Roman History Portfolio

B S C

S A T Y E N D R A G A D G I L I N T E R I O R D E S I G N S E M

4

I N D E X

R E P O R T S 1 . R O M A N

M Y T H O L O G Y

2 . R O M A N

F O R U M

3 . C O L L O S E U M 4 . P A N T H E O N

S K E T C H E S 1 . R O M A N 2 . R O M A N

C O L U M N S F U R N I T U R E

3 . R O M A N

M O T I F

R O M A N

M Y T H O L O G Y

SATYENDRA GADGIL SY.BSC.INTERIOR DESIGN (SEM4)

CAELUS GOD Caelus or Coelus was a god of the sky in Roman myth and theology and literature. Its name usually appears in masculine form when he is thought of as a male generative force. According to Cicero and Hyginus, Caelus was the son of Aether and Dies ("Day" or "Daylight").

TELLUS GODDESS Tellus is a Latin word meaning "Earth" and may refer to: Tellus Mater or Terra Mater, the ancient Roman earth mother goddess. Tellus of Athens, a citizen of ancient Athens who was thought to be the happiest of men

JUPITER GOD Jupiter (Latin: Iuppiter) is the king of the gods in Roman mythology. He was the god of the sky and thunder. He is known as Zeus in Greek mythology. His brother's name was Pluto and his sister was Ceres

JUNO GODDESS Juno (Latin: Iūnō), in Roman mythology, is the wife of Jupiter and the queen of the gods. She was later identified with the goddess Hera, the wife of Zeus in Greek mythology. She was the goddess of marriage and childbirth.

She was called Juno Regina ("Queen").

NEPTUNE GOD Neptune was the Roman god of water and the sea, and was very similar to the Ancient Greek god Poseidon. He had two brothers: Jupiter, the god of the sky and chief of the Roman gods, and Pluto, the Roman god of the dead. Neptune was often shown carrying a trident, a three-pronged spear used for catching fish

PLUTO GOD Pluto is the god of the underworld in Roman mythology. Pluto was also the god of wealth because diamonds and other jewels come from underground. A myth about Pluto is that he took Proserpina, who was the daughter of Ceres, to the underworld to be his wife.

The dwarf planet Pluto was named after this god.

VESTA GODDESS Vesta was the goddess of the hearth, the home,and domestic life in the Roman religion (idenitified with the Greek goddess Hestia). She was the first-born of the titans Kronos and Rhea and, like the others, was swallowed by her father.

SATURN GOD Saturn (Latin: Sāturnus [saːˈtʊrnʊs]) was a god in ancient Roman religion, and a character in Roman mythology. He was described as a god of generation, dissolution, plenty, wealth, agriculture, periodic renewal and liberation.

CERES GODDESS Ceres was the Roman goddess of agriculture, grain, and the love a mother bears for her child. She was the daughter of Saturn and Ops, the sister of Jupiter, and the mother of Proserpine. Ceres was a kind and benevolent goddess to the Romans and they had a common expression, "fit for Ceres,“ which meant splendid.

APOLLO GOD Apollo is the Greek god of music, poetry, light, prophecy, and medicine. He is one of the Twelve Olympian gods who live on Mount Olympus. Artemis, the Greek goddess of hunting, is his twin sister..

DIANA GODDESS In Roman mythology, Diana was the goddess of hunting, and in later times, the moon and chastity. Cypress trees were sacred to her. She was the daughter of Jupiter and the Titan Latona (or Leto).

In Greek mythology, Diana was called Artemis.

VENUS GODDESS In Roman mythology, Venus was the goddess of love, sex, beauty, and fertility. She was Roman counterpart to the Greek Aphrodite. However, Roman Venus had many abilities beyond the Greek Aphrodite; she was a goddess of victory, fertility, and even prostitution

MARS GOD In ancient Roman religion and myth, Mars (Latin: MÄ rs, pronounced [maË?rs]) was the god of war and also an agricultural guardian, a combination characteristic of early Rome. He was the son of Jupiter and he was the most prominent of the military gods in the religion of the Roman army

MINERVA GODDESS It is presumed that her Roman name , Minerva, is based on this Etruscan mythology. Minerva was the goddess of wisdom, war, art, schools, and commerce. She was the Etruscan counterpart to Greek Athena

VULCAN GOD Vulcan, in Roman religion, god of fire, particularly in its destructive aspects as volcanoes or conflagrations.

