Funnel House REPORT -Second Place Solar Decathlon 2020 -Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica -

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Project introduction o Project Summary o Team info o Our University o Our Partners Design constrains Design goals

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1. Energy Performance 2. Engineering 3. Financial Feasibility & Affordability 4. Resilience 5. Architecture 6. Operations 7. Market Potencial 8. Comfort & Environmental Quality 9. Innovation 10. Life cycle assesment

• SECCTION 1 PROJECT INTRODUCTION

SECCTION 2 OUTLOOK

SECCTION 3 APPENDICES

SECCTION 4 SUPPLEMENTAL DOCUMENTATION

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A01: Desing Process A02: Site Plan A03: Floor Plan A04: Roof Plan A05: Exterior Elevations A06: Exterior Elevations A07: Building Sections A08: Building Sections A09: Wall Sections A10: Details A11: Window and Door Sched A12: Textures and Materials A13:Diagrams M01: Mechanical Ventilation M02: Electric Engineering M03: Electrical Engineering M04: Hydrosanitary Engineering

S1: Energy evaluation S2: Survey and results S3: Detailed budget report S4: Enerdy consumption with efficient appliance • S5: Others • • • •

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 1 PROJECT INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 1 DESIGN STRATEGIES ...................................................................................................................................... 1 PROJECT DATA ............................................................................................................................................... 1 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS ......................................................................................................................... 2 TEAM INFORMATION .................................................................................................................................... 2 PARTNERS ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 DESIGN CONSTRAINTS DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................................... 3 PROJECT LOCATION ....................................................................................................................................... 3 REGULATIONS ................................................................................................................................................ 3 SITE CONSTRAINTS ........................................................................................................................................ 4 USERS AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS................................................................................................................ 4 DESIGN GOALS ............................................................................................................................................... 4 BUILDING SYSTEMS ANTICIPATED FOR THE DESIGN ................................................................................... 5 PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES ....................................................................................................................... 5 VENTILATION STRATEGIES ............................................................................................................................ 6 USE OF CONTROL LAYERS ............................................................................................................................. 6 ROOFS DESIGN............................................................................................................................................... 6 ENERGY PLUS HOUSE .................................................................................................................................... 6 1. Energy Performance ............................................................................................................................... 7 1.1. Energy analysis showing the objectives to be achieved (HERS) including calculations with and without renewable energy. .......................................................................................................................... 7 1.1.1.

Vision and objectives ................................................................................................................... 7

1.1.2.

Strategy ........................................................................................................................................ 7

1.1.3. Validation Methodology for the Self-Regression Forecast Model for Electricity Consumption in the House ................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.2.

Integration of Energy Systems in Architecture.................................................................................. 8

1.3.

Natural and Electric Lighting Systems for each activity, environment and mood ........................... 9

1.3.1.

Optimal Illumination Ranges during Daylight .............................................................................. 9

1.3.2.

Optimal Illumination Ranges During the Afternoon .................................................................. 10

1.4.

Strategies to Reduce Electrical Charges on Electrical Outlets and Appliance Loads ..................... 11

1.5.

Interaction with the Electrical Network and Reliability in the Network ........................................ 12

1.6. Strategies to Efficiently Integrate Renewable Energy Generation (on -site or off -site) to Archive Zero Annual Consumption and Offset the Use of Energy From Non-Renewable Sources ....................... 12 2. Engineering ........................................................................................................................................... 12 2.1.

Building enclosure systems using control layers ............................................................................. 12

2.1.1.

Control on walls ......................................................................................................................... 13

2.1.2.

Floor control............................................................................................................................... 13

2.1.3.

Interior ceiling control ............................................................................................................... 13

2.1.4.

Control on windows and louvers ............................................................................................... 14

2.1.5.

Foundation control .................................................................................................................... 14

2.2.

Structural system ............................................................................................................................. 14

2.3.

Electric system with generation on site........................................................................................... 15

2.4.

Hot water system ............................................................................................................................. 16

2.5.

Hydrosanitary system ....................................................................................................................... 16

2.5.1.

Plumbing .................................................................................................................................... 16

2.5.2.

Pipelines ..................................................................................................................................... 16

2.5.3.

Plumbing Accessories................................................................................................................. 17

2.5.4.

Estimated water load by zones .................................................................................................. 17

2.5.5.

Rainwater reuse system, gray water and sewage treatment.................................................... 18

2.6.

Integration of systems in the building architectural design ........................................................... 19

3. Financial Feasibility & Affordability .................................................................................................... 19 3.1.

Cost of design and its relation to the target market ....................................................................... 19

3.2.

Comparison between the standard and proposed housing, regarding potential to last .............. 22

3.3. Analysis of financial feasibility and affordability understanding in the target market according to how it will be offered to the consumer ...................................................................................................... 23 3.4.

Estimated operations y maintenance cost ...................................................................................... 23

4. Resilience .............................................................................................................................................. 24 4.1.

Risk analysis ...................................................................................................................................... 24

4.2.

Integration of resilience strategies in details of design and practice constructions. .................... 25

4.3.

Recovery plan and critical operations after a disaster or power outage ....................................... 27

5. Architecture .......................................................................................................................................... 27 5.1.

Background ....................................................................................................................................... 27

5.2.

Vernacular Residence ....................................................................................................................... 28

5.3.

Architectural Propose ....................................................................................................................... 28

5.4.

Floor distribution .............................................................................................................................. 29

5.5.

Distance Efficiency ............................................................................................................................ 30

5.6.

Technology and Energetic Efficiency Integration ............................................................................ 30

5.7.

Ventilation and lighting methods .................................................................................................... 30

5.8.

Environment Influence ..................................................................................................................... 31

5.9.

Environment and Community connection....................................................................................... 31

5.10.

Solar Performance ........................................................................................................................ 31

5.11.

Interior Design............................................................................................................................... 32

5.12.

Funcionality ................................................................................................................................... 33

5.13.

Architectural Expressiveness ........................................................................................................ 33

6. Operation (Use and Maintenance) ...................................................................................................... 33 6.1.

Strategies to minimize maintenance by inhabitants ...................................................................... 33

6.1.1.

Structure maintenance .............................................................................................................. 33

6.1.2.

Leather, walls - enclosure maintenance .................................................................................... 34

6.1.3.

Roofs Maintenance .................................................................................................................... 34

6.2.

Smart building................................................................................................................................... 34

6.2.1.

Energetic performance and comfort ......................................................................................... 34

6.2.2.

Security ...................................................................................................................................... 34

6.2.3.

Communication and monitoring of house state........................................................................ 34

6.2.4.

Technologies and strategies ...................................................................................................... 34

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Thermic ............................................................................................................................................ 35

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Pod .................................................................................................................................................... 35

7. Market Potencial .................................................................................................................................. 35 7.1. Design functionality, appeal, and enhancement of the occupantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; quality of life, health and wellbeing 35 7.2. Application of commercially available materials and practices that are tailored to large-scale zero-energy buildings .................................................................................................................................. 36 7.3.

Use of the design solution that meets current market expectations for the owner experience.. 36

7.4.

The Ability to replicate the design and concepts to large market.................................................. 37

8. Comfort and environmental quality .................................................................................................... 37 8.1.

Natural Ventilation ........................................................................................................................... 37

8.2.

HVAC System .................................................................................................................................... 38

8.3.

Relative humidity control ................................................................................................................. 38

8.4.

Air quality.......................................................................................................................................... 38

8.5.

Natural illumination ......................................................................................................................... 39

8.6.

Interior Spaces .................................................................................................................................. 39

8.7.

Materiatility ...................................................................................................................................... 39

8.8.

Noise control..................................................................................................................................... 40

9. Innovation ............................................................................................................................................ 40 9.1.

Innovation: methodology applied in the projecy............................................................................ 40

9.2.

Innovation from Materiality: Bamboo (Guadua Angustifolia) ....................................................... 41

10.

Life Cycle assesment ......................................................................................................................... 42

10.1.

Low environmental impact strategies. ........................................................................................ 42

10.2.

Shelf-life determination................................................................................................................ 43

10.3.

EDGE Certification. ........................................................................................................................ 44

LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1 EXTERIOR RENDERING ...................................................................................................................................... 1 FIGURE 2 ESTIMATED ANUAL ENERGY COST-CONSUMPTION ......................................................................................... 1 FIGURE 3 PROJECT LOCATION .......................................................................................................................................... 3 FIGURE 4 PROJECT LOTE .................................................................................................................................................. 4 FIGURE 5 AMAZON REGION. DEUTSCHE WELLE –LATIN AMERICA .................................................................................. 5 FIGURE 6 NATURAL VENTILATION DIAGRAM ................................................................................................................... 6 FIGURE 7 CONSUMPTION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY PER HOME AT THE LEVEL OF NATURAL REGIONS .......................... 7 FIGURE 8 HERS INDEX ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 FIGURE 9 ESTIMATION OF ENERGY COST AND CONSUMPTION....................................................................................... 8 FIGURE 10 GLOBAL ACTIVE POWER OPTIMIZATION FORECASTING OF THE FUNNEL HOUSE.......................................... 8 FIGURE 11 GLOBAL ACTIVE POWER CONSUMPTION OF A HOUSE IN ECUADOR IN KW ................................................. 8 FIGURE 12 ARRANGE HOUSE’S SPACES ............................................................................................................................ 9 FIGURE 13 RANGES OF ILLUMINATION IN THE HOUSE (DESING BULDER) ..................................................................... 10 FIGURE 14 RANGES OF ILLUMINATION IN THE HOUSE IN THE AFTERNOON (DESING BULDER).................................... 11 FIGURE 15 ENERGY SPECIFICATIONS FOR DOMESTIC APPLIANCES................................................................................ 11 FIGURE 16 WALL SYSTEM: INSULATION PALM FIBER AND SPRAY POLYURETHANE FOAM ........................................... 13 FIGURE 17 FLOOR SYSTEM: INSULATION PALM FIBER AND SPRAY POLYURETHANE FOAM.......................................... 13 FIGURE 18 ROOF SYSTEM: INSULATION PALM FIBER AND SPRAY POLYURETHANE FOAM ........................................... 13 FIGURE 19 WINDOW SYSTEM: SE 60 PVC ....................................................................................................................... 14 FIGURE 20 LATTICE SYSTEM: WOODEN SLATS ............................................................................................................... 14 FIGURE 21 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM ................................................................................................................................... 15 FIGURE 22 SOLAR PROJECT LOCATION PANO (J3M 2020) ............................................................................................. 15 FIGURE 23 PANEL CONNECTION DIAGRAM (J3M 2020) ................................................................................................. 16 FIGURE 24 NATURAL HEAT (2014) TERMOSIFÓN BST .................................................................................................... 16 FIGURE 25 DIAGRAM OF REUSE RAIN, GRAY WATER AND SEWAGE .............................................................................. 18 FIGURE 26 WOOD OUTPERFORMS BOTH STEEL AND CONCRETE IN TERMS OF ALL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS SOURCE: FORESTRY INNOVATION INVESTMENT (2017)................................................................................................. 22 FIGURE 27 IMPACT OF BUILDING MATERIALS”. SOURCE: (SEGURA PLAZA, 2017) ........................................................ 23 FIGURE 28 PARROQUIA PANO LOCATION ...................................................................................................................... 24 FIGURE 29 FUNDATION AND STRUCTURE DETAIL .......................................................................................................... 25 FIGURE 30 ROOF SYSTEM DETAIL ................................................................................................................................... 26 FIGURE 31 FILTERED WATER RESERVE............................................................................................................................ 26 FIGURE 32 DRINKING WATER RESERVE .......................................................................................................................... 26 FIGURE 33 SETTLERS RESIDENCE(RIGHT) - VERNACULAR HOUSING (LEFT). SOURCE: OWN WORK .............................. 28 FIGURE 34 SOLAR PATH .................................................................................................................................................. 28 FIGURE 35 EXPLOITED AXONOMETRY ............................................................................................................................ 29 FIGURE 36 VERNACULAR HOUSE - FUNNEL HOUSE ....................................................................................................... 29 FIGURE 37 SEMI-OPEN SPACES-CLOSED SPACES ............................................................................................................ 30 FIGURE 38 AMAZON REGION. EL PRODUCTO NEWS PAPER .......................................................................................... 31 FIGURE 39 RADIATION DIAGRAM ON THE PROJECT. OWN WORK................................................................................. 32 FIGURE 40 MATERIALITY IN INTERIOR DESIGN ............................................................................................................... 32 FIGURE 41 30 OSB WALL STUCCO................................................................................................................................... 34 FIGURE 42 HOME AUTOMATION, HOME ENERGY PERFORMANCE ............................................................................... 34 FIGURE 43 ECUADORIAN AMAZON-LOCAL MATERIALS ................................................................................................. 36 FIGURE 44 SIMULATION OF ENERGY EXPENDITURE USING DESIGN BUILDER - FUNNEL HOUSE.- FUNNEL HOUSE ...... 38 FIGURE 45 COMFORT SIMULATION USING DESIGN BUILDER - FUNNEL HOUSE ............................................................ 38 FIGURE 46 MATERIALTY ON INTERIOR SPACES .............................................................................................................. 39 FIGURE 47 PASSIVE METHODS........................................................................................................................................ 41 FIGURE 48 CENTRO DE DOCUMENTACIÓN DEL BAMBU” ArchivoBAQ2016 .................................................................. 42 FIGURE 49 CATEDRAL SIN RELIGIÓN" ARQ-EC,2016 ....................................................................................................... 42 FIGURE 50 PHASES OF A CIRCULAR PROJECT ................................................................................................................ 42 FIGURE 51 MATERIAL RECYCLING ................................................................................................................................... 43

