1
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eVHBumõelIkTI 1 cMnYn 4000 kºal
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2
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teTAeTotVneT.
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mUl. karP&n¶¨cLMk~¬gTs§n:neyaVy Gackat'«fÂCév^t¨beTsCatixÂçnäg e¨JH¨bCaCatid*tUc rbs'eyIgmansÄanPaBPUmisaås¶ nigneyaVy¨sçyCag¨bCaCatid«TeTot k~¬gPUmiPaK²NëècinenH
xageCég
ehIy¨bCaCatirbs'eyIg
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¨bsinebI¨beTsCatiFÂak'eTAk~¬gkN¶ab'«dkumµ¬ynis¶. ebI¨bCaCatiFÂak'eTAk~¬gkN¶ab'«dkumµ¬ynis¶
eyokNamsgðmniymTSgBIrrYmK~a
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etIeyokNamxagtºèg
GacTb'Tl'nwgkumµ¬ynis¶teTAeTotVnEdrÉeT?) GacelbTwkdéExµredayminVc'TMJr.
sBëf©enH KµanKMnitc¨kBti¶niym nigKMnitrattºatTwkdéniym (Expansionnisme) Ebbfµé
NamYymansm¹s§es~h_nwgkmÂSg¨sèb (Force d'attraction) CaCagKMnitbeJÏHePIÂgsågðambd^vt¶n_
sgðmniymenHeT. tamry:¨Tws¶I Çma"k§is¶ eLnInis¶È yYneyokkug-eyokNamxageCég
EdlenAmanKMnitCatiniymxÂSgenAeLIy QanmkelbTwkdé²NëècinTSgmUl smnwgCatiyYn CaBUCsasn_xÂSg qÂat BUEkCageyIgeTotpg. etIbk§kumµ¬ynis¶Exµr
GacmanGÃIGHGagVncMeJHe¨KaHf~ak'enH?
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nationale)
Gs'eKalcritCati
ma"k§is¶È.
(Entité
ÇsgðmExµrfµéÈ
nationale)
.
nwgGs'xÂwmsarCati
sgðmExµrfµé¨tèvE¨bkÂayeTAtam
(Essence Çsgðm
ebIGs'xÂwmsarCatiehIy (man¨BHBuTìsasnaCaGaT_i) sgðmExµrcºas'CarlaycUleTA
k~¬gsgðmCatiyYnedaymind·gxÂçn e¨JHkmÂSg¨sèbBIsMNak'sgðmyYn ¨tèvEt¨Kbsgût'Tb'min
Q~HmkelIsgðmExµr. enHehIyCadegúémcuge¨kay«nCév^tExµr !!!
3
f~ak'FM@
KWk~¬geKalbMNgCYybMPÂWeKaledAxÂH@ enAk~¬g«pæk~¬gbJúaExµr nigcg'q¬HbgúajnUve¨KaH elcecjmkBIBYkkumµ¬ynis¶enAk~¬g¨beTs
eTIbxƬM¨bfuyebIkkkaynUvGnus§avrIy_
pæal'xÂçnEdlxƬMVnCYb¨bTH VnEhlqÂgxÂçnägenAk~¬gCYrExµr¨khm k~¬gry:eBl 9 Ex.
tamBit kUnesovePAtUcenH¨Kan'EtCak¨mgGnus§avrIy_ (Album de souvenirs) pæal'xÂçn
mYytUcbu"eNöaH ÉCak¨mgäksarBItMbn'Exµr¨khm.
sUm[kUnäksarenH VnkÂayeTACav^PaKTand*s¶çces¶IgmYy k~¬gkarb¨gçbb¨gçmrvag
ExµrnigExµr k~¬gkal:eTs:bcͬbºn~enH.
eFÃIenAP~MeBj, «f©TI 28 kkûda 1973 Gùsù
ÇÇÇÇÇÜÜÜÜÈÈÈÈÈ
4
«f© 17-18 emsa 1972 eyIgVnTTYlTand÷eNkenAk~¬gxæmcMkarEdleKVneVHbg'ecal.
CaG~kTTYlxus¨tèvelIsn¶isuxnigd÷eNIreyIgxƬM
emkgQÂb
ÇrNsir§È
VnyksMBt'ekAsUßBIrpæSg[eyIg¨kalelI
déeFÃICakenæl. ra¨tIs©at'¨CgM GMBilGMEBkehIre¨Jg¨JteXIjkUnBnÂWPÂwbEPÂt@. emkgQÂb suMEqkkabUbeyIgE¨kgmanGavuF Év^T´¬k~¬genaH. eKes~IsuMkuMCk'VrIE¨kg ÇxµSgÈ emIleXIj.
enACu÷v^jeyIg kgQÂb 6 É 7 nak'pÂas'evnK~ayam.
¨BwkeLIg «f© 18 emsa evlaem"ag 5 kgQÂbCUnd÷eNIreyIgeTAkan'PUmimYyeTot enA
cMgay¨bmaN 7 É 8 Kùmù BI¨sukkn¶çtk~¬gext¶kN¶al. eP¿gedémq~SFÂak'eCakCSrhUt. dl' PUmi eyIgVnCYb¨bTHkgQÂbmYy¨kumeTot manBIrnak'kMBugbriePaKGahar. eyIgVnsÃaKmn_
ÇPatrPaBbd^vt¶n_È CamYykgQÂbTSgenaH ehIyBYkeKVnehAeyIg[cUlrYmGaharCamYy BYkeK EtBYkeKsmÂwgeyIgedayykcit¶Tukdak' dUcmanGakar:cEmÂkGÃIm´"agenAk~¬gxÂçneyIg ¨b-
EhlCaeKmineBjcit¶nwgrebobes¿kJk' ÉGakbºkiriyarbs'eyIgk*mind·g. eKminsUvedj
edaleyIgeT. cMENkeyIgv^j eyIgk*rk§a ÇlkÅN_karsm©at'È minhßanedjedalsYreK
v^jEdr sUmºIEteQµaHPUmik*eyIgminhßanes~IsYr e¨JH Çs~gkarneyaVyÈ eFÃIkarbgûb'xÂçnenA
TI¨kugP~MeBjm~ak'EdlCUnd÷eNIreyIg Vne¨kInrMlwkkuM[eyIgbegúéb¨Vb'eQµaHBit¨Vkd Émux
garrbs'eyIg[nrNad·g[esaH. eyIgVnCYbs~gkarneyaVy¨kugenH enAra¨tI«f©TI 17
emsa 1972 EteyIgBuMsðal'eQµaH Émuxgaredémrbs' <mit¶> enHeT. erOgrk§akarsm©at'¨Kb'TI
kEnÂg nig¨Kb'kal:eTs:Cav^n&yTI 1 rbs'GgðkarExµr¨khmEdleyIgVnTTYltampÂèv.
enAem"ag 8 knÂHyb' eyIgVncUlmkdl'PUmimYyeTot edayedértamPWÂE¨sxõs'@ sMbUr
eTAedayedémet~atnigedémsEgû. G~k¨sukm~ak'enAk~¬gPUmienH VnCUnd÷eNIreyIgbn¶eTAmuxeTot.
¨kumrYmd÷eNIrrbs'eyIgekInVnK~a
7
nak'.
eyIgBuMd·gfaeKmanbMNgnSeyIgeTAdl'Na?
TMB&rp§ge¨BgmYyEbbfµérbs'eyIg VnebIkeLIgminxusBIJk´eJlfa ÇedéreTAcUlrUgxÂaÈ eT
EteyIgmanC÷enOxÂH@ eTAelIsmtÄPaBedaHkunrbs'eyIg nigeTAelIsn¶ancit¶¨CHfÂapæal'xÂçnk~¬g
bJúaCati.
bnæab'BIeyIgmankarQWcab'nwgGMeBIQÂanJnrbs'eyokkug
nigeyokNamxageCég
mkelITwkdéExµrmk eyIgrwtEtmankarQWcab'eBItxÂSgNas'eTAeTot k~¬gerOgXubXwtrbs'Exµr
¨khmCamYyeyokkug-eyokNamxageCég.
5 dl'Jk'kN¶alG¨Fa¨t
eyIgVnmkdl'p§arsðn'-TenÂVTI
ehvht'resHresaH«d
eCég e¨JHKWCaelIkTI 1 EdleyIgeFÃId÷eNIredayeCégcMnYn 6-7 em"ag. ¨bFanrNsir§enAp§ar
sðn' erobcM[eyIgsMrakenApæHeTomcinmYy EdlmÍas'VneVHbg'ecal. yb'enaHeyIgVn
TTYlTand÷eNklk'sûb'sûl'. «f© 19-20 emsa :
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eTomcinCae¨cInbiTTÃarecal. man¨Kçsar 7-8 ¨Kçsarbu"eNöaHEdl¨kajenATIenH. ¨bFanrN
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k*mit¶enHminrt'eTAenArksIuäp§arkn¶çt ÉP~MeBj, EbrCaenAXubXwtnwgExµr¨khmeyokkugeyok NamxageCégäeNHeTAv^j? ÉmYyk*¨kajcSeq¿teFÃIQµçjkN¶alrksuICamYy ÇGgðkarÈ eT
d·g? .
em"ag¨bmaN 6 knÂH¨Bwk eKehAeyIgeTAbriePaKVyenAelIpæHFMmYyEdlmÍas'eVHbg'
ecal. enATIenaHeyIgVnCYb¨bTH nigsMEdgkarKYrsmCamYymit¶embJØakar ÇkgryÈ (kg
GnuesnaFM) embJØakarkgvresnatUc nig mit¶s~gkarneyaVyBIrnak'eTot. mit¶TSgGs'enaH
sEm¶gTwkcit¶esamns§rIkray cMeJHvt¶manrbs'eyIgenAk~¬gCYrrbs'eK. mans~gkarneya-
Vym~ak' CaGtIt¨Kèbe¨g¿n VnhucVrIsJïasÂwkmasmkxƬMmYyedém ehIysYrsuxTukÅrbs' eyIgenAtampÂèv. eyIgk*sMEdgGMNrKuNtbteTAeKv^j ehIyrg'cSsMnYrd«TeTot Etmit¶enaH
EbrCaniyayBICév¨bvt¶ixÂH@ rbs'eK¨Vb'xƬMeTAv^j KWeKCaGtIt¨Kèbe¨g¿n ÇCab'nwgclnabd^-
vt¶n_È enHCayUrmkehIy. e¨kay¨Bwti¶karN_ 18 mina 1970 eKrt'mkrYmkmÂSgenAk~¬g«¨B
e¨JHmit¶enaHFÂab' ÇEbkmuxEbkmat'È (Pasarbs'eKmann&yfaÐ EbkkarN_sm©at') m¶grYcmk ehIy. mit¶enaHVn¨Vb'mkeyIgeTotfa bíèn¨busrbs'eKm~ak'eTot Casaås¶acar´mF´msik§a bzmPUmieQµaH sùtùq Vnrt'cUlmkrYmkmÂSgbd^vt¶n_rbs'eKcMnYn 4 ExmunenHEdr.
mit¶m~ak'eTot ¨bEhlCas~gkarneyaVy ÇkgryÈ VnBiPak§aCamYyeyIgBIbJúa
Çes¶csIhnuÈ.
mit¶enaH¨bEhlCayl'fa
eyIgBitCa
Çs~èlÈ
Exµr¨khmeFÃIkarenA¨kug
P~MeBj FÂab' ÇCab'clnatsUßÈ rbs'eKtSgBIC÷nan'es¶csIhnu VnCamit¶enaHeFÂaysMdéfaÐ
\Ggðkarmin[sIhnumk¨sukExµrk~¬geBl²LèvenHeT e¨JHebI[sIhnumk cºas'Ca¨bCaCnrt' eTArksIhnuehIy cMENkeyIgv^j eyIgBitCaeVsKUTTeT.
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eTACa¨tèvr"UvnwgK~aeTArYc ebImÅagCakumµ¬ynis¶ mÅageTotCaes¶cCask¶iPUmi. enAmancMNucCae¨cIn
eTotEdleyIgenA¨sBic¨sBil EteyIgminhßanbegúébsYr KWcMNucTak'TgnwgrNsir§nigrd½a
PiVlrYbrYmCatikmõ¬Ca nigeyokkug-eyokNamxageCég.
6 e¨JHEteyIgcg'd·gBIkarBitenAk~¬gbJúaExµr
nige¨JHEtQWcab'nwgerOgExµr¨khmcUl
hußnnwgeyokkug-eyokNamxageCég k~¬gkarkab'smÂab'ExµrK~aäg eTIbeyIg¨bfuyxÂçneFÃImmac
edércUlePÂIg edaymanGavuFm´a"g KWqnæ:s¨mbs¨mçlxÂçnägeTAtamsÄanPaB nigqnæ:¨sLaj'
GÃIEdlCaExµr dUcEdlelak QUk-em"gem"A, vrCn ÇExµrkN¶alÈ síatsíMmYyrUb, FÂab'¨sk'Twk
EP~keBlelakrMlwkBI ǨBlwgExµrÈ m¶g@ùùù .
kald·geyIgeXIjmit¶efÂaHeFÂayhßanniyayBI ÇbJúasIhnuÈ enAcMeJHmuxxƬM mit¶s~g
kar¨kugP~MeBjk*ehAmit¶enaHeTAx§wbs©at'@
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eTot ÉeKx§wb¨Vb'K~aeKfaminEmn Çs~èlÈ Exµr¨khmk*mind·g.
enAem"ag 4 res¿l manmnus§BIrnak' ykkg'mkbJØiHeyIgeTAkan'PUmix~arEtºg cm©ay
¨bmaN 1 Kùmù knÂH BIp§arsðn'. enAtampÂèv yn¶ehaH et-28 BIre¨KOgeTIbv^lmkBITMlak' ¨Kab'Ebk.
PUmix~arEtºgk*mansPaBs©at'¨Cg÷ yUr@m¶g eKCYb¨bTHG~k¨sukm~ak'. pæHekº¯gCae¨cIn
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nig¨tèv¨Kab'EbkF¬HFÂaydMbUl
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eyIgsn~id½anfaCaeBT´s¨mab'kgT&B.
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nigmineBjcit¶esaH. eKeq¿t{kaskMBugsnænaK~aedémºIbMpuskMhwgrbs'eK kMhwgbd^vt¶n_cM-
eJHrbbsaFarNrd½eyIg. eKecaTfaCa ÇEqûbMerIGaemrikSg Cac¨kBti¶ CaBYkmUlFnniym
eyaFaniymhÃasuis
eTsnarbs'eK.
C^HCan'sgût'sgû^nÈ.
eXIjeyIgenAes©¿meFÃImuxesµI
mit¶enaHpíakFmá
«f© 20 emsa : ¨BwkeLIg mit¶ <nIrsa> m~ak'eTotTTYlPar:CUnd÷eNIreyIgeTAeTot. eyIgePÂcC÷rabfa
mit¶s~gkarneyaVyFM¨kugP~MeBj EdlCUnd÷eNIreyIgmkdl'sðn'-TenÂVTI ¨tèvVnv^l¨t-
Lb'cUl¨kugP~MeBjv^j. BIx~arEtºgteTA eyIgmanP&BÃvasnaVnC^Hm"UtUhugdam¶g. eyIgVnqÂg
kat'PUmitUc@
Cae¨cIn
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mit¶nIrsaVn¨Vb'eyIgfa
eyIgcUlk~¬gEdndéext¶taEkvehIy. PUminanacab'manCév^tGUßGrCaFmµta. enAtampÂèv eyIgCYb
¨bTHelNd½anCahUrEh
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karlk'dUrnMcMNIbn¶icbn¶çcman
cb'tampÂèv. enAem"ag 11 eyIgVnqÂgpÂèvCatielx 3 EkºrpÂèvlMeqõaHeTA¨sukbrEst. pæHfµCa
e¨cInx~genAGmpÂèvCati ¨tèvVk'EbkexæcGs' enAsl'EtKMnrGid½rV"t'rV"y. f~l'Cati¨tèvCék
Kas' kat'p¶ac'edayGenÂI.
