Building service report

Building Services [ARC 2423]

PROJECT 2: Case Study

Analysis And Documentation of Building Services System

Leisure Mall, Cheras

Lecturer: Mr Mohamed Rizal

Name: Hon Yi Hang

0318473

Ivan Ling Chyi Rui

Jayesh Srinivasa Ellayah

Megat Khairur Rasyad Bin Zulkhairi

0320832

Sen Yih Yiing

0318890

Yew Jie En

0319285

0313583

0317119

Content 1.0Abstract

1

2.0Acknowledgement

2

3.0Introduction

3

4.0Fire Protection System 4.1 Introduction

4-5

4.2 Literature Review

6-9

4.3 Passive fire Protection

10-19

4.4 Fire Protection System (Mechanical Components)

20-22

4.5 Water Pumps and Pipelines

23-24

4.6 Water Pump Components

25-26

4.7 Fire Hose Reel Hose

27

4.8 Fire Distinguisher

28

4.9 Fire Warning System

29

4.10

UBBL 1984 Requirements

30

4.11

Student Observation Analysis

31

5.0Mechanical Transportation sytem 5.1 Introduction

32

5.2 Literature Review

33

5.3 Findings and Analysis

34- 52

5.4 Conclusion

53

6.0Mechanical Transportation System 6.1 Introduction

54

6.2 Literature Review

54

6.3 Cooling Tower

55- 66

6.4 Air Cooled Split System

67- 68

6.5 Smoke Spilled System

69- 71

6.6 Air Handling Unit (AHU)

72- 73

6.7 Carpark Ventilation

74- 75

6.8 Kitchen Exhaust System

76- 77

6.9 Toilet Exhaust System

78- 80

6.10

UBBL 1984 Requirements

81

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6.11

Conclusion

81- 82

6.12

Student Observation Analysis

82

7.0Air Conditioning System 7.1 Introduction

83

7.2 Literature Review

84- 90

7.3 Chiller Plant System

91- 92

7.4 Components in Chiller Plant

93- 100

7.5 Pumps and Pipeworks

100- 105

7.6 UBBL 1984 Requirements and Analysis

106

7.7 Student Observation Analysis

107

8.0 References

108- 109

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1.0

Abstract

The aim of conducting this report is to allow students to look in depth regarding the building services which include the fire protection system, mechanical transportation system mechanical ventilation as well as air conditioning system in the selected maximum 5 storeys building. In this report, we research the building services specifically in Leisure Mall which located in Cheras as the building itself fulfill all the criterias in selecting the case study building and it also has various types of building services that ensure the safety, functionality and create a comfortable environment for the occupants. The stated conditions allow us to make a deeper research in that particular system and in the same time, broaden our knowledges in the field of building and spaces design as well as the functions of fundamental building systems which could greatly benefit our career in the future. Furthermore, we also learned how the building services in Leisure Mall adhere to the Uniform Building By Law (UBBL) and other Malaysian Standards requirements as well as further rules and regulations.

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2.0

Acknowledgement

Before we start to explain in details of the building services findings and researches in Leisure Mall, we would like to extend our greatest gratitude and appreciation to each of the individuals that give their kind guildance and assistance throughout the process in completing this research report. Firstly, we would like to thank the kind and considerate building maintenance manager, Mr Sheik Saleh for giving us instant permission to access the building as we gave him such short notice regarding the site visit to Leisure Mall.

Figure 1.0.1 Photo taken with Mr Liu, Maintenance Supervisor in Leisure Mall

Furthermore, we would like to give a special thanks to Mr Liu, the supervisor who dedicated his time and effort to gave us a tour and guided around the building services in Leisure Mall. Mr Liu was very helpful in taking us to every parts of the mall to let us take photos of the various machine rooms and roof top services and he also patiently answered our questions regarding the buildinhg services and solved every curiosities from us.

Nevertheless, we would also like to thank our Building Services tutor, Mr Rizal for his patience and suggestions during the tutorial sessions as we faced a lot of difficulties and obstructions in getting permission to access the previous case study buildings, Mr Rizal didn’t express his disappointment at us, instead, he encouraged us to keep trying and apply as much buildings for the site visit in advance which gave us confidence and courage to complete this report in time.

Lastly, we would like to thank each of the members by cooperating with each other and contributed their effort in completing this research report. By all means, we would like to thank once again to every individuals who had helped us to complete this project.

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3.0 Introduction

Figure 1.1 Leisure Mall, Cheras Source from https://accomodations.asia/images/168/16806_12.jpg

Leisure Mall is a one stop family shopping centre located at Cheras, Kuala Lumpur which is owned and managed by PPB Group Berhad. Ever since it opened for business in December 1994, Leisure Mall has became a landmark as well as a popular shopping and leisure destination for the residents in Cheras area because of its strategic location by sited along the 6.5 mile highway, Jalan Cheras where there are easy access for vehicles and public transports.

Figure 1.2 Linking Bridge at Leisure Mall Source from http://www.mhpcproperty.com/uploads/3/1/8/0/31803039/7827479_orig.jpg

Leisure Mall is formed by 2 4-storeys buildings at both sides of a small road and they are connected by a linking bridge located at 1st floor and 2nd floor.

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4.0 Fire Protection System

In Leisure Mall, Cheras Prepared by Megat Khairur Rasyad Bin Zulkhairi and Ivan Ling Chyi Rui

4.0 Fire Protection Services Prepared by Megat Khairur Rasyad Bin Zulkhairi and Ivan Ling Chyi Rui

4.1 Introduction Prevention of heavy damages caused by fires by in the same time relief and lessening the threats of the flames itself. Such case can be avoided by installing mechanical fire protection systems in the buildings. Such examples of fire protection systems is required for building safety regulations.

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An automatic water sprinkler system combined with a fire alarm system.

Fire pumps to ensure adequate water pressure to every standpipes and sprinklers.

Fire hoses in stand by for ready usage for firefighters to combat the blaze.

Backflow preventers or also known as contamination water preventer to ensure none of the toxic liquids contaminating the local municipality’s water distribution network.

In order to protect the buildings such laws were implemented to be followed by every building developers and constructions to prepare such equipment under the Malaysian Fire Code/Law.

FIRE SERVICES ACT 1988 - An Act to make necessary provision for the effective and efficient functioning of the Fire Services Department, for the protection of persons and property from fire risks and for purposes connected therewith.

Also this is mentioned again in the terms of ‘fire certificate’ which means a fire certificate issued and made by the Fire Department Director General under the penal subsection code of 29(4) which is stated that.

“fire-fighting equipment or fire safety installation” means any equipment or installation for— (a) extinguishing, fighting, preventing, or limiting a fire; (b) giving warning of a fire; (c) providing access to any premises or place or to any part thereof for the purpose of extinguishing, fighting, preventing, or limiting a fire;

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(d) providing emergency power supply in the event of normal power failure; (e) providing emergency lighting for purposes of escape from buildings; (f) giving direction towards an escape route or place of refuge; or (g) providing adequate, safe egress for the purpose of evacuation or exit of occupants in the event of fire;

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4.2 Literature Review

Generally, fire is a rapid oxidation process in the exothermic of combustion that reacts with the oxygen in the atmosphere and some sort of fuel to produce heat, light and smoke.

However the basic factor of producing fire is due to the fire triangle from the combination of oxygen, fuel and heat, as well as together with the chemical reaction between one another. This will happen when a heat source heats the fuel to its ignition temperature, a combustion reaction is triggered and a fire is the result. As everyone knows flame that produces from fire is visible in a tangible way on its matter changing form.

Active fire protection system are defined by IBC 202 as approved devices , equipment and systems or combinations of systems used to detect a fire, activate an alarm, extinguish or control a fire, control or manage smoke and products of a fire , or any combination thereof”.

They are meant to work in conjunction with the building’s passive systems or fire-resistive construction to provide necessary protection for occupants of any building type . Systems such as fire-sprinklers, smoke-control systems, and smoke and heat vents respond to hazard with defined actions designed to suppress fires or provide for occupant safety and egress. Other systems such as fire alarms, fire extinguishers, and standpipe systems provide notification for egress or evacuation or auxiliary fire-fighting capabilities for the fire service.

An active fire-protection system in buildings regardless of typology is required for buildings above certain sizes and occupants load. IBC section 903 establishes these rules

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according to use groups and fire areas. Alternative fire extinguishing systems may be used when necessary, In accordance with IBC 904. Both active and passive fire protection systems are a crucial part in building construction and should not be compromised in any way for the sake of cost, convenience or design.

The Malaysian Fire Code/Law was a part of the existing Malaysian UBBL regulation law which is implemented to ensure building developers and designers met up all the requirements for building certificate and worthy in terms of facilities, services and safety which leads all of these into one conclusion of the fire protection system by working as a crucial role in protecting the building and its occupants in a certain fire emergency event. As properties and lives were highly depending on this particular safety systems. The regulations set by MFPA must meet the requirements below in order to prove a building’s worth of certificate gaining and passing the approval in terms of safety.

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An automatic water sprinkler system combined with a fire alarm system.

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Fire pumps to ensure adequate water pressure to every standpipes and sprinklers.

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Fire hoses in stand by for ready usage for firefighters to combat the blaze.

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Backflow preventers or also known as contamination water preventer to ensure none of the toxic liquids contaminating the local municipality’s water distribution network.