FIGURE 52 BUILDING CIRCULARITY................................................................................................................................. 43 FIGURE 53 INCORPORATED CARBON.............................................................................................................................. 44

LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1 LIGHTING ACCORDING TO SPACE (NEC) ............................................................................................................. 9 TABLE 2 PIPE SIZE AND MATERIAL .................................................................................................................................. 17 TABLE 3 PIPE SIZE AND MATERIAL .................................................................................................................................. 17 TABLE 4 RURAL AND URBAN CONSUMPTION ................................................................................................................ 17 TABLE 5 CONSUMPTION IN THE AREA............................................................................................................................ 17 TABLE 6 WITHOUT WATER SAVING ................................................................................................................................ 18 TABLE 7 CONSUMPTION IN THE TENA AREA .................................................................................................................. 18 TABLE 8 UP TO 50% LESS WITH WATER SAVER .............................................................................................................. 18 TABLE 9 BUDGET SUMMARY REPORT............................................................................................................................. 21 TABLE 10 UNIT PRICE ANALYSIS (WALL) ......................................................................................................................... 21 TABLE 11 GENERAL BREAKDOWN OF THE BUDGET ....................................................................................................... 21 TABLE 12 COMPARISON OF MATERIAL ADVANTAGES”. SOURCE-TRANSLATED-: (SEGURA PLAZA, 2017) .................... 22 TABLE 13 GENERAL MAINTENANCE COST”. SOURCE: (CENTRO DE INVERSIONES, 2005).............................................. 23 TABLE 14 ANUAL MAINTENANCE COST .......................................................................................................................... 23 TABLE 15 MOSQUITO NET DETAIL .................................................................................................................................. 25 TABLE 16 OPERATING TEMPERATURE. SOURCE: ANSI / ASHRAE STANDARD 55-2017.................................................. 37 TABLE 17 GENERAL RENOVATIONS IN BUILDING SPACES. SOURCE: (DIN 1946)............................................................ 37 TABLE 18 LIMIT BACKGROUND NOISE LEVELS FOR ALL SPACES. FUENTE: (“WELL BUILDING INSTITUTE™”, 2020) ...... 40

LIST OF ACRONYMS PDOT -Plan de desarrollo y ordenamiento territorial /Province Development Plan. INEC -Instituto nacional de estadística y censos /National Institute for Statistics and Census. NEC -Norma Ecuatoriana de la Construcción /Ecuadorian Construction Standards. CONELEC -Consejo Nacional de Electricidad /National Electricity Council. IIGE -Instituto de Investigación Geológico y Energético /Geological and Energetic Investigation Institute NTE INEN 1152 –Normativa ecuatoriana de iluminación natural de edificios /Ecuadorian regulations for natural lighting of buildings NEC-SE-GUADÚA -Estructuras de Guadúa /Bamboo construction regulation. INAMHI -Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología / Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology of Ecuador. HVAC -Heating, ventilation and air conditioning HERS –Home energy rating system BIESS -Banco del Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social / Social Security Bank M2 -Square meter. F2 -Square feet. $ -All the prices are given in US dollars.

SECCTION 1 – PROJECT INTRODCTION

PROJECT INTRODUCTION

PROJECT SUMMARY Funnel House is a suburban single dwelling unit, which purpose is to make a change in the existing traditional rural houses in the Amazon Region of Ecuador (Napo province), mainly on the sustainable and environmentally friendly perspective. The project is structured through a module that could be repeated, allowing the house to increase its sizing over time. Its shape allows to catch the predominant winds for natural ventilation and the roof is designed to decrease solar incidence, improving the hygrothermal comfort of the intended occupants in this tropical weather zone, with high temperatures, heavy rains and high relative humidity. Funnel House is a cozy, comfortable, sustainable space, in harmony with the pre-existing biodiversity, which improves the sense of well-being of those who live in it.

FIGURE 1 EXTERIOR RENDERING

DESIGN STRATEGIES The design process involved the selection of a site planned to increase urbanization to enhance replicability; modern and expressive aesthetics to improve customers´ appeal; market potential definition based on the target user; form and orientation analysis adapted to local climate conditions, and passive design strategies. Once the desired design was obtained -one that approaches comfort the most- strategies were established using active systems and equipments that enables the effective decreasing of the relative humidity levels for the indoor environment. PROJECT DATA ● Country: Ecuador. Province: Napo. Canton: Tena. Rural Parish: Pano. ● Geographical Coordinates: 77°50 8.16”W; S1°00 41.76”S. Altitude: 660 meters above sea level. ● Climate Region: tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification). ● House: 157 square meters (m2) (1689,93 square feet / ft2 ). Site: 1000 m2 (10763.9 ft2). ● 2 bedrooms, 1 complete bathroom, living room, dining room, kitchen, front porch/hall and terrace. ● Goal budget: $62.800,00. ● HERS: House energy rating 54. ● UIE: Use Intensity Energy = 1139 BTU/ (PIE2 ) – 3,59 Kwh/(m2).

FIGURE 2 ESTIMATED ANUAL ENERGY COST-CONSUMPTION

SECCTION 1 – PROJECT INTRODUCTION

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS • Foundation Insulation: Hydraulic Water-Stop Cement made foundation. • Walls Insulation: The wall system consists of a 100mm (3.93inch) Angustifolia bamboo frame, 50mm (1.96inch) Palm Fiber for thermal control, Ecuafoam S-1501, Polyurethane foam, 40mm (1.57inch) for humidity control, OSB 1.22x2.44x0.03m (4.00x8.00x0.09ft) panel for sound control and exterior base, one outer layer of Professional Stucco white, 10mm (0.39inch). • Floor System: The Floor System consists of a 75mm (2.95inch) bamboo frame, an OSB panel for thermal and acoustic control, 40mm (1.57inch) Palm Fiber for thermal control and an Ecuafoam S-1501-Polyurethane layer. Foam Spray System, 35mm (1.37inch), and a Bamboo Board Natural finish, 96x9.6x1.5mm (3.77x0.37x0.05inch). • Roof Insulation: The Roof System is comprised of a 0.10m (3.28ft) sandwich panel, consisting of two layers of galvanized steel, pre-painted white, 5mm (0.19inch), and expanded polyurethane padding 37kgm3 0.10m (0.32ft), of low thermal conductivity U = 0.18 and acoustic, with an absorption coefficient of 0.22 for 4000HZ, anchored to the bamboo structure with circular bolts of Ø = 10mm (0.19inch). • Windows: The window system consists of a 60mm (2.36inch) White PVC frame, a normal single glass Window, 6mm (0.23inch), an Ecuafoam S-1501-Polyurethane foam Spray System sealant, 5mm (0.19inch) and a final coat of Professional Stucco 10mm (0.39inch). • Mechanical Ventilation System: A double mechanical slowing system with heat recovery IDEO2 325 ECOWATT, with a “FREE COOLING” system. • Water System: The Water System is made up of a network of rainwater and gray water collection, which are filtered and stored in a 1500-liter tank, and are reused in toilets and garden watering. Drinking water is stored in a 2500-liter tank, and brings drinking water to the entire home. The waste is taken to a septic tank. • Renewable systems: Photovoltaic panels, FV system connected to the public electric grid, 10 technology photovoltaic panels PERC 400W, which dimensions are 102x2008x40 mm and 22, 5 kg for each panel. TEAM INFORMATION STUDENT TEAM LEADER Jheanpiere Sánchez STUDENTS TEAM Christian Darquea Javier Maigua Wendy Moya Fernando Pazmiño Daniel Proaño Viviana Sinailin Claudia Toledo Rodrigo Erazo FACULTY LEADER Arq. Sebastián Alvarado FACULTY ADVISORS Arq. Teresa Pascual Arq. Daniela Ortiz Arq. José Leyva Ing. Wilson Chancusig Ing. Pablo Ron Ing. Paúl Remache Ing. Alcíbar Pila MSc. Roilys Suarez MSc. Lorena Espinosa MSc. Samary Guillén MSc. Rocío Patiño

CARRER Architecture Architecture Architecture Architecture Architecture Architecture Architecture Architecture Industrial Engineering Architecture Architecture Architecture Architecture Industrial Engineering Industrial Engineering Industrial Engineering Business management Language Center Language Center Language Center Language Center

SECCTION 1 – PROJECT INTRODUCTION

PARTNERS ENTE Architects / Sustainable Evaluation J3M / Photovoltaic Electric Generation Instituto de Investigación Geológico y Energético / Data Bases and Energy Simulations TORREFUERTE / Structural Engineering

DESIGN CONSTRAINTS DESCRIPTION PROJECT LOCATION South America – Amazon Region – Napo Province – Pano Parish

FIGURE 3 PROJECT LOCATION

REGULATIONS Local regulations that influence the design: Plan de Uso y Ocupación del Suelo (PUOS) /Land Use and Occupation Plan. Plan de desarrollo y ordenamiento territorial (PDOT) /Napo Province Development Plan. NEC (Norma Ecuatoriana de la Construcción) /Ecuador`s Construction Norm General constraints according to regulations: • Front construction line retraction: 15.00 m. • Coefficient of land use: 50%. • Land classification: (AR) Residential Agricultural. • Feasibility of basic services: Yes, connected to the main network. • Number of floors allowed: 2 • Street width: 9.00 m. • Allowed distance to rivers: 70.00 m. (according to LUOP standards) • Sector potentials: Sector with high demand for the construction of housing due to population growth and ecological tourism development.

SECCTION 1 – PROJECT INTRODUCTION

SITE CONSTRAINTS • Lot size of 10,000.00 m² (minimum lot size according to (PDOT) /Napo Province Development Plan). • Shape of the land: 100 m. x 100 m foursquare approximately. • Located 200 m away from Pano river. • Land with 1% inclination. • Community description: Located right in the border of the Amazon region of Ecuador, in the Tena province which had 60.880 habitants according to the 2010 census (Instituto nacional de estadística y censos – INEC / Natonal Institute for Statistics and Census) Tena city is the closest urban settlement located 4 km away form the project´s plot, it offers all the basic services of a small city, with approximately 23 000 habitants (2010-INEC-census). Pano parish is a small suburban town with 1392 abitants, planned to grow in the next coming years according to local regulations and planning. It is named after the Pano river, one of the several rivers that feed the Amazon.

FIGURE 4 PROJECT LOTE

USERS AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS This project is a sustainable housing focused on young occupants, between 25 and 35 years old, with a family of 4 people (2 adults, 2 children), with a maximum construction budget of $ 70,000. DESIGN GOALS The main objective of this project is to develop a dwelling that understands the unique environment of the Amazon forest, rich in resources and biodiversity, as well as understanding its users for whom it is being designed. It offers maximum comfort to its occupants, through passive and mechanical efficient ventilation systems, materials with low thermal mass, and use of surrounding natural elements (vegetation), obtaining a building with a high degree of efficiency and resilience.

SECCTION 1 – PROJECT INTRODUCTION

FIGURE 5 AMAZON REGION. DEUTSCHE WELLE –LATIN AMERICA ONLINE JOURNAL.

BUILDING SYSTEMS ANTICIPATED FOR THE DESIGN PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES ● Lift the building, so the cold air beneath can circulate to the inside cooling up the floor and interiors. ● Increase the vertical distance and improve convection ventilation to cool the indoor spaces. ● Collection and reuse rainwater and gray water. ● Thermal chimney effect, which improves ventilation and air circulation inside the house and the exit of hot air. ● Louvers located towards the prevailing winds, which allow the passage of air, while sifting sunlight. ● Roof dimentions adapted to a 23, 5 º Sun incidence angle during solstices, in north and south facades to reduce solar incidence. ● The elongated morphology and orientation of the floor plan allows a greater uptake of the prevailing south winds, and decreases the incidence of the Sun in the house from the east and west. ● Vegetation around the project, especially in front of the main facade, so that it can cool the air coming from the prevailing south winds and shade the building. ● Grids on the floor, which allow cold air to enter from beneath the house. ● Isolated private spaces for better performance of mechanical systems. ● Flexibility between passive and mechanical systems to improve resilience.

SECCTION 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; PROJECT INTRODUCTION

FIGURE 6 NATURAL VENTILATION DIAGRAM

VENTILATION STRATEGIES Passive ventilation systems: In order to reduce the energy consumption of the house, the project implements passive ventilation systems: an elongated morphology oriented towards the prevailing winds (South), large holes in the South facade, and smaller openings towards the North, plus the shape of the roof that allows to accelerate the wind speed and a permanent natural ventilation. The building is also raised 1 m (3.28 feet), so that the floor can be permanently cooled and ventilated. Mechanical ventilation systems: A mechanical ventilation system is implemented to reach the goal on thermal comfort, due to the high relative humidity of the location. For this, a Double mechanical slowing system with heat recovery. It is based on the extraction and impulsion of the air through an exhaust fan with electric motor. The system allows ventilation with a variable flow, depending on the humidity rate. This guarantees an appropriate quality of the internal air of the house. USE OF CONTROL LAYERS The building design inlcudes a thoughtful selection of layer materials and construction details, following building science fundamentals, to control rain, air flow, vapor and condensation, and heat flow. ROOFS DESIGN It has being desiged to protect the whole building from the rain and sun, its form improves ventilation, and its material have termo/acoustic properties to improve indoor confort. ENERGY PLUS HOUSE All these efforts resulted in the decrese of energy loads to achive indoor confort, and with the use of solar energy generation systems, the house is not only Zero Energy, but Plus Energy, producing more energy than it consumes.

SECCTION 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; OUTLOOK

SECCTION 2 1.