7 eyIgVnmkQb'sMrakenAmuxvt¶mYyenAxagtºègf~l'Cati cMgay¨bEhl 2 Kùm . enA
TIenaH manreTHbgbíènG~k¨sukCae¨cIn Edlrt'ePosxÂçn ÉBYkExµr¨khmCen¿smkdl'TIenH.
bn¶ice¨kaymk manLanh§ßébExµr¨khmmYye¨KOgcgsÂwkeQI ebIkmkQb'enAk~¬gvt¶. enAk~¬g
salaeron nigenAe¨kamkud^elak eyIg¨bTHeXIjkgT&BExµr¨khmÉExµrrNsir§edkelIG¨g·g nIL¬ge¨Jg¨JtdUchÃèg¨becov.
enAem"ag 12 «f©¨tg' eyIgVnmkdl'TIrYmp§arbrEst. eTomcinlk'GIva"n' 5-6 enA
ebIkTÃars©at'¨Cg÷. mit¶nIrsaVnnSeyIgeTACYb¨bFantMbn'EdlCaGtIt¨Kèbe¨g¿nFÂab'eFÃIkarenA
salabzmsik§asnìrmu"k ehIyEdlVnecjeTAenA«¨BtSgBIq~S 1966. eyIgBuMGac¨sav
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e¨kayBIVnGanlixitrbs'mit¶s~gkarneyaVy¨k¬gP~MeBjehIy k*cab'ep¶émsYrBtámaneyIg
BIeQµaHBit¨Vkdrbs'eyIg BIGaCévkmµenAk~¬gsgðmcas' (enHCasMdérbs'eK) BI¨sukkMeNIt
BITIkEnÂgeFÃIkar. bnæab'mkk*cak'TwkEthucmk[eyIg ¨BmTSgnSeyIgeTA¨ss'¨sUbbbrsnwg
¨tIegot. KWmit¶ hM enHehIyEdlCaG~k¨tçt¨tatMbn'degûa¨sukkN¶alsæwg manLanGßésßuy h§ß¬ymYy nigm"UtUhugdaCae¨cInsMrab'e¨bIkar. KWCabursmaDTab mS kMBs'¨bmaN 1,58 mù
minsUvniyays¶I manGayu¨bmaN 40 q~S.
enAem"ag 2 resol mit¶nIrsaEdlVnCUnd÷eNIr Vnbn¶eTAmuxeTot. mit¶ hM Vnsr-
esrkUnsMbu¨tmYy[eyIgkan' ehIy¨Vb'fayklixitenHeTA¨bKl'[mit¶hg' (eQµaHbd^vt¶n_)
enAmnæIr 305 pæal'«d. eyIgeFÃId÷eNIrkat'tamPUmikat'P¬k-¨ksSg mkdl'PUmivalelÿgk~¬g
sgûat'pug k~¬gext¶kMBg'sõW. mit¶nIrsaVnENnSeyIg[e¨bIJk´ ÇhUbÈ C÷nYsJk´briePaK É jS¬ ehIy[TMlab'e¨bIJk´ Çmit¶È dUceKdUcäg. mkTl'nwg«f©enH eyIgVnCYbeyokkugEt 2
nak'bu"eNöaH EdlkMBugGgð¬ysIuKuyTavenAPUmi¨ksSg-kat'P¬k.
mkdl'PUmivalelÿg mit¶nIrsa, bnæab'BIVn¨bKl'eyIgniglixitmit¶ hM [Gnu¨bFan
ÇmnæIrnIrsaÈ «nPUmiPaKBiessehIy, k*v^l¨tLb'e¨kayv^j. mit¶ mSg (eQµaHbd^vt¶n_) Ca
Gnu¨bFanmnæIrnIrsa nSeyIgeTAsMrakenAk~¬gpæHG~k¨sukmYyx~g EdleKykeFÃICaXÂSgpæ¬k²va"n'
mansMBt' e¨bgkat GMbil sMBt'ekAsUß Caedém. mnæIrɨkumenHmanPar:sMrab'cat'Ecgd·kCJØèn
²va"n'BItMbn'síagekaHFM (tMbn' 25) É BIsðn'-TenÂVTI ykeTAPUmiPaKBiess edayqÂgkat'tam
pÂèvelx 4. manLanFM 3 EdlsuTìCaLanrt'Q~çl (Lanrt'Q~çlFMmYymandak'yIeha huk-
ehg) m"UtUhugda 3 e¨KOgnigeTac¨kyan 4 É 5 eTot ¨BmTSgd÷rI 3 kºalTuksMrab'[¨kum
nIrsae¨bI¨Vs'k~¬gkard·kCJØèn²va"n'. «f© 20 emsadl'«f©12 ÓsPa 1972 : enA«f©d÷bUg
¨bCaksikrenAk~¬gPUmivalelÿg
TTYlGbGrsaTrnwgeyIgxÂSgNas'.
KN:kmµkarrNsir§PUmiVnnSK~aerobcMVyTwkmúèbcMNITTYleyIg
¨BmTSgerobcMra¨tIsilº:
8 tUcmYyEdlsMEdgedaykumara-kumarIenAk~¬gPUmi CUnCakiti¶ysdl'eyIgeTotpg. KWCa«f©d÷bUg
EdleyIgVneXIjTid½PaB«ncMerog nigrVMGgðkarbd^vt¶n_Exµr¨khm. eyIgmank¶IrMePIbnigesa-
mns§CaxÂSgcMeJHem¨tIPaB nigkarykcit¶Tukdak'rbs'bgbíèn¨bCaksikr ehIyeyIgk*Vn EfÂgGMNrKuNedayTwkcit¶sÃamIPk¶inigem¨tIPaBtbteTArkbgbíènTSgGs'enaHv^j.
cit¶Tukdak'rbs'bgbíèn¨bCaksikrmkelIrUbeyIg eyIgxÂH@ Edr.
karyk
hak'eFÃI[mit¶mSgnigshkarIeK¨cENnnwg
¨bCaksikrenAPUmivalelÿg manCévPaB¨kx§t'xÂSgNas' múèbcMNI ¨tIsac'BuMman¨Kb'
¨Kan'eT. bgbíènTSgenaHC÷Jk'cit¶eTAelI Çsem¶cÒÈ y"age¨CA. mancas'TuMCae¨cInniyay sresIrBI Çsem¶cÒÈ ehIytíèjEtírfa, \sBëf©enH ra¨s¶rgaNas' rgadUckUnman'Vt'em|
(Vt'sem¶csIhnu)ùùù.
¨bCaksikrenAEtsgôwmfa
enAeBlNaEdlkgT&BrNsir§vayykP~MeBjVn.
sem¶csIhnunwgv^lmkkan'GMNacv^j
cMENk mit¶ mSg nig mit¶ can' ¨bFanmnæIrnIrsaenHv^j suTìEtCa¨kbx&Nëkumµ¬ynis¶.
eKnSK~alak'bMbiTkarBitminTan'[¨bCaksikrenAk~¬gtMbn'enHd·geT. enHCayuTìv^FI¨bmUlkmÂSg mYyrbs'GgðkarExµr¨khm.
«f©bnæab'mk dUncas'm~ak'eQµaHyay Em"n VnnSeyIgeTAenApæHfµémYyx~geTotEdleTIb
nwgsg'ehIy. eyIgVnTTYlkarÓbtÄm¸y"agkk'ek¶ABIsMNak'dUncas'enH nigjatimit¶cas'TuM
C^txagd«TeTot. swgEtral'«f© jatimit¶C^txagyknMcMNI f~SCk' dUgxÍI sÂwksEgû mk[eyIg
ehIyenAeBll©ac@ bgbíènTSgenaHEtgnSK~amksYrsuxTukÅCamYyeyIg begûétCacMNgem¨tI
PaB nigkaryl'K~aeTAv^jeTAmkrwtEtC^ts~iTìEfmeTot.
maneBlxÂH eyIgnwkrlwkmkkUn¨bBnì ¨Kçsarjatimit¶y"aglnÂg'lenÂac CaehtueFÃI[
eyIgrwtEteBItxÂSgeLIgeTotnwgsågðamenH,
sågðamEdleFÃI[eyIgEbkVk'K~a
sågðamEdl
sab¨BçsnUvTukÅevTnasBÃy"ag dl'¨bCaraås¶sÂèt¨tg'. eBlCYb¨bTHeyokkugtampÂèvm¶g@
eyIgswgEtelateTA¨cVc'k kab'ci¨JÍS[Gs'cit¶!!!
kars~ak'Ga¨s&yenAk~¬gPUmivalelÿgCayUr«f©
eLIg@ .
kan'EteFÃI[eyIgGp§¬ktb'¨bml'xÂSg
enA«f©TI 6 ÓsPa, mit¶ can' (eQµaHbd^vt¶n_) VnnSmit¶ ng-sYn ehA cMerInC&y eTA
saksYrsuxTukÅeyIg edaymanyuTìCnExµr¨khmcMnYn 5 nak'GmkarJrsn¶isuxpg. ng-sYn
Cas~gkarneyaVytMbn' 25 (¨suksíagekaHFM) ÉeKehAfa ÇelxatMbn' 25È (elxaFikar
bk§enAk~¬gtMbn') .
enAk~¬gkarsnænaCamYy
ng-sYn
xƬMeq¿t{kassresIrnUvvérPaBnigsµartIrwgbuwgrbs'
ng-sYn k~¬gkareFÃIbd^vt¶n_ nUvesck¶IkÂahanrbs' ng-sYn nasmaCBiessenAvalemru Edl
nS[ ng-sYn Cab'KukrhUtmkdl'q~S 1970. enAl©ac«f©dEdl bgbíènenAk~¬gPUmiVnerobcM
múèbcMNICb'elog[ Çsmmit¶È ng-sYn nigeyIgTSgGs'K~a, mit¶ can' ¨bFanmnæérd·knSVn
9 ¨Vb'eyIgfa, \¨bEhlCa 4-5 «f©eTot mit¶nwgVnecjd÷eNIreTA ÇGgðkarelIÈ . xƬMVnvay
TUrelxeTAC÷rabGgðkarelIBIerOgmit¶rYcehIy| .
xƬMPÆak'e¨BItkalebI¾mit¶can'¨Vb'fa, ÇmanvayTUrelxÈ e¨JHxƬMminVncab'PÂwkfa Ggð-
karExµr¨khmeKykcit¶Tukdak'nwgxƬMdl'f~ak'enH. enA«f©bn¶bnæab'mkeTot
eyIgcab'ep¶émCYbeyokkugeyokNamxageCégqÂgkat'PUmiCa
jwkjab' mand·kGgûr bEn man'Ta nigd·k¨Kab'kSePÂIgtºal'tamkg'. CYnkalmaneXIjBYkva minEdledérkat'PUmieT manEt¨kumesd½kicÍ CaG~kedérecjcUlrkTijesº¿gtamPUmi.
eBleXIjCnbreTss¨tèvQÂanJn eyIgk*nwkeXIjdl'vasna¨sukeTs dl'äk
raC´rbs'¨bCaCati dl'v^naskmµrbs'¨bCaraås¶cMnYn 3 q~SknÂgmkehIy .l. cuHExµr¨khm?ùùù enHehIyCacMeNaT!!!
«f©TI 7 nig 8 ÓsPa mit¶can'VnCUnd÷eNIr ng-sYn eLIgeTAelI (GgðkarelI). «f© 8
nig 9 ÓsPa eP¿gbgí¬rxÂSglaynigx´l'B´¬HFM Twkdk'ssacJseBjE¨s. GarmµN_rsb'
eyIgv^lvl'nwkdl'karsbºay nigesck¶Isuxsan¶enAe¨kamd÷bUl¨Kçsard*kk'ek¶A EdleyIg
FÂab'CYb¨bTHBIedémerogmk. cMeJHeyIg esck¶IsuxlaynigkarePÂItePÂInrbs'eyIgk~¬gmYyry:
eBl
hak'dUcCaGMeBIkºt'mYycMeJH¨bCaksikr
EdlkMBugrgTukÅevTnaedaysarsågðam.
eyIgKYrEthßaneFÃIGÃImYyCav^PaKTan k~¬gkarbMVt'sågðamenH. esck¶IsMerccit¶rbs'eyIgk~¬gkarcUleTAk~¬gCYr
¨saye¨cInEbbe¨cIny"agNas'mkelIrUbeyIg.
Çbk§È
Gac[mit¶Pk¶irbs'eyIgbk
ÉmYyeKcat'TukeyIgCaG~kp§ge¨Bgniym
CaBYkqûçtlIla Ca¨kum¨belamelakniym (Les romantistes) e¨JHfaxÂçnägGac ÇTUlEpndéÈ É eT? ÉmYyeKGaccat'TukeyIgfa CaBYksIhnuniym? ÉmYyeKecaTeyIgfaCakumµ¬ynis¶? cMeJHeyIg eyIgsuxcit¶enAes©¿mCaCag¨sdé.
enA«f©TI 9 ÓsPa yn¶ehaH et-28 2e¨KOg mkTMlak'¨Kab'EbkenAxageCégvt¶kat'P¬k.
«f©TI 10 ÓsPaùùù karGp§¬knigrevérvayj¬SjIeyIgkan'EtxÂSgeLIg@ . eyIgKµanesov
ePAemIlkMsan¶ KµankaEst. eyIgdac'karTak'TgBIxage¨kA BIP~MeBj. mYy«f©@ eyIgs¶ab'
d÷NwgEttamv^T´¬P~MeBj eb"kSg va"sIugetan.
d÷Nwgfa¨kugP~MeBjTTYlkarvay¨bhareday¨Kab'kSePIÂgtºal' nig¨Kab'ru"Ekût 122 mm.
cMnYn 155 ¨Kab'enAedémExÓsPa eFÃI[eyIgrnìt'jab'j&rCaxÂSg.
enAl©ac«f©TI 10 ÓsPa mit¶ mSg PUQYymit¶ can' VnyksMbu¨tmYymkbgúajeyIg.
k~¬glixitenaH s~gkarneyaVytMbn' 33 (mit¶ sSg-rin, GtItsaås¶acar´mF´msik§a) Vn Çes~IÈ [mit¶ mSg nSeyIgeTACYbnwgeKenAevTikakiti¶ys enAevlaem"ag 6 l©ac. enAl©ac«f©
10 ÓsPaenaH KN:rNsir§tMbn' 33 Vncat'EcgerobcMmITIgmYyy"agFM enAEkºrvt¶kat'P¬k ¨tg'salaeronbzmsik§acas'.
eyIgVncUlrYmmITIgnwgeKEdr Etmit¶ mSg eyIgmind·gCamanectnaEbbNa BuMVnnS
eyIgeTACYbG~kd·knSExµr¨khmenAevTikakiti¶yseT.