Poetically, he is given all the attributes of the Greek Hephaestus. His worship was very ancient, and at Rome he had his own priest (flamen).

MERCURY GOD Mercury. Mercury, Latin Mercurius, in Roman religion, god of shopkeepers and merchants, travelers and transporters of goods, and thieves and tricksters. He is commonly identified with the Greek Hermes, in Roman religion, god of shopkeepers and merchants, travelers and transporters of goods, and thieves and tricksters.

He is commonly identified with the Greek Hermes, the fleet -footed messenger of the gods

BACCHUS GOD Bacchus was adapted from the Greek, Dionysus, and shared mythology with the Roman god, Liber. He was the god of more than just wine. Bacchus was primarily known as the god of agriculture and wine, but was also associated with fertility, drama, and revelry

CUPID GOD Cupid, which means “desire� in Latin, was the god of desire, affection, and erotic love, in Roman mythology. He was usually portrayed as the son of Venus but his father was never clearly identified

FAUNUS GOD Faunus was a Roman pastoral god. The Romans identified him with the Greek god Pan. Some times the Greek god Pan was associated with the different Roman deity Silvanus, the god of wild nature. Like his Greek counterpart, he had the legs and horns of a goat.

SAT Y E N D RA GA D G I L |

S Y. B S c . I N T E R I O R D E S I G N ( S E M 4 )

A B O U T

The Roman Forum was a site located at the center of the ancient city of Rome and the location of important religious, political and social activities. Historians believe people first began publicly meeting in the open-air Forum around 500 B.C., when the Roman Republic was founded. The rectangular-shaped area, sited on lowlying land between Palatine Hill and Capitoline Hill, was home to many of the ancient city’s most impressive temples and monuments.

Today, the Roman Forum is one of the most famous tourist sites in the world, attracting more than 4.5 million visitors annually.

F U N C T I O N S

At first, the Forum essentially served as a marketplace for day-today shopping. Over time, it became much more versatile and functional, as public affairs were held in the area.

Historians estimate that the rise of public events in the Roman Forum first took place around 500 B.C., when the Roman Republic started.

F U N C T I O N S

The Forum was considered the heart of Rome. While there were many other forums in ancient Rome, the Roman Forum was the most significant.

It was a multi-purpose site that accommodated various functions.

Events taking place in the Forum included: •Elections •Public speeches •Criminal trials •Gladiator matches (before the Colosseum was built) •Social gatherings •Business dealings •Public meetings •Religious ceremonies •Educational events •Buying, selling and trading of items

A R C H I T E C T U R E

Roman architects were greatly influenced by classical Greek designs. But, the Romans also created their own signature structures, such as basilicas, triumphal arches, domes, Roman baths and amphitheaters. Materials ranged from concrete to magnificent marble.

L A Y O U T

P L A N

At first glance, the Forum of Rome is somewhat‌disorganized. This area is as old as the city itself, and rather than developing on a central plan, it sort of grew as the city grew, with new buildings being added here and there. In Rome itself, the Forum is located between the Capitoline Hill and Velian Hill, both of which held important government and religious buildings that open into the Forum

L A Y O U T

P L A N

There were several basilicas in the Forum, the oldest being built in 184 BCE, which indicates what an important meeting place this was for Roman citizens.

Each end of the Forum has a large basilica, or public building.

B U I L D I N G S

The Forum gradually developed, progressed and expanded over many centuries. Statues, arches, basilicas and other buildings were constructed to accommodate the gatherings.

Around the reign of Julius Caesar, the Forum became overcrowded. Caesar is credited with building a new forum, off to the side of the original, to offer more space. Later, the Emperor Augustus also added on to the area.

S I T E S

I M P O R T A N T

Several important buildings, statues and monuments were located in the Forum. Some temples were built to honor men, and others were dedicated to gods or goddesses.

S I T E S

S O M E

The senate house, known as the “Curia,� served as the council house for the Roman Senate and a site for various political events. It was rebuilt several times, and in the 7th century, the Curia was converted into a church.

