8 dikova djourmanski lambev 2013 by Serge

ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ К ИЗУЧЕНИЮ ЭХИНАЦЕИ

позвоАило получить урожайность корней 17,8, травы- 53,4 u/ га, что на

39,0

65 ,8%

больше относительно контрш1я. Предпосевно евнесе

ние удобрений в условиях орошения позвоАИJ>.о по;>.учить дополни

теАьно сухой травы

38,9 u/ га и 7,3 u/ га корней против контроля.

Согл.асно полученных результатов исс л едований можно сделать вы вод о том, что на культуре эхинацеи примен е ние капе л ьного орошения

с предпосевным внесением минеральных удобрений в дозе

(NPK)90

обеспечивает наиболее высокую урож:айность травы на уровне 71 , l u/ га и корней 20,1 u/га. Применение препаратов Наномикс, Микасан и Фи тоспорин против пятнистости позв оляе т сократить распространение и

развитие болезни и сохранить урожай травы от

20 до 31 %. Наивысшую

до

41 %,

кор н ей

от

эффективность против группы сосу щих насеко

мых (к,>.опы, цикады) показали препараты Нанамикс и Актофи т, к от о

рые снижали их заселенность на

32 и 40/о

раненный урожай сухой травы составил

соответственно, при этом сох

37/о,

корней

- 31 и 22/о.

Библио г рафия

Кривун енко В . П., Ганькович Н.М., Горошка В.В.Екологiчно

безпечнi методи за хисту лiкарських рослин вiд шкiдникiв i хвороб 11 Рацiональне використавня конф.,

14-16

грудня

1994

охорона земельних ресурсiв: Т ез и д оп.

р.- К.,

1994.-

С.

89-90.

Кривун енко В.П . , Ганькович Н.М., Горо шка В.В. Особливостi за

хисту лiкарських рослин вiд шкiдливих органiзмiв

11 ШАяхи рацiональ

ного вико р ис та вня земельних ресурсi в Укра!ни: Те.iи доп. Мiжнар. наук. конф. моА. учених

i спецiа ;>.iстiв, 16-17 березня 1995 р. - К., 1995.- С. 14 3. i х вороб сiльськогосподарсъких Урожай, 1986.- 293 с .

ОмеАюта В. П. Об;>.iк шкiдникiв

культур- К. :

ESTABLISHMENT OF ECONOMICALLУ IMPORTANT VIRUSES O.N ECHINACEA PURPUREA AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON ТНЕ YIELD Bistra Dikova1 , Anatoli Djourmanski' and Hristo Lambeyl 1N. Poushkarov Institute for Soil Science, Agrotechnologies and PJant Protection (ISSAPP), 7 Shosse Bankya Str., 1080 Sofia, Bulgaria, e-- шaiJ: b.dikova@abv.bg

Раздел 2

БИОЛОГИЯ , ИНТРОДУКЦИЯ И ВЫРАЩИВАНИЕ ЭХИНАЦЕИ

lnstitute of Roses, Essential and Medical Cultures (IREMC) 49 Osvobozhdenie Bld., 6100 Kazanlak, Bulgaria, e-mail: dzhurmanski@abv.bg e-mail: lambev_iremk@abv.bg Резюме. На медицинской культуре Эхинацея

purpurea L. Moench.),

(Echinacea

выращиваемой в Болгарии, обнаруже~/Ы

вирусные заболевания, причиненные следующими вирусами:

Alfalfa mosaic virus ( AMV), Cucumber mosaic virus ( CMV), ТоЬас со mosaic virus (TMV) , Tomato spotted wilt viгus (TSWV) и Potato virus У ( PW) - на протяжении трехлетнего периода с 2008г. по 201 О г. Перечисленные вирусы присутствуют в растениях в са мостоятельной или смешанной инфекции,

образуют пятна,

иногда типичную м озаику н а листве. Стебли, листные петуры

и соцве тия уменьшаются ростом, высота стеблей тоже умень шается. Более распространенными (свыше 45%) являются AMV, CMV и TMV. Отчетливая разница м ежду листы1ми в пят нах (симптомы вирусных болезней) и бессимптоМными (кон трольными, практически здоровыми) растениями ус тановле

