Assignment 3 - a study on the idea house Sime darby properties

ASSIGNMENT 3‐A STUDY ON THE IDEA HOUSE

BAAD2063‐SUSTAINABLE DESIGN 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals and organizations (Sime Darby Properties). I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them.

I am highly indebted to Mr Mustaffa khoir Johari for his guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project & also for their support in completing the project.

I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to industry persons Mr Zairudin (Project excutive/supervisor for Idea House Sime Darby) for giving me such attention and time.

My thanks and appreciations also go to my colleague in developing the project and people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………………………1 TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………………..2 CHAPTER 1: NATURAL VENTILATION 1.1.

1.2.

1.3.

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………3-4 Benefit of Natural Ventilation…………………………………………………………5 Types of Natural Ventilation………………………………………………………….6-7

CHAPTER 2: MALAYSIA TROPICAL CLIMATES 2.1.

2.2.

2.3.

2.4.

2.5.

2.6.

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………8-9 Malaysia Climate condition……………………………………………………………9The Wind Climate of Malaysia………………………………………………………..10-11 Thermal Comfort Ventilation in Malaysia…………………………………………… 11 Passive design strategies in Malay Traditional House……………………………….. 12 Passive indoor temperature cooling method…………………………………………. 13

CHAPTER 3: A STUDY ON THE IDEA HOUSE (NATURAL VENTILATION) 3.1.

3.2.

3.3.

3.4.

3.5.

Project Brief……………………………………………………………………………14 Project Info……………………………………………………………………………..15 House Anatomy / Building Envelope…………………………………………………..16 Layout Plan……………………………………………………………………………..17 Analysis of Natural Ventilation………………………………………………………18-20

CONCLUSSION……………………………………………………………………………… 21 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………22

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CHAPTER 1 1.0. NATURAL VENTILATION 1.1. Introduction Natural ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air through an indoor space by natural means, meaning without the use of a fan or other mechanical system. It uses outdoor air flow caused by pressure differences between the building and its surrounding to provide ventilation and space cooling. Ventilation is used to remove unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduce outside air, to keep interior building air circulating, and to prevent stagnation of the interior air. Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as circulation of air within the building. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in buildings. Methods for ventilating a building may be divided into mechanical/forced and natural types. "Mechanical" or "forced" ventilation is used to control indoor air quality. Excess humidity, odours, and contaminants can often be controlled via dilution or replacement with outside air. However, in humid climates much energy is required to remove excess moisture from ventilation air. These systems use very little energy but care must be taken to ensure the occupants' comfort. In warm or humid months, in many climates, maintaining thermal comfort solely via natural ventilation may not be possible so conventional air conditioning systems are used as backups. Air-side economizers perform the same function as natural ventilation, but use mechanical systems' fans, ducts, dampers, and control systems to introduce and distribute cool outdoor air when appropriate.

Ventilation, whether mechanical or natural, may be used for: • Air Quality Control: to control building air quality, by diluting internally-generated air contaminants with cleaner outdoor air, • Direct advective Cooling (Advective cooling is the transfer of heat into a cooling surface or structure from a gaseous or liquid body): to directly cool building interiors by replacing or diluting warm indoor air with cooler outdoor air when conditions are favourable, • Direct Personal Cooling: to directly cool building occupants by directing cool outdoor air over building occupants at sufficient velocity to enhance convective transport of heat and moisture from the occupants.

• Indirect Night Cooling: to indirectly cool building interiors by pre-cooling thermally massive components of the building fabric or a thermal storage system with cool night time outdoor air.

These four distinct purposes must be kept in mind when designing a natural ventilation system, direct adjectives and personal cooling are reasonably achieved in an integrated manner by a properly designed direct cooling strategy. Consequently, just three purposes are most often noted in the literature – air quality control, direct cooling, and indirect cooling.

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Natural ventilation needs to consider the following:      

Climate - external air temperature and humidity range Prevailing wind direction Surrounding form of landscape and built environment Adverse impact of noise and other forms of pollution Building use and occupancy Thermal comfort temperature range

These considerations will inform a building:    

Orientation and relationship to the site Floor plate depths Organisational layout Envelope design - location of supply and exhaust openings

The challenge that presents itself is to overlay project specific, functional, organisational and contextual requirements with these climatic, geographical and design considerations. On large scale and multifunctional projects this will often lead to a grouping of uses within a building based on their ‘heat loads’ and ventilation requirements. And a corresponding mix of ventilation modes including mechanical, mixed mode and natural ventilation.

