Chapter 4 MATERIALS

Chapter 4 Materials

4.1Parameters for Material Selection :

The structure's current pattern is pre-construction, building, and post-building stages. Each step of the building should be designed with the purpose of preserving energy. These three phases show how construction materials evolve through the various stages of a structure. The pre-building step consists mostly of assembly, which is divided into preparation, pressing, and transport. The structural stage consists mostly of development, activity, maintenance, and elimination.

Figure 2 Depicting the material selection criteria (Bolden, 2013)

4.1.1 Environment Friendly The assembling of building components should be done in a comfortable environment. Attempts should be made to investigate and improve the technologies for offering high-quality assembly. effective structural materials and should reduce waste generated during production 4.1.2 Recycled Waste Reusable waste can be used in masons, while wooden waste can be employed in the assembly of compressed wood or delicate sheets. 4.1.3 Use of Natural Low Cost The absolute energy required to make material is referred to as basic energy. The more the contained energy of a substance, the greater the exploitation of non - inexhaustible sources. As a result, it is advantageous to use materials or composite materials derived from waste. 4.1.4 Locally Available building materials The use of local resources reduces dependency on transportation, whose commitment to the structural material expense is large across long distances. The use of locally available construction materials reduces development costs while also being environmentally responsible

for the surrounding environment. 4.1.5 Energy Efficient Building Materials The energy efficacy of building material may be measured using many variables like as R-value, hiding coefficient, and glowing productivity. Energy-efficient materials must reduce the amount of energy produced. 4.1.6 Non – Toxic Building Materials The use of hazardous structural materials can have a significant impact on the development of persons and tenants of the structure. As a result, it is appropriate to use non-poisonous construction materials for development. There are a few synthetic substances accessible, such as ammonia, pitch resin chemicals for protection, and plyboards for decoration and building material. The influence on the strength of these hazardous elements must be considered before selecting them, and they should only be used when absolutely necessary. 4.1.7 Longevity, Durability, And Maintenance The use of strong development materials not only extends the life of the project but also lowers the cost of support. Lower maintenance charges typically save a significant amount of construction operating expenditure. The materials used in construction determine the long-term viability of the structure. 4.1.8 Recyclability & Reusability The material should be available in a recyclable or reusable structure. Plastic trash, for example, maybe reused and recycled to create newer materials. The steel piece can be used to make RCC bars, limiting spreads, and other incidental things in building construction. 4.1.9 Biodegradability When disposed of, the material should be able to dissolve naturally. Common or natural materials would decay rapidly. It is also important to consider if a material decays naturally or emits poisonous gases. (B.M.T.P.C., 2015)

4.2 Classification of alternative building Materials:

In addition to the traditionally utilized materials, numerous alternative technologies and materials produced by various research institutions, inventors, and manufacturers in India are advantageous in the building of housing. The following sections provide information gathered as part of this project. Low-cost housing materials are available. According to the source of the construction materials, building materials are widely categorized into natural and manmade materials.

4.2.1 Natural materials

Name of the material Characteristics

Timber strong thermal resistance, high heat storage capacity, and good humidity management due to the high moisture content in a warm-humid zone

Usage

doors, windows, cabinets, cupboards, shelves, tables, and railings, etc

Bamboo similar tensile strength as that of steel. It is environmentally friendly, lightweight, durable, and long-lasting, with a low fire danger. Corrugated Bamboo Roofing Sheet: These sheets are suitable for roofing, walling, door and window shutters, and other building components.

Laterite stone

Mangalore tiles

Coconut palms

The compressive strength of laterite stone, like that of clay building materials, diminishes with increasing moisture. It is often coated with lime mortar and strengthens with exposure to air and sunlight.

Inexpensive, long-lasting, and environmentally beneficial They are used in roofs, kitchens, and bathrooms to eliminate smoke through air holes between the tiles. They are constructed of laterite clay and are installed over sloping roofs in areas where there is a lot of rain.

They are appropriate for warm, humid climates since they are eco-friendly. are utilized as a vernacular building material in Tamil Nadu and Kerala because they are plentiful, inexpensive, and used to make thatch and mats from woven leaves.

Adobe brick

Is constructed of sand, clay, and chopped straw that has been wet with water. Cow dung is also added for strength. After that, it is dried in the shape of a brick. It is environmentally It is used in the construction of foundations, walls, doors, windows, beams, and roof

friendly, provides thermal comfort, requires little maintenance, and is inexpensive.

Earth Earth is the earliest known construction material to humans. However, its extensive usage is limited by restrictions such as water penetration, degradation of walls at ground level caused by splashing of water from ground surfaces, termite and insect assault, high maintenance needs, and so on. These constraints can be addressed by employing compressed earth blocks and non-erodible mud plaster. 1) Compressed Earth Block The compressed earth block is a refined version of the molded earth block, also known as the adobe block. This method provides cost-effective, environmentally sustainable brickwork. Stabilized earth blocks are made by manually compacting raw earth combined with a preservative such as cement or lime in a soil press.

2) Non-Erodible Mud Plaster The Central Building Research Institute in India has created a low-cost yet successful method of protecting mud walls by using non-erodible mud plaster. Non-erodible mud is made by combining bitumen cutback (a combination of bitumen and kerosene oil) with specific mud plaster. Water does not erode nonerodible mud-plastered walls.