10 eyIgmankarcab'GarmµN_CaxÂSgeTAelImITIgenH. mnus§¨bmaNCag 1 muWnnak' rYmTSg
ǨbCaCnÈ TSg ÇkgkmÂSg¨bdab'GavuF¨bCaCnrMedaHCatikmõ¬CaÈ TSg¨BHsgô TSg¨kbxNë
Exµr¨khm (kmµaPiVl) ¨bdab'edaysem¿kbMJk'exµA VnecjmkBI¨Kb'TisTI EhCakºçnkan'
Tg'¨khm nigbda¨khmtMrg'mkkan'FÂasalaeron. ¨kumnarIQrenACYrxagmuxEkºrevTika. enA
muxevTika mansg'tUb mI¨kè dac'q©ayBIK~a. xagk~¬gevTikamanekAGI¨bmaN 200 tMerobCaCYr.
d÷bUg GarmµN_rbs'eyIgVj'ep¶ateTAelIJk´esÂakenAelIbda¨khm. bN¶abdaCa
e¨cIn eyIgeXIjmanEtbda¨khmmYyeTEdlEcgfa, ÇCeya! rNsir§rYbrYmCatikmõ¬Ca Edl
mansem¶c nerat¶m-sIhnu ¨BH¨bmuxrd½Ca¨bFanÈ e¨kABIenH Kµanbda¨khmNamYyniyay
BIes¶csIhnueLIy. Jk´esÂakPaKe¨cIn beJÍIcbeJÍIrBIvérPaBrbs'¨bCaCn nigkgkMLSg rbs'eK dUcCa:
ÇCeya! kgkMLSg¨bdab'GavuF¨bCaCnrMedaHCatikmõ¬Cad*manC&yÈ
Çeb¶CÆaKS¨TkartsßUd*Gg'GackÂahanrbs'¨bCaCnÈ
ÇCeya! rd½GMNac¨bCaCn!È
Çeb¶CÆakMeTcc¨kBti¶GaemrikSg nigbrivarva[Gs'BITwkdékmõ¬Ca lav ev¿tNamÈ
ÇCeya! yuTìsamKðI«n¨bCaCnExµr lav nigev¿tNamÈ ùùùù.l.
edayeXIjbdaBIr sMEdgBrsÃaKmn_cMeJHelak hUß-yn' eTIbeyIgd·gfaelak hUß-
yn' cºas'CamkCaGFibtIk~¬gBiFIenH. eyIgxitxMepæ¿grkemIl
E¨kgmaneyokkugeyokNamxageCégmkcUlrYmk~¬gBiFIbuN´
mITIgenH EteyIgrkemIlBuMmanm~ak'esaH.
ePÂIgGKðisnIVnbMPÂWe¨Jg¨Jt hak'dUcCaBuMEmnCaCnbT. enAEkºrevTika eKVnerobcM
elNd½anmanKMrbmYyy"agmSsMrab'emd·knSExµr¨khm. enACu÷vijTIFÂasalamaneKCékelNd½antUc@ y"age¨cInsMrab'Ts§nikCn. ¨kum[sJïafamanyn¶ehaH bN¶ak'K~aenACu÷v^jbrievNsala. eBl¾sUrkEJÍ ePÂIgGKðisnI¨tèvBnÂt' VrImin¨tèvCk'.
enAem"ag 8 yb' eyIg¾¨bFanKN:kmµkarerobcMmITIgE¨skC&yeXasCUnBrdl'elak
hUß-yn' mansMdéfaÐ ÇCeya! mit¶ hUß-yn' bu¨td*eq~Imrbs'¨beTskmõ¬CaÈ. s~èrTH«dlan'¾
¨Vv. ¨BmCamYyenaHTs§nikCnk*e¨kakQr¨seLIg eGItrkemIlelak hUß-yn'. eyIgPÆak'
e¨BItkalebIeXIjelak hUß-yn' TSgsac'TSgQamelIk«dTTYlkarGbGrsaTrenACYrxag muxevTika.
bnæab'BIsunærkfarbs'¨bFancat'EcgbuN´mITIgmk
elak
hUß-yn'
k*VneLIgEfÂg
sunærkfay"agEvgeday²t¨JgTuk Gs'ry:eBl¨bEhl 3 em"ag. elak hUß-yn' Vnsgût' ehIysgût'eTotfaC÷hrrbs'eK KW Çmincrca minsMruHsMrYl minrafyÈ eK¨byuTìrhUtVnC&y
C÷nHCasÄaBr eTaHCa¨tèvqÂgkarlMVkevTnay"agNak*eday. eK¨bkan'C÷hr \äkraC´mÍas'kar
xÂçnTIBwgxÂçn| CaFM EteK Çk*¨tèvrYmsamKIðCamYy¨bCaCnlavnigev¿tNam k~¬gkaredjc¨kBti¶ GaemrikSgecjBI²NëècinÈ.
11 bnæab'BIsunærkfaelak hUß-yn' mk, ¨BHsgô, ÇkmµaPiVlÈ Exµr¨khm, embJØakar
kgT&Bs~gkarneyaVy¨BmTSgtMNagExµr¨khm, embJØakarkgT&Bs~gkarneyaVy ¨Bm
TSgtMNagGNikCncin-yYn eLIgEfÂgeyabl'KS¨T Çbd^vt¶n_È rbs'eKCabn¶bnæab'K~a Edl tamPasarbs'eKehAfa ÇeLIgcab'GarmµN_È.
ra¨tIsilº:bd^vt¶n_rbs'eK VnkMdrTs§nikCnnigkgT&BrhUtdl'em"ag 5 PÂW.
rhUtmkdl'eBlenH eyIgFÂab'rGam¨tecoknwgJk´eBcn_xõs'@ rbs'eK nigPasamYy
Ebbfµérbs'eK
nigJk´eXasnamYlbgûac'TSgTTwgTis
mkelIrd½aPiVl
saFarNrd½ mkelIsgðmenAP~MeBj EdlBYkeKcat'TukfaCa Çsgðmcas'È.
mkelIrbb
«f© 12 eTA 14 ÓsPa 1972 : eyIgeFÃId÷eNIrecjBIPUmivalelÿg enAevlaem"ag 9 ¨Bwk e¨kayBIkarC÷rab nigEfÂg
GMNrKuNbgbíènjatimi¨tC^txagEdlVnCYyÓbtÄm¸eyIgy"agkk'ek¶AGs'f^revla 22 «f© k~¬g
kars~ak'Ga¨s&yrbs'eyIgenATIenH. mnæIrnIrsarbs'mit¶ can' Vncat'[shkarIrbs'eKm~ak' CUnd÷eNIreyIg. elIkenH eyIgeFÃId÷eNIredayeTac¨kyaneqõaHeTATisxageCég tampÂèvlM pÂèv reTHeKa
qÂgkat'PUmitUcnana
EdlmansPaBs©at'¨Cg÷.
eyIgeXIjpæHVk'EbkeqHeday
¨Kab'Ebk edémdUg edémet~atVk'rlMeday¨Kab'r"uEkût Kumõòs§I edémsÃaysÃit¨seJnrjm
eday¨Kab'eNV"l'. KWCaTid½PaBsågðamKYr[exÂacp§a.
eyIgVnmkdl'PUmi¨cSgecatevlaem"ag 1 knÂHresol VncUleTAsMrakk~¬gC÷rkkg
QÂb nig¨kumG~knSsarEdlsg'¨bbnwgmat'GUr e¨kam«¨BeQIsußb¨T¬b enAxagtºègPUmicMgay
¨bmaN 300 Em"¨t. eyIg¨ss'¨sUbVykJÍb'EdleyIgykmkCab'nwgxÂçn. enATIenH eyIg VnCYbnwgyuTìCnrNsir§ 3 nak'eTotEdleFÃId÷eNIrBIsíag-ekaHFM eqõaHeTAGmlSg. manyuv
CnBIrnak'EdleTIbnwgcuHmkBI ÇxagelIÈ (GgðkarelI) Vn¨Vb'eyIgfa eKmanebskkmµmk d·k²va"n'nigmkTTYlGs'elak ÇFM@È. enAmÅagpÂèvCatielx 4 äeNaH manLankg'db'mYymk cSTTYlelak hUß-yn' nigshkarIrbs'elakEdlVncUlrYmk~¬gmITIgenAkat'P¬k nayb'«f©
10 ÓsPa.
mit¶ sn G~knSpÂèvrbs'eyIg¨BmTSgmit¶rYmd÷eNIrd«TeTot¨bEhl 10 nak' Vnmk
dl'vt¶Bu¨Ta EkºrpÂèvCatielx 4 enAem"ag 4 knÂHres¿l kgQÂb 4-5 nak'VneTABinit´pÂèv
nigyamenATIenaH sMrab'eFÃIsJïa[eyIgqÂg. enAsgxageyIg¨bEhl 5 Kùmù manbnæaykg
T&BsaFarNrd½eyIg.
enAem"ag 5 knÂH eyIgVnqÂgkat'pÂèvCatielx 4. kgQÂbedérmuxeFÃIsJïa[eyIgQb'
e¨JHpÂèvreTHmanbgûb'mIn. kgQÂbk*KUsrgÃg'huß÷B&TìmIn nigeFÃIsJïa[eyIgedérelIesµAvagpÂèv
x§ac'. qÂgVnc÷gay¨bmaN 300 Em"¨t eyIgk*nSK~aeLIgC^Hkg' bn¶d÷eNIreTAmuxeTot kat' tamvalE¨s ÉqÂgGUr.
12 enAem"ag 6 nig 15 naTIl©ac eyIgVnmkQb'sMrakenAk~¬gvt¶eKakremot. PUmieKak
remot CaPUmicas'sMbUreTAedayedémdUg edémsÃay eck sÂa. pæHekº¯gFM@ Cae¨cIn¨tèvbiTTÃar
ecal. e¨kABI¨BHsgô 6-7 GgðenAk~¬gvt¶ PUmimansPaBs©at'¨Cg÷. eyIgGgð¬ysMrakenA¨bb mat'¨sHmYy EdlPØab'nwg¨tJMgburaNmYyy"agFM. rsµI¨BHGaTit´¨sTn'BNámasCHmkelI
kMBUlP~MBIrenAxagekIteyIg
eFÃI[eyIgnwks¶aydl'esck¶Isuxsan¶EdlVnv^nasputeTAùùù
edaysarsågðamùùù edaysarmhicÏtarbs'yYnkumµ¬ynis¶! vt¶Garam edémdUgxõs'l«lman
cMNas'¨bEhl 50 q~S edémsÃaymanKl'bu"nkg'reTH ¨tBSg .l. TSgGs'enHKWCa¨Blwg«n Cév^tFÂab'suxsan¶rbs'G~kPUmi! Canimit¶rUb«n¨BlwgExµrEtm¶g!
yb'«f© 12 mk 13 ÓsPa eyIgVnTTYld÷eNkenAk~¬gC÷rM ÇnIrsaÈ enAxaglicPUmi
eKakremot ¨bbnwgmat'sæwg«¨Bremot. ¨Bwk«f© 13 ÓsPa eyIgbn¶d÷eNIreTAmuxeTot kat'tam
«¨Be¨sag vale¨Bc. eyIgkMrCYb¨bTHPUmiCnbTG~k¨sukNamYyenAtampÂèvlM. enAem"ag 2
knÂHresol eyIgVnmkdl'PUmietagem"ag (Éetagehag?) EdlmancMgay 70 Kùmù BIf~l' Catielx 4 . enAtampÂèv eyIgVnCYb¨bTHeyokkug-eyokNamxageCégdwkCJØènhwb¨Kab'
tamd÷rI ÉLankg'db' eh§ Gwm es (GMC). cab'BIPUmietagem"ageTA eyIgC^HLankg'db'eyok
NamxageCégeqõaHeTA¨sukGmlSg. enAxageqÃgeyIg P~M{r"al'VnelcrUbrag¨tEdt. KWCaC÷rk yuTìsaås¶rbs'Exµr¨khmtSgBIyUryarNas'mkehIy.
enA¨Bwk«f© 14 ÓsPa eyIgecjd÷eNIredaykg'BI¨sukGmlSgeqõaHeTATisxagtºèg
tamf~l'ext¶ (Route Provinciale). enAtampÂèv eyIgVnCYbmnus§m~aCae¨cIn CayuTìCnExµr¨khm É
BYk ÇGgðkarÈ cuHeLIgeTAmkGmlSgmindac'. TSgGs'K~asuTìswgEtes¿kJk'exµA manbg'-k ¨kmadUcK~a.
enAevlaem"ag 2 resol eyIgVnmkdl'vt¶eJFi_. enAem"ag 4 eyIgcUlmkdl'PUmi
tSgexµA k~¬gsgûat'Jm¨VMbImum ¨sukkMBg'¨tLac ext¶kMBg'q~Sg. mit¶ sn VnnSeyIgcUleTA
sMrakk~¬gmnæIrnIrsa«ntMbn' 305 ehIyVn¨Vb'eyIgfa eyIgmkdl'eKaledAehIy. eyIg Vn¨Vb'nIrsaenATIenaHfa eyIgmanlixitmYy¨tèvykeTACUnmit¶ Çhg'È mnæIr 305 eday
pæal'. mit¶nIrsaeKmin[eyIgeTACYbmit¶ hg' enaHpæal'eT eKTTYlyklixitBIeyIgeTACUnmit¶ hg'.
eyIgenArg'cSGs'ry:eBlC^tmYyema"g
rYceTIbeXIjmit¶nIrsaenaHv^l¨tLb'mkv^j
huckUnsMbu¨tmYyeTA[mit¶ sn. G~knSpÂèveyIgesIcjjwmjEjm bgúajkUnsMbu¨tenaHmk
[eyIgGan manGk§rEtmYybnæat'manesck¶Ifa, \sUmbg naK «llkerobcMkEnÂg[Vn
smrm´dl'mit¶bJïaCnùùù BI¨kugpg e¨JHxƬMKµanmeF´aVy|. mit¶ sn bEnÄmfa \bgman
sMNagehIy edayVnmnæIresd½kicÍPaKerobcMTTYlpæal'|. mit¶sn k*VnnSeyIgeTAkan'mnæIr mit¶ ÇnaKÈ (eQµaHbd^vt¶n_) EdlenA¨bbmat'sæwgxaglicvt¶tSgexµA. eBlcUleTAdl'
eyIgVnCYb¨bTHnwgyuvnarImYy¨kumkMBug¨bCu÷
ÇeronsU¨tneya
VyÈ enAe¨kamedémcMbk'mYyd*FM. mantumYyEvgsMrab'CakEnÂg ÇhUbÈ Vypg CakEnÂg¨bCu÷
pg. mit¶narITSgGs'enHCa¨kumkat'edr. bn¶ice¨kaymk eyIgeXIjkUnecAcinm~ak' rUbsíatVt
13 edIrtMrg'mkrkcab'«deyIgedayTwkmuxjjwmrak'Tak'. mit¶ naK VnsaksYrsuxTukÅ nigsuM
eTaseyIgedayBuMVnykLaneTATTYl.
eKVnbJØak'eTotfa
VnTTYlTUrelxmYyBImit¶
can' s¶IBIvt¶manrbs'eyIg. mit¶ naK enHKWKµannrNae¨kABIelak esog-eV"Es GtItv^sÃkr
nigGtItnayk¨ksYgsurieyadéenaHeT.
enATIenHCad÷bUg eyIgVnTTYlkiti¶ys nigkarf~ak'f~mBIsMNak'mit¶ naK KWeyIgman
vasnaVn¨ss'¨sUbkaehÃTwkedaHeKa yUr@ m¶g. mit¶ naK [bJØaeTAmit¶narIkat'edrTSgenaH
[erobcMmúèbGaharrbs'eyIgedayELk. e¨kaymk eyIgTTUccUlrYm ÇhUbÈ VyTwkCamYy
mit¶äeTot@ edaymanmúèbEtmYymuxdUcK~a. «f© 14 dl' 26 ÓsPa :
mit¶ naK Vn¨bKl'G¨g·gnIL¬gfµémYymk[eyIg ehIyTUnµaneyIg[rk§akarsMgat' KW
lak'eQµaHedém muxgar ¨sukkMeNItrbs'eyIgkuM[nrNad·g elIkElgEtGgðkarf~ak'elI.
enA«f© 15 ÓsPa evlaem"ag 7 yb' elak hUß-yn' Card½mån¶I¨ksYgmha«pæTTYlbnæ¬k
erobcMCnbTnigshkrN_
EdleyIgVnCYbm¶gehIyenAC^t¨sukbrEst
VncUleTAsak
sYrsuxTukÅeyIg CamYyvrCnm~ak'eToteQµaH sux-FYk mangarCaGnurd½mån¶I¨ksYgsn¶isuxCati
k~¬grd½aPiVlrNsir§rbs'sIhnu nigCa¨bFanPUmiPaKBiess (mnæIr 305).
