hour is equal to 1146 MW.MW for one year **In comparison big windturbine of has a sustained power of approximately and one turbine approximately 6MW
Amsterdam produces enough waste heat to provide heat for the whole city. (Rotterdam produces enough waste heat to provide heat for the entire Randstad) Source: Young Innovators: Jeroen Atteveld, Dingeman Deijs (2015)
100%
Electricity consumption Amsterdam
Source: DRO (2015), Heren 5 architecten (Jeroen Atteveld) (2015); edited by myself
Gas consumption Amsterdam
Source: DRO (2015), Heren 5 architecten (Jeroen Atteveld) (2015); edited by myself
Ambition Europe
80-95% CO2 reduction by 2050.
Ambition Netherlands
In 2023, at least 16% of all energy must be sustainable. In the long term the Netherlands has to make the transition to a low-CO2 energy economy.
Ambition Amsterdam
40% CO2 reduction by 2025 and 75% in 2040, compared to 1990.
Why transition?
Amsterdam climate in 2071
Independence from Russia
Rising sea levels Image 2, 3, 4 source: Young Innovators: Jeroen Atteveld, Dingeman Deijs (2015)
Natural gas is getting expensive
Fossil fuels are getting scarce
What is sustainable energy? What is sustainable energy?
Reduce energy demand
Reduce energy demand
Now
?
?
Sustainable production
Sustainable production
?
Goal
Efficient fossil production
Efficient fossil production
Source: http://www.dingemandeijs.nl/index.php?/warmsterdam/
Energy exchange
Energy exchange
Trias Energetica?
dem ergy uce en Red
bles
ewa
f ren
o Use
and
Reduc
Effi
Efficient fossil use
Trias Energetica
Quattuor Energetica
Use of renewables
Efficient fossil use
Smart energy exchange
s
able
Reduce energy demand
Quattuor Energetica
rgy demand
Change
Now production
Goal
sil production
hange
Source: http://www.dingemandeijs.nl/index.php?/warmsterdam/
Power plants Amsterdam
Source: DRO (2015), Heren 5 architecten (Jeroen Atteveld) (2015); edited by myself
Potential Amsterdam (electricity production)
Source: DRO (2015), Heren 5 architecten (Jeroen Atteveld) (2015); edited by myself
Potential Amsterdam (waste heat)
Source: DRO (2015), Heren 5 architecten (Jeroen Atteveld) (2015); edited by myself
Potential Amsterdam (thermal storage)
Source: DRO (2015), Heren 5 architecten (Jeroen Atteveld) (2015); edited by myself
Why has this not been done yet?
Potential energy from the sun
Now in use: 0,02 PJ Potential now: 3,75 PJ
Theoretical potential: 596,9 PJ Sun Potential Amsterdam: 1.042.000 MWh
Potential sustainable energy Amsterdam Sun Potential
Wind Potential
Heat Potential
Now in use: 0,02 PJ
Now in use: 0,5 PJ
Now in use: 0 PJ
Potential now: 3,75 PJ
Potential now: 1,6 PJ
Potential now: 0,39 PJ
Theoretical potential: 596,9 PJ
Theoretical potential: 14,6 PJ
Theoretical potential: 11,6 PJ
Sun Potential Amsterdam: 1.042.000 MWh
Wind Potential Amsterdam: 445.000 MWh
Cold Potential
Hot/Cold Storage open system potential
Hot/Cold Storage closed system potential
Now in use: 0 PJ
Now in use: 0,64 PJ
Now in use: 0 PJ
Potential now: 0,25 PJ
Potential now: 54 PJ
Potential now: 4 PJ
Theoretical potential: 10 PJ
Theoretical potential: 237 PJ
Theoretical potential: 20,7 PJ
Geothermal Potential
Waste heat potential
Waste potential
Now in use: 0 PJ
Now in use: 0 PJ
Now in use: 0,3 PJ
Potential now: 9,31PJ
Potential now: 1,31 PJ
Potential now: 0,3 PJ
Theoretical potential: 10,96 PJ
Theoretical potential: 3,92 PJ
Theoretical potential: 1,14PJ
Source: Energieatlas Amsterdam Zuidoost, Gemeente Source: Energieatlas Amsterdam Zuidoost, Gemeente Amsterdam (april, 2014)Amsterdam (april, 2014), edited by myself
Waste Potential Amsterdam: 77.778 MWh
Final energy output sun
Solar insolation Amsterdam
Only rooftops
Orientation / suitable
Efficiency solar panel
N 100% 597 PJ
15% 89 PJ
6% 41 PJ
1% 3,75 PJ
Sustainable energy assumptions Solar insolation Amsterdam
Only rooftops
Orientation / suitable