Challenge to provide consistent thermal comfort throughout space, coordination with glare control such as curtains and blinds that may affect air flow, occupation of building perimeter.

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1.2. Benefit of Natural Ventilation

The use of natural ventilation is definitely an advantage with the raising concerns regarding the cost and environmental impact of energy use. Not only does natural ventilation provide ventilation (outdoor air) to ensure safe healthy and comfortable conditions for building occupants without the use of fans, it also provides free cooling without the use of mechanical systems.

When carefully designed, natural ventilation can reduce building construction costs and operation costs and reduce the energy consumption for air-conditioning and circulating fans.

An additional bonus is that no longer will any noisy fan be of your concern.

Three key elements:   

Healthy and natural indoor environment Reduced capital and operating costs Low maintenance

At Architects we believe that when approached in an integrated and holistic manner sustainable design initiatives including natural ventilation enrich a project and can help generate innovative, highly interactive and productive social environments with in a sustainable design framework.

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1.3. Types of Natural Ventilation Nevertheless, these systems are invariably conceived as variants of three fundamental approaches to natural ventilation:   

Wind-driven cross ventilation Buoyancy-driven stack ventilation, and Single-sided ventilation

Wind-Driven Cross Ventilation Wind-driven cross ventilation occurs via ventilation openings on opposite sides of an enclosed space.

Figure 1 shows a schematic of cross ventilation serving a multi-room building, referred to here as global cross ventilation. The building floor plan depth in the direction of the ventilation flow must be limited to effectively remove heat and pollutants from the space by typical driving forces. A significant difference in wind pressure between the inlet and outlet openings and a minimal internal resistance to flow are needed to ensure sufficient ventilation flow. The ventilation openings are typically windows.

Figure 1 Schematic of wind-driven cross ventilation

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Buoyancy-Driven Stack Ventilation Buoyancy-driven stack ventilation relies on density differences to draw cool, outdoor air in at low ventilation openings and exhaust warm, indoor air at higher ventilation openings. Figure 2 shows a schematic of stack ventilation for a multi-room building. A chimney or atrium is frequently used to generate sufficient buoyancy forces to achieve the needed flow. However, even the smallest wind will induce pressure distributions on the building envelope that will also act to drive airflow.

Indeed, wind effects may well be more important than buoyancy effects in stack ventilation schemes, thus the successful design will seek ways to make full advantage of both.

Figure 2 Buoyancy-driven stack ventilation Single-Sided Ventilation Single-sided ventilation typically serves single rooms and thus provides a local ventilation solution. Figure 3 shows a schematic of single-sided ventilation in a multi-room building.

Ventilation airflow in this case is driven by room-scale buoyancy effects, small differences in envelope wind pressures, and/or turbulence. Consequently, driving forces for single-sided ventilation tend to be relatively small and highly variable. Compared to the other alternatives, single-sided ventilation offers the least attractive natural ventilation solution but, nevertheless, a solution that can serve individual offices.

Figure 3 Schematic of single-sided ventilation

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CHAPTER 2 2.0. MALAYSIA TROPICAL CLIMATE

2.1. Introduction Malaysia is located in the tropical climates region and has economic growth predicted to be continuously stable for the next three decades. The construction industry growth anticipated that the Malaysian architect and engineer would be able to promote new design concepts of housing that reflect the demand based on the current needs. According to Real Estate and Housing Developers' Association of Malaysia (REDHA), the demand for housing is expected to remain strong for the next 12 to 18 months, after which the market will stabilize.

With variety of houses developed to match the demand, buyers are supplied with ample choices based on their priority. Unfortunately, thermal comfort of the houses seems are not given reasonable consideration among developers. Previously, the low cost of electricity and domestic air-conditioning systems associated with higher expectations of social lifestyle and levels, have contributed to the high popularity of artificial cooling equipment in buildings. However, due to the unpredictable increasing price of electricity and petrol, people have become more environmentally responsive.