Straw Straw is essentially an agricultural byproduct made up solely of plant stalks (mainly grains) after the grain and chaff have been removed. Rice straw has the greatest silica concentration, making it the hardest cereal straw. Straw is considered an environmental issue since its combustion creates respiratory issues. As a result, straw has a lot of potential as a building material alternative. It is also fire resistant due to the fact that it does not promote combustion, is thermally insulated, sound and moisture insulated, and nontoxic. 1. Life Extended Thatch Roofing: It is a readily available and environmentally beneficial alternative to corrugated sheets. Its life can be extended by treating it with copper sulphate solution, which reduces the effect of biodegradability. The second layer of treatment on the roof surface improves waterproofing, fire resistance, termite proofing, and weathering resistance by employing phosphorylated spray or CNSL oil infusions.

2. Improved Thatch Roofing: The Central Building Research Institute developed a solution to reduce the fire threat of thatch roofs while also making them water-resistant. It is critical that the thatch layers be coated with certain mud plasters to make them robust and fire-resistant.

Cow dung The cow dung ash is obtained from cow excreta which is dried to sunlight and subjected to burning as a result ash is obtained in black color. In many parts of the developing world, cow dung is used to line the walls of rustic houses as a cheap thermal insulator. Cow dung that has been caked and dried is used as fuel. Dung may also be collected and utilized to make biogas, which can be used to generate energy and heat. Cow dung is also an optional element in the production of adobe mud-brick buildings, depending on the resources available. Caked and dried cow dung is utilized as a fuel in many underdeveloped countries. Dung may also be collected and utilized to make biogas, which can be used to generate energy and heat.

Stone is the most ancient building material available in the form of blocks. They are durable, strong, and economical different sizes for foundations, walls, columns, lintels, and road paving

(Chowdhury and Roy 2013),(Maklur and Narkhede 2018),(Saxena and Sharma, 2017)

-Fibre Cement Composites As an alternative construction material, natural fiber is combined with cement. Bagasse, cereal straw, corn and cotton stalk, and kenaf/rice husk are examples of fibers utilized. Imparts Lightweight, with a high strength-to-weight ratio Resistance to corrosion, Exceptional fracture toughness High adaptability, Cracking resistance, Workability should be included. -Rice Husk as Building Material Each year, India generates around 20 million tonnes of rice husk. Rice husk ash has been shown to be an effective construction material. It may be combined with cement up to 20% without impacting strength, lowering building costs and solving the problem of ash disposal.

Table 1 Availability of natural fibers in India and availability in building materials (Chowdhury and Roy 2013)

4.2.2 Man-made Materials

Name of the material

Hollow Concrete Characteristics Usage

economical, environmentfriendly, and low maintenance, Because of their inexpensive cost, these blocks are widely employed in

Blocks and have good thermal insulation, fire resistance, and load-bearing capacity. It saves cement in masonry work, bringing down the cost of construction considerably. compound walls. These are lightweight and offer excellent ventilation. A hollow block structure allows for the hiding of electrical conduits, water, and soil pipes.

Ferrocem ent

thin in the section it has less steel and a lower embodied energy. It is strong, durable, and cost-effective is made up of cement mortar and wire mesh reinforcement. used in the construction of hollow columns, walls, beams and for the repair of deteriorated structures

Fly ash bricks

Mosaic tiles out of waste

Coal Washery Rejects Bricks

it actually improves strength, segregation, and ease of pumping of the concrete. It is an inexpensive replacement for portland cement used in concrete. Fly ash is also used as an ingredient in brick, block, paving, and structural fills. 1. Fly ash lime bricks,2. Fly ash sand lime bricks,3. Burnt clay fly ash bricks

Terrazzo tiles are another name for mosaic floor tiles. The primary basic materials utilized in production are cement concrete and colored stone chips. The tiles are used for both residential and commercial flooring. The top surface of the tiles is ornamented with marble stone chips of various colors, as well as a proper amount of cement color.

Aftereffects of fluidized bed combustion. Water is used, and air and land pollutants are reduced. Energy-saving, Red mud, coal ash, and other byproducts of large-scale enterprises can be utilized. These are mixed with lime pozzolana and cement to form bricks

Aerocon Panels

Sandwich panels made of inorganic bonded materials. 2 fiber cement sheets encapsulating a Portland Suitable for seismic or cyclone-prone zones. relocatable, thin walls (spacesaving), smooth finish, minimum foundation or ground preparation

cement mixture including silica fibers and micaceous particles, Lightweight, thermally insulated, resistant to fire and sound, termite, and weather required, and easy workability

(Chowdhury and Roy 2013),(Maklur and Narkhede 2018),(Saxena and Sharma, 2017)

-Calcium Silicate Plaster Derived from Wollanstonite's naturally occurring calcium silicate, it emits no VOCs or other hazardous gases and has a smooth finish.

-Fibre Reinforced clay plaster Improve sticking characteristics by using natural or synthetic fiber (polypropylene). There are fewer Brittles.

4.2.3 Recycle materials Recycling discarded building Natural resources, energy, solid waste, air, and water pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions are all reduced through using materials. The construction industry may begin to identify and profit from the advantages of using waste and reused materials. Several studies have been carried out to investigate the usage of acceptable waste, recycled, and reused materials and technologies. Due to the scarcity and rising cost of raw materials, the Construction is rapidly utilizing swine manure, animal fat, silica fume, roofing shingles, empty palm fruit bunches, citrus peels, cement kiln dust, fly ash, foundry sand, slag, glass, plastic, carpet, tyre trash, asphalt pavement, and concrete aggregate. (Jhon bolden 2013)

Table 2 Recycled materials in construction applications (Jhon bolden 2013)