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There are different types of fire, classified by the types of fuel they burn.

There are four universal rules to prevent fire that should be applied to architectural design.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Control or stop sign of ignition Control or abolish combustible materials.

Minimize use of combustible materials.

Selection and use of low fire load materials.

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Fire protection system plays a crucial role in building and serves many purposes. One of the purposes of fire protection system is to protect building occupants from fire by providing sufficient and safe evacuation routes. Besides, it needs to protect building structures from severely damage within specific time. Fire protection system must also protect building properties such as furniture and equipment from totally damage. Last but not least, to avoid fire from spreading out within the building or to another building.

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4.3 Passive Fire Protection by Megat Khairul

Passive fire protection is basically a planning matter and must be considered at the planning stage in the building design in terms of mitigation of fire hazard and fire risk. Effective passive fire precautions represent good planning, good design and sound construction, which could complement other basic functions of a building. Passive fire protection design and the incorporated fire protection materials contributed in protecting life, secure the building structure, protect assets and etc. It does not rely on the operation of any mechanical device in order to be activated

PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

EMERGENCY DOOR

FIRE ESCAPE STAIRS

AND ASSEMBLY POINT

FIRE COMPARTMENTATION

Circulation of passive system

EVACUATION CIRCULATION

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4.3.1 Compartmentalization

Fire compartmentalization is one of the vital part of any passive fire safety design.

Compartmentalisation is referred in many different ways such as fire ceiling, fire wall (floors), fire separation, corridors / stairs etc. it is basically the division of a building into the cells, using construction materials that will prevent the passage of fire from one cell to another for a given period of time. The most common feature of compartmentalisation that we all use and see on basis is a fire door. Leisure Mall consists of fire rate ceiling, fire rated walls and floors, last but not least fire door.

4.3.2 Fire Rated Ceiling To ensure the building is able to withstand heat during evacuation, these safety measures must be taken into consideration in early stage design and construction, especially the choice of materials used.

In Leisure Mall, the materials that they used for ceiling constructions is plaster, By using endothermic materials like plaster, it makes the ceiling possess fire resistance rating. It has 30 minutes resistance to incipient spread of fire thus giving more time to the occupant to evacuate safely from this building.

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Figure 4.3.2 (a)Fire rated ceiling in Leisure Mall

Figure 4.3.2 (b) Detail of fire rated ceiling

4.3.3 Fire Rated Wall and floor Ceramic tiles are completely fireproof at any temperature due to a non-combustible composition.

They do not burn or gives off smoke or toxic fumes. The floor and some walks in Leisure Mall are covered by ceramic tiles, it ensure the fire do not spread from one room to another.

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The rest of the walls in Leisure Mall are made of concrete walls. Concrete is a natural resistant to fire and heat. Therefore, it forms a highly effective barrier between rooms within the building that prevents the spread of fire through the building while withstanding the extremely high heat from

Figure 4.3.3 Ceramic tiles used in Leisure Mall

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4.3.4 Fire Door Buildings are compartmentalized to delay the spread of fire from one area to another area. These compartments are usually linked with one fire doors to allow flow of traffic throughout the building. Basically, fire doors have two main functions during a fire breakout. When it is close, it will form a barrier to stop the fire from spreading. When it is open, it provides a means of escape.

These doors in the mall are tested to an approved 1-hour door(60minutes) and 2-hour (120minutes) fire rating. The dimensions of fire door in Leisure Mall 900mm x 2000mm

Figure 4.3.4 (a) Fire Door in Leisure Mall

Fire door has an automatic door closer such that in the event of evacuation, the door will remain shut when no one is entering. This is to prevent fir e from spreading into the area when occupants are escaping through the escaping route such as staircase.

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Figure 4.3.4 (b) Automatic fire Door Closer Fire Escape (Connevans limited ,2014)

Figure 4.3.4 (c) Specification for automatic fire door

Means of fire escape is the structural means or design whereby a safe route is provided for person to travel from any point of a building to a place of safety beyond the building without outside assistance.

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4.3.5 Fire Escape Staircase

Figure 4.3.5 (a) Fire Escape sign and Fire Escape Staircase in Leisure Mall

Fire escape staircase is the most important element of the fire escape route. This is because it allows occupant to run from the upper level to the safe open area on ground level. The staircase in Leisure Mall is made of natural fire resistant materials, which is ceramic tiles, it can prevent fire from entering and spreading into this area, thus providing security to the occupants when they use this route to escape.

There are many requirements to design a fire escape staircase, such as: 1. The flight of stairs must be more than 3 risers 2. Tread not less than 255mm, riser not more than 180mm.

3. Depth of landing cannot be less than the width.

4. Tread and riser dimensions must be constant to prevent user from tripping or falling in the event of fire.

5. Width of staircase cannot reduce along its path.

6. Winders are not used in fire escape staircase.

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Figure 4.3.5 (b) Plan above showing emergency exit in Leisure Mall

There are two emergency fire escape staircases in each floor in Leisure Mall, leading to different exit on ground floor, and the stairs consist of 9 steps before it reaches the landing which is 1900mm X 1100mm

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4.3.6 Signage and Lighting Emergency exit signage

Figure 4.3.6 (a) EXIT signage

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During the cut down of electricity, the’KELUAR’ sign will be lightened up to lead the occupants to the emergency exits. Above of every emergency exit in Leisure Mall, there will be a ‘KELUAR’ or ‘EXIT’ sign.

Emergency exit light Emergency lighting is the lighting for an emergency situation when the main power supply fails.

The occurrence of fire may cause a disruption of electricity supply. Emergency lighting is normally used to give up lighting so that person of all ages can escape safely because it emergency lighting has the backup electricity to give luminance once power has cut.

There are two types of emergency lighting in this building, one is LED emergency light, and the other one is energy conserving emergency lighting luminaire. Leisure Mall has installed them near every emergency exit and emergency staircase.

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4.3.6 (b) LED Emergency Light Figure

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4.4 Fire Protection System (Mechanical components) by Ivan Ling In order to prevent the fires from spreading it is been regulated as a must requirement for the installations of mechanical fire protection systems which is used to protect the building. A proper installation conducted by professionals is needed as lives and properties were depending on services like these. Below is the list of examples of mechanical fire protection systems which were all installed under the implementation of Fire Code/Law of the UBBL laws Malaysia.

4.4.1 Automatic Sprinkler System A sprinkler system is an integrating water piping system which supplies water for standby for any usage in an emergency event which a fire takes place. This system works as in the event of such fires could make the heat and smoke of the fire which floats and causing the heat sensitive element in the sprinkler which will scattered and sprays out water suppressant and directing over the fire. This system is required by the UBBL law of Malaysia to install under the conductance by a professional engineer for a suitable type of sprinkler head and suitable water pressure to withhold also in regulated under Acts of Malaysia, Act 341 of ensuring any building to provide a supply of water for the ease of fire department authorities to combat fires in the case of an emergency.

4.4.2 Sprinkler System and Components There were many of these sprinkler heads and systems installed in scattered manner in order to cover up fire extinguish spot as many as it can in Leisure mall and there was an existing control room and as well as a water storage room for the sprinkler systems.

Figure 4.4.1(a) & (b) - one of the many sprinkler heads visible on the ceiling panels of Leisure Mall.

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Figure 4.4.1(c) – sprinkler head components (source:

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http://www.tpub.com/utilities/35.htm)

Figure 4.4.1(d) – Table shows the types of sprinklers and its maximum temperature limit

4.4.3 Sprinkler Water Supply Control Based on the information shown above, these systems were controllable and supplied from another source. There was an existing water emergency supply room in the basement level of Leisure Mall where the water is contained and will be released by piping systems that flows throughout the building of Leisure Mall Complex by each floor as well.

Figure 4.4.3(a) – A sprinkler water supply control panel in Leisure Mall.

Figure 4.4.3(b) & (c) – Sprinkler controller with buttons to control each pipeline of water sprinkler system.

The panels were meant for events where the sprinklers had went spraying after its damage by either fire or none fire emergency related events to control for increase or to cease the water supply to the affected water sprinkler pipelines. This also enables ease for water sprinkler pipeline service and maintenance.

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4.5 Water Pumps and Pipelines The water supply of each system is distributed in the manner of separate pipelines and each of the pipelines were assisted by a high powered water pump to distribute the water in high speed and pressure to withhold the fire from spreading in a fire emergency event in Leisure Mall

Figure 4.5(a) – complex systems of water pipelines which supplies water from a reserve tank for emergency events.

Figure 4.5(b) – vertical pipelines which supplies the water into the sprinkler systems in the ceilings of Leisure Mall.

4.5.1 Water Pipelines Components Each of these water pipelines also consists of components such as a valve and pump wheels to control the water supply lines if the person is not in the control room in the emergency fire event.

It also a place where a person can manually control the water pressure when he/she is not in the main control room while in a fire emergency event.

Figure 4.5.1(a) & (b) – Water sprinkler supply pipeline manual control and meter readings for water pressure.

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Figure 4.5.1(c) – Diagram of a water sprinkler pipeline’s components and distribution lines but this one is a foam water sprinkler which the Leisure Mall also had a few of these along with the high pressure water ones. (Source: http://www.normteknik.com.tr/en/systems?m=31&menu=37)

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4.6 Water Pump Components Water Pumps were necessary installation in order to maintain the water pressure suitable for the suficient power and speed for spraying control a fire in Leisure Mall. Water pumps were suited to transfer the water either from the emergency water storage and any external source in the timeline while the water sprinklers were working. These pumps consists of a small motor turbine inside to speed up the water flow and increases the water pressure.