Energy Performance

1.1. Energy analysis showing the objectives to be achieved (HERS) including calculations with and without renewable energy. 1.1.1. Vision and objectives The Ecuadorian economy has been seriously affected recently due to different factors, and so there is a need for austerity. Therefore, the National Electricity Council -CONELEC (local electricity regulator) is increasing the electricity rates. These actions seek to partially compensate the subsidy that the government grants to electric energy. Note that the rate of energy in the country is $0.093 per kWh, according to CONELEC, the price of the monthly payrolls could increase in $1.90 to $3.80 for users who consume between 150 and 300 kWh per mon (Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas y Censos, 2012). The inhabitants of rural areas would be affect the most with the increase in electricity prices, therefore, energy saving is essential to reduce living cost. Ecuador has 4 regions defined: Amazon region, Andes region, Coast region and Galapagos islands. According to INEC, the highest consumption of electrical energy of a house in the Amazon region is 167,3 kWh per month, around 2000 kWh anualy.

FIGURE 7 CONSUMPTION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY PER HOME AT THE LEVEL OF NATURAL REGIONS

The Napo province is located in the Amazon region, being mostly suburbanized. According to INEC, Napo province would had had an anual per capita electric energy consumption of 599.26 kWh, in 2017. The majority of families in the Napo province are made up of 4 to 5 members living in one house, which would represent a consumption ranging between 2400 and 3000 kWh per house per year (200-250 kWh per house per month). It has to be taken in count that the natural gas has a strong subsidy in Ecuador, being very popular for cooking and water heating. The value to be paid per month for electric energy consumption, per house in the province of Napo ranges from $17.71 to $22.14, representing a monthly electric consumption ranging between 190 to 240 kWh (2280-2880 kWh per house per year). This data is very similar to the consumption discussed previously, and sets a local average annual electric consumption between 2000 and 3000 kWh per house (4-5 people) per year as a design goal for this project. 1.1.2. Strategy The design process started by studying the conditions of the national context and thanks to optimization methodologies of multiple criteria analysis, the most appropriated decisions were made to satisfy the demands for comfort and achieve the corresponding energy savings. At the beginning, Rem Rate software was used as a tool to achieve HERS standards. However, the calculation algorithms are not adequate to model the energy performance for this house, since its missing the specific conditions of Ecuador in its data base. To evaluate energy performance, a series of simulations were developed using Design Builder software and auto-regression forecast for electricity consumption in the proposed dwelling. An approximation to the HERS was made using Rem Rate with data from Florida, since its climate is similar to that of the parish of Pano, in terms of temperature and humidity. The relevant project data and the corresponding evaluation based on Rem Rate software are presented below.

FIGURE 8 HERS INDEX

SECCTION 2 – OUTLOOK

FIGURE 9 ESTIMATION OF ENERGY COST AND CONSUMPTION

1.1.3. Validation Methodology for the Self-Regression Forecast Model for Electricity Consumption in the House The methodology used for the auto regression forecast of the electricity consumption of the house is know as walkforward validation. Forecast based on time series´ main objective is making future predictions, where the technique to be presented is the most effective for understanding series-based machine learning models. Over time, more data become available, which results in a more accurate forecast model. The walk-forward validation allows the model to be evaluated based on this assumption in a faster and more precise way, since there is a minimum number of observations and allows deciding whether to evaluate all the available data or only recent observations. In order to build the model, it was necessary to establish a series of parameters based on samples, among which we can mention the following: kW consumed in a typical house in Ecuador for one day, kW used in one day in spaces such as kitchens, laundry and air conditioned systems. The graph below shows the consumption in kW of a typical house in Ecuador through one day; the month used to prepare the autoregression model was December, the month in which the electricity consumption rates soar due to the holidays and summer. It should be noted that in Ecuador the electricity consumption bill is charged once a month, therefore the sampling and data is done every day to determinate the cost of the return, the database was shared by the Instituto de Investigación Geológico y Energético (IIGE /Geological and Energetic Investigation Institute).

FIGURE 11 GLOBAL ACTIVE POWER CONSUMPTION OF A HOUSE IN ECUADOR IN KW

FIGURE 10 GLOBAL ACTIVE POWER OPTIMIZATION FORECASTING OF THE FUNNEL HOUSE.

The energy consumption in an average Ecuadorian house versus the energy consumption of the architectural proposal can be seen in Figure 10 (Global Active Power optimization forecasting of the Funnel House), where we can infer that energy savings range from 30 to 40 % thanks to the strategies that will be exposed. The reason why this model of self-regression forecast of the electric consumption of the house was conceived is to verify that it is actually consuming less and justify the architectural proposal based on a comparison with the consumption of a typical house in Ecuador with the same conditions. 1.2. Integration of Energy Systems in Architecture The power generation systems are integrated into the architecture using the roof as an area for solar panels, which are located on an aluminum substructure that adapts to the inclination of the roof of the house. The inclination allows the panels to be cleaned naturally by the rains, avoiding constant cleaning maintenance. The electrical connections use the walls and the air chamber between the roof and the ceiling, to carry energy to electrical outlets, switches and lightings, avoiding exposed installations, maintaining the simplicity of the project inside.

SECCTION 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; OUTLOOK

1.3. Natural and Electric Lighting Systems for each activity, environment and mood To define the optimal ranges of lighting, Ecuadorian Construction Standards (NEC) were used for energy efficiency in residential buildings, which defines the optimal ranges of lighting for houses and residences in Ecuador. In addition, the NTE INEN 1152 is used, which defines that the exterior light for case studies in Ecuador must be managed with 8000 lux to 10000 lux. Housing area lux min lux recom. lux optima Living Room 200 300 500 Kitchen 100 150 200 Bedroom 100 150 200 Studying room 300 500 750 Circulation 50 100 150 Badroom 100 150 200 TABLE 1 LIGHTING ACCORDING TO SPACE (NEC)

The house is divided into independent modules and that have different spaces, which require different levels of lighting.

FIGURE 12 ARRANGE HOUSEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S SPACES

1.Living room 2. Dining room 3. Kitchen 4. Bathroom 5. Machine room 6. Rest area 7. Bedroom 8. Bedroom. 9. Storage 1.3.1. Optimal Illumination Ranges during Daylight Module 1: during the day, it has an incidence of 858 lux on the window, which fades to 200 lux, having optimal ranges for lighting in rooms and living spaces, the dining area in the second part of the module ranges from 572 to 200 lux, which meets the requirements of the NEC eco-efficiency (NEC eco-efficiency redirects to NET INEN 1152 in this aspect). Module 2: during the day, it has an incidence of up to 1144 lux in the window and diffuses up to 225 lux, having a greater range of luxes in the kitchen work areas, bathroom spaces ranges from 858 lux to 200 lux which complies with the optimal lighting ranges; the machine room is the space with the least illumination ranging from 50 to 0 lux; the access and circulation area ranges from 858 lux to 288 lux, complying with the NEC eco-efficiency as well. Module 3: during the day, it has an incidence of up to 1430 lux in the social area and diffuses through the rooms up to 215 lux, keeping the room in an optimal range, serving also as a workspace. The rest or hammock area is in a range of 858 lux and 286 lux, complying with the lighting ranges according to the NEC eco-efficiency.

SECCTION 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; OUTLOOK

FIGURE 13 RANGES OF ILLUMINATION IN THE HOUSE (DESING BULDER)

1.3.2. Optimal Illumination Ranges During the Afternoon Module 1: during the afternoon, it has an incidence of 288 lux on the window that fades to 100 lux, optimal for living spaces, the dining area in the second part of the module ranges from 1430 to 572 lux. Module 2: during the afternoon, it has an incidence up to 288 lux in the window which diffuses to 100 lux, having a greater range of luxes in kitchen work areas; bathroom spaces range from 2000 lux to 1000 lux, it complies with the optimal lighting ranges; the machine room is the space with the least illumination ranging from 50 to 0 lux; the access and circulation area complies with the illumination as well, ranging form 1430 to 572 lux. Module 3: during the afternoon, it has an incidence of up to 288 lux in the window and diffuses through the rooms up to 100 lux, maintaining an optimal range in the room that also serves as a workspaces. The rest of hammock area is in a range of 1430 lux and 572 lux. The circulation an social spaces have latticed type protection that allows reducing the incidence of the sun, which was not taken into account for this analysis since its an open space, and the doors could be opened to adjust illumination. It includes mosquito net frames. The house is in the optimal lighting ranges and the spaces with the highest incidence of natural lighting are protected with lattice like elements and its slopping walls prevent direct radiation towards the building, preventing the building from hating up. At night, artificial lighting is proposed with 9w led bulbs that generate 480 lumens, using a maximum of two bulbs per area.

SECCTION 2 – OUTLOOK

FIGURE 14 RANGES OF ILLUMINATION IN THE HOUSE IN THE AFTERNOON (DESING BULDER)

1.4. Strategies to Reduce Electrical Charges on Electrical Outlets and Appliance Loads The reduction of electrical charges was managed based on optimization methodologies, where it was first decided to identify which devices consume the most. Then, the following were taken as comparison criteria: average power, installed power and annual consumption. To choose the best option among a large range of household appliances, the “order of preferences technique for similarity with the ideal solution” or TOPSIS was used. The most energy consumption appliances are: refrigerator, microwave, washing machine, iron, computer, and shower (water heating); then optimization techniques focused on these appliances. But not everything involves mathematical techniques in order to archive adequate energy savings, many times it is essential to observe the behavioral dynamics of the users, for example, it is very common in the Ecuadorian Amazon to use devices such as sound equipment and video players. Although these devices consume more energy, thanks to the access to the internet, you can choose to replace these devices by means of adapters connected directly to a computer and televisions, using the internet or cables such as HDMI, in this way avoid using devices that over time are becoming obsolete.

FIGURE 15 ENERGY SPECIFICATIONS FOR DOMESTIC APPLIANCES

The best options in the supply of appliances that meet energy saving standards in Pano were the following: 1 LG electronics 2. Miéle, 3 Taurus 4. Teka, 5. Deawoo 6. Bosch 7. Whirpool 8. Samsung 9. Black & Decker, 10. General Electric. Subsequently, the informative tables of each of the devices were compared, an aspect that can be seen in the imagen below, and finally the best options were compared in the optimization matrices.

The best options that were chosen can be seen in (Figure 15), where the electrical consumption of the houses is significantly reduced, reaching standards that are achievable for the client, therefore. The consumption of the house was calculated in 4338 kWh / year, a significant reduction if we take into account that a house of this standard normally consumes 5,950 kWh/ year. The loads chart can be seen in Supplemental Documentation.

SECCTION 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; OUTLOOK

1.5. Interaction with the Electrical Network and Reliability in the Network The generation of electrical energy by means of sustainable and environmentally friendly systems is an issue that has gained strength in the national context; however, in Ecuador precise standards are just starting to be defined on what to do with the excess energy generated thanks to the use of these systems. Furthermore, public electrical network is not yet 100% adequate to connect the power generation systems from the house to the grid. This drawback is even more latent in the provinces with lower development standards, as is the case in the Amazon region and Napo province. Even in the most developed areas of the country, such as cities like Quito and Guayaquil, management has only recently begun to interconnect renewable energy systems to the public grid. This project aims to encourage the innovation of the energy grid systems that exist in Ecuador, since old and obsolete systems that are not adequate to lower the energy consumption rates are still being used. To face the aforementioned problems, the company Pro Viento S.A was included. It is a provider of inverters which insert energy produced by the solar panels into the electrical network of the house, the energy is consumed at the same time by the electrical appliances that are working; While the energy that is not consumed is returned to the public grid. These inverters work as adapters that can be connected to the public electricity system, however this will not identify the energy delivered by users because of the old system. 1.6. Strategies to Efficiently Integrate Renewable Energy Generation (on -site or off -site) to Archive Zero Annual Consumption and Offset the Use of Energy From Non-Renewable Sources To cover the demand of energy consumption in the dwelling, the photovoltaic panel system has been designed based on local consumption standards, which will supply without any problem, ensuring that the energy generated by the panels is fully used. The injection of electrical energy to the house and the surplus to the public network will be done through two "6 x SMA SunnyBoy SB450-US"inverters, distributed by the company Pro Viento S.A. These inverters are designed to handle up to 270 W. To avoid the excessive use of energy, the usage of air conditioning was ruled out, the heat transfer rates were also reduced through the use of architectural strategies such as geometric conjugation, which allow to avoid direct incidence of the sun, and therefore internal temperature increase. Equipment recommended to be used was chosen based on the criteria and results of optimization matrices, tis way load demands were significantly reduced, an essential aspect to achieve adequate energy savings. 2.

Engineering

2.1. Building enclosure systems using control layers The enclosure of the house is integral, considering walls, floor, ceiling, openings and foundations. It implements building science fundamentals, using thermal, air, moisture, and vapor control layers. The buildingÂ´s enclosure has different types of panels: open walls with louvers that maintain an ideal temperature in the shade and take advantage of natural ventilation in semi-public areas of circulation, and another panel that works as an insulator of outside temperatures for the walls on private areas. In addition, the house has an insulating interior floor and ceiling. The entire house is covered by an external roof that creates shade and protects the entire house from the sun and rain.