на на примере биометрических показателей: высота стебля,

число стеблянных листьев и число соцветий. Растения с пят нами вирусного происхожд ения более низкие , имеют неболь

шое число листьев и соцветий в сравнении с бессимптомны ми. Урожай семя н некоторых растений с пятнами в два раза меньше , с1ем урожай семян бессимптомных, ничтожный или отсутствуют у других растений, которые преждевременно по гибают из-за увядания и высыхания. Урожай листьев у расте ний с пятнами вирусного происхождения от двух до не сколь

ких раз меньше, чем у бессимптомных. В ес корней у растений с пятнами в несколько раз ниже, чем у бессимптомных расте ний. Влияние вирусной болезни на Эхинац еевую куль туру воз можно ограничить в значительной степ ени , если вести борьбу с переносчиками вирусов (тлей и трипсами) и сорняками, ор гани зовать пространственную изоляцию Эхинацеевых насаж дений от овощных и цветочных культур и т. д.

Summary. Virus diseases we re estaЬ/ished оп plants of Echinacea purpurea ( L.) Moench ., cultivated in Bu/garia, in а three year study- 2008-201 О. They were caused Ьу the fo/lowing viruses: Alfalfa mosaic virus ( AMV), Cu cumber mosaic virus ( CMV}, ТоЬас со mosaic virus (TMV) , Tomato spo tted wilt virus (TSWV) апd Po tato virus У ( PVY) . Those viruses were present in the p /an ts in selfsufficient or mixed infection and sometimes caused typical mosa-

ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ К ИЗУЧЕНИЮ ЭХИНАЦЕИ

ic оп the leaves, dwarfing of leaf laminas and racemes and decrease of stem height. AMV, CMV апd TMV were the most widespread (over 45 %). Clear distiпct differeпces betweeп the spotted plaпts (with symptoms of virus diseases) апd symptomless (coпtrol practically healthy) plaпts were estaЬ/ished Ьу Ьiometrical iпdexes: height of the stem, number of the stem leaves апd number of racemes. The spotted plaпts were lower апd with iпsufficient number of leaves апd racemes iп comparisoп with the symptomless plaпts. The yield of seeds from some spotted plaпts was twice lower iп comparison with the yield of symptomless plaпts. The yield of seeds was insignificaпt or there was попе iп other spotted plaпts that died prematurely, because of witheriпg апd fully drying. Т11е yield of /eaves (herba) from the spotted p/ants was twice to several times /ower in comparisoп with the symptomless plants. The weight of roots from the spotted plants was several times lower iп comparisoп with the symptomless plants. The influence ofvirus diseases оп Echinacea purpurea plaпts could Ье consideraЬ!y restricted Ьу pest control- timely extiпctioп of the vectors ( aphids and thripses), spatial isolatioп of the purple coneflower fields from vegetaЬ!e and flower plots апd weed coпtrol as reservoirs of virus iпfection , etc.

The purp!e coneflower (Echinacea purpurea L. Moench) originates from North America where this plant species is found in natural field in the USA and Southeгn Canada. The climate and soils ofBulgaria a re very suitaЬle for the cultivation of this medicina! culture. Virus diseases have influence on yield quantity and quality of the purple conefl ower - the most powerful immunostimulator among curative plants. The yield of leaves, roots and seeds in virus infected echinacea plants decreases consideraЬly, moreover there are changes in their chemical composition with possible effect immunostimulating properties [1, 9]. Horvath et а!. (2006) [8] have established mixed infection of the following viruses: CMV, TMV, TSWV and PVY in Hungary. Тhе same virнses and AMV were proven and in Bulgaria, too [3, 4, 5]. PVY was diagnosed only once in one plaпt in mixed infection wi th CMV and AMV [3]. The objective of the stнdy is the estaЬlishment of economically important viruses on purple coneflower (Е. purpurea L. Moench.) and their influence on the yield of seeds, leaves (herba) and roots. Material and methods. Samples of purple coпeflower plants were analyzed for а period of three years- 2008- 2010. The samples were collected in the trial fields of the Institute of Roses, Aromatic and Medicinal 38