Figure 4.6.2(a) & (b) – One of the small water pumps for vertical supply pipelines.

Figure 4.6.2(c) – One od water pump motor engines for the main sprinkler systems for the ground floor level of Leisure Mall.

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Figure 4.6.2(d) – Diagram of how a water pump motor works (source: https://catfishblue.wordpress.com/)

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4.7 Fire Hose Reel Hose Fire hose were a compulsory need for most buildings in Malaysia under the UBBL law 1984 and observation of the Malaysian Fire Protection Association (MFPA). This service is an important tool during a fire related emergency event where the authorities of either the building owners of Leisure Mall and the Fire Department to combat the fire.

The Leisure Mall had a lot of Reel Hoses and Fire Hose installed to every corner mostly inside fire escape and regular stairwells along with a huge water supply pipe for water source.

Some of these were kept in corridors of malls inside a metal locker to prevent fire damaging the hose or misuse of the hose.

Figure 4.7(a) – one of the many fire hoses installed in the stairwells of Leisure Mall Figure 4.7(b) – close up look on the reel hose (wheel hose) along with a fire phone for emergency.

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4.8 Fire Distinguisher Fire ectinguisher were another necessary requirement under MFPA as a simple mobile fire combat tool which is hand carried and can be used to combat small fires but it does came with different variants and each of them can only combat certain types of fires.

A large number of fire extinguishers were visible inside Leisure Mall so that in the event of a small fire an employee, worker or authorities of Leisure Mall can simply pick it up and fires it at the flame most common ones were type C ones which is to stop flames from electrical apparatus and also estinguishes liquid related fires as well.

Figure 4.8.1(a) – Most common type of fire extinguisher in Leisure Mall (Type C) Figure 4.8.1(b) – An ABC dry powder fire extinguisher seen in the car park of Leisure Mall.

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4.9 Fire Warning System Fire alarms and telefon lines were installed as an requirement as it was an important tool to warn other people when in the events of a fire emergency. Many of these were visible installed in every corner of Leisure Mall for the ease of any individual to activate it as a warning alarm and of course it is stated to be a requirement under UBBL law and MFPA regulations regarding fire warning safety.

Figure 4.5.2(a) – A fire emergency telefon box in the stairwell of Leisure Mall.

Figure 4.5.2(b) – One of the many fire alarm systems in Leisure Mall this is activated by press a button in the small box beneath it.

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4.10 Uniform Building By- Laws 1984 FIRE REQUIREMENTS Compartments Section 147 (1) Construction of separating Wall’s to be on Non-Combustible Materials.

Fire Door Section 164 (1) All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closer with the hydraulically spring operated type in case of swing doors and of wire ropes and weight types in the case of sliding door.

Fire Escape Section 166 (1) Not less than two separate exits shall be provided and the exits are readily accessible at all times.

Section 174 (1) Arrangement of storey exit shall give direct access to a final exit, a protected staircase leading to a final exit an external route leading to a final exit.

Emergency Signage and Lighting Section 172 (1) Storeys exists and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishing or any equipment.

(2) All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.

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4.11 Student Observational Analysis In the event of an actual fire breakout, it is noticed that the cleaning appliances hinders the active fire protection systems. This may cause difficulty in proper deploying the system during a panic situation. The recommendation would be to have fire protection systems and maintenance storage clearly separated for easy access.

Other than that, we can conclude that Leisure Mall has fulfilled most of the UBBL requirements to ensure the safety of the occupants on the building and it has a sufficient fire protection system. However, the management should solve the issue above immediately, to minimize the risk when there’s an emergency.

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5.0 Mechanical Transportation System by Yew Jie En 5.1 Introduction This research paper discusses about the mechanical transportation system in Cheras Leisure Mall. Therefore, compiling with details on mechanical transportation at Leisure Mall and reference of the conformance to UBBL Mechanical Transportation System Requirements is included in this case study.

The Mechanical Transportation System in this paper will start with the literature review to let readers have a sense of what is this system about by explaining the mechanical transportation and the type of the mechanical transportation. Through this research, we will make conclusion with the analysis and recommendations for the improvements to the mechanical transportation system in Leisure Mall.

GoldStar brand elevators were used in Leisure Mall. GoldStar was a Korean electronics company that established in 1958. However, after merging with Lucky Chemical in 1995, the corporate name was changed to LG Electronics and LG Cable. This company manufactured a wide variety of products. For examples, radios, televisions, air conditioners, elevators and escalators.

Figure 5.1.2 Pictures of GoldStar’s Logo

Figure5.1.1 Picture of the Passenger Lift in Leisure Mall

5.2 Literature Review The earliest forms were the ladders, stairways, animal-powered hoisets and manually driven windlesses. Consideration of vertical movement was started since the time man has occupied more than one floor of a building. (The Vertical Transportation Handbook 2010) Until now, people are using the elevators, escalaters and travelators to tranfer goods and people in high rise building and skyscrapers. This shows that the development of the technology make people easy access to higer level of the building.

This technology not only for reducing energy and also minimize the waste time.

The mechanical transportation system should be implementd with the elevator within building with more than four storeys or building that provide facilities of OKU friendly and senior citizens. Positioning of elevator should be at locations that provide easy access for all building users, such as the central entrance lobby. (Transportation Systems in Buildings 2009) For mid rise building, grouping of elevator is usually not required, like Cheras Leisure Mall. It is because the wait time is lower than high-rise building and it has few floors. Besides that, Accroding to the Transportation Systems In Building 2009, the acceleration, retardation, car speed, speed of door operation and stability of speed and performance with variations or car load will also affect the elevator’s performance.

There is another option of mechanical transportation system which is escalator.

Escalator is normally used in shopping complex, commercial buildings and airports.

This transportation in building is important as it can carry people efficiently from one place to another with a constant speed. (The Vertical Transportation Handbook 2010) However, escalator is not suiteble for high rise buildings but mid rise building because escalater may consume many valuable space.

In Cheras Leisure Mall, there are two types of mechanical vertical transportation can be found in the building, which is the elevator and escalator.

5.3 Findings and Analysis 5.3.2 Elevators Elevators is designed to elevate people from one floor to another floor in the building by vertical way. Elevating is a technique of applying the available elevator technology to fulfill the traffic demands in multiple- and single-purpose multifloor buildings. To construct a elevator, the total population expected to occupy the upper floors and the traffic patterns, the appropriate calculation of the passenger elevator system performance and a value judgement of the results to the recommand the most costeffective solution have to be involved in the careful judgement in making assumptions.

Besides that, the understanding of pedestrian flow, pedestrian queuing and the associated human engineeing factors are the major part of elevating. Apart from that, to provide passengers’ safety and comfortable, the traffic demands of passengers, service functions and materials unsed must be evaluated.

5.3.2.1 Types of Elevators There are two main types of elevators commonly used which are the electric elevator and hudraulic elevator. However, we can only find the electric elevator in Cheras Leisure Mall and the type of electric elevator used by the mall is the Geared Traction Elevators. This type of elevator are operated by electric motors that work together with the traction cables and counterweight system. Other than that, Geared Traction Elevators’ wheel will attach directly to the motor. As the Cheras Leisure Mall started their business at December 1994, the elevators is considered one of the old style elevators.

5.3.3 Case Study 5.3.3.1 Drawings From the floor plan, we can see that there are six elevators in Cheras Leisure Mall, while four elevators are constructed in the Leisure Mall (the main building) and the other two are constructed in the Leisure Complex (the building links with Leisure Mall). Through the floor plan we found in the control room, there is only one fire elevator in the whole building.

Figure 5.3.3.1.1 Ground Floor Plan indicating the locations of all elevators in Leisure Mall

We can observe from the floor plan that the elevators have 2 units in a group and some of them do not have safety stairs closely located in case of emergency. Besides, there is not any specific grouping of the elevators as I mentioned previously, as this is considered as mid rise building, so the grouping is not a neccesary requirement for this building. However, the waiting space and the lift lobby is enough for passenger to move.

The limited numbers and the elevironment of the elevators will affect the quality of ride. Apart from this, the location of the elevators did not follow the UBBL rules.

Some of the elevators are located very inside of the building and it is neccesary to pass through toilets and it is barely to seen.

Each elevators in Cheras Leisure Mall is able to carry 20 passengers with the maximum load 1350 kilograms.

5.3.3.2 Operation of system According to the UBBL rules, each elevator for every four storeys and with a maximum walking distance of 45m to the lift lobby. To design the elevator required a proper consideration and the first thing is to determine the function, type and size of the elevator.

There is a table to show various speeds of elevators based on the types.

Types of Elevators Passenger, Up to 4 floors 4-9 floors 9-15 floors over 15 floors Paternoster Goods, to any height Hydraulic Passenger or goods (max. 4 to 5 floors)

Car Speed (m/s) 0.3-0.8 0.8-2.0 2.0-5.0 5.0-7.0 up to 0.4 0.2-1.0 0.1-1.0

5.3.3.3 UBBL Requirement Under UBBL 1984 Section 153: Smoke detector for Lift Lobby.

1. All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.

2. Lift not opening into smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light beam or photo detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset time.