enA«f©TI 15 ÓsPadEdlevlaem"ag 4 resol eyIgVnCYbsnænaelgCamYysmaC^k
«nmnæIreXasnakarPUmiPaKBiesscMnYn 3 nak'eTot KWmit¶ Qun-suxgYn Cav^sÃkrmaneQµaH
e¨kAehA ÇesamÈ mit¶ esok-twkqay ehA fn GtItsaås¶acar´mF´msik§abzmPUmi nigmit¶
eD¿n-PIkan ehA rin GtIt¨Kèbe¨g¿n. k~¬g«f©dEdl mit¶ Em"n-nIfU ehA dn GtItv^sÃkrxag
GKðisnI VncUleTACYbrak'Tak'CamYyeyIgpgEdr. enAmnæIresd½kicÍPaKenH eyIgEtgVnCYb
kmµaPiVlExµr¨khmCae¨cInrUbeTot EdlCaGtItrd½kar GtItnis§itenA¨kugP~MeBj. eKBuMTan'
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naK Vn¨bKl'mk[eyIg manTs§navd¶érNsir§ kaEst ÇBlkrbd^vt¶n_È kaEst ǨbCa-
Cnbd^vt¶n_È Caedém. eyIgkan'EtGp§¬kxÂSgeLIg@ e¨JHeyIgKµanesrIPaBecjedértamPUmiC^t@ xagVneT.
enAk~¬gPUmienH
eKVnniyay¨Vb'eyIgfa
elak
ecg-sayuMbßn
enAq©ayBIeyIg
¨bEhl 500 É 600 Em"¨tbu"eNöaH KWenAPUmitSgexµA Eb"kxagekIt. Kat'rs'enACamYy¨bBnìkUn
rbs'Kat'k~¬gPUmiG~k¨suk. ÇGgðkarÈ CYyciJÍwm¨Kçsarelak ecg-sayuMbßn EtBuMTan'hßan
¨bKl'ParkicÍGÃImYy[Kat'eT.
enA«f© 21 ÓsPa evlaem"ag 6 l©ac mit¶ naK VnnSeyIgeTAcUlrYmVyTwkCamYy
elak hUß-yn' enAmat'sæwg. KWenAeBlenHehIy EdleyIgVnCYbmit¶ hg' (eyIg¨sav¨Cav
rkeQµaHedémnigmuxgarcas'BuMelcesaH). Gnu¨bFanPUmiPaKBiess elak rs'-CaeTìa ehA
14 Cati elak gYn-eGg ehA nI (GtItv^sÃkr) elak kuy-Guß÷ ehA Twb (eFÃIkarenAGysµ&yyan kmõ¬Ca) nigs~èlExµr¨khm 3-4 nak'eTotEdleyIgBuMsðal'eQµaH. ¨bBnìelak esog-eV"Es
¨bBnìmit¶ hg' nigmit¶narIkat'edrCaG~kcat'EcgerobcMmúèbcMNIBiessenH.
elak hßU-yn' manGgðrk§m~ak'CaExµrelIenArtnKIrI edértamkarJrCanicÍ.
enA«f©TI 22 ÓsPa eyIgVnCYbBiPak§aCamYyelak Fuc-rin ehA ¨Kin GtItsaås¶a-
car´mF´msik§a Ca¨bFanmnæIrvbºFmáenAPUmiPaKnirtITis EdlmanTItSgenAEkºrTIrYm¨sukGm lSg.
yb'«f©
edaysarmúèbcMNImin¨Kb'¨Kan'
nigedaysareyIgrs'enAe¨kamedémeQIsußb¨T¬bTSg
suxPaBrbs'xƬMkan'Et¨T¬De¨Tambn¶icm¶g@.
PaBTMenrKµankareFÃIrwtEteFÃI[eyIgGp§¬k
xÂSgeLIg@. m´"ageTot nin~akarneyaVytamKnÂgcin¨khm nigp~t'KMniteqÃgniymhYsehtu
rbs's~èlExµr¨khmPaKe¨cInrwtEteFÃI[eyIg¨sgakcit¶y"agxÂSg.
karCYbBiPak§aCahUrEhCa
mYy Çs~èlExµr¨khmÈ k*rwtEteFÃI[eyIgGs'sgôwmfaExµrxageNaH nigExµrxageNH ¨bEhl
CaBuMGaceFÃIkarcrcasMruHsMrYlK~aekIteT.
rbs'Exµr¨khm.
bn¶icm¶g@
eyIgkan'Etyl'nUv²riyabfBit¨Vkd
sMnYrTSgGbºalmaN EdleyIgrkcMeLIyBuMeXIjmansmehtusmpl ²LèveLIg
cUlmk¨bLèkk~¬gcMeLIyTSgenaHehIy. cMeJHeyIg eyIg¨bkan'C÷hrEtmYyrbs'eyIg KWÐ ÇsgðmExµrniglTìikumµ¬ynis¶È minsuIsgÃak'K~aeT. eyIgFÂab'lºgeFÃIkar¨tiHriHxÂH@ mkehIy eTA
elITMnas'FM@ rvagsgðmCatiExµrniglTiì¨khmenH. «f© 26 ÓsPa dl'«f© 3 mifuna 1972 :
enAl©ac«f© 26 ÓsPa mit¶ naK Vn¨Vb'[eyIgerobcM²va"n' edémºIeTAcUlrYmk~¬gmha
sn~iVtbJïvn¶niwgeK. eyIgVnTTYlmug 1, exaGavexµA 1 sMrab' nigesºag (Sac à dos ) exµA 1
BImit¶ naK. enAevlaem"ag 5 l©ac elak rs'-CaeTìa mknSeyIgeTAcUlrYmk~¬gmhasn~iVt
EdlnwgeFÃIeLIgenAk~¬gsalaeron ÇneyaVyÈ enAxageCégtSgexµA. enATIenaH eyIgVnCYb
snænaCamYyvrCnsMxan'@ Cae¨cInEdlVt'xÂçnBI¨kugP~MeBj. ¨Tg' nerat¶m PUris§ra EdlkMBug
QrniyayCamYyelak hUß-yn' Vnsæ¬Hmkcab'«deyIgmuneK. bnæab'mk eyIgk*sMEdgkarKYr
smcMeJH Çsmmit¶È äeTot@ manCaGaTi_elakevCØbNëit CYn-eC¯n nigPriya, elakevCØ bNëit DI-pun ehA Fuk, elak eXog-kaGun, elak ePaK-qay ehA Nag, elak Fuc-rin
ehA ¨Kin, elak Em"n-nIfU ehA dn, elak gYn-eGg ehA TI, elak cnæ-buV¹ ehA xum (GtIt
ecA¨km), elak yU-fan ehA pl (GtItsaås¶acar´), elak esok-twkqay ehA fn, elak
¨sI-dYg ehA Ex (v^sÃkr), elak eD¿n-PIkan ehA rin (¨Kèbe¨g¿n) nigBYkbJïaCnd«TeTot
EdlmanTSgGs'¨bEhl 50-60 nak'.
15 enACu÷v^jsalaeronneyaVy eKmansg'erag 5-6 sMrab'eFÃICakEnÂgd÷eNknigerag
VyFMmYy. mit¶narImYy¨kumTTYlPar:erobcMmúèbcMNI nigf~SsgûèvsMrab'BYkbJïaCnTSgGs'.
eKVnerobcMkmµv^FIdUcteTA KWÐ ral'eBl¨Bwk - em"ag 6 nig 30 naTI
:
¨ss'¨sUbbbr ÉVy
- em"ag 11 nig 30 naTI
:
Vy«f©¨tg'
- em"ag 17 nig 30 naTI
:
Vyl©ac
- em"ag 7 dl'em"ag 11
:
- em"ag 14 dl'em"ag 17
- em"ag 20 dl' 21 É 22
nimYy@ EdleKehAfa ¨bCu÷CévPaB.
:
:
¨bC÷uBiPak§ak~¬gsalaeron
¨bCu÷BiPak§ak~¬gsalaeron ¨bCu÷eFÃIkarTieton
nigsÃ&yTieton
tamBYk
kicÍkarsn~iVtenH erobcMeLIgedayKN:kmµkarrNsir§¨kugP~MeBj Edlmansma-
sPaBdUcteTA :
1- nerat¶m-PUris§ra ehA Ekn
2- evCØbNëit CYn-eC¯n ehA Eb"n
:
:
Gnu¨bFan
:
smaC^k tMNagshCéBkmµkr nig Blkr
3- elak rs'-CaeTìa ehA Cati
:
5- elak ePaK-qay
:
4- elak gYn-eGg
6- G~k¨sI exov-bu"NöarI
:
PUmiPaKBiessrbs'Exµr¨khmenH
¨bFan
smaC^k TTYlbnæ¬kxagsarBtáman
smaCik tMNagnis§it nig bJïaCn
smaC^k tMNagnarI¨bCaFibety´
manPar:¨tçt¨takan'kab'TwkdéCu÷v^jP~MeBj
P~MeBj dUceyaFPUmiPaKBiessrbs'eyIgEdr (RMS).
nig¨kug
enA«f© 27 ÓsPa evlaem"ag 7 ¨Bwk elak rs'-CaeTìa VneLIg¨bkaskmµv^FICUnGgð
¨bCu÷s¶ab' nigcat'EcgerobcMsmaC^kTSgGs' CaBYk@ rYcehIyk*epærsMdéCUneTA¨Tg' PUris§ra.
¨Tg' PUris§ra e¨kayBIVnEfÂgsunærkfasÃaKmn_ nigCUnBrdl'eCaKC&y«nmhasn~iVtmk k* CUnsMdéeTAelak hUß-yn' teTAeTot.
enAk~¬gmhasn~iVtbJïv&n¶enH
hUß-yn'
eKBuMVn¨Vb'[d·gCamunnUvrebobvar:eT.
VneFÃIv^PaKeTAelIsPaBkarN_
enAk~¬gsaklelak
d÷bUgelak
EdlGacCH²TiìBlmkelI
Çbd^vt¶n_È rbs'eK. eKeFÃIv^PaKenH tamrebobv^PaK m"ak§is¶eLnInis¶ (Méthode marxiste léniniste
d'analyse des évènements sociaux) EdlBYkeKVn[t«mÂfa manlkÅN:v^T´asa¨s¶.
bnæab'mk elak hUß-yn' mkeFÃIv^PaKeTAelIsPaBkarN_k~¬g¨suk eTAelIsmõnìPaBnig
yuTìsamKðIrvag¨bCaCn lav-Exµr-ev¿tNam CaBiessenAelIsmõnìPaBrvageyokkug-eyok
NamxageCég nigExµr¨khm. elak hUß-yn' VnbMPÂWGgð¨bCu÷BIC÷hrrbs'bd^vt¶n_eK (Exµr ¨khm) enAk~¬g¨suknigelIqakGn¶rCati.
16 enAk~¬g¨suk elak hUß-yn' VnsarPaBfa enAq~S 1970-71 BYkeyokkug-eyok
NamxageCég (Exµr¨khmniymehAmit¶TI 7 tamC÷hrTI 3 bnæab'BIcin¨bCamanit nigGal'VnI)
VnlYcbÂn'¨TB´smºti¶G~k¨suk C^HCan'lYckab'smÂab'Exµr¨khm ehIy¨Kbsgût'eTAelIkmµa-
PiVlExµr¨khmEmn e¨JHeBlenaH kmÂSgExµr¨khmenAex§ay xÃHGavuF KµankgT&BmSmYn. BYk
eyokkug-eyokNamxageCég VnrwbGUssgût'sgû^nykmas¨Vk'¨bCaBlrd½Cae¨cIn yk
eTAciJÍwmBYkva dUcCaenAtMbn'síag-ekaHFM Caedém. Tal'Etmkdl'cugq~S 1971 eTIbBYkExµr
¨khm ÉExµrrMedaH VnerIbMrHxÂçnmkv^jVn minenAe¨kam²TiìBleyokkug-eyokNamxageCég
eT.
²LèvenH eyIg¨bkan'C÷hräkraC´mÍas'kar xÂçnTIBwgxÂçnCaFM. eyokkug-eyokNamxag
eCég¨tèveKarB¨bCaCnExµrCadac'xat
eKarBGgðkarExµr ehIyCYycºSgedjc¨kBti¶GaemrikSg
nigbrivarva. enHCasMdérbs'elak hUß-yn'. cMeJHsMnYrrbs'xƬMmYyfa
etIGgðkarmankar¨BçyVrm¸xÂHeT
ehIyerobcMv^Fankary"ag
NaEdr cMeJHT&BbreTseyokkug-eyokNamxageCégenAk~¬g¨sukExµr elak hUß-yn' Vn
eqÂIyfa Ggðkarmankar¨BçyVrm¸xÂHEdrk~¬gerOgenH EtGgðkarVn¨bug¨by&t~eCég¨Bçle¨scVc' Gs'ehIy.
elak
hUß-yn'
VnelIksresIrC÷hrrbs'Ggðkarbd^vt¶n_rbs'eKenAelIqak
Gn¶rCati ehIymankareJlfa bk§kumµ¬ynis¶cin nigkUer" eKsuMeronsU¨tBIeyIg (Exµr¨khm)
eTotpg.
cMeLIynigesck¶Isn~id½anrbs'elak hUß-yn' enAEteFÃI[eyIgminGs'sg§&ynigKµan
C÷enOdEdl.
enA«f©bn¶bnæab'mkeTot
Ggð¨bCu÷VnebIk[mankarBiPak§ab¶èreyabl'K~aeTAv^jeTAmk
nigelIksMnYrep§g@ mkecaT. elak ePaK-qay VneFÃIesck¶IraykarN_mYys¶IBIeCaKC&y
«nT&BeK. enAl©ac«f©TI 2 mifuna 1972 elak rs'-CaeTìa VnerobcMnigEfÂgesck¶I¨bkasrYm mYy e¨kamcMNgeCégfa Çesck¶IsMerccit¶«nmhasn~iVtbJïaCn¨kugP~MeBjÈ. enA«f©dEdl
evlaem"ag 6 l©ac eKVnerobcMBiFICb'elogbiTmhasn~iVt.
xÆM¬ePÂcC÷rabfaenA«f©TI 29 ÓsPa elak C&y-Cu÷ (vrmån¶I) EdleTIbnwgecjBIP~MeBjenA
«f© 28 ÓsPa VncUlrYmk~¬gmhasn~iVtenHEdr.
enAra¨tITI 2 mifuna eKVnerobcMra¨tIsilº:mYy sMEdgeday¨kumsilº:PUmiPaKBiess
manrVM Ga«y" cMerog erOgelÅantUc@ . enAk~¬grVM Ga«y" ÉerOgkMEbÂg eyIgBinit´eXIjnUv lkÅN:¨cMEdl
nUvxÂwmsardEdl@
KµanpÂas'b¶èrdUcCa
cMerog
ÇBYkkgQÂbeyIgÈ
rVM
ÇbegûétplÈ kumarQanmux .l. Ga«y"¨tève¨cogtamJk´eBcn_EdleKEtg nigcg¨kg[ KµankarbM«PÂe¨kAeT. CaxÂwmsar KWkarbeJÍIcbeJÍIvNö:Edl¨tèveKC^HCan' ( Les exploités ) man
ÇkMhwgqabeqHÈ CanicÍ. lkÅN:Tn'PÂn' sn¶iPaB mnus§Fmá EdlmanenAk~¬gxÂwmsarsilº: buraNExµr VnE¨bkÂayeTACaeXareXA jak'kån¶ak'. s~èlExµr¨khm¨bEhlmanectnabJÍèl
17 p~t'
Çma"k§is¶È
eTAk~¬glMnSburaNExµreTd·g!
eyIgcab'GarmµN_hak'dUckMBugTs§narVMcin
kumµ¬ynis¶ ÉrVMyYneyokNamxageCég! KYr[segÃKdl'¨BlwgExµr!!