Раздел 1. БИОЛОГИЯ , ИНТРОДУКЦИЯ И ВЫРАЩИВАНИЕ ЭХИНАЦ ЕИ

Cultures (IRAMC) and pгivate gaгdens nеаг Kazanlak, Bulgaгia . Most plants showed symptoms of the viгus diseases, the symptomless wеге га ге. Each sample fгom an individual plant was analyzed Ьу ELISA method (DAS-ELISA); [2] with kits puгchased fгom the Geгman сотраnу LOEWE, Biochemica fог the following viгuses: Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), ТьЬассо mosaic virus (TMV), Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and Potato virus У (PVY). The extinction values wеге measuгed on spectгophotometeг SUMAL РЕ, Каг! Zeiss, Jena, Geгmany at а wave length of 405 nm. Optical density (OD) ог extinction means the logaгithm of the гatio between intensity (If) of fallen and passed (Ie) liglн via the solutions: OD = lg (If / Ie). All samples showing values two and а half times higheг than the negative cont гols wеге assumed as viгus positive, i.e. viгus carrieгs.The negative contгols wеге samples of symptomless healthy plants and positive contгols, i.e. infected indicatoг plants with one of the viгuses (AMV, CMV, TMV, TSWV and PVY) as well as the positive contгols fгom the kits. The extinction values (the optical density) of the samples wеге pгoces sed Ьу statistical analysis of Student's cгiteгion, quoted Ьу Lidanski (1988) [10]. Aveгage extinction values of optical density wеге calculated as well as standaгt deviation. The confidence intervals were at а significance rate of р S. 0.05 as per Student's criterion. The confidence intervals of the positive and negative extinction values for the samples are given in ТаЬ!е 1. The indicator method of Noordam (1973) [11] was used for some of the samples. Those were plants with conspicuous symptoms of one of the following viruses: AMV, CMV, TMV, TSWV and PVY or those with the greatest extinction values, measured Ьу ELISA. Biometrical measurements were performed with symptomless plants of Е. purpurea and those with symptoms of ligЬt green or yellow spotting of the leaves, wilting and drying of the leaves and whole plants in the process of the vegetation. Those plants originated from а three- year old plantation witЬ puгple coneflower in а pгivate garden in Kazanlak, Bulgaria, planted with vegetaЬies mostly with tomatoes and cucumbers except for the Е. pи1-purea plants. Results and discussion. The economically important viruses for Е. purpurea in Bulgaria аге those, transmitted Ьу aphids: AMV and CMV as well as the mechanically transmitted TMV (ТаЬ!е 1). These three viruses were widespread in over 45 % of plants and caused symptoms of spotting 39

ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ К ИЗУЧЕНИЮ ЭХИНАЦЕИ

and even symptoms of mosaic on the leaves. Thrips transmitted TSWV was widespread in 27"/о from Е. purpurea plants. It caused yellow spotting on the leaves, too. TSWV was estaЬlished on one purple coneflower plant with symptoms on the leaves, typical for this virus - chlorotic dark red ring spots, turning into brown necrotic spots [ 4]. EstaЬlishment

of economically important viruses on Echinacea purpurea with DAS-ELISA

Name of virus раthogen

Optical density (OD) of the positive of the negative extinction valu- extinction values for the vir uses es for the viruses

Number of analyzed samples

Number of samples with viruses

Perceпtage

45 .5

1.1 21

0.290

0.121

0.011

55.5

0.458

0.086

0.138

0.017

50.0

0.399

0.156

0.139

0.043

27.3

0.333

0.071

0.056

0.013

3.13

0.103

0.011

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) Alf~lfa_ mo-1

satc vtrus (AMV) - Tomato mosaic virus (TMV) Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) Potato virus У (PVY)

1.125

CMV - Control negative - 0.112 OD; Control positive- 0.876 buffer - 0.087 OD. AMV - Control negative- 0.134 OD; Control positive- 0.677 OD; fer - 0.105 OD. TMV- Control negative- 0.091 OD; Control positive- 0.981 OD; fer- 0.058 OD. TSWV - Control negative- 0.033 OD; Control positive- 1.554 buffer- 0.037 OD 40

OD; bufbufOD;

Раздел

1. БИОЛОГИЯ, ИНТРОДУКЦИЯ И ВЫРАЩИВАНИЕ ЭХИНАЦЕИ

PVY- Coпtrol пegative- 0.108 OD; Control positive- 1.780 OD; buffer --0.1 10 OD. One isolate of CMV fro m one Е. purpurea plant was identified Ьу test (indicator) plants as well: Chenopodium quinoa, Cucumis sativus, CucurЬita реро vат. gimmonia, Nicotiana glutinosa and Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun NN [6]. This isolate caused mosaic оп the leaves along with wilting and drying of single leaves or whole stems from the tufts (Plate 1, Figure 2).