SECCTION 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; OUTLOOK

2.1.1. Control on walls The insulating panel is used on the walls of the habitable areas of greatest daily use (rooms, kitchen, living room) to guarantee the desired interior environmental comfort. These wall panels are made of an internal bamboo (Guadua angustifolia) structure with a diameter of 10 cm (4 inch); in the center an insulating layer for thermal and acoustic control of palm fiber of 10 cm (4 inch) with a thermal conductivity of 0.032 (W/mk) and a density of 0.078 (g/cm3) (Viteri, 2015); a waterproof / insulating layer (interior and exterior) Ecuafoam S-1501 polyurethane of 4 cm (1.57inch) with a conductivity of 0.026 (W/mk) and a density of 36 (kg/m3); an insulating pre-finish layer (interior and exterior) of 3 cm (1.18 inch) OSB panels with a conductivity of 0.13 (W/mk) and a density of 650 (kg/m3); and a final finishing layer (interior and exterior) of 1 cm (0.39 inch) Professional Pintuco stucco with a smooth finish, white on the outside to reflect possible radiation and avoid thermal gains. 2.1.2. Floor control

FIGURE 17 FLOOR SYSTEM: INSULATION PALM FIBER AND SPRAY POLYURETHANE FOAM

2.1.3. Interior ceiling control The interior ceiling system consists of a bamboo support with a diameter of 15 cm (6 inch), which is anchored to the structure to generate the support. A sheet of 3 cm (1.18inch) OSB panels with a conductivity of 0.13 (W/mk) and a density of 650 (kg/m3), on which are placed pieces of bamboo of 7.5 cm (3 inch), to support thermal and moisture insulation. The insulation is composed by a thermal and acoustic control layer of palm fiber of 7.5 cm (3 inch) with a thermal conductivity of 0.032 (W/mk) and a density of 0.078 (g/cm3) (Viteri, 2015); a 3.5 cm (1.37 inch) Ecuafoam S-1501 polyurethane insulating /

FIGURE 16 WALL SYSTEM: INSULATION PALM FIBER AND SPRAY POLYURETHANE FOAM

The floor system is made up of a 15 cm (6 inch) diameter bamboo frame, which is anchored to the structure to generate the floor support. A layer of 3 cm (1.18 inch) OSB panels with a conductivity of 0.13 (W/mk) and a density of 650 (kg/m3), on which are placed pieces of bamboo of 7.5 cm (3 inch), which gives support for thermal and moisture insulation. The insulation is composed by a thermal and acoustic control layer of palm fiber of 7.5 cm (3 inch) with a thermal conductivity of 0.032 (W/mk) and a density of 0.078 (g/cm3) (Viteri, 2015); a waterproof / insulating layer of Ecuafoam S-1501 polyurethane 3.5 cm (1.37inch) with a conductivity of 0.026 (W/mk) and a density of 36 (kg/m3). The floor is finished with a layer of 93x10x1 cm (36.6x3.9x0.4 inch) stave bamboo planks.

FIGURE 18 ROOF SYSTEM: INSULATION PALM FIBER AND SPRAY POLYURETHANE FOAM

SECCTION 2 – OUTLOOK

waterproof layer with a conductivity of 0.026 (W/mk) and a density of 36 (kg/m3); and ends with a sheet of 3 cm (1.18 inch) OSB panels with a conductivity of 0.13 (W/mk) and a density of 650 (kg/m3). 2.1.4. Control on windows and louvers

The strategies that are applied in the windows, are related to the materiality (frames), the characteristics of the glass, the opening of the window and the use of anti-insect membranes. PVC is more effective for frames, since it reduces the thermal bridge by 46 %, and offer different types of looks to match the project´s design. As for the window panel, 6 mm glass is used, considering that it won’t receive direct solar radiation thanks to the roof design, which considers the maximun solar angles (23,5 ° North and South). Another fundamental point, is the possibility of opening the sliding windows to activate natural ventilation, in case of a cut of the electrical supply, to increase the resilience of the project. This also demands an hermetic sealing when the window is closed. The windows attachment to the wall is sealed from inside and outside with insulating foam, and use high and low window eaves to prevent humidity form rain. FIGURE 19 WINDOW SYSTEM: SE 60 PVC The window´s frame consists of a 60mm (2.36inch) white PVC window frame, with a coefficient of U= 1.7w/m2k, with 6mm glass with a coefficient of U= 5.77 w/m2k, which guarantees insulation for the house. For the open social areas of the house, facades are protected with horizontal louvers or slats at 30 degrees that drain the water to the outside, which allows to cover the sun while allowing natural ventilation. The louvers consist of treated wooden boards (“Laurel del Oriente” - Cordia alliodora, due to its resistance to rain and durabilty) of 1.00x0.10x0.03m (6.56x0.32x0.09ft) slats placed at 30 degrees, and attached to the frame with bolts ½-inch head. 2.1.5. Foundation control For the foundation control toward humidity, the house sructure lays over concrete pedestals build using Hydraulic Water-Stop Cement to prevent humidity transfer throw capilarity. Steel joints with asphalt insulation prevents the main structure from absorbing water from the foundation, reducing also the contact area between foundation and upper structure. The strategy for vapor and condensation control is to use materials based on oils or plastics, like geotextile, this is used in foundations and drains, avoiding filtration of water through small holes by capillarity. 2.2. Structural system

FIGURE 20 LATTICE SYSTEM: WOODEN SLATS

The house is made up of a structural system that combines concrete, bamboo and steel for structural joints, this allows to have a strong and ductile structure.

SECCTION 2 – OUTLOOK

FIGURE 21 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

The base of foundation is made up of a cyclopean concrete continuous footing, with concrete fy= 180kg/cm2 and coarse gravel with a diameter> 10mm (0.39inch), capable of supporting the house and prevent settlements. The column system is made up of a concrete foundation fy= 250kg/cm2, with a steel rod reinforcement of diameter 14mm (0.55inch), with a "C" rod that works as a connection between concrete and bamboo. The structure is made up bamboo frames and trusses with a diameter of 15cm (6 inch), joined with cuts such as: fish mouth, flute pick, straight, bevelled and with steel, according to NEC-SE-GUADÚA (Bamboo construction regulation). The vertical columns have 4 bamboo sections attached with a steel plate, the beams are made up of two bamboo joined by a 14mm (0.55 inch) threaded rod. Complex joints are made of steel, with plates and tubes that are used at points where more than three pieces of bamboo meet. 2.3. Electric system with generation on site Privileged to be located in an area of high solar irradiation such as the equatorial zone, the house takes advantage of the solar resource. For this reason, a 4KW photovoltaic system has been integrated, consisting of an array of 10 highefficiency 400W PERC monocrystalline photovoltaic panels (19.9%), as well as a leading-edge inverter that allows the monitoring of production and on-site consumption, with a production of 5807 kWh/year that exceeds the proposed electrical consumption loads of 4338 kWh/year. The design started from a "on-grid" principle and a positive generation system, which takes advantage of the availability of the electrical grid and photovoltaic generation. This is regulated in Ecuador from Regulation ARCONEL 003/18, issued in 2018, in which the conditions are set for how netmetering is applied in photovoltaic installations connected to the grid, awarding an energy credit to the “prosumer”. Therefore, the electrical energy produced from the photovoltaic system feeds the loads of the house during its production, and when there is extra energy produced, it is injected into the grid.

FIGURE 22 SOLAR PROJECT LOCATION PANO (J3M 2020)

During the night, the house take its energy from the electrical network, which is overcompensated with the production of the day. Regarding batteries, it has not been considered to use an accumulator system since there is access to the electrical network on site. Under a concept of environmental awareness taking into account that the project is located in the Amazon region of Ecuador, the use and subsequent disposal of batteries would lead to a risk of environmental contamination. In order to preserve flora and fauna and avoid possible contamination of underground aquifers, it has been decided not to use energy storage systems with

SECCTION 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; OUTLOOK

batteries. Funnel House takes advantage of the architectural design by giving the photovoltaic system the right inclination to achieve the most optimal production, locating it on the roof. Being located in Ecuador (equatorial zone) the solar irradiation is perpendicular to the ground during the equinoxes. As for Funnel House, its azimuth becomes a non-critical factor since no particular solar orientation is sought. In the chronological development of the year, the altitude of the sun differs during the solstices, but without greatly affecting the proposed photovoltaic system, allowing a unique design flexibility compared to projects located in the northern or southern hemispheres of the planet. As part of the engineering considerations, the panels follow the roof pitch at 16 Â° to favor its self-cleaning through the rain for reasons of operation and maintenance of the system, avoiding efficiency losses due to dirt. Integrated to the power generation itself, Funnel House energy monitoring is also considered within the design, which is carried out with a high precision Smart Meter in measurement and bidirectional counting, thus obtaining the load curves of the house and a detailed view of energy consumption is obtained, all of this linked to production data, generation power, energy injected into the network, among others, which will be represented in a web portal dedicated FIGURE 23 PANEL CONNECTION DIAGRAM (J3M 2020) to the energy situation of the house, integrating the investor and monitoring. Investing in this system allows Funnel House to be more than a Zero energy house, being a Plus house, producing more energy than it consumes. This helps to counteract the impact that any project that could be implemented in an area as diverse and unique as the Amazon would have. 2.4. Hot water system

FIGURE 24 NATURAL HEAT (2014) TERMOSIFĂ&#x201C;N BST

The design of the hot water system seeks an efficient supply minimizing the waiting time, loss and waste of water. The BST thermosiphon model was selected, which solves the assistance of ACS (Hot Water), with flat solar panels and a hot water tank with a special coating guaranteeing a high absorption of solar radiation. The system represents important cost savings, compared to a common heater that consumes 10.4 - 11.6 kW, since the BST thermosiphon model consumes only 3 kW. The low consumption is due to the thermal characteristics of the accumulator and the height of the connections, the system is capable of recovering as much energy as possible and quickly delivering hot water to the user. The estimated consumption per person is 150 - 200 L per day, a 300 liters model was chosen, which is capable of supplying the necessary amount of water to the house. In addition, the BST thermosiphon has an average lifetime of 20 - 25 years with annual maintenance, due to its pressurized system and a closed circuit ensuring the quality of the water that will be consumed in the house.

2.5. Hydrosanitary system 2.5.1. Plumbing The plumbing connection for the house has been designed to minimize the number of pipes in the housing services, and to minimize the distance that hot and cold water must travel to the outlet accessories: shower and lavatories. The house achieves this by integrating the hydrosanitary system into the design, locating the plumbing fixtures in the same kitchen and bathroom module where they are used (M04: Hydrosanitary Engineering Plan). 2.5.2. Pipelines The connection pipes and the dimension were selected based on the characteristics determined by the technical data of the BST thermosiphon system and by the NEC regulations. Two types of connection pipes are used: PVC and CPVC.

SECCTION 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; OUTLOOK

PVC is used in household drainage, and has a maximum operation temperature of 140Â° Farennheit (60Â° Celsius). CPVC pipe, resistant to temperatures up to 200Â° F (93Â° C), is used for hot water supply. Appliance

Water supply Pipe size (in) Â˝â&#x20AC;? Â˝â&#x20AC;? Â˝â&#x20AC;? Â˝â&#x20AC;? Â˝â&#x20AC;? Â˝â&#x20AC;? N/A

Handwash Shower Kitchen sink Laundry Toilet Hirrigation hose House drain

Material

Water drain Pipe size (in) 2â&#x20AC;? 2â&#x20AC;? 2â&#x20AC;? 2â&#x20AC;? 4â&#x20AC;? N/A 4â&#x20AC;?

CPVC CPVC CPVC CPVC PVC PVC N/A

Material PVC PVC PVC PVC PVC N/A PVC

TABLE 2 PIPE SIZE AND MATERIAL

2.5.3. Plumbing Accessories Plumbing accessories allows to easily and without major changes, reduce water consumption. The use of aerators in the water outlets (lavatories and shower) reduce water consumption by up to 50%, mixing water with air without losing the sensation of flow quantity, complying with the minimum flow conditions established by the regulations. Accessory Toilet Shower Bathroom sink Kitchen faucet Garden

Flow rate 1.2GPM in solids 0.9GPM in liquids

Type Fonte eco dual flush

Brand BRIGSS

2 GPM

Econovo

EDESA

1.2 GPM

Econovo

BRIGSS

1.2 GPM

Econovo

EDESA

Saving Eco Dual Flush System 50% - Restrictor of showers 30% - Aerators 40% -Aerators 40% - Ecological single-lever technology 16% Aerators 40%

2.3 GPM

Hose wrenches

EDESA

N/A

TABLE 3 PIPE SIZE AND MATERIAL

2.5.4. Estimated water load by zones Consumption in rural and urban areas Rural

26.73 đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;3

Urban

26.730

27.74 đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;3

TABLE 4 RURAL AND URBAN CONSUMPTION

27.740

đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;â&#x201E;&#x17D; đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;â&#x201E;&#x17D;

Having all the consumption data by zones, the consumption flow will be calculated, which we will use the following calculation expression: City Tena

Consumptionđ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;3 23,330 đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;3

Consumptionđ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; /đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;â&#x201E;&#x17D; 23.330

Range + / - 1010 liters

TABLE 5 CONSUMPTION IN THE AREA

SECCTION 2 – OUTLOOK

Equation

Result

𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ 23.330 | 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ 30 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 777.67 | 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 24 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 1 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 32.40 | ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 60 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 777.67 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

City Tena

Error range + / - 101 liters

𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 0.54 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

+ / - 10 liters

32.40

+ / - 0.1 liters

TABLE 6 WITHOUT WATER SAVING

Consumption 𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑 / −𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓% 11.67 𝑚𝑚3

Consumption 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 /𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 11,665

𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ

Range + / - 1010 liters

TABLE 7 CONSUMPTION IN THE TENA AREA

Equation 11,665 388.83 16.20

Results

𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ | 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ 30 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

388.83

𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 1 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 | ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 60 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

0.27

𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 | 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 24 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

16.20

𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Error Range + / - 101 liters + / - 10 liters + / - 0.1 liters

TABLE 8 UP TO 50% LESS WITH WATER SAVER

2.5.5. Rainwater reuse system, gray water and sewage treatment In the present project, we implement two systems to help the water supply, which are detailed below.