Ö Ö
Ö
18
( «f© 3 mifuna 1972 dl'«f©TI 15 mkra 1973 ) enA«f©TI 3 mifuna 1972 eyIg¨tèv ÇGgðkarÈ cat'[eTAeFÃIkarenAmnæIreXasnakarnig
vbºFmáenAPUmiPaKBiess. mit¶ Qun-sukgYn GtItv^sÃkr Ca¨bFanmnæIreXasnakarPUmiPaK BiessC÷nYselak Cé-KImGan EdlVncgksmÂab'xÂçnenAedémExemsa VnnSeyIgeTAkan'PUmi
E¨sGN¶èg. mnæIrrbs'eyIgsg'enAelITYlmYyxõs' CaPUmicas'EdleKVneVHbg'ecal enA
xaglicvt¶E¨sGN¶ègcm©ay¨bmaN 500 Em"¨t Cab'nwgbrievNeKakexµacE¨sGN¶èg. eBl
eyIgcUleTAdl' smaC^kd«TeTotmankarcab'GarmµN_ykcit¶ Tukdak'nwgeyIgCaxÂSg. ¨kum
rbs'eyIgmansmaC^kTSgGs' 13 nak' PaKe¨cInCav^sÃkr nigCabuKðliksik§aEdlenAe¨kam
{vaTelak rs'-CaeTìa pæal'. elak rs'-CaeTìa CavrCnTI 3 enAPUmiPaKBiess bnæab'BImit¶ suk-FYk nig mit¶ hg' mk. ¨bFanmnæIrVnENnSBn´l'eyIgBIv^n&yrbs'Ggðkar BIrbbrs'enA
k~¬gsemahPaB BIParkicͨbcS«f©EdleyIg¨tèvbMeBj smaC^kTSg 13 nak' ¨tèvEckCa 3 BYk. ¨bFanmnæIrcat'tSgshkarINaEdlmanTwkcit¶esµaH¨tg'nwgGgðkar
manC÷hrneyaVyrwgbuwg
CageK [eFÃICa¨bFanBYk. BYknimYy@ ¨tèvrYm¨bCu÷mYysV¶h_m¶g edémºItamdanBinit´C÷hrK~a
eTAv^jeTAmk eKehAfa ǨbCu÷CévPaBÈ É¨bCu÷eFÃIkarTietonnigsÃ&yTieton. eKnSK~asnµtyk l©ac«f©¨Bhsºti_sMrab' ǨbCu÷BYkÈ nigl©ac«f©GaTit´sMrab' ǨbCu÷¨kumÈ KW¨bCu÷ smaC^k¨Kb'
BYkTSgGs'.
TIkEnÂg-TItSg
edém
mnæIrnimYy@ ¨tèvsg'q©ayBIPUmiG~k¨suk Ekºr¨bPBTwk mansæwg GUr ¨tJMg GN¶ègCa
enAk~¬g«¨BeQIsußb¨Tub
nigenAEkºrval¨sLHNamYy.
eKsg'CaxæmsÂwkTabnwgdéenA
e¨kamedémeQIFM@ manxæmsMrab'eFÃICakEnÂgsMrakd÷eNk xæmsMrab'CapæHVynigxæmep§g@eTot sMrab'CakEnÂgeFÃIkar.
enAk~¬gmnæIreXasnaPUmiPaKBiess
manBumõGk§rGgð¬lIelx
m"asuIn
TajrU"eNGU s¶g'sIulTwkexµAr"UeNGU äksarep§g@ .l. enAEkºrerageFÃIkar eKmanCék bugK&r (Bunker) nigelNd½antUc@ Cae¨cInsMrab'¨CkenAeBlyn¶ehaHmkTMlak'¨Kab'Ebk. smaC^k
TSgGs'¨BmTSg¨bCaCncas'ekµg suTìecHs¶ab'sMelgyn¶ehaHswgEt¨Kb'Fun EdlmanehaH
19 ehIrenAk~¬gTwkdéExµr. ¨Kan'Et¾sUrBIcm©ay ekµg@ Gayu¨bmaN 10 q~Sk*Gacd·gVnPÂamfaCa
yn¶ehaHsegûtkarN_ Éyn¶ehaHTMlak'¨Kab'Ebk et-28.
mnæIrsMrab'kmµaPiVl (¨kbx&Në) sMxan'@ e¨cInsg'enAk~¬g«¨Bs©at'BIPUmitUc@ EdlCa
PUmibEgík ÉPUmimUld½anrbs'eK¨bmaN 1500 Em"¨t. tamkarsegût TItSgrbs'eKe¨cInenA
k~¬g«¨BeQI¨kas'pg enAEkºrvalE¨stUc@ pg edémºIlak'kMVMgkuM[yn¶ehaHemIleXIj nig edémºI[manx´l'GakasecjcUlbribUrN_.
bk§kumµ¬ynis¶kmõ¬CaVnEbgEcktMbn'EdleKkan'kab' CaPUmiPaKFM@ dUcteTA :
1-
PUmiPaKnirtITis rYmbJÍèlext¶kMBt ekaHkug ¨kugsIhnu kMBg'sila taEkv
2-
PUmiPaKbUJáTis rYmbJÍèlext¶¨kecH sÃayerog «¨BEvg kMBg'cam.
3-
4-
5-
kMBg'q~Sg kMBg'sõW Ódugð nigext¶kN¶al 1 PaK.
PUmiPaKJyB´Tis manext¶kMBg'FM esomrab Ót¶rmanC&y bnæayqµar.
PUmiPaKeJFisat'-Vt'd÷bg-«b"lin.
PUmiPaKBiess (eTIbbegûétfµéenAcugq~S 1971) sMrab'¨tçt¨tatMbn'Cu÷v^jP~MeBj.
sBëf©enH PUmiPaKBiesstSgTIbJØakarnigTIcat'karrbs'xÂçn enAk~¬gPUmiPaKnirtITis ¨tg'¨BM
¨bTl'ext¶kMBg'sõWnigkMBg'q~Sg k~¬gsgûat'Jm¨VMbImum Eb"kxagtºègk~¬g¨sukkMBg'¨tLac nig tSgbuKðlikrd½Vlrbs'eKxÂHeTotenAk~¬gext¶kMBg'sõW (¨s¬kbrEst) k~¬gext¶kN¶al (¨suk
kN¶alsæwg-¨suksíag-ekaHFM) 6-
ext¶¨BHv^har sæwgE¨tg mNëlKIrI nigext¶rtnKIrI ¨tèvVnKN:mCηm (KN:
kmµkarkN¶al) «nbk§kumµ¬ynis¶ExµreKVnkan'kab'pæal'. tamEpnTIPUmisaås¶nigyuTìsaås¶
eyIgGacyl'Vnfa ehtudUcem¶cVnCa <KN:mCηm> eKsuxcit¶kan'kab'PUmiPaKTSgGs'enH
pæal'. ext¶TSgGs'enHCamUld½anyuTìsaås¶y"agFM man¨BM¨bTl'Cab'eTAnwgyYn lav «f.
PUmiPaKnimYy@ manEckeTACatMbn' Ca¨suk CaXuM PUmiteTAeTot. elxaFikar ɨbFan
PUmiPaKnimYy@ man²TiìBlxÂSgNas'eTAelIPUmiPaKrbs'xÂçn. KWCaG~kTTYlxus¨tèvTSg¨sug
eTAelIGMNacneyaVyrd½Vl esd½kicÍ-sgðmkicÍ nigeyaFa ÇelxaPaKÈ Ç¨bFanPaKÈ
enH suTìEtCasmaC^kenAk~¬g ÇKN:mCηmÈ pg nigCasmaC^kenAk~¬graCrd½aPiVlrYbrYmCati
kmõ¬CaÈ ( Le GRUNK ) pg. KWCabJïvn¶ Çs~èlExµr¨khmÈ eCégcas'EdlFÂab' ÇCab'nwgclna kumµ¬ynis¶ExµrÈ BIyUrmkehIy ehIyCa ÇbkÅCneBjeljÈ enAk~¬gbk§rbs'eK.
enAPUmiPaKnirtITis vrCnExµr¨khmsMxan'@ manelak CU-eCt Ca¨bFanPaKnigCaGnu
rd½mån¶I«n¨ksYgsuxaPiVl, elak ePaK-qay ehA Nag Cas~gkarneyaVyenAk~¬gkgT&B
nirtITis, elak Fuc-rin ehA ¨Kin (GtItsaås¶acar´mF´msik§a) Ca¨bFanmnæIrvbºFmá nig eXasnakar, tamu"k (eQµaHbd^vt¶n_) CaembJØakarkgT&BPUmiPaKnirtITis. TIcat'karFMrbs'
eKenAk~¬gtMbn'GmlSg. enATIenaH maneVHBumõp§aykaEstmYyeQµaH ǨbCaCnbd^vt¶n_È d·k
20 nSedayelak Fuc-rin pæal'. tMbn'PUmiPaKnirtITisenH manTMhMFMCageKTSgGs' mankMLSgT&B
xÂSgCageK nigman Ǩkbx&NëÈ d·knSsMxan'CageK. tamesck¶IraykarN_rbs'elak
ePaK-qay
eFÃICUnmhasn~iVtenAcugExÓsPa
1972 facMNayk~¬gmYyEx@ sMrab'PUmiPaKnirtITis eLIgdl'Cag 2 lanerol sMrab'buKðlik
rd½Vl nigeyaFaExµr¨khmEdl¨tèvVnk~¬g 1 Ex 135 erol k~¬gbuKðlikm~ak'@.
PUmiPaKBiess enAe¨kamkar¨tçt¨tarbs'elak suk-FYk ehA vn mangarCa¨bFan
PUmiPaKpg CaGnurd½mån¶I¨ksYgsn¶isuxCatipg. bnæab'mkeTotmanmit¶ hg' (eQµaHbd^vt¶n_) mit¶ rs'-CaeTìa ehA Cati.
vrCnExµr¨khmsMxan'@ enAk~¬g ÇKN:mCηmÈ e¨cInCabJïvn¶EdlVt'xÂçnBIP~MeBjenA
cenÂaHq~S 1962 nig 1968 manCaGaTi_ :
-elak exov-sMpn CaÓbnaykrd½mån¶I¨ksYgkarJrCatienAk~¬graCrd½aPiVlrYbrYmCati
kmõ¬Ca nigCaGKðembJØakar«n ÇkgkmÂSg¨bdab'GavuFrMedaHCatikmõ¬CaÈ
-elak saL¬t-sr (vrCnTI 1) CaGKðelxaFikar«nbk§kumµ¬ynis¶kmõ¬Ca
-elak eGog sarI CavrCnTI 2 enAk~¬gbk§kumµ¬ynis¶Exµr
-elak sun-esn CavrCnTI 4
-elak kuy-FYn CaGnurd½mån¶I¨ksYghirJïvtĬ -elak hUß-nwm Card½mån¶I¨ksYgeXasnakar
-elak TIv-Gul CaGnurd½mån¶I¨ksYgmha«pæTTYlbnæ¬kxagerobcMCnbTnigshkrN_
-G~k¨sI exov bu"NöarI Gnurd½mån¶I¨ksYgGb'rMCati vbºFmánigyuvCn -elak CU-eCt Gnurd½mån¶I¨ksYgsuxaPiVl
-elak suk-FYk Gnurd½mån¶I¨ksYgsn¶isuxCati
-elak b"uk eDIskumar Gnurd½mån¶I¨ksYgkarbreTs elak sun-esn nigelak b"uk eDIskumar e¨kayeBlEdlGaCÆaFreyIgenAP~MeBj
p§ayfaVt'xÂçnehIy Vnlak'xÂçnsMg÷enAk~¬g¨kugP~MeBjGs'ry:eBlmYyq~SeTot. enHCaBtá-
manEdleyIgVnTTYlBIvrCnExµr¨khmenAk~¬g«¨B.
cMeJH¨kbx&NëExµr¨khmsMxan'@ EdlVnVt'bg'Cév^tenAk~¬g«¨Bv^j manelak Gußc-
Ev"n (saås¶car´) sÂab'edayCm©W¨KuneJHevon nigelak Cé-KImGan (v^sÃkr) sÂab'edayeFÃI GtÄXatxÂçnägenAPUmiE¨sGN¶èg. enAk~¬gmnæIreXasnakar
eyIgVnrs'enAk~¬grgÃg'smmit¶EdlmanTs§n:bd^vt¶n_sgðm
niymcegí¿tcgíl' nigeqÃghYs¨bmaN. smaC^kTSgenaHe¨cInCayuvCnekµg@ FÂab'CasmaC^k
enAk~¬gsmaKmnis§itExµr ( AGEK ) bMb"nedayeb"kSg.
mnæIrsilº:PUmiPaKBiess sÄitenAEb"knirtIPUmiE¨sòs§I cm©ay¨bmaN 600 Em"¨t.
manyuvCntUc@ nigG~kd·knSsis§TSgGs'Cag 70 nak'enATIenaH EdlPaKe¨cInCakUnksikr
21 manxÂHCakUnvrCns~èlExµr¨khm mankUnelak eGog-sarI nigkUnelak esog-eV"Es Ca
edém.
enAxagekItmnæIreXasnakar¨bmaN 3 Kùmù KWCaxaglicPUmicuget~at¨bmaN 800 mù
manmnæIreBT´FMrbs'PUmiPaKBiess
eBT´enHGac[G~kCm©W
sg'enAmat'GUr¨tg'PUmicas'EdleKeVHbg'ecal.
G~krbYsmkedkB´aVlVnrab'rynak'.
mnæIr
KWenAk~¬gmnæIreBT´enHehIy
EdlelakevCØbNiët CYn-eC¯n, elakevCØbNëit DI-pun, elaksaås¶acar´ eXog-kaGun nigelakv^sÃkr
NUy.
gYn-eGg
enAeFÃIkar
Gmeday¨KèeBT´Exµr¨khmxÂHeTotEdleTIbmkBIha-
mnæIresd½kicÍPaK tSgenAPUmitSgexµA¨bbmat'sæwgEb"kJy&B´vt¶tSgexµA. elak esog-
eV"Es TTYlxus¨tèvelIesd½kicÍPaK elIrfyn¶e¨bI¨Vs'xÂH@ manLanLg'r"UEv&r LankSmIj"¬g Caedém. enACab'nwgmnæIresd½kicÍPaKEb"kxagtºèg mansg'eragCae¨cInsMrab'CYl ÇePÆ¿vcMNUl
fµéÈ EdleTIbrt'ecjBIP~MeBj ehIyEdlmannin~akarneyaVy¨twm¨kbx&NërNsir§ (sIhnu
niym). ÇePÆ¿vcMNUlfµéÈ ¨tèvVnGgðkar ÇbnæM¬stiGarmµN_È mYykEnÂgsin minsUvmanesrI
PaBecjedérrehtrhUteT ehIyk*KµanTTYlParkicÍGÃIFMd÷uBIGgðkarEdr e¨kABIkarkab'Kas'dé dS
d÷NS
ÉciJÍwmman'-Tabn¶icbn¶çc
sMrab'pðt'pðg'CévPaBpæal'xÂçn.
smaC^kenAk~¬gmnæIrd«TeTot
niymcMGkehATIkEnÂgenHfa ÇPUmirNsir§È. elak Em"n-fU nigelak esog-eV"Es CaG~k emIlkarxus¨tèv tamdanemIlePÆ¿vcMNUlfµé. enATIenH eyIgVnCYbBiPak§aCamYyelaksk¶i 4
narIm~ak'eQµaH sU emr"am nigshkarICaGnuesnIy¨tI 2 rUbeTot enAna«f©TI 12 v^cÏika 1972.
vin&yrbs'Ggðkar
v^n&yrbs'GgðkarmanlkÅN:twgrwgxÂSgNas'. KWCav^n&yrbs'kumµ¬ynis¶ EdlCav^n&y
rwgdUcEdk ( Discipline de fer ) eKVnGb'rM p§Sg (Système de dressage ) yuvCnnig¨kbx&Nërbs'eK [eTACaCnkumµ¬ynis¶ (Un communiste ) tamkMrittwgrwgxÂSgeLIg@ CalMdab'. manäksare¨cIn
cg¨kgeday ÇKN:mCÎwmÈ sMrab'ykmkeFÃICaeKaleronsU¨t.
cMeJHsmaC^kmnæIr yuTìCn EdlenA¨sLaj'es¶csIhnuenAeLIy eKBuMTan'hßanebIk
muxbgúajTisedABit¨Vkdrbs'eKeT. eKykEt¨twmeKalkarN_kartsUßk~¬g¨kbx&NërNsir§
mkbgúat'be¨g¿n mkGb'rM KWeKalkarN_bd^vt¶n_¨bCaCati (révolution nationale
)
beJÏatfa Ð ÇeyIgtsUßeFÃIbd^vt¶n_enH edémºIrMedaH¨bCaCatiBInwmc¨kBti¶GaemrikSgÈ .