Under UBBL 1984 clause 124 A lift shall be provided for non-residential building that exceeds 4 storeys above or below main entrance. It is also essential in building less than 4 storeys if access for elder or disabled is required. Minimum walking distance to lift shall not exceed 45m.

Lift should be sited in the central area of a building to minimize the horizontal travel distance.

5.3.3.4 Elevator Components (Traction Elevators)

Figure 5.3.3.4.1 Geared Elevator Installation

The traction principle is using the way of transmitting lifting force to the hoist ropes of the elevator by friction between the grooves in the machine drive sheave and the hoist ropes. The ropes are connected from the car to the counterweight and wrapped over the machine drive sheave in grooves.

The basic components of standard elevators: 1. Car 2. Hoistway 3. Machine/Drive system 4. Control System 5. Safety System

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Figure 5.3.3.2.2 Elevator Components in Cheras Leisure Mall

5.3.3.5 Geared Traction Machines Geared traction elevator machine uses a reduction gear with a high-speed motor to drive the traction sheave. A worm and gear reduction unit that utilized by Geared Traction Elevator is driven by a high-speed AC or DC motor. It in turn drives the hoisting sheave, the net result being the slow sheave speed and high torgue necessary for elevator work. Typically, this type of elevator has the ability to operate up to speeds 500 ft. per minute and carry load not exceed 13,600 kilograms.

Figure 5.3.3.5.1 Typical Geared Machines

Figure 5.3.3.5.2 Geared Machine in Machine Room located at rooftop of Cheras Leisure Mall

Utilize a reduction gear with a high-speed motor to drive the traction sheave. • • • > >

Driven by AC or DC electrical motor.

Only suitable for low to mid-rise buildings like Cheras Leisure Mall (Compared to Gear-less Traction) less energy to turn the motor, can save energy cost lower speed

Figure 5.3.3.5.3 Model of the elevator system

The brand of elevator that Cheras Leisure Mall utilize is MVP-20-C060 and the gear machines is checked and maintained every two weeks. Normally, elevators only need to be checked and maintained monthly but elevators in Cheras Leisure Mall is different as they are considered very old elevators.

Figure 5.3.3.5.4 Control System Panel in Machine Room in Cheras Leisure Mall

Elevator control panel is a device that found in the machine room on top of the elevator with the Geared Traction Mechine. This control panel is acting as a brain to the elevator system. It is a device that receives signal from passengers or operator and sends out signal to different components of the elevator. All aspects of elevator service are also coordinated by this control panel.

The stop device of the elevator— Overspeed Governor runs beyond the rated speed. This device is necessary to be installed in the traction elevators.

Figure 5.3.3.5.5 Overspeed Governor in Machine Room in Cheras Leisure Mall

5.3.3.6 Elevator Cars Elevator Doors The elevator doors are constructed to protect passengers from falling into the shaft. From the figure, we can see that the elevator door in Cheras Leisure Mall is similar with common elevators that have two panels that meet in the middle and slide open laterally.

Elevator Car Elevator is a mechanical transportation in buildings and the elevator car is the most important part to transfer passenger vertical from one floor to another floor. So, without this component, elevator is not a mechanical transportation for people. Elevator car is a vehicle that can bring passenger with the boxed cage with fire resistant materials and constructed by the structural frame.

Figure 5.3.3.6.2 Elevator Car Sizes and Nominal Loads (Source: Electrical KnowHow, 2013)

Figure 5.3.3.6.1 Elevator Door in Cheras Leisure Mall

The available area of the elevator car shall be limited and related to the nominal/rated load of the elevator to prevent overloading of the car.

Moreover, the alarm in the elevator car can notice passengers that the elevator is overload and the door will not be closed. The maximum load of the elevator is depends on the design of elevator system and the size of elevator car.

Load requirement is an important consideration when designing an elevator.

The figure is an illustration to show the standard car sizes related to the elevator nominal loads.

Components of Elevator Car

Figure 5.3.3.6.3 Components of Elevator car (Source: Electrical KnowHow 2013)

To ensure the safety to not collapse while passengers are using, a load rating for the maximum number of passengers is required for every elevator car. There is a formula to calculate the maximum number of people could be obtainer: Number of passengers= rated load/75(the average weight of a person in kilogram) Â

5.0 Mechanical Transportation System In Leisure Mall, Cheras Prepared by Yew Jie En

5.3 Findings and Analysis 5.3.1 Escalator Escalators can be found mainly in stores and transportation terminals before the 1950s. However, the use of escalators have already expended to many types of buildings. For examples, shopping complexs, office buildings and schools. The escalators are needed for places that always have large flow of people to direct them vertically in a certain path. It is because that escalator is one of the important vertical transportation that can transfer people with a constant speed. As most of the escalators are available for outdoor public space use, so the material used should be weatherproofed.

This type of mechanical transportation is designed like a moving staircase to transfer people between floors of the building in vertical way. It is powered by constantlyspeed alternating current motors and linked steps that move up or down on tracks.

Compared to the elevators, escalators can be used to transfer large flow of people.

Thus, escalators are used massively in public space or commercial building.

Moreover, the escalators still can be used even though they break down. It is just like a normal staircase for people to use.

For the safety purpose, escalators are necessary to have two moving handrails that can keep pace with the movement of the steps. So that people can steady themselves to step onto the moving stair by using the moving handrails. Besides, the direction of escalators movement can be controlled by personnel according to the predominant flow of the crowd or controlled automatically.

Figure 5.3.1.1 Escalator in Cheras Leisure Mall

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5.3.1.1 Case Study From this figure, we can see that the escalators in Cheras Leisure Mall are arranged in crisscross configuration.

Crisscross Configuration Escalator is a set of two escalators that one going up and one going down by “stacking”. This is frequently used in department stores or shopping complex as this type of escalator can minimize the structural space of the building.

Figure 5.3.1.1.1 Crisscross Escalator in Cheras Leisure Mall

Figure 5.3.1.1.2 Crisscross Escalator Diagram

Figure 5.3.1.1.3 Arrangement of Crisscross Escalator

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5.3.1.2 Components of Escalator There are 11 sets of escalators constructed in Cheras Leisure Mall. Among of the 11 sets of escalators, 7 of them are classified in the type of crisscross escalator and the other 4 of them are considered as the parallel escalators.

The arrangement of escalators in Cheras Leisure Mall is follow the UBBL rules because they are placed in front or the entrances and located in the most crowned space.

Figure 5.3.1.2.1 Components of Escalator (Source: Mitsubishi Electric)

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Basic Components of an Escalator: • • • • • • • • • • •

Landing Platforms Truss Tracks Steps Handrail Escalator Exterior (Balustrade) Drive System Auto-Lubrication System Braking System Safety System Electrical and Control Systems

Figure 5.3.1.2.2 Safety Components of Escalator

Escalator Safety Device • Emergency Step Button • Step Up Thrust Device • Overload Detection Device • Speed Governor/Reversal Stop Device • Electromagnetic Brake • Broken Drive-Chain Device • Handrail Speed Monitoring Device • Step Level Device

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• • • • • • •

Skirt Obstruction Device Comb-Step Impact Device Handrail Entry Device Missing Step Device Broken Step-Chain Device Cover Plane Main Line Disconnect

Landing Platforms The curved sections of the tracks, the gears and motors that drive the stairs are housed in the two platforms of the escalator while the top platform contains the motor assembly and the main drive gear and the step return idler sprockets are hold by the bottom platforms. It is not only to house the devices but also provides a platform to let passengers to stand before they step onto the moving stairs.

The plate is flush with the finished floor and it is either hinged or removable to allow easy access to the machinery below. The combplate is the piece between the stationary floor plate and the moving step. Because of the edge has a series of cleats that resemble the teeth of a comb. Thus, it is named as combplate. The teeth mesh with matching cleats on the edges of the steps. Besides, the design is necessary to minimize the gap between the stair and the landing, which helps prevent objects from getting caught in the gap.

The major components of landing platforms are the combplates, comb segments, access covers and comb lights.

Figure 5.3.1.2.3 The Landing Plateform of Escalator in Cheras Leisure Mall

Escalator Tracks The escalator track is formed by three elements, which are the upper, incline and lower. These three elements are the major assemblies of the escalator tracks. The track system is built into the truss to guide the step chain. It pulls the steps from the bottom platform and back to the top in an endless loop continuously. There are two wheels to operate the system, which are the front wheels of the steps (step wheel track) and the back wheels of the steps (trailer-wheel track) Besides that, the relative positions of the step wheel track and trailer wheel track will cause the steps to form a staircase as they move out from under the combplate. The tracks are at their maximum distance apart along the straight section of the truss.

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Escalator Steps The material used for the steps of the escalators is die-cast aluminum or steel and the yellow demarcation lines are added to indicate their edges clearly. The front and back edges of the steps are each connected to two wheels and the steps are linked by a continuous metal chain that forms a closed loop. The rear wheels are set further apart to fit into the back track and the front wheels have shorter axles to fit into the narrower front track.

Figure 5.3.1.2.4 Escalator Step Major Components

Escalator Handrail The escalator handrail is moving handrail and its provides a convenient handhold for passengers while they are using the escalator.

The handrail is pulled along its track by a chain that is connected to the main drive gear by a series of pulley in an escalator.