FIGURE 25 DIAGRAM OF REUSE RAIN, GRAY WATER AND SEWAGE

SECCTION 2 – OUTLOOK

In the first system, drinking water is supplyed by the local network. It initially goes through a filter that helps purify water as prevention, reaching a type T tube, which directs part of the drinking water to a reserve tank (cistern) that will help in case there is no supply. The water continues its journey and another type T tube directing the drinking water to lavatories and the solar heater (THERMOSIPHON BST) located in the roof, which has a capacity of 300 liters and a solar panel of 2.50 x 2.15 meters (8x7 feet), to supply hot water to lavatories and shower. The drinking water tank (cistern) mentioned above has a faucet that allows the passage of water, this tank has a capacity of 2500 liters, sufficient to keep the house with clean water for 5 to 7 days. The water will be fed by a Homdox brand pump with 110 volts/60hz, a power of 400 Watts and a capacity of 8000 liters / hour, in case of outage of drinking water from the network. The second system is a rainwater harvesting system which recolects the rain water in the roof through downspouts, reaching to a filter (standard), which allows the passage of clean water to a tank that is underground, with a capacity of 500 liters. Later, with the help of a Homdox brand pump with 110 volts/60 Hz, a power of 400 watts and a capacity of 8000 liters / hour and ½ Hp the water rises into the toilet tank and will also serve as an irrigation source for gardens or orchards. Gray water is also treated to be used in the toilet and garden irrigation. The gray water from lavatories and shower go to a grease trap, then to a filter, finally reaching the same tank as rain water for reserve. Wastewater (blackwater) will be treated in a biodigesters septic tank of 1300 liters, with a diameter of 1.15 meters and a height of 1.95 meters, it has a lifetime of 45 years. The biodigester process consists of accumulating all the waste and allowing the solids to remain at the bottom and the liquids to remain at the top, using a pipe to drain it into the soil, serving as natural compost for plants. This must be carefully implemented to avoid food garden and orchards. 2.6. Integration of systems in the building architectural design The different engineering systems are coupled to the architectural design and are non-invasive in the building form. The floor, ceiling and wall systems are adapted to the shape of the building. The photovoltaic panel and water heating systems are integrated into the roof. The hydrosanitary system is linked to the house, using the lower part of the house, exteriors of the structure and interior of walls to carry and hide pipes. The gray and rain water filtering system uses the exterior of the house, avoiding the exposure of pipes, tanks and pumps. Water treatment and water storage systems are buried underground, hidden by landscaping, they can also be easy to access for maintenance. 3.

Financial Feasibility & Affordability

3.1. Cost of design and its relation to the target market The average price of a dwelling in Pano parish ranges between $300 and $400 per square meter (m2) ($30-$40 per square feet-ft² approximately). A market study was conducted through surveys to determine the price of this dwelling. A total of 80 surveys were applied to people of the area (Pano parish and Tena City). The results showed a major willingness to purchase a 157 m2 (1689.93 ft²) residence appraised between $70.000 to $110.000 USD, that is to say $570 to $700 USD per square meter (m2) ($60-$70 per ft², approximately), as shows the market potential section. The detail of surveys can be observed on the Supplemental Documentation. Many local suppliers were reached to develop a clear and efficient budget for this house project. Materials data, quality and durability were analyzed to obtain better benefits on the user's investment. This budget includes an analysis of unit price, specifying the materials, labor, and construction equipment required. It also considers the mechanical equipment integrated inside the dwelling. The following chart shows a summary of the total budget per item, (detailed budget can be observed in Supplemental Documentation. Budget Summary Report ITEMS

UNIT

QUANTITY

UNIT

QUANTITY

TOTAL UNIT PRICE

TOTAL COST $

CLEANING THE LAND WITH MACHINERY

PRELIMINARY WORKS M2 200 ft²

2140

1,06

212,02

LAYOUT AND LEVELING

1605

1,66

248,70

150

ft²

SECCTION 2 – OUTLOOK

EARTH MOVEMENTS 50

8,97

448,50

REPLANTILLO (THICKNESS 5CM)

FOUNDATION 20 ft²

214

6,39

127,80

CONCRETE PLATE F'C= 280 KG/CM2

256,03

6.144,72

CONCRETE CHAINS F'C= 280 KG/CM2

256,03

12.801,50

BAMBOO STRUCTURE WOODEN BEAMS

187

20,77

1.183,89

21,30

1.363,20

WOOD FLOOR WITH THERMAL INSULATION

FLOOR 75

ft²

802,5

32,11

2.408,25

FOUNDATION EXCAVATION

STRUCTURE

WALL WITH OSB THERMAL INSULATION

WALLS 278,5

278,5

32,11

8.942,64

OSB THERMAL INSULATION COVER

COVER 75

32,11

2.408,25

INFRI PANEL COVER

41,57

3.658,16

SANITARY AND ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS U 1 U 1

WHITE TOILET

87,71

HANDWASH

98,31

SHOWER

42,31

HOT WATER INSTALLATION

16,4

25,38

126,90

COLD WATER INSTALLATION

16,4

25,39

126,95

HOT DRINKING WATER POINT

PTO

33,03

66,06

COLD DRINKING WATER POINT

PTO

35,97

143,88

COPPER TUBING

16,4

DROP OF SERVED WATERS

98,4

$ $

11,94 12,02

$ $

59,70 360,60

REVIEW BOX

60,70

EXTERNAL DUCTING

98,4

3,98

119,40

PTO

37,35

112,05

PIPE OF SERVED WATER

131,2

21,42

856,80

ELECTRICAL RUN

98,4

8,38

251,40

465,00

DRAIN

LIGHPOINT

PTO

46,50

REVISION BOX

80,00

OUTLET 110V

PTO

46,97

563,64

OUTLET 220V BREAKERS BOARD

PTO U

1 1

PTO U

1 1

$ $

28,66 139,98

$ $

28,66 139,98

SIMPLE SWITCH

PTO

14,77

29,54

DOUBLE SWITCH

PTO

16,16

64,64

ALUMINUM AND GLASS SLIDING DOOR

ALUMINUM AND GLASS WINDOW

CARPENTRY 30 ft² 38

ft²

EQUIPMENT 1 U

321

50,00

1.500,00

406,6

48,00

1.824,00

RAIN WATER EQUIPMENT

571,31

PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS

750

7.500,00

TERMOSIFON BST

3.000

3.000,00

VMCD Series IDEO2 325 ECOWATT

2.100

2.100,00

BLENDER REFRIGERATOR MICROWAVE OVEN

U U U

HOME APPLIANCE 1 U 1 U 1 U

1 1 1

$ $

50,00 750,00

$ $

50,00 750,00

158,00

WASHER 12 KG

446,00

SECCTION 2 – OUTLOOK STEREO

130,00

TV 32´

269,00

807,00

ELECTRIC FAN

GRIDDLE

$ $

49,00 45,00

$ $

98,00 45,00

62.811,17

TOTAL BUDGET TABLE 9 BUDGET SUMMARY REPORT

Example of an item: UNIT PRICE ANALYSIS PROJECT: ITEM: BUILDING

WALL

CODE:

MATERIALS

FUNNEL HOUSE DESCRIPCION:

THERMAL INSULATION WALL OSB UNIT

Moisture barrier 1.50 x 50.00 m 75m2 PVC washer for EPS SISTEM EIFS Panel EPS 20 kg/m3 e= 40 mm 1.00 m x 2.00 m PVC corner outline 2.40 m Palma fiber BASE COAT, impermeable to rain and permeable to vapor, 30 kg FINISH COAT. Colour acrylic coating 20 kg

CODE

LABOR SPECIFICATION INSULATION INSTALLATION TECHNICIAN TECHNICIAN ASSISTANT PLASTERER PLASTERER ASSISTANT

LABOR

QUANTITY

EQUIPMENT

COST/UNIT. $

TOTAL COST $

roll u u u roll sac sac

0,01 7,00 1,00 0,21 0,02 0,10 0,10

119,15 0,46 15,50 4,00 60,00 20,00 26,00 SUBTOTAL

1,19 3,22 15,50 0,84 1,20 2,00 2,60 $26,55

HOUR/STAFF HOUR HOUR HOUR HOUR

QUANTITY 0,27 0,27 0,27 0,27

HOUR COST $ 6,91 4,23 4,97 3,51 SUBTOTAL

TOTAL COST $ 1,87 1,14 1,34 0,95 $5,30

HOUR/EQUIP

QUANTITY

HOUR COST $ 5,00% SUBTOTAL

TOTAL COST $ 0,26 0,26

MACHINERY CODE

UNIDAD:

TABLE 10 UNIT PRICE ANALYSIS (WALL)

The funding method will be performed through public and private institutions approved by the Bank Superintendence of Ecuador, which give mortgage credits specifically directed to house purchasing, with pre-established interest rates. The amount per credit will vary according to the income of people applying for the credit. This income has to be higher than $900 a month, to be able to apply to mortgage loans, because the monthly payment is equivalent to 40% of the salary. The maximum amount of the mortgage credits given by state-owned banks is 130.00 USD and covers 100% of the financing on a maximum payment term of 25 years, at an interest rate of 9.27%. Talking about private banks, the maximum amount increases to 300.00 USD and covers 70% of financing with a 20-year maximum payment term and interest rate of 9.33% (BIESS, 2020). Another aspect, that has been considered in financial viability, is the cost-benefit ratio, that is to say, the investment would be granted by the acceptance and interest potential of the target customers. DESCRIPTION Labor Materials Machinery Lot/Site TOTAL COST OF THE DWELLING

$16.968 $38.832 $7.000 $20.000 $62.800

Cost (USD)

TABLE 11 GENERAL BREAKDOWN OF THE BUDGET

SECCTION 2 – OUTLOOK

3.2. Comparison between the standard and proposed housing, regarding potential to last A standard dwelling in Pano Parish is mixed which means, in this case, a reinforced concrete structure with some wooden parts. The surveys performed showed the perception that concrete structures are safer than wooden. The results of the survey are shown in the Supplemental Documentation. The environmental impact of reinforced concrete and steel is high. Consequently, the proposed project gives priority to local materials such as timber and bamboo, which have less environmental impact and less integrated energy. The following chart shows the characteristics of materials and their environmental impact.

FIGURE 26 WOOD OUTPERFORMS BOTH STEEL AND CONCRETE IN TERMS OF ALL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS SOURCE: FORESTRY INNOVATION INVESTMENT (2017)

Regarding durability, availability and construction factors, wood has more benefits compared to other materials. This will eventually reduce costs by the end of the building process. It is important to remember that wood needs special coating treatment and preservation before assembly. Some advantages of good reinforced concrete are:

compared

● Volume: it has less volume than reinforced concrete, being more useful in terms of spacesaving. ● Speed of construction process: no waiting needed for setting time. ● Wood assembly could take half the time than reinforced concrete, and enables to apply prefabrication processes. ● Less machinery needed. Modular pieces are light, they will improve the assembly process. ● No complicated assembling so local jobs can be created. TABLE 12 COMPARISON OF MATERIAL ADVANTAGES”. SOURCE-TRANSLATED-: (SEGURA PLAZA, 2017)

By summarizing the ecological advantages within charts and data, the first approach of variables between wooden, steel and reinforced concrete structures can be obtained, as well as, the environmental and human impact of these materials.

SECCTION 2 – OUTLOOK

FIGURE 27 IMPACT OF BUILDING MATERIALS”. SOURCE: (SEGURA PLAZA, 2017)

3.3. Analysis of financial feasibility and affordability understanding in the target market according to how it will be offered to the consumer The funding method will be performed through public and private institutions approved by the Bank Superintendence of Ecuador, which give mortgage credits specifically directed to house purchasing, with pre-established interest rates. The amount per credit will vary according to the income of people applying for the credit. This income has to be higher than $900 a month, to be able to apply to mortgage loans, because the monthly payment is equivalent to 40% of the salary. The maximum amount of the mortgage credits given by state-owned banks is 130.00 USD and covers 100% of the financing on a maximum payment term of 25 years, at an interest rate of 9.27%. Talking about private banks, the maximum amount increases to 300.00 USD and covers 70% of financing with a 20-year maximum payment term and interest rate of 9.33%. (BIESS, 2020) Another aspect, that has been considered in financial viability, is the cost-benefit ratio, that is to say, the investment would be granted by the acceptance and interest potential of the target customers. 3.4. Estimated operations y maintenance cost Durability greatly depends on the utilization and maintenance of the structure. Annual maintenance is detailed, including the durability of the main building materials. The bamboo structure offers a 40-year-old approximated durability, the roof cover offers 50-year durability, and thermal insulation OSB walls have estimated 40 years of durability. According to the maintenance standards obtained at "Formulation and Use of project profiles” the estimated percentage for these building wooden type from 3 to 6% (CENTRO DE INVERSIONES, 2005). Buildings and stone structures, brick or metals, primary water canals, wells. Lighter wooden buildings, heavy machinery (including tractors and trucks), secondary water canals. Light machinery (including cars) and overall equipment. Electonic equipment y laboratory (computers, printers, and testing equipment, etc.)