The indoor temperature of residential houses in Malaysia has been extensively studied over the last ten years by researchers. In the Malaysian humid tropics, urban houses are found overheat by about 30C throughout a day. A research comparison on overall movement of indoor temperature towards outdoor temperature is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Outdoor versus indoor daily temperature during Malaysian heat wave

Based on the research, hot and humid air is likely trapped indoor for the whole day which caused high indoor temperature. However, in comparison, the outdoor environment is perfectly comfortable for at least 14 hours per day.

In normal tropical situation, the closed attic space under the roof may become hotter than outdoor ambient temperature due to the air stagnant. This excessive heat is transmitted through the bedroom ceilings and becomes stored in the concrete walls and floor slabs. Unlike wooden traditional Malay 8 | P a g e

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house, Malaysia’s urban concrete houses therefore heat up like ovens during the day and barely cool down at night.

The scenario worsens when there is no active air movement in the house. Within compact layout of urban houses nowadays, even the 10% opening size upon the floor area requirement under the Uniform Building By Law 1984 may not help much. In Hong Kong, research shows that architects and designers have to vary the building height in order to maximize the ventilation. This may only success for upper floors while the compact lower floors air remains at its passive movement.

No doubt that there are many approaches through researches to deal with the matter. Insulating the building to prevent heat transfer is the most popular approach especially on roof, wall and window glass. The principle source of the problem is the absorption of solar radiation by the concrete roof tiles and the transmission of the heat into the non-ventilated attic space. Over the years, Malaysian attics have become less and less ventilated, to prevent the spread of fire and to keep out rain, birds and vermin. However, replacing the concrete tiles with a metal roof and insulating the roofs with glass wool or rock wool has proved highly effective in reducing the sealed attic space temperature to outdoor ambient.

As most of the houses nowadays are hotter inside compared to outside as shown in Figure 1, any house that can maintain its indoor temperature close to the outdoor may see as good enough. Due to that, most designs try to open as much ventilation holes to balance the temperature by encouraging air movement. Besides, few designs even go more radical in the concept of open plan where more walls are omitted in the design. Anyway this approach may just balance the temperature indoor and outdoor without cooling it far.

2.2. Malaysia’s Climate Condition Malaysia lies between 1º and 7º North latitude and 100º and 120 º East longitudes. Malaysia has two main land areas which is the Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia. Being very close to the equator, it naturally experiences an equatorial climate which is characterized by hot and humid condition and heavy rainfall throughout the year with no distinct dry season. It also enjoys abundant sunshine all year round and experiences an almost constant temperature with a yearly mean of between 26ºC and 27ºC. The mean maximum daytime temperature is between 29ºC to 32ºC while the mean minimum temperature is between 22ºC to 24ºC at night in the coastal areas. Because it is surrounded by the sea and receives heavy rainfall throughout the year with an annual average of about 2000mm to 3500mm, its high humidity and heavy cloud cover causes a low yearly diurnal temperature of about 2ºC. Daily diurnal temperature is higher, i.e. between 5ºC to 12ºC (Samirah, 1998). Malaysia falls under the influence of the Southwest Monsoon and the Northeast Monsoon. The Southwest Monsoon originates from Australia and blows across the Sumatera Island and the Straits of Malacca in the months of May to September. During Southwest Monsoon season, the West coast of Malaysia and Sabah and South of Sarawak receives heavy rainfall. The Northeast Monsoon originates from the central Asian continent and blow across the South China Sea through Malaysia to Australia from the months of November to March (Majid, 1996). All area in Malaysia which area faces and exposes to the South China Sea will not only receive heavy rainfall during these months but will also receive the strongest winds. Thus the monsoons will bring about more intense rainfall. Generally, Malaysia experiences light winds of variable speed with the minimum wind speeds occurring just before dawn and the maximum, in the afternoon. This pattern is controlled by convection in the surface boundary layer as the sun heats the ground during the day and is cooled by radiation during the night (Exell, .R.H.B. and Fook, C.T. 1985).