Figur e 1. Symptomless ( without symptoms of virus diseases) plaпt Е . purpurea (L.) Моепсh.

Figure 2. Symptoms of mosaic оп three leaves оп the right, caused from ап isolate of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) оп Е . purpurea (L.) Моепсh;

left-

symptornless leaf.

Figure 4. Tuft from flowel'ing Е. pю- purea ( L.) Moench with spotting and dwarfing leaves and stems, caused Ьу virus diseases.

Figure 3. Plaпtatioп ofE. purpurea (L.) Моепсh with symptoms of virus diseases ( spotting) оп the leaves.

ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ К ИЗУЧЕНИЮ ЭХИНАЦЕИ

The plantations of Е. purpurea must Ье kept clear of the insects- vectors ofviruses: aphids for AMV, CMV, PVY and thripses for TSWV. Single stocks of aphids from the species Aphis gossypii Glover (cotton aphid) were estaЬlished in the trial fields with Е. purpurea of IRAMK in Kazanlak in the months April, Мау andJune. Aphids migrate to other crops and weeds, in search of better condition for development. Older purple coneflower plants are not appealing for the aphids. These aphids were not fo und in the late r stages of vegetation of Е. purpurea plants in July and August. Myzus persicae Sulzer (green peach aphid) and Dactynotus ambrosiae Thomas were reported as pests on Е. purpurea in the world literature [7]. Thripses were found on Е. purpurea racemes in single numbers and in dozens. The main species was Frankliniella occidentalis that appeared in higher compactness from Мау to July. Sprouts, containing viruses, grew from the roots of the purple coneflower plants, infected during the first year and two and three ye ar old plantations showed а high percentage of infection with spotted plants and dwarfing of the leaves and stems. The spotting of the purple coneflower plants in ТаЬlе 2 is most probaЬly due to one or with virus origin of the presented with sureness due to one or several economically important viruses in ТаЬlе 1, mainly AMV, CMV and TMV. 2. Effect ofvirus diseases on the yield ofEchinacea purpurea. Biometrical measurings of three year old purple coneflower plants with and without symptoms of virus diseases Evidences Descripti ons of symptoms Num ber of plant

Number of yellow spots in 'Уа 23 Jun 09

NumStem, ber of NumyeJJow Yield Yield Yield he- Stem spots seeds herba roots ight wi dt h Number Numbe r ber of in in of roset- ofste m race(g ) (g) in 'l'o (g ) mes 23 (cm) (cm) te leaves leaves Aug 09

Symptom less

605

75 5

205

Symptom less

270

810

185

Раздел 1. БИОЛОГИЯ , ИНТРОДУКЦИЯ И ВЫРАЩИВАНИЕ ЭХИНАЦЕИ

NumEviber of denyellow ces Descripti spots ons of in 'l'o symptoms 23 Jun Num

ber of plant

Number of Stem, yellow Yield Yield Yield he- Stem Numspots seeds herba roots ight width Number Number ber of (g) (g) in% in (g) in of гoset- of stem race 23 (cm) (cm) te leaves leaves mes Aug

09 Light green or yellow spots; desiccated Jeaves Light green o r yellow spots Light green or yellow spots; death in August Ligh t green or yellow spots;desiccated leaves Light green or yel-1 low spots