2-3% 3-6% 6-10% 10-15%

TABLE 13 GENERAL MAINTENANCE COST”. SOURCE: (CENTRO DE INVERSIONES, 2005)

According to the analysis given the estimated amount of maintenance that has been calculated is $1,884 USD per year if it is needed. TOTAL BUDGET MAINTENANCE COST

TABLE 14 ANUAL MAINTENANCE COST

$ $

62.811,17 1.884,33

SECCTION 2 – OUTLOOK

Resilience

4.1. Risk analysis Potential location risks, weather-related, natural events, human-induced humans and network disruptions were analyzed. The Pano Parish, belongs to the Tena canton, in the Amazon of the Continental area of Ecuador, and is exposed to different natural phenomena and of anthropogenic origin that generate risks at different scales. Due to its location, seismic events between 4 and 6 degrees on the Richter scale can be seen, mostly due to the interaction of the Nazca and South American FIGURE 28 PARROQUIA PANO LOCATION plates. They concentrate on the “Pisayambo” seismic nest and other nests of less seismic magnitude due to the activity of the “Tungurahua” volcano, with greater depths than 10km; seismic effects are mitigated in the Amazon plain and the damage is lessen in the inhabited surface. Pano parish has not suffered earthquakes above 6 degrees on the Richter scale in the last 20 years (GAD MUNICIPAL DE TENA, 2014). The most important natural risk to which Pano parish is exposed are floodings. River floods affect roads and human settlements, as a result of rainfall that reaches over 4000 mm annually, according to data obtained from the National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology of Ecuador (INAMHI –Spanish acronym). Pano, Tena and Misahualli rivers exceed 3.00 m above their natural level, altering vehicle traffic. Rivers exceed are attributed to heavy rainfall in short periods of time and deforestation around rivers and buffer zones. In addition, rains in the Ecuadorian Amazon and its exuberant biodiversity, cause insects and animals to show arround human settlements, having contact with flies, spiders and small reptiles. The Tena canton has 20% of its surface exposed to landslides, mudslides or limestone landslides with its subsequent flow through rivers, this phenomenon also occurs due to heavy rainfall and deforestation. Most of them occur in mountainous areas, especially in the Napo and Galeras mountain range formation, far from the site of the project, but affecting traffic, energy and water networks (GAD MUNICIPAL DE TENA, 2014). In Pano parish there are also risks of anthropogenic origin such as contamination due to the increase in the agricultural frontier with the use of chemicals, mining activities, and oil activities (in other areas, but with river affectation); or deforestation for commercial, agricultural or mining purposes. This has direct negative effects, and affects natural phenomena. The wood that is extracted has commercial purposes in Tena canton and other provinces, about 70% of wood is extracted legally and with authorized programs; the rest is due to illegal extraction of wood, expansion of agricultural areas and new mining areas (GAD MUNICIPAL DE TENA, 2014). In addition, the recent local and global health and social events, request an immediate consideration by all the construction industry stakeholders. It became evident in the last months, that under certain circumstances the occupants of this project could be isolated, without supplies. Taking into account that the house is located in a suburban area (4km to Tena city and its supply centers), the strategies proposed are meant to provide greater autonomy, not only to housing, but also to its occupants, guaranteeing their well-being in times of crisis.

SECCTION 2 – OUTLOOK

4.2. Integration of resilience strategies in details of design and practice constructions. The building responds to environmental and anthropogenic risks with passive design and construction strategies that are resilient and allow critical operations to be maintained, allowing as well, their recovery after emergency events. The selected plot is 200 meters (218 yards) away from the Pano river, which minimizes the risk of flooding. Regarding earthquakes, the structure is made of Bamboo (Guadua angustifolia), with an average lifetime of 50 years, stems grow up to 28 m with 0.15 m in diameter or more, planted and harvested responsibly in the area. In addition, the material provides an ultimate compressive strength of 37.76 MPa, a module of elasticity to compression of 14.35 Gpa and flexural strength of 12.16 Gpa, making it a resistant and ductile material in earthquake events (Figure29) (Ministerio de Desarrollo Urbano y Vivienda, 2016).

FIGURE 29 FUNDATION AND STRUCTURE DETAIL

The house is located on an improved soil, digging 0.80 m below the natural level of the ground, using a 20 cm (8 inches) stone layer of coarse gravel Ø> 20mm, a 10 cm (4 inches) layer of gravel Ø <10mm and a layer of 10 cm (4 inches) of fine gravel Ø <5mm (0.2 inch), providing a stable soil for the building. This improved soil allows water to drain quickly in the event of heavy rain, helping to protect the house from moisture. The foundation is one continuous footing type of 0.40 m (1.3 feet) high x 0.60 m (2 feet) wide for each module, which prevents settlements of the building. The entry of insects and animals into the house is restricted by using an extra frame for all openings, with a stainless steel mesh of Ø1.16mm (0.04 inch) opening, sewn with Ø 0.43mm (0.015 inch) metal wire. To respond to floods and heavy rains, the house rises 1.00 m (3.2 feet) above natural ground level, preventing possible destruction or damage and its materials during TABLE 15 MOSQUITO NET DETAIL an eventual flood. The roof has a 20% slope, allowing water to be efficiently evacuated to the outside and collected to be used in bathrooms and food gardens, as well as protecting materials from solar radiation and rain.

SECCTION 2 – OUTLOOK

FIGURE 30 ROOF SYSTEM DETAIL

The roof panel is attached to the bamboo structure, TECHMET® panel was chosen due to its characteristics and it´s availability in the local market. It is composed by a 10 cm (4 inch) metal panel sandwich type injected with highdensity expanded polyurethane (PUR) (38 kg / m3), with internal and external faces in white galvanized steel and a coefficient of U = 0.18, which resists the strong environmental conditions of the area. The acoustic insulation of the panel guarantees the internal ambient comfort in response to the heavy rains of the Amazon area, with an absorption coefficient of 0.22 for frequencies of 4000Hz. (Figure 30). The house is able to stay ventilated due to its passive and active strategies contemplated in the design, its orientation to the south with prevailing winds and its shape that creates a tunnel, allowing the wind to ventilate the house naturally in the event of a total loss of the electrical supply of the public network and photovoltaic panels. In addition, the eaves are calculated according to the solar angle (approximately 23.5 ° at the solstices), preventing the sun from heating the walls, keeping the entire building in the shade of the roof throughout the year.

Faced with possible power or water cuts, the building includes an electric solar power system, solar water heating system (as described before) and two water recollection tanks. Drinking water is stored in a 2,500 liters’ tank, buried in the ground, pumping the water to the house in the event of a network cut. This drinking water tank is meant to supply the house for approximately 4 to 7 days during network cuts. The house also has a filter system for rainwater and gray water, which are reused in the toilet and the garden, storing this water in another buried tank of 500 liters. This second tank can supply the toilet for approximately 5 days during dry seasons, and virtually permanently during rainy seasons.

FIGURE 32 DRINKING WATER RESERVE

FIGURE 31 FILTERED WATER RESERVE

SECCTION 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; OUTLOOK

4.3. Recovery plan and critical operations after a disaster or power outage A recovery plan was developed to maintain critical housing operations after a disaster or power outage. In the event of a critical event, it implements the maintenance plan for its functions. 1. The supply of water and electricity is constant, there is no loss of services, due to its independence from the electricity and drinking water grids. Rechargeable battery devices are suggested for short use at night hours as part of an emergency kit. 2. During flood events, the water does not affect the building, since it can run under the building, draining quickly to the ground outside the area of the house and into the underground. 3. Drinking water reserve system can supply the house for approximately 4 to 7 days, estimated for consumption in shower and lavatories. 4. In earthquake events presenting possible damage to bamboo pieces, this piece can be manufactured and replaced on site, carrying out a shoring system under the structure to prevents its collapse, until the new piece is placed. 5. In total loss of electrical energy events through the public network or generated by photovoltaic panels, the house can be kept ventilated due to its south-facing orientation opening to the prevailing winds, shade from the roof eaves and thermal insulation of the roof. 6. Shortage of food supplies: Taking into account the local culture of the inhabitants of the Amazon region, it is easy to imagine and propose an area of the plot that can be occupied as orchards and food gardens for the self-consumption of its users, even for sale, and above all to supply users in the event of some kind of disaster or event that could leave them isolated. This garden would be able to produce food throughout the year thanks to the local weather conditions with no winter, and organic methods would increase the ownerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s health. As for the location, it will be close to the house at the back of it, to avoid theft, near the sources of uncontaminated stored water, for irrigation. To supply with varied foods that can satisfy the needs of the family (4 occupants), an orchard of 120 m2 is estimated, containing areas for: vegetables, fruits and grains. In addition, in order to solve an adequate diet, space is available for raising small animals like chickens and cuts, since they do not need too much space, they are resistant to diseases and pests, and they feed on seeds and leaves of native plants, insects and kitchen remains. (Guerrero, 2018) 7. Communication: in the case of a crisis of any kind, one of the main problems to overcome is communication, and taking into account that we are located in a rural area, it has been planned to opt for a satellite internet service, that can operate 365 days a year, regardless of the damage that any event or disaster may cause to the conventional internet network. 5.

Architecture

5.1. Background The original vernacular architecture of the Ecuadorian Amazon region has encountered transformations over the years; due to migration of inhabitants and settlers who come from the Ecuadorian Andes cities to this part of the country. The mentioned migration has brought with it, traditions and ancestral knowledge of all kinds; among them, the way houses are designed, their materiality and construction techniques. Resulting in architecture that does not respond to its environment, and even less to the weather conditions of the area, leaving aside the ancestral knowledge of the vernacular architecture of the region, passed generation after generation.

SECCTION 2 – OUTLOOK

FIGURE 33 SETTLERS RESIDENCE(RIGHT) - VERNACULAR HOUSING (LEFT). SOURCE: OWN WORK

5.2. Vernacular Residence One of the main characteristics of vernacular architecture in the Amazon region is the usage of materials from the nearby environment for construction. This housing type can also be considered many times, as a multi-family house, since it grows to welcome new members of the family. This vernacular architecture is divided into two main parts: “ekent” (native language Kechwa) the private section and “tankamash” which is the public social area; separated by a ‘‘tanish’’ or bunk bed. These houses are built with local materials, such as: "turuji", "kampanak" and palm leaves for roofs, bamboo for doors, and chonta strips (wood) for double walls system; chonta layers are placed vertically to the outside and horizontally to the inside, and separated from one to another, so the air can pass, like a net. This way, walls use similar materials on the interior and the exterior, since they are manufactured using chonta (wood) or bamboo. (Lemma, 2018) As for the passive ventilation strategies adopted by these buildings, they attempt to be separated from the ground to achieve two main objectives: first, allow the floor to cool down letting the air pass underneath, and prevent wildlife (such as snakes) to reach the dwelling. As for the roofs, most of them implement open gable roofing (two falls) to have a greater distance between the floor and the ridge; such way, hot air accumulates at the vertex of the ridge, providing better thermal comfort for its occupants. (Almeida, Arrobo, & Ojeda, 2005). Currently, this type of housing is gradually disappearing, due to the influence of the new settlers (people from the Andes specially), who introduced new living standards to the community. 5.3. Architectural Propose The project was born after the idea of being able to integrate cut-edge technologies and ancestral knowledge, it seeks dialogue between the Ecuadorian Amazon traditional housing and contemporary design trends. The aim is to satisfy the comfort of its users by maximizing passive ventilation strategies, minimizing the use of mechanical systems, thus improving the performance of the building. For these reasons, the volume and expressiveness of the project come from an in-depth analysis of vernacular architecture, plus the environmental conditions of the site.

FIGURE 34 SOLAR PATH IN THE PROJECT LOCATION

SECCTION 2 – OUTLOOK

This plan tries to take advantage of natural elements. Studies in-depth the behavior of the winds and understands the path of the sun. In such a way that its location and morphology are optimal to reduce the incidence of the sun and make the most of the prevailing winds to generate natural ventilation. Own materiality from the sector is proposed, in such a way that, costs, performance, and durability can enhance its feasibility and viability; trying to provide a design that not only meets efficiency and comfort standards but also target market and future occupants requirements. The project understands its user's needs and behavior, therefore it suggests progressive housing, which can be adapted to the type of family it is directed at (composite families). It also understands its social dynamics, accordingly, the design designates a large area of semi-open spaces to enhance social interaction and work as circulation spaces separating public and private areas. Taking this in consideration, the master plan of the house is divided into two wide zones: the first understood as a large semi-open area of circulation and public areas, provided with passive ventilation systems, and the second with semiprivate and private areas, equipped with passive and mechanical ventilation systems, ensuring maximum comfort. All the details of this proposal will be clarified in the following subsections.

FIGURE 35 EXPLOITED AXONOMETRY

5.4. Floor distribution As mentioned before, this project proposes a progressive system, and hence modular approach. Therefore, the program is divided into three modules, two 25 m2 (269 square feet) modules, one 50 m2 module (538 square feet), joined by a 57 m2 (613 square feet) semi-open hall, which houses circulations, public and social spaces. This area also interacts with gardens located in the space between modules, bearing a closer interaction with nature which also regulates temperature. In this way we can reinterpret the zoning scheme used in vernacular housing (“tankamash” and “tanish’’). (Lema, 2018).

FIGURE 36 VERNACULAR HOUSE - FUNNEL HOUSE

The first module comprises the living and dining room, located in two separate spaces, which, depending on the circumstance, could be arranged into a single one to host family and social events. In the second module, we find the hard areas of the house: kitchen, bathroom, and machine room, connected to the multipurpose semi-open space.