SENATE HOUSE

Some of the most well-known structures in the Roman Forum include:

S I T E S

S O M E

The first Temple of Saturn was built around 498 B.C. and is considered one of the earliest temples in the Roman Forum. But it was rebuilt years later, and the current ruins date back to roughly 42 B.C. This building was dedicated to Saturn, the god of agriculture, and was used as a treasury—where Rome’s money was managed and kept.

TEMPLE OF SATURN

Some of the most well-known structures in the Roman Forum include:

S I T E S

S O M E

This first-century arch was constructed in 81 A.D. by the Emperor Domitian to honor his brother, emperor Titus, who was victorious in the Siege of Jerusalem.

ARCH OF TITUS

Some of the most well-known structures in the Roman Forum include:

S I T E S

S O M E

The Temple of Vesta housed Vesta's holy fire which was a symbol of Rome's safety and prosperity.[1] The temple's most recognizable feature is its circular footprint.

TEMPLE OF VESTA

Some of the most well-known structures in the Roman Forum include:

S I T E S

S O M E

The Rostra was a platform that people could stand on to give speeches

THE ROSTRA

Some of the most well-known structures in the Roman Forum include:

S I T E S

S O M E

Historians believe this temple was completed in about 484 B.C. It was dedicated to the Roman twin demi-gods, Castor and Pollux, and underwent several construction phases.

TEMPLE OF CASTOR AND POLLUX

Some of the most well-known structures in the Roman Forum include:

S I T E S

S O M E

This was the main road that ran through the Roman Forum and connected the various important sites. This famous street also stretched to the Colosseum, which was within walking distance of the Forum. It primarily served as a pathway for ceremonies and processions.

THE SACRA VIA

Some of the most well-known structures in the Roman Forum include:

F O R U M

T R A J A N

This forum was built on the order of the emperor Trajan with the spoils of war from the conquest of Dacia, which ended in 106.The construction began between 105 and 107 according to the Fasti Ostienses the Forum was inaugurated in 112. Trajan's Column was erected and then inaugurated in 113

L A Y O U T

P L A N

The tuff walls which enclosed the piazza to the west and east featured exedrae; outside the exedrae, separated by streets, were markets of concentric shape. The three-story eastern market, known as Trajan's Market, buttressed the excavated edge of the Quirinal Hill. The open space of the Forum measured about 300 feet by 380 feet, and was paved entirely in Carrara marble

F O R U M

A G U S T U S

This forum was the second of the imperial fora. It was built by Augustus (63 B.C.-A.D. 14) adjacent to the Forum of Julius Caesar.

It included an open plaza lined on its long sides by colonnades off of which hemicycles opened on the northern ends. The back wall of the colonnades had niches in which were set statues of famous republican leaders as well as Augustus' own ancestors. Inscriptions below the statues—some of which survive—gave the highlights of the leaders' career. A colossal statue of the Genius of Augustus (14 meters high!) dominated a room decorated with colored marbles at the end of one of the colonnades. The northeastern end of the plaza was closed off by the Temple of Mars Ultor. It was dedicated to the war god in his aspect as the avenger of the assassination of Julius Caesar, Augustus' great uncle and adoptive father. A great wall of peperino stood behind the temple and separated the forum from the noisy lower-class residential area known as the Subura.

L A Y O U T

P L A N

The porches of the longest sides present/display columns corintias of marble veining, and were decorated on top with caryatid shields and crowned gods. Behind the colonnade at the back wall of the arcades and on the walls of the two Exedra, there were a number of niches for embedded statues framed by columns supporting an architrave of cipolino marble. The statues at the base bore writing, the name and dignity of the character represented, while a plate underneath the niche containing the elogium, with descriptions of the different feats completed.

V I E W S

O V E R A L L

F O R U M

T R A J A N

The Forum consisted of a sequence of open and enclosed spaces, beginning with the vast porticolined piazza measuring 300 metres (980 feet) long and 185 metres (607 feet) wide, with exedrae on two sides. The main entrance was at the south end of the piazza, through a triumphal arch at the center commemorating the Dacian Wars, decorated with friezes and statues of Dacian prisoners.[4] The arch was flanked by tall walls built from blocks of Peperino tuff clad entirely in marble, which enclosed the Forum on three sides.