Figure 5.3.1.2.5 Escalator Handrail Major Components

Figure 5.3.1.2.6 Escalator Handrail components

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Car Sling Car Sling is designed to act as the load carrier element and isolating vibrations because of the movements of the elevators. This can improve the lift performance and also the quality of ride.

The cab height will affect the height of the sling and the platform width will affect the width of the sling. The cross head of the car sling is constructed to support the elevator car.

Figure 5.3.3.6.4 Components of Car Sling (Source: Electrical KnowHow)

Car Floor Car Floor the most important element to transport passenger from floor to floor. It can be called as elevator cabinet. This component have to be enclosed by walls and ceiling. The design aim is to maximize the strength of the mechanical transportation system to sustain forces that will be applied during operation, safety gear operation and impact of the car to its buffers. Moreover, the size of the car floor must be same with the size of the elevator car and covered by PVC covering or marble stone. The elevator cabinet of Cheras Leisure Mall is covered by the normal steel panel.

Car Ceiling The car ceiling has an emergency trap door to provide passengers an exit if the elevators have problems. Thus, the ceiling is necessary to be designed to support more than two persons. Other than that, a blower fan will also be constructed on the ceiling to provide enough ventilation.

Car Operating Panel (COP) Car operation panel is a control panel inside the car to let users press and send the order to the control panel on top of the elevator to operate the system.

Figure 5.3.3.6.5 Car Operation Panel (Source: Electrical KnowHow, 2013)

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5.3.3.7 Operation of System Elevator Shaft This component is known as “Hoistway” or “Hatch” and it is a space that enclosed by the fireproof walls and the elevator door at every floor that the elevator will stop at.

Figure 5.3.3.7.1 Elevator Shaft in Cheras Leisure Mall

Elevator Cables The elevator cable’s main function is to connect the car and counterweight in geared traction system and it is made by the steel wire ropes. The cable attaches to the crosshead and extend until machine room looping over the sheave on the motor and then down to the counterweight.

Figure 5.3.3.7.2 Elevator Cables in Cheras Leisure Mall

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Elevator Counterweight The elevator counterweights are usually used in traction elevators to act as an equivalent counterbalancing weight that balances a load. The purpose of constructing the counterweight is to make the elevator lifting the load in more efficient way. So that it can help to save energy and minimize taxing on the lifting machine.

The counterweight is added to the traction elevator with the expected load multiplied by the distance that load will be spaced from the tipping point must be equal to the counterweight’s mass times its distance from the tipping point in order to avoid overbalancing either side. This is called the load moment.

Figure 5.3.3.7.3 Elevator Counterweight in Cheras Leisure Mall

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5.4 Conclusion In conclusion, geared traction elevator system is suitable for Cheras Leisure Mall.

However, the machine is considered old, so the maintenance work is very important to ensure the safety of passengers. Moreover, the placements of the elevators are not following the requirement of UBBL rules. Thus, there are some examples to learn from this building.

Apart from the elevators, the escalators are relatively better. The crisscross escalators can minimize the structural space and the placements of escalators are good to direct people and bring convenience to passengers. Besides, all of the escalators are function well with the UBBL.

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6.0 Mechanical Ventilation System In Leisure Mall, Cheras Prepared by Hon Yi Hang and Jayesh Srinivasa Ellayah

6.1 Introduction Cheras Leisure Mall comprises of 2 structures, old wing and new wing, associated with person on foot walkway span. The old wing comprise of 2 stories, 2 cellar level auto park, and a rooftop level. While the new wing comprises of 4 stories and a rooftop level. This shopping center uses water cooled concentrated ventilating framework. Both of the structures has air taking care of units room (AHU room) and cooling towers, yet just the old wing suits the chiller room with 4 working chillers to supply air to both of the structures.

6.2 Literature Review Ventilation assumes an imperative part inside of a building as air flow and quality is urgent to keep up health and thermal comfort of tenants inside of the building structure. With the hot and humid in Malaysia, wind flow is very invited to chill off the temperature and to draw out the hot air from an enclosed space. It is exceptionally reliable on the building, area, and site connection to choose proper definition solace levels controlled by ventilation. Proficient methods for ventilation are looked to guarantee an agreeable and safe environment to complete every day exercises. In spaces and areas that regular ventilation turns into the constraining variable, mechanical ventilation and cooling assumes an imperative part for the warm solace and wellbeing of tenants.

Mechanical or force ventilation is utilized to control indoor air quality. Overabundance dampness, smells, smoke, and contaminants can be extricated out and supplanted with a cleaner outside air. The vast majority of the cellar auto parks embrace mechanical ventilation rather than regular ventilation. This is because of the number and dissemination of tenants and vehicles.

Mechanical ventilation tends to uproot warmth, smoke, and carbon monoxide to the outside encompassing all the more productively contrasted with characteristic ventilation. Plane fans and smoke fumes ventilation work are to a great extent utilized as the essential wellspring of mechanical ventilation in storm cellar auto parks. They are utilized for diverting smokes out from the building for the most part for the guide in firefighting purposes.

Kitchens and bathrooms by and large have mechanical exhaust to control smells and mugginess. Kitchens have extra issues to manage, for example, smoke and oil, in this manner the quantity of fumes in kitchen is more than the quantity of air supply gadgets. In enormous open structures, for example, shopping centers, inns, and airplane terminals, smoke spill framework assumes a vital part for the security of tenants and to help in firefighting.

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6.3

Cooling Tower by Jayesh Ellayah

6.3.1 Introduction And Function

Figure 6.3.1(a): Cooling tower on roof top of Cheras Leisure Mall

In industrial processes cooling towers are used as tools as heat removals. They are described as any water recirculation machine which brings or forces air to contact and chill water by the process of evaporation using fans or natural draft. With the help of cooling towers, the thermal pollution of natural water sinks can be reduce and circulating water can be use again. The main advantage to in utilizing cooling towers as a heat removal apparatus is the use of evaporation.

They are used in order to contribute to consequently lower water temperatures that those achievable with air---cooled or dry heat removal processes.

There are 3 cooling towers which are placed on the roof top of the Cheras Leisure Mall. They are also a position higher the chiller room hence minimal ductworks length are used. As the location of the cooling tower is above the chiller room, the presence of a motorized pump is necessary in order to pump water from the chillers situated below to the cooling tower.

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Figure 6.3.1(b): Cooling tower model used in Cheras Leisure Mall. Source: http://www.truwater.com.my/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/TXS-Catalogue2.pdf

The cooling towers used in Cheras Leisure Mall is produced from TRUWATER© company. It is an induced draft cross---flow, film filled, FRP multi---cell rectangular cooling tower specially made for the equipment cooling, industrial cooling and air conditioning applications (Truwater.com.my)

Figure 6.3.1(c): Dimension of cooling tower from plan

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Figure 6.3.1(d): Plan view of cooling tower

Figure 6.3.1(e): Side view of cooling tower

Figure 6.3.1(f): Front view of cooling tower

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6.3.2 Components of Cooling Tower

Figure 6.3.2(a): Components in the cooling tower. Source: http://www.truwater.com.my/wpcontent/uploads/2015/07/TXS-Catalogue2.pdf

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The figure 6.3.2 mentions all the components that are installed into the cooling towers at Cheras Leisure Mall. The main components are:- (Source: http://www.truwater.com.my/wpcontent/uploads/2015/07/TXS-Catalogue2.pdf)

1. Fans- The fans used are propeller type, incorporating heavy duty blades of aluminium alloy.

Figure 6.3.2(b): Fans on the top of the cooling towers.

2. V Belts- They are made of rubber with fabric impregnated to withstand adverse ambient conditions of 50 degrees and 100 degrees relative humidity.

Figure 6.3.2(c): Belts in the cooling towers similar to the one in Cheras Leisure mall.

Source: https://www.baltimo reaircoil.com/english /wpcontent/uploads/201 3/07/BaltiGuardPlus -300x200.jpg

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3. Infill- The infill used is vacuum, formed film type, rigid & corrugated PVC sheets.

Figure 6.3.2(d): The infill of the cooling tower

Figure 6.3.2(e): The infill installed and operating from inside of the cooling tower.

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6.3.3 Operation Of Cooling Tower

Figure 6.3.3(a): Diagrammatic operation of a cooling tower. Source: http://www.baltimoreaircoil.com/english/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/3000_POE.jpg

At the top of the cooling tower, the cooling tower operates when the hot water is pumped. The hop water is then poured and fill the distribution basin which is located on the top of the cooling tower as seen below.

Figure 6.3.3(b): Water Pump at the roof of the building

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Figure 6.3.3(c): The distribution of basin on top of the cooling tower

The process continues as the hot water run down through gravitational pull onto infills.

Throughout this mechanism, the propeller fan above the cooling tower pulls in outside air to come into the cooling tower by the gap between the infills. Then, the air is derive up to the top and out to the surrounding outside. This process is vital to cool down the water as the infill increases surface area. Slows water descent so as to boost evaporation and heat transfer between the air and water. (Globalspec.com)

Figure 6.3.3(d): Water flowing down the infills in the cooling tower.

