Chapter 2/Interactions 2 City Life A City That’s Doing Something Right creative
imaginative/inventive , full of ideas
collection
bringing things together
issue
a subject or problem that is often discussed or argued about, social issues
urban
relating to towns and cities ≠rural
pollution
limit
the process of making air, water, soil etc dangerously dirty and not suitable for people to use to control something so that it is not greater than a particular amount, number or level
outdoors
outside, not in a building [≠indoors]
to address
if you address a problem, you start trying to solve it
variety
many different types of things or people
aspiration
something that you hope to achieve
pride
a feeling of pleasure for something you have achieved
advantage
something that helps you to be more successful than others
common
belonging to or shared by two or more people or things
solution
the answer to a problem
feature
a quality or an important part of something
modern
made or done using the most recent designs or methods [= up-to-date]
growth
an increase in the size or the importance of something
predict
expect, foretell
nightmare
an unpleasant event or experience
population
all the people living in a particular country, area or place
overcrowded
containing too many people or things
due to
because of
crime
an illegal activity
gridlock
a situation where roads in a town become so blocked by cars, traffic jam
horrible
very unpleasant or bad
commute
to regularly travel a long distance to get to work
-1-
access
the right to enter a place, use something, see someone etc
worsen
to become worse or make something worse [≠improve]
mayor
the person who has been elected to lead the government of a town or city
affluent
rich
prove
to show that something is true
resident
living or staying in a place
former
happening or existing before, previous
architect
someone whose job is to design buildings
practical
a practical person is good at dealing with problems, reasonable
leadership
the position of being the leader of a group
priority
something that is very important and must be dealt with before other things
income
money that is earned from doing work
exchange
the act of giving someone something and receiving something else from them
trash
garbage
neighborhood
an area of a town or city
produce (noun) recycle
food or other things that have been grown or produced on a farm to be sold to put used objects or materials through a special process so that they can be used again
environment
the air, water and land in or on which people, animals and plants live
mass-transit
methods of transport by which large numbers of people can travel around a city
subway
a railway system that runs under the ground below a big city [= underground]
load
to put a large quantity of something into a vehicle or container [≠unload]
pleasant
enjoyable or attractive and making you feel happy [= nice]
crop
the amount of wheat, rice, fruit etc that is produced in a season [= harvest]
a drug addict
someone who is unable to stop taking drugs
volunteer
to offer to do something without expecting any reward
cultivate
to plant and take care of a particular crop [= grow]
herbal
made of herbs
syrup
a type of sweet liquid medicine
to counsel
to advise someone
encourage
to give someone the courage or confidence to do something -2-
allow
permit
willing
prepared to do something, or having no reason to not want to do
incorporate
to include something as part of a group, system, plan etc
take advantage
to use a particular situation to do or get what you want
pedestrian
someone who is walking
zone
area
Recommend
to say that something or someone is good for a particular purpose or job
dweller
a person or animal that lives in a particular place
symbol
a sign, shape or object which is used to represent something else
bloom
a flower or flowers: beautiful red blooms
imply
suggest
infer consist symptom
to form an opinion that something is probably true because of information that you have to be made of or formed from something something wrong with your body or mind which shows that you have a particular illness, sign
syndrome
an illness which consists of a set of physical or mental problems
tiredness
feeling tired
infection
a disease that affects a particular part of the body and is caused by bacteria a virus
mysterious
difficult to explain or understand, strange
expert
someone who has a special skill or special knowledge of a subject
investigate
to examine a crime, problem, , etc. carefully to discover the truth
nationwide
happening or existing in every part of the country, everywhere
smog
dirty air that looks like a mixture of smoke and fog
mold
or
a soft green or grey growth which develops on old food or on objects that have been left for too long in warm wet air
pollutant
a substance that pollutes
particle
a very small piece of something: dust particles
occur
happen
source
origin -3-
synthetic
man-made, artificial
lack
when there is not enough of something, or none of it [= shortage]
ventilate infection
to let fresh air into a room, building etc a disease that affects a particular part of the body and is caused by bacteria or a virus
leak
to escape from a hole or crack in a pipe or container
release
to let a substance flow out
toxic
poisonous
tight
firmly attached and difficult to move
seal
to close an entrance or a container with something that stops air, water etc from coming in or out of it
defoliate
to make the leaves drop off a plant, especially by using strong chemicals
interaction
a process by which two or more things affect each other
sore
painful
combination
mixture
accidentally
happening without being planned or intended, by chance
-4-