V I E W S

O V E R A L L

V I E W S

O V E R A L L

V I E W S

O V E R A L L

G

( S E M

4 )

A D G I L D E S I G N

A T Y E N D R A S Y. B S C . I N T E R I O R

S

Located just east of the Roman Forum, the massive stone amphitheater known as the Colosseum was commissioned around A.D. 70-72 by Emperor Vespasian of the Flavian dynasty as a gift to the Roman people. In A.D. 80, Vespasian’s son Titus opened the Colosseum–officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater–with 100 days of games, including gladiatorial combats and wild animal fights.

After four centuries of active use, the magnificent arena fell into neglect, and up until the 18th century it was used as a source of building materials. Though two-thirds of the original Colosseum has been destroyed over time, the amphitheater remains a popular tourist destination, as well as an iconic symbol of Rome and its long, tumultuous history.

Even after the decadent Roman emperor Nero took his own life in A.D. 68, his misrule and excesses fueled a series of civil wars. No fewer than four emperors took the throne in the tumultuous year after Nero’s death; the fourth, Vespasian, would end up ruling for 10 years (A.D. 69-79). The Flavian emperors, as Vespasian and his sons Titus (79-81) and Domitian (81-96) were known, attempted to tone down the excesses of the Roman court, restore Senate authority and promote public welfare.

Around 70-72, Vespasian returned to the Roman people the lush land near the center of the city, where Nero had built an enormous palace for himself after a great fire ripped through Rome in A.D. 64. On the site of that Golden Palace, he decreed, would be built a new amphitheater where the public could enjoy gladiatorial combats and other forms of entertainment.

Measuring some 620 by 513 feet (190 by 155 meters), the Colosseum was the largest amphitheater in the Roman world. Unlike many earlier amphitheaters, which had been dug into hillsides to provide adequate support, the Colosseum was a freestanding structure made of stone and concrete.

The distinctive exterior had three stories of arched entrances–a total of around 80–supported by semicircular columns. Each story contained columns of a different order (or style): At the bottom were columns of the relatively simple Doric order, followed by Ionic and topped by the ornate Corinthian order. Located just near the main entrance to the Colosseum was the Arch of Constantine, built in A.D. 315 in honor of Constantine I’s victory over Maxentius at Pons Milvius.

Inside, the Colosseum had seating for more than 50,000 spectators, who may have been arranged according to social ranking but were most likely packed into the space like sardines in a can (judging by evidence from the seating at other Roman amphitheaters).

Awnings were unfurled from the top story in order to protect the audience from the hot Roman sun as they watched gladiatorial combats, hunts, wild animal fights and larger combats such as mock naval engagements (for which the arena was flooded with water) put on at great expense. The vast majority of the combatants who fought in front of Colosseum audiences in Ancient Rome were men (though there were some female gladiators). Gladiators were generally slaves, condemned criminals or prisoners of war.

SY.BSC.INTERIOR DESIGN (SEM4)

SATYENDRA GADGIL

The Pantheon "[temple] of all the gods") is a former Roman temple, now a Catholic church (Basilica di Santa Maria ad Martyres or Basilica of St. Mary and the Martyrs), in Rome, Italy, on the site of an earlier temple commissioned by Marcus Agrippa during the reign of Augustus (27 BC – 14 AD). It was completed by the emperor Hadrian and probably dedicated about 126 AD. Its date of construction is uncertain, because Hadrian chose not to inscribe the new temple but rather to retain the inscription of Agrippa's older temple, which had burned down.

ABOUT

In the aftermath of the Battle of Actium (31 BC), Marcus Agrippa started an impressive building program: the Pantheon was a part of the complex created by him on his own property in the Campus Martius in 29–19 BC, which included three buildings aligned from south to north: the Baths of Agrippa, the Basilica of Neptune, and the Pantheon.

H I S TORY

ARCHITECTURE

and marble columns were imported from Egypt, a land that was part of the Roman Empire.

The Pantheon portico or entryway is a symmetrical, classical design with three rows of Corinthian columns—eight in the front and two rows of four — topped by a triangular pediment.The granite

The building was originally approached by a steps. Later construction raised the level of the ground leading to the portico, eliminating these steps.

P O R T I C O

The pediment was decorated with relief sculpture, probably of gilded bronze. Holes marking the location of clamps that held the sculpture suggest that its design was likely an eagle within a wreath; ribbons extended from the wreath into the corners of the pediment.