120

215

14 1

1 1

212

140

1 1

The Ьiometrical indexes of the spotted purple coneflower plants with numbers 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 were compared with Ьiometrical indexes of symptomless plants with numbers 1 and 2. The differences between the two groups of plants- spotted and symptomless- were observed in: the height ofstem (65, 68, 45, 57 and 57 cm. for spotted vs. 86 and 78 cm. for symptomless); numberofstem leaves (24, 45, 25, 75,32 vs. 205 and 185\eaves) and number of racemes (3, 14, 1, 28, 18 vs. 38 and 32 racemes). The differences in width of stem ( diameter) and number ofrosette leaves between the spotted and symptomless plants were lower. The spotted plants 43

--------- - -- - - - - - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - -

ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ К ИЗУЧЕНИЮ ЭХИНАЦЕИ

were lower, with smaller number ofleaves and racemes in comparison with the symptomless (control) plants. The differences in the sizes of organs reflected on yield. Plants 4 and 7 had light green or yellow spots. Plants 3, 5 and 6 showed some leaf drying in addition to the yellow spots and number 5 died in August. The seed yield from spotted plant 4 was nearly twice lower than seed yield of the symptomless plants 1 and 2. Spotted plants 5 and 6 produced no seeds. The seed yield of plants 3 and 7 was insignificant. The yield of leaf mass (herba) from spotted plaпts 4 and 7 was twice to several times lower in comparison with the symptomless 1 and 2. The spotting of virus origin is frequently related to wilting and full drying of the purple coneflower plant, as in number 5. The yield of seeds, herba and roots was insignificant or поnе from the wilting plants 3, 5 and 7 (ТаЫе 2). Two hundred E.purpurea plants were planted in the first year iп а private garden in Kazanlak town, 97of them, normally developed, remained in the third year. А hundred and three or more than half of the purple coneflower plants died in the period of three years. This perishiпg was due to different factors - virus phytopathogens, phytoplasma pathogens and environmental conditions (dry land, high or low temperature). In order to minimize the damage, caused Ьу viгuses, there should Ье space isolation between vegetaЬie and flower plantations, because these cultures are attacked Ьу the same viruses as E.purpurea. Timely control must Ье conducted with the vectors of the viruses and with weeds in purple coneflower plantations. Conclusion. The economically important viruses on E.purpurea in Bulgaria are: Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), ТоЬассо mosaic virus (TMV) and Тотаtо spotted wilt virus (TSWV). The virus diseases caused twice to several times lower yield of seeds, herba and roots.The plants with symptorns of virus diseases, which died due to wilting or drying, produced insignificant yield or поnе at all. References 1. Bellardi М. G., Rubles-Autonell С., Hudaib. М. Effect of Cucurnber Mosaic Virus Infection on The Quality of Echinacea purpurea Root Extracts 11 Journal of Plant Pathology, 2001.- 83,1. - Р. 69-70. 2. Clark М . , А. Adarns Characteristics of the microplate method of enzyrne linked Irnmunosorbent assay for the detection ofplant viruses 11 J. Gen. Virol. 1977.- 34.- Р. 475- 483.

Разд ел

1. БИОЛОГИЯ , ИНТРОДУКЦИЯ И ВЫРАЩИВАНИЕ ЭХИНАЦ ЕИ

3. Dikova В. EstaЬ!ishment of some viruses-polyphagues on economically important essential oil-bearing and medicinal plants in Bulgaria // Biotechnol.& Biotechnol. Eq. - 2009. - 23. - Р. 80-84/ Se Special Edition/ on line. 4. Dikova В. Tomato spotted wilt virus on some medicinal and essential oil -bearing plants in Bulgaria // BulgarianJournal of Agricultural Science, 2011. - 17,3.- Р. 306-313 . 5. Dikova В. Virus diseases on some essential oil-bearing and medicinal plants in Bulgaria // Agricultural Science. 2012.- 45, 1.- Р . 22-34. 6. Dikova В., Djourmanski А. , Lambev Н. Isolation of Viruses(Polyphagues) from Some Important Medicinal Plants in в·illgari a //Journal of Balkan Ecology, 2010.- 13, 1. - Р. 33- 45. 7. Eastman J. The Book of Field and Roadside: Open-country Weeds, Tre es and W ildflow ers of Eastern No r tЬ Am erica , 2003.- 118 р. 8. Horva th т., Baracsi Е., Takacs А. et а!. Virus infection of Ornamental Plan ts in H~ngary // Cereal ResearcЬ Communications. - 2006. - 34, 1, (Part II). - Р. 485 - 488. 9. Koreneva А.А., Viter A.V., Goroshko V.V., Mishchenko L.T. Study on virus diseases in Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench. and its influence on content of carbonhydrogensin raw material // Proceedings of the materials of the international conference on topical proЬ!ems of integrated plan t pro tection, Appendix, Minsk, 24-27 July, 2007. - Р. 122-129. 10. Lidanski Т. Statistical methods in Biology and Agriculture. ZEM IZDAT, Sofia, 1988. 11. Noordam D. Identification of Plant Viruses . - Wageningen PUDOC. 1973.