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In a cooling basin, at the foot of the cooling tower is the place where the water is collected. The water is also circulated again through the system using pumps. (Globalspec.com). Furthermore treatment of water also occur here. Make up water which is regulated by flow meter are directed into the collection basin through pipe. Chemicals are used to treat this water. Therefore, the water that are gathered in the collection basin also consist of concentrated mineral salts. This explains why foam is formed on the collection basin, as when as above the distribution basin when water circulates again from the collection basin to top.

Figure 6.3.3(e): Foams of water in the cooling water

At the collection basin, chilled water is transferred out from the cooling tower into the chiller via pipes. The flow of water can be easily controlled using the valve.

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Figure 6.3.3(f): Pipe works underneath the cooling tower

Figure 6.3.3(g): Pipe works connecting the cooling towers

From Figure 6.3.3(f) and 6.3.3(g), Green pipes are the supplying pipe that supply water from the chiller, while the yellow pipes are the extracting pipe, which extracts water out from the cooling tower into the chiller, Valves are used to control the water flow in the pipe works.

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The cooling tower are generally located at the top of the building's roof. It is flanked by an A/C water storage and a water purifier. The water that flows from the storage tank is filtered and purified by the water purifier before entering the cooling tower.

Figure 6.3.3(h): A/C water storage located at the rooftop.

Figure 6.3.3(i): A/C water purifier located at the rooftop.

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Figure 6.3.3(j): Grey Pipe located at the rooftop.

From the distribution basin on the top, water is channeled out from the water purifier to enter the cooling tower through a grey pipe as shown on Figure 6.3.3(j). In this way, the cycle of water flow continues.

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6.4

Air-Cooled Split System

Figure 6.4(a): Ductless split system diagram.

Source: http://aireserv.com/experttips/ac-system

Ductless split system is the split mechanism used in Cheras Leisure Mall. Even though the mall depends on the centralized air conditioning system, some of the rooms in the shopping centre are using air cooled split system or standalone air conditioning system.

Ductless split systems are defined are systems capable of heating and/or cooling without using any ducts at all. Instead, they have a condenser/evaporator unit just like air conditioners that is situated outside but rather than running ducts, they pipe the refrigerant straight to the rooms for cooling ,and cool the air inside a small blowing unit which is firmly fixed to the wall and which decreases the temperature on demand. (Carrier---comfort.com)

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The cinema in this shopping centre also uses ductless air---cooled split system. The procedure uses 4 condenser which is based on the roof top and it coincides with the 4 cinema hall in the top floor of the mall.

Figure 6.4(b): Split system condenser in Cheras Leisure Mall

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6.5

Smoke Spilled System

The building Regulations stress on the need for the precaution of life safety systems such as smoke control. A well-made smoke extract ventilation system should be able to sustain smoke free escape circumstances at all occupied levels so as to provide a way to be able to get out of the building with the least possible risk of smoke inhalation, injury or death.

Figure 6.5(a): This diagram shows smoke distribution in an enclosed space. Source: http://www.nrccnrc.gc.ca/ctusc/ctu_sc_n48

Based on figure 6.5(a), when a fire break out occurs, smoke rises in a plume. When the plume rises, it pulls air from the surrounding space, which causes the plume's mass flow to increase while decreasing its temperature.

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When the plume reaches the ceiling, it reach out and forms a layer. An atrium smoke control system consume the smoke from that layer, supplying a rather smoke free environment.

(Hpac.com) In case of fire, there are 2 methods that can be used to regulate and pull out the smoke in Cheras Leisure Mall. Smoke extraction grille can be found everywhere on the beam of the lower floor so as to permit smoke to be eliminated quickly and freely.

Figure 6.5(b): Smoke extraction grille in Cheras Leisure Mall

On the upper floor, the distance between the floor and the roof is increased thus enabling a double volume atrium. Extraction grille can be found in larger proportion at the highest point of the mall.

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Figure 6.5(c): Smoke extraction grille at the top of the ceiling in Cheras Leisure Mall

Figure 6.5(d): Smoke exhaust at the roof top of Cheras Leisure Mall

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6.6 Air Handling Unit (AHU) by Hon Yi Hang Air handling unit (AHU) acts as an important role in air conditioning system. It is a significant device which is used for cooling, humidifying, filtering, and distributes air to the whole building via ventilation ductwork.

The main thing that is performed well by AHU is handing the air in a building. It absorbs the air from the room and passes it to the cold water cooling coils. The cold water cooling coils allows the air to undergo cooling, humidification and filtration process. Later, it can give out the clean and cool air. Hence, the clean air which is transferred back to the room will enhance the air quality of the space and achieve thermal comfort.

Other than that, AHU is also able to recycle the air in the building. All the large buildings mostly have multiple blowers and fans to condition the air. Blowers and fans function as to absorb the heat air from the space and conditioned it. After that, it will distribute and release the cool air back to the entire building.

Figure 6.6(a): Location of AHU rooms can be seen in the plan of Cheras Leisure Mall

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6.6.1 Components of AHU AHU has many types of component which allows it to work well in air conditioning system.

However, there are only four of them are main component in AHU will be air filter, humidifier, blower fan and ductwork and diffusers.

Air filter- Air filter is used to filter the impure air which comes from outdoor and indoor. It can trap and reduce the dust entering to the interior of the building.

Humidifier- Humidifier is needed to control the moisture of atmosphere in the building. Hence, it can prevent excessive in heating and cooling of a building.

Blower Fan- Blower fan is able to absorb the heat air and condition it. Later, the cool air will release back to the space after the air is conditioned. Thus, the heat air in the building will be removed and cool air will distribute to the space. A centrifugal fan is applied in the AHU of Cheras Leisure Mall in order to move the quantity of air efficiently.

Ductwork and diffuser- Ductwork is used to transfer the air from AHU to the space in the building. The ductwork is usually installed in the suspended ceiling whereas diffuser is placed at the end of ductwork which the air comes out from the ductwork and distributes to the space

Figure 6.6.1(a): Air filter in AHU Figure 6.6.1(b) : Blower fan is AHU

Figure 6.6.1 (c): Ductwork and diffuser (Egerproducts.com, 2015)

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6.7 Carpark Ventilation Carpark is an area which is lack of wind flow and surrounded by the smoke and dust from vehicle. Therefore, mechanical ventilation is compulsory to apply in the carpark. This is because mechanical ventilation is able to remove the smoke and dust which is given out by vehicles and form a better atmosphere for the carpark. Ductwork system is mainly used in the mechanical ventilation of carpark. During this site visit, we found out that the carpark of Cheras Leisure Mall is ventilated. Hence, jet fans are not found in this mall.

6.7.1 Components of Mechanical Ventilation System in Carpark The main components of mechanical ventilation system in carpark included ductwork, filter, fire damper and propeller fan.

Ductwork- A component which is used to transferred the smoke and dust.

Filter- It functions as trapping the dust and preventing it release to the surroundings.

Fire Damper- It is able to avoid the fire spreading from one room to another room when the fire is happened and it is placed at the compartment wall.

Propeller Fan- It is used to exhaust the smoke and dust into the ductwork.

Figure 6.7.1(a): Horinzontal ductwork for carpark ventilation in Cheras Leisure Mall.

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Figure 6.7.1(b): Vertical ductwork for carpark ventilation in Cheras Leisure Mall.

Figure 6.7.1(c): Filter of the carpark’s ductwork in Cheras Leisure Mall.

Figure 6.7.1(d): Jet fan is not used in the carpark of Cheras Leisure Mall. (Dewpointhvac.in, 2015)

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6.8 Kitchen Exhaust System Exhaust system is essential to the kitchen and restaurants as it can remove the odour and smoke.

The equipments such as extractor hood, filter and exhaust fan are installed in the kitchen in order to improve the exhaust system of kitchen. There are a lot of restaurants in Cheras Leisure Mall.

Hence, the exhaust system must be installed well and is sufficient for all the restaurants and dining areas in the Cheras Leisure Mall. Without the complete installation of exhaust system, oily atmosphere will be found obviously and form an uncomfortable atmosphere.

Ductwork

Kitchen Hood

Figure 6.8 (a): Exhaust system in Kitchen (3.imimg.com, 2015)

Figure 6.8(b): Schematic diagram of kitchen exhaust System (Iaqds.my, 2015)

6.8.1 Components of Kitchen Exhaust System The main components of kitchen exhaust system included ductwork and diffusers and kitchen exhaust.

Ductwork- It is used to channel the odour and smoke from kitchen and dining area.

Diffuser- It creates the low velocity of air movement of the kitchen or dining area.

Kitchen Exhaust- It is used to release the smoke and odour which is channelled by the ductwork to the exterior of the building.

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Figure 6.8.1(a): Diffuser and ductwork are found in the restaurant of Cheras Leisure Mall

Figure 6.8.1(b): Kitchen exhaust is found on the roof top of Cheras Leisure Mall

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6.9 Toilet Exhaust System Toilet is a private space which is fully enclosed. Therefore, exhaust system is required to apply in toilet in order to remove the odour and form better ventilation. The equipments such as ceiling grille, wall grille and exhaust fan are installed inside the toilet to enhance the exhaust system of toilet.

Figure 6.9(a): Schematic diagram of exhaust system in toilet (Aikencolon.com, 2015)

Figure 6.9(b): Detail of ceiling grille in toilet (Angieslist.com, 2015)

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In Leisure Cheras Mall, we found out that there is ceiling grille in male and female toilet whereas the wall grille only can be found in male toilet.