. eKeVk
bn¶icm¶g@ eKrMkwlcUleTAk~¬g¨Tws¶I bd^vt¶n_ ¨bCaFibety´ bMpuskartsUßvNö: EdlCa
TMnas'sÂab'rs'enAk~¬gvNö: vNö:enAk~¬gsgðmkmõ¬Ca. eKvay¨bharBYksk¶iPUmi BYk¨btikiriya
BYknayTun eKminvay¨bharFM@ eT EteKminEdlbMpus ÉelIktMekIgm¶gNaeT. enAk~¬gCYr¨kb
x&NëExµr¨khmxÂH eKvay¨bhar ÇFatusk¶iPUmiÈ rbs'es¶csIhnuedaycMhr.
22 ¨kbx&NëExµr¨khmNahßanelIksresIres¶csIhnu nwg¨tèveKcat'TukCaG~k¨bqSgnwg
bd^vt¶n_rbs'eK. eKenAcat'Tukes¶csIhnufaCanimit¶rUb«nrbbsk¶iPUmidEdl fÃIebIes¶csIhnu
eTAenAeb"kSgk*eday.
CamYy¨bCaCn mhaCn eKalv^n&yrbs'GgðkarExµr¨khmEdlsMxan'@ CageKKWkuMeFÃI
[b"HJl'dl' ÇmaKáamhaCnÈ Exµr¨khmm~ak'@ ¨tèv¨bkan'GakbºkiriyaTn'PÂn' suPaBrabsar
Cadac'xatCamYy¨bCaCn eK¨tèvkMeTcnin~akareTArk ÇGaCÆaniymÈ eTArk ÇnamWunniymÈ. eK
VnrMlwkCaerOy@ nUvJk´rbs' em"A-esTug EcgfaРǨbCaCnCa¨tI eKCaTwkÈ. Cnbd^vt¶n_
(bd^vt¶n_sgðmniym) mYyrUb@ ¨tèvTukdak'xÂçnCakUnecA¨bCaCn bMerI¨bCaCn[Gs'BIcit¶BIefÂém
ehIy¨tèveFÃIxÂçn[dUc¨bCaCn edémºIeronsU¨tBImhaCn e¨JH ÇmhaCnCa¨bPB«ncMeNHv^CØa EdlminecHrIgs©çtÈ. eKelIkCaJk´esÂakfa ÇeronsU¨tBImhaCn edémºImhaCnÈ EteKVn ¨bkan'C÷hrmYyeTotEdrfa Çmin¨tèvedértamknæ¬ymhaCneBkeTÈ.
k~¬gkarrs'enA edk edér sIucuk es¿kJk' eK¨bug¨by&t~min[EbÂkBI¨bCaCn. Gakbº-
kiriya nigsMdésMedAeTArk¨bCaksikr ¨tèvTn'PÂn'suPaBrabsarCadrab. ehtuy"agenHehIy
eTIbVnCaExµr¨khmeKbgÅ÷[es¿kJk'exµA bg'k¨kma. múèbGahar¨bcS«f© k*min¨tèvsMbUrhUr ehorq©aj'BisarelIs¨bCaCnEdr.
eKÓs§ah_rMlwkdl'sPaB¨kx§t'rbs'¨bCaCnEdlVn
KS¨Tbd^vt¶n_rbs'eK. m´"ageTot karbgÅ^tbgÅ÷min[ Çjak'eTArkq©aj'È enH cUlCayuTìv^FIrbs' eKmYy
edémºITMlab'K~aeK[ecH¨TS¨TnUvkarlMVksBÃEbby"agpg
nigGb'rMxÂçn¨VNnigsti
GarmµN_rbs'eK[eTACa ÇkmµaCéBÈ pg ( Prolétaire ) . dUec~HehIy VnCaenAtammnæIrnimYy@
eKk¨mmanP&BÃvasnaVnbriePaKGaharBIrmuxNas'.
ÇGgðkarÈ Exµr¨khmham¨Vmy"agtwgrwugmin[b"HJl'dl'¨TB´smºti¶rbs'¨bCaCn.
karxUcxilrMelaPelIkUn¨kmuM¨bCaCn nwg¨tèvTTYleTasCaTMgn'. tamkarsegûtCahUrEhmkfa
v^n&yTSgGmºalmaN ¨tèvVneKeKarBGnuvt¶n_VnxØab'xØçnnigs&k¶isiTìiEmn. cMNucmYyeTotEdlCa
ÇskmµPaBcit¶saås¶È
y"ags&k¶isiTiìrbs'Exµr¨khmeTAelI
¨bCaBlrd½ksikr KWCakarCYyTukÅFur:¨bCaksikr. ebImanksikrQWfûat'enAk~¬gPUmi CaBiess
ksikr¨k BYkExµr¨khmeKÓs§ah_nSK~aeTAcak' ÉEckf~S[dl'pæHEtm¶g eTaHCayb'¨Blb'man
eP¿gpðrk¶I. enArdUvPØçrras' dksæèg ¨cètkat' ÉeVkEbn mnæIrnimYy@ ¨tèvcat'smaC^k[eTACYy
eFÃIswgEtral'eBl. kareTAcuH ÇCab'nwg¨bCaCnÈ edémºI ÇbMerI¨bCaCnÈ ¨b¨s&yTak'TgC^t
si~Tìnwg¨bCaCn KWCakarGnuvt¶n_nUv¨Tws¶ImYyk~¬gkarGb'rMBYk¨kbx&NëExµr¨khm.
skmµPaBcit¶saås¶reb¿benH man¨bsiTìPaBnigsIuCe¨mAeTAelI¨bCaCnBit¨VkdEmn
CaCagkarENnSbe¨g¿n¨Tws¶I. ¨bCaCnksikrenAtamPUmimUld½an Edlminyl'GÃIesaHBIerOg
bd^vt¶n_sgðmniym k*cab'¨sLaj'nigKS¨TGgðkarPÂam@ tamry:menaseJÍtnas~iTìis~al.
23 enAk~¬gmnæIr
enA¨Kb'mnæIrTSgGs' Exµr¨khmrs'enACasmUhPaB ( Collectivité) ) eKarBv^n&yrbs'
smUhPaB (v^n&yGgðkar) eKarBeBlevlaeFÃIkarEdlsmUhPaBVnkMNt'Gnuvt¶n_Epnkar¨b
cSsV¶h_ ¨bcSEx EdlsmUhPaBVnelIkeLIg.
smaC^kTSgGs'enAk~¬gmnæIr¨tèveFÃIBlikmµdUcK~a TSgsmaC^kFmµta TSg¨bFan. kicÍkar
BlkmµenH¨tèvVneKcat'TukCacSVc'TImYy sMrab' ÇksagÈ xÂçn[eTACakmµaCéB Cakmµkrman
p~t'cgÃak'eTArkBlkmµ Gac¨TS¨TnwgkarlMVkep§g@ Edlbd^vt¶n_rbs'eKGaceBIb¨bTH. kicÍ karBlkmµGacduslagstiGarmµN_bd^vt¶n_mYyfµéKW stiGarmµN_bd^vt¶n_ stiGarmµN_Cakmµa
CéB stiGarmµN_sgðmniym. BYkExµr¨khmÓs§ah_TUnµanK~aeKfaÐ Çbd^vt¶n_rbs'eK enAman karbt'EbnlMVkevTnateTAeTotÈ (La révolution disait Mao Tsé Tung suit un chemin toujours tortueux ;
jamais rectiligne) smaC^km~ak'@ min¨tèvC^HCan'Blkmµrbs'eKeT BYkeKTSgGs' (elIkElgvrCn Exµr¨khmsMxan'@ xÂHEdr) ¨tèvdSbEn dSd÷Lèg ErkTwk BuHGus eFÃIGgûredayxÂçnäg tamevn
erog@ xÂçn. e¨kABIkicÍkarsMrab'CévPaBmnæIr smaC^km~ak'@ manParkicÍcMeJHmuxdUcCakargarenA
eragBumõCaedém. Ggðkarham¨Vmmin[e¨bIJk´ ÇGa-mwgÈ rvagK~anigK~a. eKykJk´ Çmit¶È mke¨bIswgEtTUeTA. Jk´bg mIg ma Guß÷ ta yay k*mane¨bIEdr EtCaTUeTAeKe¨bIJk´ mit¶ e¨cIn
Cag. eKÓs§ah_TUnµan[B¨g·g ÇmenaseJÍtnaneyaVyÈ rvagK~anigK~aCag ÇmenaseJÍt
naÈ CabuKðl.
GgðkarFÂab'ENnS[xitxMC÷ruH ÇFatubuKðlÈ lkÅN:buKðlniymEdleKecaTfaCa ÇFatu
¨btikiriyaÈ [VnCaGtibrma [¨bkan'xØab'nUv ÇsµartIsYnrYmÈ nUvC÷hr ÇsmUhPaBÈ [Kit
¨beyaCn_sYnrYmFMCag¨beyaCn_sYntY. ebIsmaC^kNaqab'jak'ejac qab'xwgeqvqav eKecaT
faenAman ÇFatubuKðl¨kas'È. CaFatubuKðlenHeKe¨cInPØab' ÇFatuesrIniymÈ CamYypg. Fatu
TSgGs'enH¨tèvVneKcat'TukCaFatu¨bqSgnwgbd^vt¶n_
CaFaturbs'vNö:C^HCan'
Faturbs'BYk
¨btikiriya. enAk~¬g¨bC÷uCévPaBm¶g@ eKEtgTietonK~aeTAv^jeTAmkBIerOg ÇesrIniymÈ k~¬gkar ÇhUb edk edér niyayÈ Vnesck¶Ifa manmit¶xÂHbriePaKVyhYsBIkarkMNt'rbs'eK ÉTMrn' ¨ke¨kakBId÷eNk ÉniyayhUrEheBk minecHrk§akarN_sm©at' .l. kartamdanK~aeTAv^jeTAmk
CakrNIkicͫnsmaC^km~ak'@
ehIykarC÷ruHFatudUceJl
xagelIenH k*¨beyaCn_Gb'rMsmaC^krbs'eK[Ca ÇCnsgðmniymÈ (Un Socialiste). enHCa C÷han Çp§SgÈ mnus§[eTACa Çma"suInÈ mYy (Un robot, un automate) pæ¬yBId÷eNIrv^vt¶n_Fmµ-
Cati.
lkÅN:Jla Gav"aEs ¨tèvGgðkarENnS[bMVt' manerOg¨sI ¨sa ElºgCaedém.
cMeJH¨sInigElºg eXIjGgðkarExµr¨khmedaH¨sayVnBit¨VkdEmn CamYynwgGMeBIqk'bÂn'
ep§g@ . cMENke¨KOg¨sv·genAmanesssl'xÂH@ EtGgðkarExµr¨khmVnedaH¨saybMVt' lkÅN:¨sv·g Gava"EsVnmYykMrity"agFM.
24 nUvk~¬gsgðmrbs'BYkExµr¨khm eKVnham¨Vmmin[bursman¨bBnìBIrdac'xat.
ksikrenAk~¬gPUmi k*dUcsmaC^kenAk~¬gmnæIrmYy@ Edr ¨tèvmanParkicÍtamdanemIlskmµ
PaBK~aeTAv^jeTAmkenAk~¬gBYkÉenAk~¬g¨kumrbs'xÂçn
edémºIGb'rMK~aeTAv^jeTAmkEdlBYkkumµ¬y-
nis¶niymehAfa ÇksagÈ. k~¬gmYysV¶h_eKman¨bCu÷BYk ɨkumm¶g eKehAfa¨bCu÷CévPaB.
k~¬geBl¨bCu÷BYkeKeFÃIkarTieton nigsÃ&yTietonK~aeTAv^jeTAmk KWeKelIkBIkarxÃHxat karqðSqðg
BIKuNsmºti¶ nigKuNv^bti¶rbs'xÂçnnigmit¶rYmBYkmklat¨tdag. KWkareFÃIsÃ&yTietonnigTieton
enHehIy EdlbgÅ÷[BYkExµr¨khmÉG~k¨suktamdanK~aeTAv^jeTAmk. kareFÃIsÃ&yTieton nig TietonenHehIy
CaÓbkrN_elxmYyrbs'lTiìma"k§is¶-eLnInis¶.
m~ak'@ ¨tèv¨tçtBinit´eTAelIxÂçnägnigeTAelImit¶xÂçnman : -
eKalC÷hrEdlsmaC^k
eKalC÷hrBlkmµ
eKalC÷hrneyaVy
eKalC÷hrsamKðIPaB
eKalC÷hrstiGarmµN_
eKalC÷hrcat'tSg
k~¬g{kas¨bCu÷¨kum eK¨tçtBinit´eKalC÷hrrYmrbs'¨kumTSgmUl minsMedAeTAelIbuKðl
Nam~ak'eT. e¨kay.
e¨kaykarBinit´C÷hrep§g@rbs'¨kum
eKcab'erobcMeFÃIEpnkarrYmsMrab'GaTit´
k~¬gkarTietonsÃ&yTietonenH GgðkarExµr¨khmVnENnSTUnµanmin[ykkarTietonsÃ&y
TietonenHeFÃICaGavuFsMrab'sgswkK~a vay¨bharK~aeT. eKTUnµan[ykkarTietonsÃ&yTieton
enH eFÃICameF´aVyGb'rMEkK~aeTAv^jeTAmk eFÃICa Çf~SkMcat'eraKÈ ep§g@ maneraK ÇbuKðl
niym esrIniym namuWnniym GaCÆaniym kariyal&yniymÈ Caedém. G~keFÃIkarTietoneK nig
G~kEdl¨tèveKTieton
¨tèv[man
ÇxYrkºal¨tCak'CanicÍÈ
kuMjak'ejacxwgeqvqav.
sÃ&yTietonnigTieton¨tèvQrelIGgðkarnigmaKaámhaCnCanicÍ.
kareFÃI
v^n&ymYyeTotrbs'Exµr¨khm (BYk¨kbx&Në) KWkarlak'karN_sMgat'. smaC^kmnæIr
¨tèvlak'GafákMVMgrbs'xÂçn rbs'mnæIr nigrbs'Ggðkar. ehtudUec~HehIyVnCam~ak'@ ¨tèvman eQµaHfµémYy
¨tèvlak'eQµaHedémrbs'xÂçnkMu[nrNad·g
sYrBtámanBIxÂçnägCapÂèvkar.
