Avoiding plagiarism

Ms. Carrie Aldrich, Mr. Benjamin Niedbalski, Mr. Sulaiman Jenkins and Mr. Richard Snelson

 “Many people say that it is the intellect

which makes a great scientist. They are wrong: it is character.”  What makes a scientist have good

character?

ď‚— 1. Define plagiarism and intellectual property and

understand the importance of original contributions in the sciences ď‚— 2. Elicit information from scholarly sources and use summarizing and note-taking skills to incorporate results into an academic essay ď‚— 3. Make in-text citations and a list of References using Vancouver Style

o is your own rendition of essential information and ideas expressed by someone else, presented in a new form. o is one legitimate way (when accompanied by accurate documentation) to borrow from a source. o retains the main idea of the original text.

Adapted from: owl.english.purdue.edu

o it is better than quoting information from an undistinguished passage. o it helps you control the temptation to quote too much.

o the mental process required for successful paraphrasing helps you to grasp the full meaning of the original. o it shows your reader that you understand the concepts you are writing about.

Adapted from: owl.english.purdue.edu

1.

Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning.

2.

Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card.

3.

Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you envision using this material. At the top of the note card, write a key word or phrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase.

4.

Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form.

5.

Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source.

6.

Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper.

Adapted from: owl.english.purdue.edu

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Flagellum

Rough ER

Smooth ER

Nuclear envelope Nucleolus

NUCLEUS

Chromatin

Centrosome Plasma membrane CYTOSKELETON: Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Ribosomes Microvilli

Golgi apparatus

Peroxisome Mitochondrion

Lysosome Dr. J Moghraby BIOL101

Fimbriae Nucleoid Ribosomes Plasma membrane Bacterial chromosome

Cell wall

Capsule 0.5 Âľm

(a) A typical rodshaped bacterium

Flagella

Dr. J Moghraby BIOL101

(b) A thin section through the bacterium Bacillus coagulans (TEM)

Nucleus 1 µm

Nucleolus Chromatin Nuclear envelope: Inner membrane Outer membrane Nuclear pore Pore complex

Surface of nuclear envelope

Rough ER Ribosome

1 µm

0.25 µm

Close-up of nuclear envelope

Pore complexes (TEM)

Nuclear lamina (TEM)

Original Text: Of the more than 1000 bicycling deaths each year, threefourths are caused by head injuries. Half of those killed are school-age children. One study concluded that wearing a bike helmet can reduce the risk of head injury by 85 percent. In an accident, a bike helmet absorbs the shock and cushions the head.

Legitimate paraphrase: The use of a helmet is the key to reducing bicycling fatalities, which are due to head injuries 75% of the time. By cushioning the head upon impact, a helmet can reduce accidental injury by as much as 85%, saving the lives of hundreds of victims annually, half of whom are school children

o Referencing is a standardized way of acknowledging the sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignments and which allows the sources to be identified. o It is important to be consistent when you are referencing.

Why reference? o Referencing is important to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations and to enable readers to follow up what you have written and more fully understand the cited author’s work. o It also shows that you are knowledgeable about and able to interact with important studies in your field.

o Record the full bibliographic details and relevant page numbers of the source from which information is taken. o Punctuation marks and spaces in the reference list and citations are very important. Follow the punctuation and spacing exactly.

o Insert the citation at the appropriate place in the text of your document. o Include a reference list that includes all in-text citations at the end of your document.

o In-text citations are references provided in the body of a paper to each work cited - books, journal articles, reports, class lectures, material from the internet and the like. o Consecutive numbers (either in parentheses or superscript) are used for the sources cited.

o The same number is used for a source throughout a paper. o This number is determined by the first citation of the source. So, for example, if a work is the fourth source cited in a paper, it will be referred to as [4] throughout that paper.