SECCTION 2 – OUTLOOK

Finally, within the third module we find the bedrooms, each equipped with built-in wardrobes, hammocks, and connected to the semi-open area. This elongated distribution is achieved by the project's modular system and allows, both in terms of form and arrangement, to lower radiation incidence in the building, and natural ventilation among modules. 5.5. Distance Efficiency As discussed before, each module comprises two areas. The first area includes semi-public and private spaces (closed spaces), and the second area, public spaces and circulation spaces (open spaces). Closed spaces are provided with doors to be opened transforming -both the closed and open spaces- into a large single area (doubling the useful space) a characteristic that perfectly engages to the inhabitants’ lifestyle at the Amazon, that is fairly active and full of social events. This strategy aims to make more dynamic and efficient spaces since circulation areas can become places where social activities could be carried out. Another aspect worth mentioning is the management of slanted walls; although they have a clear purpose to avoid solar radiation, they could generate dead spaces. However, this is not the case, since storage (built-in wardrobe) is accommodated in FIGURE 37 SEMI-OPEN SPACES-CLOSED SPACES these spaces. 5.6. Technology and Energetic Efficiency Integration The design process for this project was based on two major stages. First, an attempt was made to reach the users' comfort parameters with passive systems, and then accompany them with mechanical systems. Taking this premise into account, this proposal aims to achieve high energy efficiency. It is well known that the air conditioning of buildings is one of the parameters that consume the most energy within the operation of a house, so we try to reduce this parameter as much as possible. All this under the Ecuadorian Construction Standard (NEC-HSEE: Eficiencia Energética) 5.7. Ventilation and lighting methods The volumetry of the project itself seeks to reduce sun's incidence on the walls of the dwelling, which is why they inclination 23.5o, the maximum inclination of the Sun on the North and South at this latitude of the planet. This inclination also allows larger window openings and more natural lighting. The internal walls performance was also considered using light-colored coatings to enhance natural illumination. This way, each space of the project meets comfort standards. As for ventilation, different strategies are suggested and mentioned below: ● Raise the building on stilts, so that air can flow and cool the floor. ● Increase vertical distance in the air path, to cool interior spaces. ● Thermal chimney, that allows to improve air circulation, and extract hot air from inside the house. ● Louvers located towards the prevailing winds, which allow air to pass through, and filter sunlight. ● The morphology is elongated in this plan, allowing a greater clasp of the prevailing winds from the South, and decreasing the incidence of the Sun on the house in the East-West. ● Vegetation around the project, especially in front of the main facade, in such a way that it cools the air coming from the prevailing winds. ● Adjustable grilles on the floor, allowing cold air to be kept under the house.

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5.8. Environment Influence

FIGURE 38 AMAZON REGION. “EL PRODUCTO” NEWS PAPER

The Amazon Rainforest is, with no doubt, house of representative environment of Ecuador, and a unique natural World Heritage. This project proposes modifies itself to suit the land. The modular and foundation system, achieve this purpose, since they reduce the area affected by the intervention, and give greater flexibility at the distribution and arrangement of the mentioned modules. 5.9. Environment and Community connection Being able to understand future occupants, has been essential during the development process of this project, and therefore the design designates a large area of semi-open space, a social space available for house owners to carry out social activities. The space located between modules induce users to be closer to the natural wealth that surrounds them since gardens of native plants of the sector are located near these areas. This semi-open space becomes a catalyst for social interaction and allows an intimate relationship with the environment. For the indigenous communities of the region, the social areas are perceived as places to retake energy and thought as an open space surrounded by nature, spaces where you can set hammocks, clean your energy, and eventually relax from a workday (Almeida, Arrobo, & Ojeda, 2005). 5.10. Solar Performance One of the main objectives established for this design was the house to produce its own energy. Thus, after several trials, photovoltaic panels were chosen as the strategy to take greater advantage of renewable energies, mainly solar energy, due to the high radiation levels that are found on the equator line. It was also sought to integrate this system within the design of the house. It is proposed to place it on the kitchen's module roof. Its performance was another highlight that we deeply analyzed, since it is known that to achieve a better performance in these latitudes, the panels should have 0º inclination level, parallel to the ground. However, many manufacturers of this kind of equipment recommend a minimum inclination of 10º, to avoid dirt to accumulated over the panel, which could decrease their performance over time. Besides, the minimum inclination for the roofs is 20%, due to local heavy rains. Having these factors in mind, a 16% inclination is resolved for the roof. This will guarantee the best performance for both roofing and the photovoltaic panels.

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The incidence of the sun on the dwelling was one of the main elements analyzed during the development of the project, since working at an environment where high temperatures prevail, we seek to prevent the walls from becoming heated, especially during the highest temperature hours. That is why the volumetry shows a slope in the walls of 23.50-degree, (maximum inclination of the sun in the North and South Ecuador). In such a way that they receive the least possible radiation, reducing the heating of the interior spaces.

FIGURE 39 RADIATION DIAGRAM ON THE PROJECT. OWN WORK.

The South facade, adds another strategy, the placement of louvers that filter sunlight but, at the same time, allow prevailing winds to pass through. These louvers are located on pivoting frames, which could fold on cloudy, hot days or less lighting hours, in such a way that allows better lighting and ventilation to pass. As for the land, it is proposed to grow tall canopy trees (Chonta, Laurel ...), which create shade, prevent the surrounding land from heating up, and cool the wind that circulates from the south to the main facade of the house. 5.11. Interior Design The project seeks to become a resting space to be away from daily routine and hard work. It seeks to pair contemporary materials with materials of vernacular housing in this sector. Look for the contrast between natural textures (wood, bamboo ...) and chromatic related to contemporary architecture (pure, saturated and contrasting colors). The project conceives open and functional spaces, which contrast with the wealth of nature that surrounds the project. It distinguishes heights of public areas from private ones, giving a difference in scale and how space is perceived (intimate spaces and semi-open spaces).

FIGURE 40 MATERIALITY IN INTERIOR DESIGN

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5.12. Funcionality One of the main characteristics of this house relates the idiosyncrasy of its possible users, how families grow, and how children, (especially male children) when growing up, often stay with their parents despite being already married, bringing his wives and children to his parentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; home, a common tradition of the local indigenous communities. This characteristic of the target user led the project to consider the idea of a modular-progressive house, that thinks about the future of the families that own this house. Having this system, is an easy and cost-effective way to expand housing and accommodate more family members. This also allows maintaining consistency and aesthetic continuity in the house. Something that would contrast with the current houses in the sector, which during their lives undergo renovations and extensions that had not been programmed from the beginning. Also, people with mobility problems have been considered. Thus, a house is planned on one floor, in such a way that the displacement in it is optimal for these possible occupants, including also an entrance ramp, for which the Ecuadorian Standard for the Construction of Universal Accessibility (NEC-HS-AU) was taken into account. 5.13. Architectural Expressiveness The expressiveness of this project is achieved by mixing certain elements, strategies and characteristics of vernacular architecture with elements of contemporary architecture. The volume results from studying weather conditions of the region, and the location site. This volumetry responds to these conditions (temperature, winds, sunlight, humidity), seeks to optimize and make its performance more efficient, but without neglecting the natural context in which it is found, for which mainly local materiality. It seeks to integrate all engineering solutions within the design itself, in such a way that all these elements are felt and appreciated as part of one. An example of this is the photovoltaic panels, which are located on the roof, and which, thanks to the design and layout of the roof, go almost unnoticed. The HVAC equipment is located between the ceiling and the roof of each module, so they are not visible. In this way these elements, which are usually visually aggressive, are fully integrated into the house, allowing it to better integrate with the aforementioned natural environment. 6.

Operation (Use and Maintenance)

6.1. Strategies to minimize maintenance by inhabitants To extend the houseÂ´s lifetime, two major strategies have been proposed, integrating smart systems (house automation), and choosing adaptable materials to climatic conditions in this region. An smart house is proposed, which through house automation allows improving communication and monitoring the status of the house, so that the presence of any anomaly in the operation of the facilities or any equipment can be determined, thus allowing an action timely in maintaining it. It is also necessary to know the house's lifetime, determining the durability of materials used and exposure to external factors that can accelerate their deterioration. For this reason, the house uses mostly local materials that are better adapted to weather conditions and that facilitate future maintenance. For example, the bamboo frame has a durability of 50 years or longer, if properly processed. 6.1.1. Structure maintenance For structure maintenance (bamboo), oil paint or some lacquer should be placed during its lifetime, but the most recommended are linseed-based natural oils and resins. The metallic elements used in the unions that will be in contact with the rain will have an anticorrosive treatment. In this case, palm oil has been chosen to maintain bamboo, to which zinc or titanium dioxide must be added as a UV protector. Once oil is placed, a layer of wax must be applied to prevent dust from sticking. This maintenance will take place in 2 years periods.

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6.1.2. Leather, walls - enclosure maintenance As mentioned earlier, composite panels have been chosen as closure elements where the use of OSB panels stands out, as they are designed to be exposed. However, despite the high performance of this material, it is also recommended to place some coating type. (The engineered wood association, 2015). To extend the lifetime of walls, a 3 mm stucco coating is applied, which will be maintained every 2 years, as will the structure. This guarantees a long lifetime of the panels exposed to the outside, approximately 40 years. 6.1.3. Roofs Maintenance

FIGURE 41 30 OSB WALL STUCCO

For pitched roofs, the chosen matrial presents a high resistance to natural elements and climate of the region, in addition to other features mentioned in previous chapters. Besides, a reflective paint coating has been thought, which further than reflecting the heat, the insulating properties of the paint reduce noise in the rooms and moisture. It also prevents the growth of mold and mildew, extending the life of the cover up to 25 years (under the recommended maintance). This maintenance will be given every 2 years, to guarantee its protection. To facilitate maintenance of roof and the equipment such as: photovoltaic panels and water heater, a ladder has been located in the space left between the modules. In addition, to guarantee the safety of the people who climb to carry out maintenance on the decks and equipment located on them, a metal safety walkway has been left on them. 6.2. Smart building The integration of smart systems into the house has been take them into account, aiming to improve energy performance and comfort, safety, communication and monitoring the house conditions. 6.2.1. Energetic performance and comfort

• Operation hour regulation of room ventilation. • Automated on / off control of all lights, preventing them from being turned on when not needed. Temperature adaptation and air exchange, depending on each room and use. • Detection of windows or doors of the house that are open, notifying the owner in case the mechanical ventilation equipment is activated. • Measurement of the consumption of household appliances, by monitoring the outlets.

FIGURE 42 HOME AUTOMATION, HOME ENERGY PERFORMANCE

6.2.2. Security • The system will keep a continuous monitoring and surveillance of the state and security of house assets. • I Anti-intrusion systems to protect access to the plot, using infrared barriers on the doors, and windows with contact sensors. 6.2.3. Communication and monitoring of house state The domotic system allows direct communication between the central and the user so that it can be warned in the event of any anomaly regarding the operation of the facilities: electrical, lighting, power generation and mechanical ventilation. 6.2.4. Technologies and strategies A house automation system from Wattio Company will be implemented. It is a one stop solution provider in the Smart House area. It focuses on improving the customer experience. To do this, they are dedicated to both, device development and the development of information-based software and services.

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Air conditioning: • Thermic The Thermic is a smart thermostat that is controlled from a Smartphone. As for comfort: Control heating from a Smartphone, save up to 32% on heating consumption, finally automatic consumption scenarios and calendars are important for smart air conditioning Electricity: •

Pod

The Pod is an intelligent plug, which allows you to control both, the electrical consumption and the on/off of the device from a Smartphone. It reduces electricity consumption up to 20%, the house works alone and the user will have more free time.

Security: • Door Door is a magnetic contact device for doors and windows that allows you to control whether the door is open or closed. Like the previous ones, this device generates energy and heating savings. It also alerts neighbors or family to an emergency. Compatible from a Smartphone.

•

Cam

Cam is a high-quality multi-function video camera with connection to the cloud. It integrates with other devices such as Door, allowing you to watch what happens in the house when the intruder alert is activated, sending images in real time of the interior of the house. •

Software

Based on SAAS (Software as a service) model by packs that can work together or separately. Available in "offline" mode in network crash. All the communications of the elements of this system are encrypted, using the latest technologies. The Wattio architecture communicates with "Gates" using digital certificates and SSL / TLS technology to ensure the confidentiality, authenticity and integrity of the data. Furthermore, the user communicates with the platform using client-side technology, which allows greater possibilities for encrypting their data and using the HTTPS protocol for all communications with Wattio mobile application. 7.

Market Potencial

7.1. Design functionality, appeal, and enhancement of the occupants’ quality of life, health and well-being The Ecuadorian Amazon, is one of the most important regions in the world, it is one of the largest tropical forest in the world, giving life to the species and cleaning the planet´s air. The implement of self-sustaining dwellings would be a huge help for the region because deforestation and destruction of natural places would be avoided, conserving the flora and fauna of the environment. In addition, it provides important benefits to the health of the habitants, due to the construction materials of the zone, being of plant origin do not emit toxic substances and help to store CO2 and generate O2 wiring its growth. The

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design is friendly with the environment, it adapts in a better way unlike de traditional edifications; take advantage of the raw material of the different natural elements, like the rain, ventilation, temperature, luminosity, allowing contact with nature, facilitating safe and comfortable spaces for those who live in it. These characteristics give the project a great appeal.

FIGURE 43 ECUADORIAN AMAZON-LOCAL MATERIALS

7.2. Application of commercially available materials and practices that are tailored to large-scale zero-energy buildings The purpose of this project was not only to be a zero energy house, but also to have the least possible environmental impact (lower carbon footprint). In this way, the research for the materiality of the building was always conditioned by these two parameters. It was very important to select materials that would not have to be transported from far places, ensuring that a lower carbon footprint. A clear example of this is the use that has been given to bamboo in the structure, wood in the project's enclosures, and the implementation of new materials such as palm fiber, which can replace materials of greater impact on the environment (insulators); its use can drive growth of a developing sustainable construction industry. (CIE,2019) However, it should be noted that certain technologies such as photovoltaics are still new in the country, and their national production is still limited or even -in some cases- non-existent. 7.3. Use of the design solution that meets current market expectations for the owner experience The self-sustaining house are considered ecological, because they do not depend of external sources to get electricity, water, heating, and so on; this are designed depending on the location, weather, materials, necessities and requirements of the owners. Through the market analysis carried out in the province of Napo and the rest of the country, a comparison survey was made, and shows that 63,5% of the surveyed people have a stable income, and using statistical data of the Economically Active Population (EAP) show that 55% of the people are in condition to acquire the dwelling (INEC, 2010).