Efficiency solar panel
Hydrous sand layers
Flow and radiation
Limited range
Near buildings
1% 3,75 PJ
100% 475 PJ
50% 237 PJ
33% 157 PJ
23% 108 PJ
Deep heat source
Heat exchanger
Heat loss distribution
90% 11,4 PJ
75% 9,3 PJ
N 100% 597 PJ
15% 89 PJ
Wimdturbines Amsterdam
Minimal distance buildings
6% 41 PJ
Windstrategy municipality Amsterdam
300 m
3 km
100% 14,6 PJ
55% 8 PJ
11% 1,6 PJ
100% 12,7 PJ
Waste production Amsterdam
Efficiency waste powerplant
Energy production
Waste heat
Collect
Heat exchanger
Seasonal storage
100% 4 PJ
50% 2 PJ
25% 1 PJ
12,5% 0,5 PJ
Heatpump
+
100% 5 PJ
27% 1,6 PJ
26% 1,5 PJ 1% 0,1 PJ
Source: Energieatlas Amsterdam Zuidoost, Gemeente Amsterdam (april, 2014), edited by myself
17% 0,7 PJ
Capital costs per energy resource
Solar PV (Rooftop residential)
$3500
Solar PV (Rooftop Commercial & Industry)
$2500
$4500
$3000
Solar thermal with storage
Alternative energy
$7000
Fuel Cell
$3800
Microturbine
$2300
$7000 $3800
Geothermal
$4600
Biomass
$3000
Wind
$1400
Diesel generator
$500
Gas peaking
Conventional energy
$9800
$7250
$4000
$1800
$800
$800
$1000
IGCC
$4000
$8000
(integrated gasification combined cycle)
$5400
Nuclear Coal
$3000
Gas combined cycle
$1000
$0 Data from source: http://www.lazard.com/
$8200
$1000
$8400
$1300
$2000
$3000
$4000
$5000
$6000
Capital Cost ($/kW)
$7000
$8000
$9000
$10000
Levelized costs per energy resource *LCOE Levelized Cost of Energy consists of: -Investments -Operations/maintenance -Fuel -Electricity generation -Life of System
Solar PV (Rooftop residential)
$180
Solar PV (Rooftop Commercial & Industry)
Alternative energy
$126
Solar thermal with storage
$118
Fuel Cell
$115
Microturbine
$89
Biomass
$87
Wind
$37
$177 $130 $176
$102
Geothermal
$265
$135 $142 $116
$81
Diesel generator
$297
Gas peaking
Conventional energy
$179
IGCC
$102
$332
$230 $171
(integrated gasification combined cycle)
$92
Nuclear Coal
$66
Gas combined cycle
$0 Data from source: http://www.lazard.com/
$132 $151
$61
$87
$50
$100
$150
$200
$250
$300
LCOE* ($/MWh)
$350
$400
$450
$500
Necessity + Ambitions + Potential + Final output + Costs =
Where to begin?
Housing Corporations
Home ownership
Amsterdam
Source: DRO (2015), Heren 5 architecten (Jeroen Atteveld) (2015); edited by myself
Total / Average consumption
Average Electricity Consumption - Re
Average Electricity Consumption - Co
Average Gas Consumption - Residen
Average consumption: Total / known connections (gas/electricity) Most consumption
Least consumption No data Protected data
Source: www.energieinbeeld.nl through Laura Hakvoort (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2015)
Average Gas Consumption - Comme
Consumption vs Potential Potential
Source Efficiency (%) = Amount (GWh)
3 km
75% = 2582 GWh
1% = 1042 GWh
2014 consumption
4545 GWh Electricity
2014 consumption 780 777 453 m3 Gas
= 229 GWh
17% = 195 GWh 11% = 444 GWh
1% = 28 GWh
26% = 417 GWh
Total: 1903 GWh
Electricity potential vs. Heat potential
Total: 2805 GWh
Energy Market Change
Various players
Government vs. Citizen
Government
3 km
Change
Citizens
Centralized Resources
Fossil fuels
Source: www.energyplan.eu, edited by myself
Conversion
Demands
Combustion engine
Mobility
Power plants
Electricity
Boiler
Heat
vs. Decentralized Resources
Conversion
Demands
Combustion engine
Electric vehicles Fuel storage
Wind
Bioenergy fuels
Fluctuating electricity
Combined heat power plant
Synthetic fuels
Heat pump
Power exchange
Electricity storage
Mobility
Flexible electricity
Cooling
Solar
Fluctuating heat
Source: www.energyplan.eu, edited by myself
Thermal storage Heating
Conclusion
Concluding Energy production
+
Energy consumption
+
Housing corporations/ Home ownership
or o p st
Energy reuse
+
Potential sustainable energy
+
Smart energy exchange
t
We
st e W ei uw
N
Land vs Sea
rg
bu e e Z
Westpoort / Nieuw-West
Sloterplas
Slotermeer-Zuidwest