КУЛЬ ТУРЫ КЛЕТОК И ТКАНЕЙ ЭХИНАЦЕИ ПУРПУРНОЙ КАК ПЮДУЦЕНТЫ ГИДЮКСИКОРИЧНЫХ КИСЛОТ Дитченко Т.И . , Балухо А.В., Юрин В . М. Б е л ору сс кий г ос уда р ств е н ный у ниверсит е т , пр. Не за висимости,

220030,

г . Ми н с к , РеспубАика Бе А арус ь,

ditchenko@bsu.by

Резюме. В статье рассмотрены п одходы, направленные на оптимизацию условий культивирования

purpurea

in vitro Echinacea

в качеств е исто чника гидр о ксик о ричных ки слат и их

633.88+615.32 :58 42.14+53.52 и 66

УДК

БЕК

Инновационные подходы к изучению зхипацеи: Материал ы Между

И66

народной научной конференции. Полтава: Дивосвiт ,

2013. - 228

П олтава,

25-27

июня

2013

г.

с.

ISBN 978-617-633-073-8. О с вещены результаты интродукции ра:шичных видов рода Эхинацся (Ec hiпa

cea Moenclt),

особенности их биологии, культивиров ания , фитохимни и фRр:\с\ако

логи и, использования в гуманитарной медицине, зоотехнии. Изл ожены резу.~ь таты ра з работки технологий изготовления препаратов и функци о нальных про дуктов с эхинацеей.

Представленi результати iнтроду"цii рi з них видiв род у Ехiнаuея (l<; c l1 iпacea

Moench) , особливостi

iхньоi бiологil, "ультивування , фiтoxiмii

фар :\с\акологii , ви

користання в гуманiтарнiй медипинi, зоотехнi1. Ви"л аденнi результати роз р обки

технологiй виготовлення препаратiв та функцiональних продуктiв з ехiнапеею .

The results of different species of Echinacea genus introduction (Echinacea Moench), peculiarities of th.eir Ьiology, cultivation, photochemistry апd phaпnacology, usag·e in humaпitariaп and veterinary medicine, zootechnics are given. The results of working out the technology of preparations апd functional products with Echinacea are stated. Ergebnisse der Introduktion von verschiedenen Arten der Echinacea Gattung (Echinacea МоеnсЬ), Besordenheiten ihrer Biologie, Kul tivieren , Phitochemien und Pharmakologie, Beпнtztшg in Ншnав - 1.111d \' eteriп armediziп , ZootecJшie (Tierzucl1tlehre) sind erlaнtert. Da bei sind die Erg ebnisse der A usarbeitung der Heгste llнng stechnologoe der funktionellen Produkte aus Echiпacea dargestellt. Ре дакционная коллегия: С.В. По спелов ( ответственный редактор), В .Н . Самородов (научный редактор),

Л.А . Г.:~ущенко, И.В. Корнев, Н . Н . Опара, П . В. Пи саренко, В.Ф. Почерняева .

На первой странице обложки- новый сорт эхинацеи nурпурной

Moencl1)

(Echinacea purpшea (1.)

"Герхард Мадаус" . (Авторы В.Н. СаtVюрод ов, С. В. Поспе.Jiов). Фото С. В. Поспелова.

М а териалы поготовлены к печати Полтавским отделениеNI Укра инекого ботаничеr: кого общества, напечатаны на языке оригинала.

УДК ББК

633.88+ 615.32:58 42.14+53.52

ISBN 978-617-633-073-8.

2013.