P E D I M E N T

The Parthenon frieze, which runs on a continuous line around the exterior wall of the cella, is 1 meter high and 160 meters long. The sculptures are executed in low relief and depict the people of Athens in two processions that begin at the southwest corner and parade in opposite directions until they converge over the door of the cella at the east end of the Parthenon. Almost certainly it represents the Panathenaic procession that was a central celebration in Athens during Classical times.

F R I E Z E

The Pantheon that exists today is composed of a rectangular portico with three lines of granite columns fronting a circular building designed as a huge hemispherical dome that is 43.3 meters in diameter. Note that a portico is by definition, an entrance of a building supported by columns or enclosed by walls.

P L A N

INTERIOR

P L A N

In the interior of the Pantheon, the lines of Greek architecture have been maintained, combined with the characteristic elements of Roman construction, such as the vaults. Externally, the building is a smooth and rounded wall, a huge cylinder crowned by a dome.

The measurements of the circular floorplan are such that if the dome continued its circular trajectory to complete a sphere, it would fit exactly inside the temple and we would have the celestial globe resting on the floor, as the height of the interior space of the dome is also 43.2 metres. On entering the nave, one has the sensation of being in a spherical space, as if one has entered a ball.

F L O O R

The dome is built over a cylindrical structure of the same diameter and of a height that has the dimension of the dome’s radius at 21.65 meters . An interesting observation to make while at the Pantheon is that the rotunda’s internal geometry creates a perfect sphere. The height of the rotunda to the top of its dome matches its diameter

E L E V A T I O N

The 4,535-tonne weight of the Roman concrete dome is concentrated on a ring of voussoirs 9.1 metres (30 ft) in diameter that form the oculus, while the downward thrust of the dome is carried by eight barrel vaults in the 6.4-metre-thick (21 ft) drum wall into eight piers. The thickness of the dome varies from 6.4 metres (21 ft) at the base of the dome to 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) around the oculus.

R O T U N D A

The dome is statically supported on a cylinder with a radius of 21.6 metres, an equal dimension to its height. The wall is six metres thick and is sat upon a foundation ring 7.3 metres thick.

This wall encloses a festoon of brick vaults and arches which transport the weight of the concrete to the points of maximum resistance. Once completed, it had to be reinforced on the East and South sides by appended buildings.

The dome uses a system divided in parallels and meridians, as seen in the form of the coffers, where between concentric rings a self-supporting construction system is produced, whereby in making the whole ring, the “key� can be left in while the scaffolding is disassembled and moved to make the next ring.

D O M E

A circular opening known as the oculus lets the only light in to the Pantheon. The oculus is about 30 feet across. The purpose of the oculus was not only to illuminate the interior but it was also built to let those in the temple contemplate the heavens. The oculus at the top of the dome was never covered, allowing rainfall through the ceiling and onto the floor. Because of this, the interior floor is equipped with drains and has been built with an incline of about 30 centimetres (12 in) to promote water run off.

O C U L U S

No tensile test results are available on the concrete used in the Pantheon; however, Cowan discussed tests on ancient concrete from Roman ruins in Libya, which gave a compressive strength of 20 MPa (2,900 psi). An empirical relationship gives a tensile strength of 1.47 MPa (213 psi) for this specimen.[50] Finite element analysis of the structure by Mark and Hutchison[52] found a maximum tensile stress of only 0.128 MPa (18.5 psi) at the point where the dome joins the raised outer wall.

S T R U C T U R E

The materials used in the concrete of the dome also vary.

At its thickest point, the aggregate is travertine, then terracotta tiles, then at the very top, tufa and pumice, both porous light stones. At the very top, where the dome would be at its weakest and vulnerable to collapse, the oculus actually lightens the load

M AT E R I A L S

VIEWS

VIEWS

OVERALL

OVERALL

OVERALL

F L O O R

P L A N

The measurements of the circular floorplan are such that if the dome continued its circular trajectory to complete a sphere, it would fit exactly inside the temple and we would have the celestial globe resting on the floor, as the height of the interior space of the dome is also 43.2 metres. On entering the nave, one has the sensation of being in a spherical space, as if one has entered a ball.

In the interior of the Pantheon, the lines of Greek architecture have been maintained, combined with the characteristic elements of Roman construction, such as the vaults. Externally, the building is a smooth and rounded wall, a huge cylinder crowned by a dome.

S K E TC H E S