 Figure 6.9(c): Exhaust fan is applied in the toilet. (G01.a.alicdn.com, 2015)

Figure 6.9(d): Ceiling grille is found in Cheras Leisure Mall.

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Figure 6.9(e): Wall grille is found in Cheras Leisure Mall.

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6.10 Uniform Building By-Law 1984 Requirement Under UBBL 1985 Section 39: Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning 1.

Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of local authority.

2.

Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half-an-hour of the air conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into enclosure during the period when the air conditioning system is not functioning.

3.

The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.

4.

Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water closets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Third schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water closets, bathrooms or corridors.

6.11 Conclusion The mechanical ventilation assume a fundamentally vital part in the commitment of warm solace and the well being and security of inhabitants.

According to the UBBL requirement a regulation (UBBL 2012, Amendments on EE and MS 1525), each mechanical ventilation system(supply and/or exhaust) might be furnished with a promptly open switch or other means for shut off or volume decrease when ventilation is not required. The control switch in the chiller room demonstrated the UBBL necessity said above has actualized into Cheras Leisure Mall. As per the MS1525 year 2007, mechanical ventilation system ought to be equipped with programmed controls equipped for reduction of energy use. Closing down the equipment during times of non users for instance, is a strategy for energy saving.

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Other then mechanical ventilation system, for example, the exhaust and smoke spilled system that scattered everywhere throughout the shopping center in adequate sum, can control and manage the indoor air quality well by uprooting smoke, dust, smell, carbon monoxide, and impurities.

Generally speaking, the choice of mechanical ventilation system are fitting according to the measure of building and number of occupants. energy efficiency, expense sparing, and indoor air quality are well balanced with the choice of systems and equipment in Cheras Leisure Mall.

6.12 Student Observation Analysis The chiller room is enormous and sufficiently wide to oblige 4 operating chillers and 2 backup chillers, operational switches and control panel, and even an air handling unit (AHU).

Technician and daily workers can screen every one of the chillers and AHU at the same moment. Smoked extraction grilles scattered everywhere throughout the shopping center guarantees the well being of tenants if there should be an occurrence of fire. The carpark fumes ventilation work is well situated in the space of the carpark when natural ventilation is constrained.

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7.0 Air Conditioning System In Leisure Mall, Cheras Prepared by Sen Yih Yiing

7.0 Air Conditioning System by Sen Yih Yiing 7.1 Introduction One of the most basic functions of buildings is to provide shelter from weather for the occupants. The components in a carefully designed building such as roof, walls and windows or interior surfaces alone can maintain comfortable interior temperature. Nowadays, buildings constructed are majorly fully enclosed by walls to ensure security and also to maintain privacy, therefore, active ventilation systems are applied to ensure the efficiency of air ventilation within the enclosed spaces. Heating, ventilating and air conditioning, which also known as HVAC system serves as the important roles in maintaining thermal comfort and improve indoor air quality which creates a suitable environment for occupants for long stay within the space. However, as Malaysia is a country with tropical climate which average temperature ranged between 22° C to 33° C with relative humidity ranging from 70% to 90% (McGinley, 2011), heating system is unnecessary for most of the buildings.

This research paper will look in depth on the air conditioning system or HVAC system in Leisure Mall in how they maintain temperature and at the same time conditioning the indoor air to form a better environment for the occupants. In addition, the proper system and procedure of conducting HVAC system in Leisure Mall according to the Malaysian Standards (MS 1525) and Uniform Building ByLaws (UBBL) will also be discussed in this paper.

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7.2 Literature Review The main purposes of the application of air conditioning system or HVAC system include controls the indoor temperature, indoor air humidity and air quality as well as air movement, which allow optimum human thermal comfort in an enclosed space. The movement of air is in control to prevent cold drafts and also the formation of stagnant air pockets within the conditioned space. The usage of airconditioning system can be determined through the orientation and position of the building, U-value of the material in the building envelope and heat penetration, opening positions, climate and also environment conditions (Woodford, 2015).

Figure 7.2.1 Basic Refrigeration Cycle Source from https://www.swtc.edu/ag_power/air_conditioning/lecture/basic_cycle.htm

There are four cycles in repeat in the air-conditioning process, starts from compression, condensation, expansion and finally evaporation in a closed circuit.

The low pressured refrigerant comes into the compressor and exits as a high pressured gas. Then, the gas condenses into liquid form and exerts its heat to the surrounding at the condenser. At the expansion valve, it lowers the pressure of the liquid as it leaves the valve and the liquid turns into gas as it absorbs heat and evaporates at the evaporator. Finally, the hot and low pressured refrigerant enters the compressor and repeat the entire cycle again (Hoffman, 2006).

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7.2.1 Temperature Control

Figure 7.2.3 Graphical Diagram of centralized air conditioning system Source from http://www.prlog.org/11791291-hvac-schematic-drawings.jpg

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There are various control loops that compromise together in the control system for a commercial building, including the central system and local or zone control loops for maximum thermal comfort and efficiency (Honeywell International, 2007).

The basic control loops in a central air handling system can be classified as shown in Table 7.2.1: Control Loop Ventilation

Classification Basic

Cooling

Chiller Control

Cooling Tower Control

Water Coil Control Direct Expansion (DX) System Control

Fans

Basic

Description Coordinates operation of the out door, return, and exhaust air dampers to maintain the proper amount of ventilation air.

Low-temperature protection is often required.

Maintain chiller discharge water at preset temperature or resets temperature or resets temperature according to demand.

Controls cooling tower pumps and fans to provide the coolest water practical under existing wet bulb temperature conditions.

Adjusts chilled water to maintain space temperature.

Cycles compressor or DX coil solenoid valves to maintain pace temperature and prevent freeze up. If compressor is unloading type, cylinders are unloaded as required to maintain space temperature.

Turns on supply and return fans during occupied periods and cycles them as required during unoccupied periods.

Table 7.2.11 Functions of Central HVAC Control Loops

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7.2.2 Ventilation Ventilation through air conditioning system or HVAC system introduces outdoor air to refresh the indoor oxygen supply and also to get rid of the odors and toxic gases such as carbon dioxide from the building.

Figure 7.2.21 Ventilation System Using 100% Outdoor Air Source from http://www.buildingcontrolworkbench.com/BCWInfo/GrayBook/Gctrlhva.htm

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7.2.3 Dehumidification As Malaysia is tropical country with hot and humid climate, the air conditioning system also serves as a dehumidifier for adsorbing moisture from process air, which could prevent growth of molds and fungi in the interior spaces (Yamanashi, et.al. 2005) and also caused problems such as condensation and physical discomfort. Dehumidification is achieved in circulating moist air through cooling coils or in advance, sorption units. A sorption unit uses either a rotating granular bed of silica, activated alumina or hygroscopic salts which act as an sorbent materials which they absorbs moisture from air and they passes through a separate section of the unit where the moisture is removed through heat, the scavenger air is then exhaust out from the building.

Figure 7.2.31 Dehumidification Process in Duct Source from http://www.buildingcontrolworkbench.com/BCWInfo/GrayBook/Gctrlhva.htm

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7.2.4 Filtration In terms of maintaining indoor air quality, by applying air conditioning system in buildings, the filters within the system allow the air that filtered into the building to be free from pollutant sources, irritants, odors, toxic and particulate substances, biological contaminants, radon and soil gases (Stein, et.al., 2006) as described in Figure 7.2.1. There are 2 basic types of filters such as mechanical filters and electrostatic precipitation filter (which also known as electronic air cleaners).

Figure 7.2.41 Mechanical filter Source from http://www.buildingcontrolworkbench.com/BCWInfo/GrayBook/Gctrlhva.htm

Figure 7.2.42 Electrostatic Precipitation Filter Source from http://www.buildingcontrolworkbench.com/BCWInfo/GrayBook/Gctrlhva.htm

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Figure 7.2.1 Common Air Pollutants (Rousseau and Wasley, 1997).

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7.3 Chiller Plant System 7.3.1 Introduction Chiller Plant System is the most economic and way to cool down a large commercial building. The vapor compression cycle, which utilized by a centrifugal chiller, rejects the heat collected from the chilled water as well as the heat from the compressor by a cooling tower to a second water loop (Thomas, 2008).

Figure 7.3.1 (a) Main Chiller Plant in Leisure Mall, Cheras

Figure 7.3.1 (b) Backup Chiller Plant in Leisure Mall, Cheras

The chiller room is located at the top floor of Leisure Mall. The type of chillers used in Leisure Mall is the chilled water system with centrifugal compressor which are manufactured by Carrier. There are 4 common operating chillers while 2 smaller chillers that act as the backup system. Â

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There are 2 main types of chilled water systems for the HVAC system: • 2 chillers of equal tonnage – In this application, each machine is designed to maintain 50% of the total building load when it is operating at 100% capacity (Thomas, 2008).

Figure 7.3.2 2 Graphical Diagram of Chillers of Equal Tonnage Source from http://dms.hvacpartners.com/docs/1001/Public/09/WP024.pdf

•

3 chillers – 2 of equal tonnage, 1 of less tonnage – The 2 larger machines are each sized to handle 40% of the total building load, while the third, which is the lead chiller, a smaller machine is sized for 20% of the building load (Thomas, 2008). This is the type of chilled water system used in Leisure Mall,

Cheras.