¨bsinebImanG~kd«TNa
elIkElgEtGgðkarf~ak'elIeK¨tèvkar eTaHCaG~kenAk~¬gCYrdUcK~a
Ébgbíèn
ksikrNacg'd·gBITItSgrbs'mnæIr BIeQµaHedém ÇvNöPaBÈ edém ¨sukkMeNItrbs'xÂçn eKmin
¨tèv¨Vb'[nrNad·geT
eTotEdr.
v^n&yenH¨tèvVneKrMlwkral'sV¶h_nigtamdandUcskmµPaBep§g@
k~¬gerOgzananu¨km eKk*VnGnuvt¶edayhµt'ct' KWGgðkarf~ak'e¨kameKarBGgðkarf~ak'elI
KN:PUmis¶ab'bJØaKN:XuM KN:XuMs¶ab'bgðab'KN:¨suk KN:¨sukeKarBKN:tMbn' KN: tMbn'eKarBKN:PaK
kmõ¬Ca).
KN:PaK¨tèvs¶ab'KN:mCÎwm
(KN:kmµkarkN¶al«nbk§kumµ¬ynis¶
25 smaC^km~ak'@ ¨tèv¨bKl'xÂçn[Ggðkar ÇksagÈ edayKµan ÇtM«lÈ ¨tèvTukcit¶TSg
¨sugeTAelI ÇGgðkarÈ e¨JHGgðkarmanEP~kdUc Çm~as'È minecHxusqðg. enHCalkÅx&Nëp¶ac'
karrbs'bk§eTAelIbuKðl
bJØak'nUvGMNacKµan¨BMEdnrbs'bk§eTAelIGÃI@TSgGs'.
cit¶TSg¨sugeTAelIGgðkar
¨tèvkarJrkiti¶ysGgðkar
KWCa
C÷haneqõaHeTArklTiì Çp¶ac'karrbs'vNö:GFnÈ (Dictature prolétarienne) smaC^km~ak'@ mankarTuk min¨tèvvay¨bharGgðkarBIe¨kayx~g
eLIy. ¨bsinebIGnuvt¶tammaKaárbs'GgðkarehIy EtEbrCaVnlTìplGa¨kk'pæ¬yeTAv^j eK
min¨tèvecaT¨bkan'Ggðkarfa Çdak'TisÈ xuseT eK¨tèvdak'kMhuseTAelIbuKðleTAv^j KWbuKðl
eTEdlmankarqðSqðg mankarxÃHxat. plv^VkmYyecosvagminput KWEtgEtelc¨kbxNëExµr
¨khmNam~ak'Vn¨b¨Bwt¶rMelaPelIv^n&y Éek¶abGMNacelIxÂçnäg ehIyykeQµaHGgðkarmk eFÃICaLb'EL. EdlehAfaGgðkar KWbk§kumµ¬ynis¶kmõ¬Ca nigsaxatUcFMrbs'bk§enH mantSgBI
KN:kmµakarPUmi XuM ¨suk tMbn' PaK rhUtdl'f~ak'mCÎwm
rvagmnæIrmYynigmnæIrmYy eKham¨Vmmin[ecjcUlrehtrhUteT BuMenaHeT smaC^k
enaHnwg¨tèveKelIkykmkTieton ÇksagÈ BIbT ÇesrIniymÈ BIbTbMJnelIlkÅx&NëkarN_ sMgat'.
ehtudUec~HehIy VnCasmaC^k«nmnæIrnimYy@ BuMsUvmankarTak'TgK~a b¶èreyabl'K~aeTA
v^jeTAmk. eKerobcMy"agenH KWedémºIxÍb'kMLSgGafákMVMgbMrugkºt'Ggðkarrbs'eKEdr. k~¬gkar
rs'enAtammnæIrnimYy@ eKÓs§ah_rMlwk[¨bkan' ÇC÷hräkraCmÍas'kar xÂçnTIBwgxÂçn KWmnæIr
nimYy@ ¨tèvrkmeF´aVyedémºIrs'edayxÂçnägÈ. Ggðkar¨Kan'Etp¶l'¨Vk'CévPaB[k~¬g 1 Ex
135 erol sMrab'smaC^km~ak'@ . mnæIrnimYy@ ¨tèv«llkmúèbcMNI (e¨cInEtk¶amx´g) bEnÂxÂçn
äg ¨tèv
ÇsMrukbgûbegûénplÈ tamkMLSgpæal'xÂçn ¨tèvciJÍwmman'-Ta ¨Cèk enAtammnæIrerog@
xÂçntamlTìPaBEdlGaceFÃIeTAVn.
kicÍkarBlkmµ
kicÍkarBlkmµenH ¨tèvVnGgðkarcat'TukCakrNIkicÍTI1 rbs'smaC^km~ak'@. Cnkumµ¬y
nis¶¨tèvEt
Çlt'd÷È
xÂçnenAk~¬gkargarBlkmµCacSVc'.
bJïvn¶ manlMnSdUcK~anwgkargarrbs'G~k¨suk KW: -
kargarBlkmµsMrab'BYk¨kbx&Në
enAk~¬gmnæIr smaC^km~ak'@ eTaH¨busk¶I ¨sIk¶I CabJïvn¶k¶I CakUnksikrsuTìsaFk¶I
¨tèvErkTwk rkGus dSs eVssMGatTIFÂamnæIr Cékk¶amtamvalE¨s ErkTwke¨sac
bEn kin¨sèv Can'Ggûr [Vyman'-Ta ¨Cèk dUcK~aTSgGs'. kicÍkarTSgGs'enH eK
EckevnK~aeFÃIedayeTogTat' KµanGarmµN_cegí¿tcgíl'GÃIeT. karemIlbMNSK~a É
¨bEkkC÷Tas'min¨BmeFÃI minsUvmaneT. m~ak'@¨tèvsMEdgTwkcit¶GMNt'erog@xÂçn k~¬g
eBlbMeBjkicÍkarBlkmµGÃImYy. smaC^km~ak'EdlxØil¨cGUs TMrn'k~¬gkicÍkargar
TSgGs'enH nwg¨tèvsmaC^kd«TeToteFÃIkarTietonenAk~¬geBl¨bCu÷BYk ɨbCu÷¨kum.
26 -
kargarbgûbegûénpl
mnæIrnimYy@
¨tèvVnGgðkarf~ak'elIENnS[ecHedaH¨say
bJúaCévPaBedayxÂçnäg kuMsUvBwgEpíkelI¨bCaksikreBk e¨JH¨bCaCnmankarxÃH xate¨cIn. mnæIrnimYy@ Kas'raneFÃIcMkarcºard÷NSedayxÂçnäg mandS«sõ eb"geV"H
Cé ¨tkYn eXÂak ¨tLac ¨tb' emæs d÷Lèg eJt sEN¶kCaedém. man¨kumExµr¨khm
xÂHeTot dUcCamnæIrsilº:PUmiPaKBiessCaedém yuvCnekµg@nSK~aeLIgcget~atyk TwkrMgas'eFÃIsûr sMrab'e¨bI¨Vs'enAk~¬gmnæIrrbs'xÂçn.
k~¬gerOgciJÍwmman'-Ta ¨Cèkv^j k*mnæIrTSgGs'¨bwgE¨bgB¨gékNas'Edr. fÃIebI
man'-Ta ¨CèkmanenAtammnæIrk*eday múèbGahark*enAEtGt¶:xat' x§t'ex§aydEdl e¨JH m´a"g GgðkarENnS[ ÇecHsn§MsM«cÈ ecHGt'¨TSnwgkarGt'XÂan [bMVt'ÇGarmµN_È
cg'q©aj'. m´"ageTot PUmiPaKEdleyIgrs'enA CaPUmiPaK¨kx§t'xag¨tIsac'xÂSgNas' sUmºIEtkEgûbk*BiVkrkeTotpg. BgTa 2-3 ¨tèvykeTAes©arCamYybEn«sõ sMrab'
smaC^k 12 nak'. maneBlxÂHeKes©arbEnÂTeT Kµan¨tIsac'GÃIeT. k~¬gmYyq~S@ manExµr ¨khmxÂHVnbriePaK¨tI¨ss'Et 3-4 dgbu"eNöaHeT ehIyBuMVn¨Kb'¨Kan'eTot. -
kargarbMerI¨bCaCn Exµr¨khmm~ak'@¨tèv¨Cçt¨Cabnwg ÇTs§n:mhaCnÈ ¨tèvCab'nwg
mhaCn Cab'nwg¨bCaCn. karCYyFur:¨bCaCn CaBiess¨bCaCnmUld½an Cakar
ykcit¶Tukdak'TI1 rbs'Ggðkarf~ak'elI. eBlNa¨bCaCnelIkTMnb' Cék¨sH eFÃI
f~l' Ésg'pæH BYkExµr¨khmEdlenAC^txagPUmienaH Etgcat'evnK~aeTACYyeFÃI ehIy
eFÃIedayykcit¶Tukdak'eTotpg. eBldksæèg ¨cUtkat' eVkEbn eKk*pÂas'evnK~a
eTACYyedayeTogTat'. cMeJHksikrNaEdl¨kx§t'CageK Ggðkark*VnCYyFur: e¨cInCageKpgEdr.
enHCaTid½PaBmYyEdleyIgKYrcab'GarmµN_.
BlkmµCaC÷hrTImYy k*k~¬geKalbMNg: 1-
GgðkarExµr¨khmcat'Tukkargar
[¨kbx&NësmaC^krbs'eK¨Kb'Can'f~ak'
e¨tomxÂçncMeJHkarBiVk
ep§g@eTA«f©e¨kay [manTMlab'¨sLaj'kargarBlkmµenH EdlCa
eKalkarN_sMxan'sMrab'QaneTAksag¨bCaCatisgðmniym ( Une
2-
34-
nation socialiste ) .
[smaC^knig¨kbx&Nërbs'eKC^tsi~Tìnwg¨bCaCn
nigTukÅFur:¨bCaCn
sðal'sMNUmBr
¨BmTSgeq¿teronsU¨tBI¨bCaCn.
enAelIEp~k
becÍkeTs«nkargar ǨbCaCnCa¨bPB«ncMeNHv^CØaminecHrIgs©çtÈ.
bN¶¬Hp~t'sµartIeKarBGgðkarv^n&yrbs'BYk rbs'¨kum tamlMnSv^n&y
sm¸ar:niym ( Discipline matérialiste ) rbs'BYkkmµkreragc¨k.
[smaC^k ɨkbx&Nëm~ak'@ xM Çlt'd÷È xÂçnedémºIC÷ruH ÇFatuÈ min
bd^vt¶n_ minkmµaCéB dUcCa ÇFatuÈ rbs'bJïavn¶PaKe¨cInCaedém. ebI
27 minVnCab'xÂçnnwgBlkmµeT buKðlenaHBuMecH¨sLaj'¨bCaCneT enA
EtmanstiGarmµN_C^HCan'Blkmµrbs'G~kd«T
EdlCastiGarmµN_
rbs'BYk¨btikiriya rbs'sk¶iPUmi rbs'BYkmUlFn.
tam¨Tws¶Ism¸ar:niym manEtBYkkmµkr-kmµaCéBeT EdlCaG~k
ksagBiPBelak ksagsgðmniymnimYy@. vNö:kmµkrnigkmµaCéB
enH mankarcMNaye¨cInCageKTSgGs' enAk~¬gsgðmniymnimYy@ .
dUec~H tamlkÅN:¨bCaFibety´ minKYreLIyrd½GMNacminVnFÂak' eTAelIkN¶ab'«drbs'vNö:enH. 5-
eLnInis¶.
enHCaTs§n:rbs'BYkma"k§is¶-
bN¶¬HsµartIsm¸ar:niym ¨Vkdniym v^T´asa¨s¶niym tamKnÂg
ma"k§is¶-eLnInis¶ bMVt'Ts§n:KMnitniym ( Idéalisme ) EdlbMerI
vNö:¨btikiriya vNö:C^HCan' (enHCaTs§n:rbs'BYkExµr¨khm). m´a"g
eTot kargarBlkmµenHCa{sfmYy CYybMVt'stiGarmµN_ ÉTs§n:
cegí¿tcgíl'pgEdr (Etroitesse de vue ).
Exµr¨khmmankarcab'GarmµN_xÂSgNas' eTAelIkarGb'rMneyaVy. kMLSgneyaVy
CakMLSgTImYyrbs'eK
¨khm¨Kb'¨kbx&Në
kMLSgeyaFa¨Kan'EtCaÓbkrN_«nkMLSgneyaVy.
¨tèvTTYlkarGb'rMneyaVyCacSVc'.
smaC^kExµr
eKeronsU¨tenAtamsalaeron
neyaVy enAtammnæIr eBleFÃImITIg eFÃIsn~iVt eBl¨bCu÷CévPaBCaedém.
karGb'rMenAtamsalaeronneyaVy GgðkarExµr¨khmsBëf©enAxÃHkmµaPiVl Ǩkb
x&NëÈ ¨bkbedayKuNsmºti¶ nigvbºFámneyaVye¨cInNas'. elak hßU-yn' xÂçnägk*Vn
sarPaBerOgenHenAk~¬gmhasn~iVtbJïvn¶enAcugExÓsPa 1972 pgEdr. kmµaPiVlm~ak'@ munnwgeTAkan'naTITTYlxus¨tèvNamYy ¨tèvTTYlkarhÃwkhÃWnGb'rMGs'eBld*yUr BImYyq~SeTAbI
q~Sy"agtic ehIyFÂab'bMerIclnarbs'eKyUrmkehIypg enA ÇyuvkkÈ (yuvCnkumµ¬ynis¶ kmõ¬Ca) ÉenAk~¬g ÇsnkbÈ (smaKmnarIkmõ¬Ca¨bCaFiety´).
kmµaPiVlm~ak'@ ¨tèvmansIlFámrs'enA nigsIlFámneyaVysíatsíM KW :
28 1-
2-
¨sLaj' eKarB nigbMerI¨bCaCn-kmµkr-ksikr[Gs'BIcit¶BIefÂém mine¨bI
GMNacp¶ac'kareTAelI¨bCaCn minKMramkMEhg¨bCaCn ¨tèvsuPaBrabsar Tn'PÂn'eTArk¨bCaCnCanicÍ.
esµaH¨tg'nigkarJrpl¨beyaCn_¨bCaCnCadac'xat
mineFÃIGÃI[b"HJl'
dl'¨TB´smºti¶¨bCaCn sUmºIEtemæs 1 Ep ÉGgûr 1 kMbu"gk*eday min
KMramkMEhgyk¨TB´smºti¶¨bCaCn eTaHCatammeF´aVyek¶A ɨtCak'k* 3-
eday. min¨tèvsIusMNUksUkV"n'BI¨bCaCn.
ebIeFÃIGÃIxuscMeJH¨bCaCn ¨tèvsuMeTas¨bCaCn.
4-
niyays¶I edk edér Qr Ggð¬y sIucuk elgesIcedaysuPaBrabsar
5-
kuM¨b¨Bwt¶GMeBIelµIscMeJHnarIePT.
tam¨b«BNI¨bCaCn.
6-
kuMsIup·kGÃIEdlmanlkÅN: JlaGava"Es minbd^vt¶n_.
8-
kuMb"HJl'luykak' ¨TB´smºti¶rYm rbs'¨bCaCn rbs'Ggðkar.
79-
101112-
13-
kuMelgElºgsuIsg[esaH.
¨tèvmankMhwgqabeqHcMeJHxµSg.
¨tèveFÃIBlkmµdUc¨bCaCn.
¨tèveKarBmtirbs'smUhPaB GgðkarCanicÍ. min¨tèveFÃIkartamrebobp¶ac'
karrbs'buKðlm~ak'eLIy.
¨tèveFÃIkarTietonnigsÃ&yTieton[VnlíCanicÍ
15-
eday
sµartIesµaH¨tg' cg'ksagsamKðIPaB äkPaB«pæk~¬g[VnrwgbuwgCalMdab'
min¨tèvvay¨bharK~ae¨kAGgðkar Écak'cucdeN¶Im²TìiBlK~aeLIy.