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Taking in account the preferences of the sector for a house which fulfill their expectations, this house requires: 2 bedrooms, 1 living room, 1 dining room, 1 - 1 ½ bathroom, and the construction must be around 81 and 100 m2, the average price for this type of house is around $90.000 a $110.000. Taking in consideration that the project propose in this project has self-sustainable features in case of natural disasters, reaction to political and social events, with the capacity to supply all the energetic resources requires to function, without the necessity to go to thirds for resources, which gives the advantage over the traditional houses. 7.4. The Ability to replicate the design and concepts to large market This design concept has a great potential in the market, due to the growing interest of caring for the environment, since it makes better use of the natural resources such as sun, water, and wind. With this, it acquires not only social benefits but also economic benefits (giving added value) that attracts attention from the potential buyers, as the people who live in the Ecuadorian Amazon intend to live in harmony with nature and avoid making huge damage by building a house. It takes as reference the market analysis, where the people surveyed affirm their interest on this kind of eco- friendly residence, making it feasible to replicate the construction on a large scale because the materials are previously manufactured, making it easy to be built in minor time and lower cost, compared to a traditional dwelling. 8.

Comfort and environmental quality

This project seeks to provide the highest life quality for its occupants, which is why it has been developed for complying with the certification of “The International WELL Building Institute ™”, following the proposed parameters. This certification is managed under eleven parameters: air quality, water, food nourishment, illumination, physical health, thermal comfort, acoustic comfort, materials, mind, community and innovation. One of the main inquiries during the development of this project was the extreme weather conditions of the region, and how the design would handle them. One of the starting points of the design, was the development and application of passive ventilation systems, to reduce the use of mechanical systems. To determine the desired thermal comfort inside the dwelling, the ANSI / ASHRAE Standard 55-2017 has been taken into consideration.

TABLE 16 OPERATING TEMPERATURE. SOURCE: ANSI / ASHRAE STANDARD 55-2017

8.1. Natural Ventilation Enhancing natural ventilation on this project typology is essential, since its purpose is reducing by the maximum the use of HVAC systems, and therefore ensures a reduction in the energy consumption of the residence. Natural ventilation also lets heat, odor, and pollution to exit the interior spaces. Proper ventilation renews the air at least 4 times per hour according to DIN 1946, or 7.5 l / s per person according to ASHRAE.

TABLE 17 GENERAL RENOVATIONS IN BUILDING SPACES. SOURCE: (DIN 1946)

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The prevailing winds from the South are used by this project to guarantee an optimal ventilation flow. Accordingly, it resolves its orientation and morphology in such a way that it catches the greatest volume of these air currents. 8.2. HVAC System Thanks to passive ventilation systems, it has been possible to lower the energy cost in this area, as observed in the following Figure 43.

FIGURE 44 SIMULATION OF ENERGY EXPENDITURE USING DESIGN BUILDER - FUNNEL HOUSE.- FUNNEL HOUSE

It was achieved thanks to the proper choice of materials and the employment of passive ventilation systems, avoiding the use of air conditioning. The operating temperature remains in the comfort standards range, only with the use of mechanical ventilation, as shown in the following chart.

FIGURE 45 COMFORT SIMULATION USING DESIGN BUILDER - FUNNEL HOUSE

8.3. Relative humidity control The main problem faced to reach comfort levels was the extreme relative humidity of the region. To keep humidity within comfort standards (between 40% and 70%), a centralized system (dual-flow VMC with heat recovery IDEO2 325 ECOWATT Series) has been installed, which allows lowering humidity levels and maintaining them within the satisfactory range. 8.4. Air quality To guarantee a high air quality standard, the parameters specified in “The International“ WELL Building Institute ™ ”have been followed.

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● ● ● ● ●

Filters that can control and guarantee air quality have been installed in the mechanical ventilation system, under ISO 1689 standard. (It permits 0.3µm to 10µm particles). A smoke-free environment is guaranteed. Ventilation effectiveness is supported, as these systems comply with ANSI / ASHRAE Standard 55-2017. During assembly, three safety parameters are proposed: ducts must be sealed and protected from possible contamination during construction; ducts are cleaned before installing registers, grills, and diffusers; all active work areas are isolated from other spaces by sealed doors or windows or by the use of temporary barriers. Air quality monitoring in each space is proposed (Seeed Studio SenseCAP LoRa Air Temperature & Humidity Sensor).

In rooms like the kitchen, because of the polluting elements in the air, such as suspended grease, combustion products, smoke, odors, heat, etc., localized ventilation and extraction are necessary to let the contaminated air to be released. 8.5. Natural illumination In natural illuminations terms, the morphology of the house allows surpassing the percentage suggested by this certification, since more than 90% of the domestic area has natural illumination, according to international regulatory standards, as observed in previous chapters. 8.6. Interior Spaces Regarding interior and furniture design, ergonomic and accessibility standards as the Ecuadorian Construction Regulations (NEC universal accessibility-AU) were applied, in a way that the occupant's experience and comfort were satisfactory. The transition and circulation spaces were designed to provide a pleasant experience for all kind of people; as well as, gardens, natural elements, and active facades, since more than 40% of them are permeable and allow interaction with the natural environment. 8.7. Materiatility Materials from the region were used, which are environmentally friendly and overall free of lead, asbestos, mercury and other toxic substances that could put occupant’s health at risk.

FIGURE 46 MATERIALTY ON INTERIOR SPACES

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8.8. Noise control In order to guarantee acoustic comfort, the parameters outlined in “The International “WELL Building Institute ™” have been taken into account. It presents the optimal parameters for this project typology, as shown in the following table.

TABLE 18 LIMIT BACKGROUND NOISE LEVELS FOR ALL SPACES. FUENTE: (“WELL BUILDING INSTITUTE™”, 2020)

To meet these requirements, the composite walls (detailed in previous chapters) are build of materials with acoustic insulating properties. Also, the project proposes floors with noise impact noise (IIC) 55. 9.

Innovation

9.1. Innovation: methodology applied in the projecy One of the challenges posed by our team was designing a house that could provide comfort to its users, despite the various situations and scenarios that it could face during its lifetime. Thus, two types of house use were developed. A hybrid that combines passive and mechanical ventilation systems, giving a greater degree of comfort for its users, with minimal energy expenditure, and a second modality in which it would exclusively use passive ventilation systems and strategies, with zero energy use.

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FIGURE 47 PASSIVE METHODS

9.2. Innovation from Materiality: Bamboo (Guadua Angustifolia) The Latin American tropical zone, characterized by a season less climate, allows the development of unique endemic species, including bamboo, which has dozens of species around the world's tropical zone. In Ecuador the use of bamboo (Guadua Angustifolia) is regulated (NEC-SE-GUADĂ&#x161;A), and its use for construction is allowed. (Ministerio de Desarrollo Urbano y Vivienda, 2016) Bamboo construction has seen its development in recent decades and in Latin American countries, it has been regulated and studied in depth for its application in buildings and construction. The main application of bamboo in construction is for structures, furniture, floors and walls; combined with traditional materials such as concrete and steel, they increase their lifetime and efficiency. (Ministerio de Desarrollo Urbano y Vivienda, 2016) In Ecuador, bamboo is planted and harvested responsibly, without overexploiting it, its endemism allows the material to resist the climatic conditions of the Ecuadorian Amazon and its lifetime increases if several treatments are carried out on the material before using it in construction. (GAD MUNICIPAL DE TENA, 2014) At the global tropical level, bamboo and its different species have been used to experimented with to design different at the global tropical level, bamboo and its different species have been used to experiment with different design construction systems. Buildings with different typologies have been built, among which stand out: single-family

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housing, tourist centers, pavilions, bridges, community centers, small, medium and large-scale buildings, among others. In Ecuador, bamboo is used for different buildings, however, the local culture treats bamboo as a material for social use or low class building. The warm areas of Ecuador: Costa - Amazonia, are the predominant in the use of bamboo, and higher education institutions have developed different studies for the use in their areas of influence (Ministerio de Desarrollo Urbano y Vivienda, 2016) A case of design and construction carried out by Arch. Robinson Vega Jaramillo and Jorge Moran Ubidia, at the Santiago de Guayaquil Catholic University, in collaboration with the Faculty of Architecture and Design, is the “BAMBU DOCUMENTATION CENTER” located in Guayaquil, Ecuador. The building is made of bamboo, as the predominant FIGURE 48 CENTRO DE DOCUMENTACIÓN DEL BAMBU” material for structure, walls and finishes. It uses passive ArchivoBAQ2016 strategies to control the temperature, such as the orientation towards the prevailing winds and active reverse ventilation systems that expel the hot air from the building. The structure is made up of a plinth-type foundation, bamboo columns and beams, and structural steel joints, and a cover of sandwich panels with galvanized steel faces and an interior of expanded polyurethane, in whitecolor that reflects sunlight. (ARCHIVOBAQ, 2016) Another example on a larger scale is the “CATHEDRAL WITHOUT RELIGION”, designed and built by the Colombian Architect Simón Vélez in the city of Cartagena, Colombia. The building was constructed of bamboo as the predominant material for structure, walls and finishes. The structure is made up of a concrete pile-type foundation, bamboo columns and beams, and bamboo joints. The cover consists of a stainless steel sheet and tiles in red, brown and brown colors. The walls of the building are bamboo panels coated with concrete mortar painted in white, and stitched bamboo walls that allow it to stay ventilated. (ARQ-EC, 2006) Bamboo for its organic qualities, can be decomposed responsibly and be used for other purposes when its lifetime has ended, it can be used FIGURE 49 CATEDRAL SIN RELIGIÓN" ARQ-EC,2016 for furniture, utensils, farming tools, sculptures,etc, extending its lifetime. 10. Life Cycle assesment 10.1. Low environmental impact strategies. Nowadays, it is essential to obtain a life cycle approach throughout the value chain of a building. This means taking into consideration all the processes and agents, from the extraction of raw materials to the waste collection, recycling processes, production of secondary raw materials, going through all the processes of construction, maintenance, rehabilitation, etc. From the first development phase of this project, the use of endemic materials was considered to reduce incorporated carbons; these materials (being local) do not require transportation, save energy, and therefore produce less CO2.

FIGURE 50 PHASES OF A CIRCULAR PROJECT

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The production, planning, and design phases must, simultaneously, plan everything that will happen at the execution phase; the different administrations involved in the project, are in charge of supervision and regulation. The planning phase of a project is where all the necessary details are analyzed and carefully planned to carry out an effective and comfortable scheme for the client, thus a program of calculations is arranged, for which many professionals contributed with their experience, making a more efficient and sustainable design. Among the execution and use phase, the responsibility is shifted from the different professionals to the occupants, this process must be accompanied by knowledge exchange. The user must know well enough the building to ensure a lasting use phase through maintenance (small repairs, cleaning, good use, etc.). Choosing ecological materials is also a preservation plan, as mentioned in previous chapters, especially when doing partial rehabilitation (rehabilitation of different areas, change of materials, etc.) or total rehabilitation (complete rehabilitation with or without change of use). Also, the user must have the judgment to select and contact the right professionals required at each point. This is why a User Manual is very important to allow continuity of the houseÂ´s life cycle.

FIGURE 51 MATERIAL RECYCLING

Finally, during the construction and demolition waste management (RCD) phase, the deconstruction (or selective demolition) of the structure must be possible, ensuring the maximum recovery of all materials and components of the previous phases. In other words, the project has the ability to manage the greatest amount of bamboo waste at the end of its shelf life, since this material has the viability to be reused in new panels. On the other hand, the waste from OSB walls can be reused for the application of furniture in houses. 10.2. Shelf-life determination Oneclick LCA software was used to determine the potential benefits of circularity and value chain. Within the Oneclick LCA database, no data equal to the units managed in our local market was found. For this reason, data was chosen according to its closest approach to our country's reality. The results obtained, show a material recovery of 202.2%. It is important to understand, that bamboo has great potential; as explained above it can be renewed and reused. Also, 5.5% of the glass material will be recycled. No waste will be produced this way.

FIGURE 52 BUILDING CIRCULARITY

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Regarding the comparative analysis of incorporated carbon, it can be seen that the project is at a rate of 211 kg CO2 e / m2, which corresponds to a B score, while the carbon incorporated in the construction life cycle stage reflects the 52% of the material, 1% transport and 47% B4-B5 replacement. Finally, the greatest amount of material used corresponds to the horizontal floor and roof structure.

FIGURE 53 INCORPORATED CARBON

In the following graph the primary energy use can be observed:

10.3.

EDGE Certification.

During the development of this project, many questions and difficulties emerged, especially during the use of certain platforms, like Oneclick LCA or RSMeans, as they do not relate completely to Ecuador's reality. Thus, from the beginning of the project, the need to look for tools appropriate for Ecuador arose. This is why, the residence is also evaluated with the EDGE (Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiencies) certification platform, which works in almost 160 countries, including Ecuador. It is an easy-to-use online tool that provides information on green building standards and helps to determine the most affordable options for the design, allowing to reduce environmental impact within the local climate context.

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Within the general parameters that this platform manages we have: energy, water, and materials. When analyzing the data of the house, energy-saving was achieved, with an energy efficiency of 98.38%, and water efficiency of 95.33%, as shown in the report attached in Supplemental Documentation. It should be noted that when evaluating the house, the “materials” parameter couldn´t be evaluated, since the materials database of the software, does not include yet the exact materials used in this project.