Figure 7.3.3 3 chillers-2 of Equal Tonnage and 1 of Less Tonnage Source from http://dms.hvacpartners.com/docs/1001/Public/09/WP024.pdf

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7.4 Components in Chiller Plant 7.4.1 Centrifugal Chiller Components Chillers include both absorption and compressive refrigeration processes. The larger centrifugal chiller whose compressor is driven by electrical motor is what Leisure Mall is currently in used.

Figure 7.4.1(a) Centrifugal chiller components (Stein et.al., 2006)

Figure 7.4.1(b) Centrifugal chiller with flooded cooler and condenser within a single outer shell which able to produce 100 to 400 tons of cooling (Stein et.al., 2006)

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Figure 7.4.2 Graphical Diagram of Centrifugal Chiller Fundamental Components Source from http://lit.daikinapplied.com/bizlit/DocumentStorage/WaterCooledChiller/ApplicationGuides/Daikin_ AG_31-002_Centrifugal_Chiller_Fundamentals_Guide_Vers_2.2.pdf

Similar to the 4 cycles of air conditioning system, which was discussed in the previous literature review, there are also 4 main components in the centrifugal refrigeration circuit: (A) Evaporator

Figure 7.4.3 A chiller shell and tube evaporator Source from http://www.allseasonshire.eu/chiller-hire/how-chillers-work/

The evaporator in a centrifugal water-cooled chiller is usually a shell and tube heat exchanger that removes the building heat from chilled water lowering the water temperature in the process. The heat collected is used to boil the refrigerant changing it from liquid to gas. Flooded evaporators place the chilled water in the tubes and refrigerant in the shell as the tubes are completely submerged in the refrigerant. Large chillers can have over 5 miles of tubing in their heat exchanger (Daikin Applied, 2015).

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(B) Compressor

Figure 7.4.4(a) Cross Section of centrifugal compressor (Miller & Miller 2006)

Figure 7.4.4(b) Centrifugal Compressor System (Miller & Miller, 2006)

The compressor is assembled by a prime mover and a centrifugal compressor. The centrifugal compressor is a dynamic device similar to a centrifugal water pump as It increases the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant by converting kinetic energy into pressure (Daikin Applied, 2015).

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(C) Condenser

Figure 7.4.5(a) Cross Section of a shell and tube condenser (Miller & Miller, 2006)

Figure 7.4.5(b) A typical counter flow path inside a shell and tube condenser (Miller & Miller, 2006)

The condenser is a shell and tube heat exchanger similar to the evaporator, instead, it removes heat from the refrigerant causing the refrigerant to increase in temperature as it condenses from gas to liquid. The condensed water then carry the heat to the cooling tower to release heat to the atmosphere (Daikin Applied, 2015).

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(D) Expansion Device

Figure 7.4.6 Expansion Device Source from http://wazipoint.blogspot.my/2015/07/expansion-device-orifice-plates-of.html

The expansion device is used to maintain the pressure difference between the high pressure from the condenser and the low pressure from the evaporator of the refrigeration system as established by the compressor. The high-pressured liquefied refrigerant passes through the expansion device to lower down its pressure (Thomas, 2008).

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7.4.2 Operation of Chiller Plant

Figure 7.4.7 Complete Operation of An Shell And Tube Chiller (Miller & Miller, 2006)

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Figure 7.4.8 Control Panels in the chiller plant in Leisure Mall

Refrigeration cycle of the centrifugal cooling system: The condenser, which serves as 2-fold component, is an ideal cycle. The high pressured vapor is needed to be first brought to a saturated condition, which also known as de-superheated before any condensation occurs. To allow refrigerant to lower its temperature to the saturation temperature, enough heat should be transferred from the refrigerant itself, then only the condensation can begin.

The quality of the refrigerant will continue to decrease as the heat continues to be transferred from the refrigerant vapor to the water, until the complete condensation of the refrigerant.

The liquid state of refrigerant is now in high pressure and temperature, therefore, a reduction in temperature and pressure should be done so that the liquefied refrigerant can be used as a useful heat transfer medium.

As to lower the temperature, the pressure should also be lowered, this leads to some sort of restriction for the process to occur, this is where the thermostatic expansion valve is important as it acts as a restriction which could regulate itself as the system load demands change. The operation of the thermostatic valve could be determine by compressor size, thermostatic expansion valve, size load, load demand and system condition.

To achieve the lower temperature for the liquefied refrigerant, some of them are needed to be boiled as means of removing the heat, as they sacrificed to increase the refrigerant quality. This forms another heat transfer process, which yields a lower liquid temperature, which can be explain by the formula below: Difference between liquid temperature and evaporator temperature, Liquefied refrigerant to be boiled Refrigerant quality Â

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The refrigerant is now a mixture of saturated liquid and vapor, travelling through the evaporator tubing. Heat content from the warm air being blown across the evaporator is transferred to the boiling refrigerant.

As the last volume of the saturated liquid boils off from the evaporator outlet is then connected to the compressor inlet which cause the vapor at the inlet to be saturated.

The cycle continues until the refrigerant space temperature is satisfied (Cooling Technology, 2015).

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7.5 Pumps and Pipeworks

Figure 7.5.1 Pumps and Pipeworks in Chiller Plant in Leisure Mall

There are 4 types of pipes in the chiller plant:

Green Pipe (Cooled water Return (CWR) Pipe): Access for cooled water from cooling tower to the condenser of the chiller plant Figure 7.5.2(a) Cooled Water Return Pipe

Yellow Pipe (Cooled water Supply (CWS) Pipe): Allow excess cooled water travel back to the cooling tower from the condenser of the chiller plant Figure 7.5.2(b) Cooled Water Supply Pipe

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Warm air collected from shop lots in Leisure Mall will increases the water temperature in the CWS pipe and is later to be channeled to the cooling tower.

Figure 7.5.2(c) Warm air collector room

Dark Blue Pipe (Chilled water Return (CHWR) Pipe): Allow excess chilled water to travel out from the evaporater in the chiller plant Figure 7.5.2(d) Chilled Water Return Pipe

Light Blue Pipe (Chilled water Supply (CHWS) Pipe): Allow excess chilled water to travel out from the evaporater in the chiller plant Figure 7.5.2(e) Chilled Water Supply Pipe

Cooled air releases from the CHWS pipe will coagulate in this room and later to be channeled to the shoplots in Leisure Mall Figure 7.5.2(f) Cooled air collector room

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Figure 7.5.3 (a) Cooled Air Duct

Cooled air collected from the cooled air collector room is then channeled through this cooled air duct to distribute to the shop lots in Leisure Mall.

Figure 7.5.3(b) Warm Air Duct

Warm air collected from the shop lots in Leisure Mall is being channeled through this warm air duct to the CWS Pipe.

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There are 2 pumps in the chiller plant:

Figure 7.5.4(a) Chilled Water Pump (CHWP)

Connected with the CHWS pipes, this pump functions to increase the water pressure that enters the chiller room to improve the process of evaporation.

Figure 7.5.4(b) Cooled Water Pump (CWP)

Connected with the CWS pipes, this pump increases the water pressure that need to be send back to the cooling tower which is located at the roof top.

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Precaution in maintaining pipes in chiller plant

Figure 7.5.5 Rock Wool in Chilled Water Supply Pipe (CWSP)

Rock wool is used to insulate the chilled water supply pipe as well as to absorb water vapor produced when the chilled water supply pipe is in contact to the much warmer surrounding. This could ensure safety of the chiller plants and also to prevent electrical machine to be broken down when in touch with water.

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7.6 Uniform Building By-Law 1984 Requirement And Analysis 1. Constant Air Supply Under UBBL Section 41 – Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning Any application of the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilation the air conditioning enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air conditioning system is not functioning.

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Leisure Mall is a long and short in width in form which both sides are covered majorly by openings such as doors and windows. In case of electricity short circuit, the censored door and casement windows can be opened directly to allow continuation of airflow within the interior spaces.

2. Temperature Control Under MS 1525 code 8.4.1, Temperature Control Each system should be provided with at least one thermostat for the regulation of temperature. Each thermostat should be capable of being set by adjustment or selection of sensors over a minimum range of between 22°C to 27°C. -

There is a thermostat at the top floor’s ACMV at Leisure Mall that measures the temperature of the building. Therefore, the average temperature of Leisure Mall will remain constant at 23°C.

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7.7 Student Observation Analysis Cooling tower and shell and tube chiller plant are commonly in use as because of the water base characteristic of the system which is cheap in cost and is a renewable source. Furthermore, water is also a good heat or cold conduction medium which could efficiently channel the temperature between pipes or other components in the chiller plant. The function of chiller plant was suppose to serves as an efficient air conditioner and to cool down interior temperature device, However, the maintenance of the chiller plant in Leisure Mall is quite poor as there are cracks on the pipes which the function of insulation of the rock wool to the internal pipe system would be weaker, and thus, lowered the efficiency of the of the temperature conduction between the pipes and the components in the chiller plant.

Moreover, the untreated cool and warm air collector room are full of dust, which the function of the filter in filtering unwanted air particles would become more harmful to the occupants in the shopping mall.

Therefore, there should have a constant maintenance on the chiller plant in Leisure Mall so that the durability of the machines and pipeworks can be longer, and the working burden of the chiller plant can be lowered through the constant inspection to the pipeworks and ducts.

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