¨tèvmansµartIPÆak'rlwk eFÃIbd^vt¶n_edayxÂçnäg min¨tèvBwgEpíkelIG~kd«T
ÉbreTs
[eKeFÃIC÷nYsxÂçneLIy.
bd^vt¶n_rbs'¨bCaCnkmõ¬Ca 14-
k~¬gGgðkarrNsir§
¨tèvyl'[cºas'fa
bd^vt¶n_enHCa
¨tèvEt¨bCaCnkmõ¬CaeFÃIedayxÂçnäg
nigkan'
kab'vasna¨beTsCatiedayxÂçnäg minedkBwgJk'breTseFÃIC÷nYseT.
¨tèvmansµartImÍas'kar ecHedaH¨say¨Kb'bJúaEdlTak'Tgdl'CévPaBxag
sµartI xagsMPar:rbs'¨bCaCn.
¨tèveC¯Cak'fa kartsUßrbs'eyIgmankarlMVkEmn Etdac'xatnwgmanC&y
C÷nH.
enAk~¬gsalaGb'rMneyaVyenH
GgðkarExµr¨khmVne¨bIlºicedaybiun¨bsb'
ecH
elIkykäksarneyaVynana mkENnSGb'rM sMrbeTAtamkMritKMnitneyaVyrbs'smaC^k
m~ak'@ (eKniymniyayfakarPÆak'rlwkneyaVy) Vnesck¶Ifa cMeJHsmaC^kNaEdlenA
C÷Jk'cit¶nwges¶csIhnu (¨kbx&NërNsir§) enAeLIy ehIyenAxÂacrbbsgðmniym eKe¨cIn
elIkykEtäksar¨twmkMritrNsir§mkGb'rM ÉmYyk*eKTuk[smaC^k¨bePTenH TTYlkarEN
29 nShÃwkhÃWneTAtammnæIrEtbu"eNaH. bn¶icm¶g@ eKbMpusmaKaáeqõaHeTArk¨Tws¶I¨khm tamry:äk
sarep§g@ manCaGaTi_ äksars¶IBI :
-karEbgEckvNö:enAk~¬gsgðmkmõ¬Ca -kartsUßvNö:
-Ts§n:mhaCn
-karksagC÷hrkmµaCéB -Tieton nigsÃ&yTieton
-emaTnPaBxus nig¨tèv
-KuNsmºti¶rbs'kmµaPiVl .l.
cMeJH¨kbx&NëeBjlkÅN: (kmµaPiVls~èl EdlCaÇbkÅCn«nbk§kumµ¬ynis¶kmõ¬CaÈ
Membre du parti communiste khmer) kMritGb'rMeronsU¨tk*kan'EtmanC÷hreTAeTot KWeTArkp~t'sgðm
niym (Pli socialiste) eTArkrbbkumµ¬ynis¶ ehIykarGb'rMeronsU¨trbs'BYk¨bePTenH ¨tèvTukCa
karlak'kMVMgmin[smaC^k¨bePTrNsir§ ¨bePTsamJïd·g¾eLIy. KWkmµaPiVlCaebkÅCn
enHehIyEdlGgðkarExµr¨khmcat'[eTAeFÃICas~èlenAtamtMbn'nana Ca¨bFanmnæIr Cas~gkar
neyaVyenAk~¬gkgT&BeK.
enAPUmiPaKBiessrbs'GgðkarExµr¨khm G~kEdlmanPar:be¨g¿nGb'rM¨kbx&Nëneya-
Vy manelak esog-eV"Es, elak rs'-CaeTìa, elak suk-FYk, elak Cé-KImGan (eTIbnwg
sÂab'edémExemsa 1972), nigmit¶ hg' (eQµaHbd^vt¶n_).
enAPUmiPaKnirtITis manelak CU-eCt, elak ePaK-qay, elak Fuc-rin CaG~k
be¨g¿n.
karGb'rMnigkareronsU¨tenAtammnæIr, mnæIrnimYy@, ¨bFannigGnu¨bFanCaG~kd·knSeron
sU¨t BiPak§aBIeKalkarN_ep§g@ EdlmanEcgenAk~¬gäksar. äksarTSgGs'EdleKyk
mkeronsU¨t suTìEttak'EtgecjBIKN:kmµkarkN¶al«nbk§kumµ¬ynis¶ (mCÎwm) rbs'eK.
kareronsU¨tenAtammnæIrBuMVneFÃIedayeTogTat'eT CYneKerobcMeFÃImYyExm¶g CYnBIrExm¶g tam eBlTMenr.
e¨kABIkareronsU¨tenAk~¬gäksar eKcat'Tukkar¨bCu÷CévPaB (¨bCu÷eFÃITieton nig sÃ&y
Tieton) EdlmaneFÃIerogral'«f©GaTit´ karGb'rMneyaVy nigkar¨tçtBinit´nUvkarGnuvt¶n_¨Tws¶I maKáaneyaVymYyy"agv^essv^sal. enAk~¬gkar¨bCu÷Tieton nigsÃ&yTieton e¨cInriHKn'K~aeTA
v^jeTAmkBIFatu ÇbuKðlniymÈ Fatu ÇesrIniymÈ e¨cInCageK. eKxitxMbMVt' ÇFatuÈ TSg enH k*enAk~¬geKaledA Çp§SgÈ mnus§[eTACaÓbkrN_mYysMrab'eKarBnigGnuvt¶v^n&yrbs'
GgðkaredayKµanrGßUrTS dUcma"sIun sMrab'rbbsgðmniymenHäg. eKbN¶¬Hp~t'KMniteKarBcgÃak' v^n&y cgÃak'kargar cgÃak'CévPaB ¨sbtamv^n&yrbs'kmµkrEdleKEtgEtelIkykmkeFÃICaKMrU.
30 KWeKGnuvt¶¨Tws¶IkmµaCévUbnIykmµ edayykTMgn'GMNacbk§mk¨Kbsgût'bn¶icm¶g@. enHKWCavKð
dMbUg«n ÇGMNacp¶ac'karvNö:kmµaCéBÈ (Phase primaire de la dictature prolétarienne). karGb'rMneyaVytamry:mITIg
mYyy"agsMxan'«nBYksgðmniym.
eyIgVnd·gehIyfa
mITIgCasalaGb'rMneyaVy
emd·knSExµr¨khmVnebIkmux
saFarN:.
enAelIbda¨khme¨Jg¨Jt
eKEcgJk´esÂakep§g@
Çbk§È manCaGaTi−:
ÇyIehaÈ
rbs'eKCa
bJØak'nUvtYnaTId·knSrbs'
ÇmanEtbk§kumµ¬ynis¶kmõ¬CaeT EdlGacd·knSbd^vt¶n_eTArkC&yC÷nHCasÄaBrVnÈ.
Çbk§kumµ¬ynis¶kmõ¬Ca¨bkan'naTId·knSbd^vt¶n_kmõ¬CaÈ.
«f© 30 kJïa 1972 enAevlaem"ag 7 l©ac enAxageCégPUmitSgexµA e¨kamd÷Nk'eP¿g
¨sic@ ÓeKôasns&BæVnbMBgbJØaxÂSg@ [mit¶TSgGs'TMlak'«dGav biTeLvk edaHmYk ¨bug
e¨bobeKarB ÇTg'bk§È Ts§nikCneKarBtambJØaedayes©¿ms©at'ùùù. bTePÂg ÇeKarBTg'
bk§È k*VnbnÂWeLIg vSgnnBáNexovrebIkeLIg elcpæSgkMNat'¨khmTMhM¨bmaN 4 m2 man
sJïakeN¶¿vnigjjçr¨bTak'K~aenAcMkN¶alpæSg¨khm. xƬMgakeqÃgs¶S eXIjmit¶C^txagk¶ab'
«dKMnab'y"ages©¿ms©at'. xƬMk*k¶ab'«dKMnab'tameKEdr ehIygakeTAx§wbdak'mit¶xƬMm~ak'Edlman
Ts§n:neyaVydUcK~aCaPasaVrSgfaÐ ÇdUceKcak'cMebHdUgxƬM¨tèvmYykSbitùùù xƬMmanGarmµN_
hak'dUcrs'enAk~¬gshPaBsUev¿tÈ. mit¶xƬMeFÃIsJïa[xƬMniyaytic@ kMu[eK¾. bn¶ice¨kaymk eq¿teBlEdlG~käeTotkMBugcab'GarmµN_nwgsunærkfarbs'Gnu¨bFanPUmiPaKBiess TSgBIrnak'ekHK~arMkilxÂçnbn¶icm¶g@
ecjBITIenaHTSgeFgeFag¨salxÂçn
eyIg
¨BmTSgGs'sgôwm
EfmmYy¨tçteTot. minEdlmaneBlNaEdlxƬMGs'sgôwmnwgerOgCatidUceBlenHeTùùù. karGb'rMneyaVytamry:sn~iVt
eBleFÃIsn~iVtm¶g@
mansn~iVtbJïvn¶Caedém
vrCnExµr¨khm ÉkmµaPiVlrbs'eKEtgnSK~aBiPak§aBIkarlMVk ÉkarxÃHxatep§g@ EdleK VnCYb¨bTHk~¬gkarGnuvt¶n_maKáabk§.
sn~iVtrbs'eKmanlkÅN:cMhrxÂH sm©at'xÂH. enAk~¬gsn~iVtCMhr eKelIkbJúanana
k~¬g¨kbx&NërNsir§mkBiPak§a. eKlak'bMVMgminniyayBI Çbk§kumµ¬ynis¶È BIkmµv^FIneya-
Vyrbs'bk§.
enAk~¬grgÃg'
ÇbkÅCnÈ
kumµ¬ynis¶
karBiPak§aep§g@
enAk~¬gsn~iVtmanlkÅN:Ca
sm©at' e¨JHeKBiPak§akmµv^FIneyaVyrbs'bk§Bit¨Vkd BIyuTìv^FI nigv^FIsa¨s¶bk§. e¨kA BIbkÅCn És~èlsMxan'@ KµansmaC^kd«TNamansiTiìcUlrYmk~¬gmhasn~iVtenHeT.
31 rebobcat'Ecgrd½aPiVl PUmi XuM ¨suk tMbn' PaK sBëf©enH BYkExµr¨khmVnEck PUmi XuM ¨suk ext¶ PaK Ca PUmi XuM ¨suk ext¶ PaK
dUcK~a. karbegûét tMbn' PaK Edl¨sbeTAnwg ext¶ PaK rbs'eyIg enABuMTan'cºas'las'enA
eLIyeT
tamBittMbn'nimYy@
rbs'Exµr¨khm manTMhMb"unnwgrbs'eyIg ehIyPaKnimYy@
¨sbK~anwgPUmiPaKrd½rbs'eyIg (Régions administratives).
PUmi XuM tMbn' PaKnimYy@ d·knSedayKN:kmµkarPUmi XuM ¨suk tMbn' PaK. eKe¨cIn
niyayedayxÂIfa KN:PUmi XuM tMbn'.
KN:kmµkarnimYy@ mansmasPaBdUcteTA :
-¨bFan
-Gnu¨bFan
-smaC^k (e¨cInÉtic) TTYlbnæ¬kxagesd½kicÍ sgðmkicÍ vbºFmá eyaFa .l. cMeJHXuM ¨suk nigtMbn' eKmanEtgtSgs~gkarneyaVyrbs'bk§m~ak' EdleKniym
ehAfa Çelxabk§È(elxarbs'bk§). Çelxabk§È enHmanGMNacFMCageK e¨JHmantMNag
rbs'bk§sMrab'tamdanemIlskmµPaBrbs'KN:kmµkarTSgmUl. enAtamXuMEdl¨bCaCnenA BuMTan'yl'BIerOgbd^vt¶n_rbs'eK
eKEtgtSg[mans~gkarneyaVyrbs'bk§m~ak'
enAGm
KN:kmµkar. s~gkarneyaVy É ÇelxaÈ suTìEtCabkÅCn CasmaC^keBjcºab'enAk~¬g
bk§. cMENksmaC^käeTot«nKN:kmµkar (elIkElgKN:tMbn'nigPaK) manxÂHminTan'Vn
cUlCasmaC^k«nbk§eT KW¨Kan'EtCa ÇCnbegðalÈ ÉCaG~kFÂab'KS¨Tbd^vt¶n_rbs'eKCayUrmk ehIy
nigFÂab'VnTTYlkarGb'rMneyaVye¨CA¨CHBIBYkeK.
enAman¨bFan
ÉsmaC^kKN:
kmµkarrNsir§PUmiXuMxÂH enA¨twm¨kbx&NërNsir§enAeLIy KWenAyl'faeKeFÃIbd^vt¶n_enHedémºI ¨bKl'GMNaceTA[sIhnuv^jEtbu"eNöaH.
¨khmXÂSemIlCanicÍ
cMeJHsmaC^kKN:kmµkar¨bePTenH
ehIyeKÓs§ah_Gb'rMneyaVybn¶icm¶g@
mkdl'lMdab'bd^vt¶n_sgðmniym.
GgðkarExµr
edémºITak'Taj[elatepÂaH
enAcugq~S 1970 rhUtmkdl'Jk'kN¶alq~S 1971 smasPaB«nKN:kmµkarrN-
sir§enAtamPUmiXuM¨suk enA¨cbUk¨cbl'xÂSgNas'. BYksIhnuniymVnTTYltMENgsMxan'@
Cae¨cIn enAk~¬gGgðkare¨kam KWenAk~¬gKN:PUmi XuM ¨suk nigtMbn'xÂH@. smaC^kGs'enaHe¨Cés
erIseLIgTSgbgÅ÷edayBYkeyokkug-eyokNamxageCég emÂa"HehIye¨cInEtxÃHkarGb'rMxagEp~k neyaVyep§g@ . cMENkenAGgðkarxagelI manKN:tMbn'xÂH Exµr¨khmeK¨bkan'naTIdac'
mux KWsmaC^kenAk~¬gKN:kmµkard·knSTSgGs' suTìEtCasmaC^keBjcºab'rbs'bk§. edémºI
32 [VncUlCasmaC^keBjcºab'rbs'bk§ m~ak'@ ¨tèvcUlbMerIclnarbs'eKy"agtic[Vn 23 q~S ehIy¨tèvbMeBjlkÅx&Nërbs'eK[Vn¨Kb'sBÃpg. BYkExµr¨khmVne¨bIyuTìv^FIneyaVymYy
k~¬gkarelbkmÂSgrNsir§rbs'sIhnu.
d÷bUg KWenAq~S 1970 nig 1971 enAeBlEdlkmÂSgkumµ¬ynis¶eyokkug-eyokNamxageCég kMBugrattºatvatTIxÂSg
T&Bkumµ¬ynis¶breTsk*VnykTun¨bCa¨biyes¶csIhnumkeFÃICaLb'
EL edémºIrkkmÂSgbEgík kmÂSgKS¨TenAk~¬g¨sTab'¨bCaCnEdlBYkva¨tçt¨ta. eBlenaH kmÂSg Exµr¨khm TSgkmÂSgeyaFa TSgkmÂSgneyaVyenATn'ex§ayxÂSgNas'. TSgeyokkugeyok NamxageCég
TSgBYkkumµ¬ynis¶ExµrnSK~ab¶èrv^FIneyaVyeKogKrkmÂSgsIhnuniym
e¨JHenA
tamtMbn'CnbTPaKe¨cIn Tun¨bCa¨biyPaBrbs'sIhnuenAxÂSgenAeLIy. ¨bCaksikr JNiCØ
krmYycMnYnFMenAKS¨Tes¶csIhnu
sir§rYbrYmCatikmõ¬CaÈ.
KN:kmµkarkN¶al«nbk§kumµ¬ynis¶Exµr
Gnæak'rbs'xÂçntamry:eb"kSg.
xÂçn.
CaehtunS[G~kd·knSExµr¨khmeTABYne¨kamLb'EL
Vn«dehIy
ÇrN
Vn¨bTajsIhnu[cUl
BYkExµr¨khmk*¨bwgcMehovxÂaj'sIhnu[Gs'BI
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