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2.3. The Wind Climate of Malaysia It is essential to know the geographical conditions of Malaysia in order to understand its wind climate. Malaysia is made up of two major sectors: the Peninsula and the eastern sectors (Sarawak and Sabah) in the northern part of the island of Borneo. The Peninsula is bounded by Thailand in the north, separated from the island of Sumatra by the Malacca Street along its western coast, detached from the small island of Singapore by the Teberau street in the south, and separated from the eastern sectors by the South China Sea in the east Peninsular Malaysia, experiences a hot-humid tropical climate with no distinct seasonal variation (Yeang, 1992). The peninsula is narrow and divided into two flat coastal plains by the central mountain ranges. The primary and secondary forest that covers almost three quarters of the land area is important in modifying the climate near the ground by absorbing heat, moderating temperature, giving shade and modifying the wind climate (Yeang, 1992). At macro scale, peninsular Malaysia and the other parts of Southeast Asia are influenced by the major air streams that originate from the North-east and Central Asia, the North Pacific, Australia, the South Indian Ocean and the South Pacific (Takashi, 1993). The air streams pass over Southeast Asia in three main directions and form boundaries.

The three boundaries are (as suggested by Majid, 1996): 1- The Northern Equatorial Airstream boundary.

2- The Southern Equatorial Airstream boundary.

3- The Combined Airstream boundary.

The winds that blow over peninsular Malaysia and other parts of Southeast Asia are related to the above three airstreams and are normally associated with the rainfall in this area (Thomson, 1980). The patterns of air flow created by the airstreams divide the year into three seasons: 1- The north-east Monsoon.

2- The south-west Monsoon.

3- The transitional periods between the monsoons.

Table 1: Summary of wind flow over peninsular Malaysia (Majid, 1996)

Table 1 shows that in the month of November or early December until around March, the strong north-east monsoon arrives in the peninsular with heavy rain especially on the east coast. This is followed in the month of April or May by a transitional period of between half a month and two months with weak and variable winds. In the months of June to September or early October a less

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strong south-west wind blows over the northern part of the peninsular. However, at about the same time the southern part of the peninsular, especially below latitude 5°N, experiences a light southerly wind. The southwest and southerly winds are never strong and are sometimes overshadow by the land and sea breezes. Finally, in the months of October and early November there is another transitional period of weak and variable wind. Other important wind phenomena in peninsular Malaysia, especially in the coastal regions, are the land and sea breezes. These winds are developed by the differential heating and cooling over land and sea. The sea breeze begins at about 10 am and blows with the greatest force in the early afternoon and fades out at sunset (Mcliveen, 1992), while the land breeze normally takes over in the late evening and night. The land breeze is never as strong as the sea breeze and is only felt within a range of about 16 km from the shore (Yeang, 1992). However, both of these breezes can reach a maximum average speed of about 3 m/s and are able to overshadow the monsoons in some areas. The prevailing north-easterly winds are too strong to let the land breeze develop along the east coast and the sea breeze along the west coast. Since the south-west monsoons are not as strong as those from the northeast, a reversal situation may also occur, but only for a limited period. On the whole, the surface winds over peninsular Malaysia are generally mild, with a maximum speed of about 8 m/s and gust speeds of less than 13 m/s (Majid, 1996). The percentage of calm period (periods of no wind) ranges between 20% and 50%, and varies from place to place (Mcliveen, 1992), Local squalls occur, caused by the differences in local topography that disrupt the smooth flow of air streams. Line squalls may accompany a moving air stream and intensify the wind.

Both squalls are normally very active from May to August, but may vary from place to place. The most well-known line squalls, which normally occur along the west coast of the peninsular, are the "Sumatras" (Majid, 1996).

2.4. Thermal Comfort ventilation in Malaysia Condition Fanger (1970) defined thermal comfort for a person as a condition of mind, which expresses satisfaction with thermal environment. It also can be termed as thermal neutrality for a person (Fanger, 1970; Abdul Razak, 2004). Thermal comfort is affected by two main factors (Fanger, 1970; Abdul Razak, 2004): 

Environmental factor (air temperature, relative humidity, air movement.

Radiation.Subjective factor (activity, clothing, age, sex, heath condition, food and drink, skin color, human size

In the room, thermal comfort is achieved through the process of removing the heat load in the room when the internal environment is too hot and stuffy. Meanwhile, for human thermal comfort the most important parameter that can provide thermal comfort is the air movement or the air velocity (m/s) that passes the human body rather than airflow rate (m2/s) and air change rate (ACH) (Ansley, 1999, Givoni, 1998, Abdul Razak, 2004). This is known as ventilation for psychological cooling. The airflow and air change rate is more toward providing the healthy living room. Psychological cooling can be achieved through air movement that passes by the surface of human skin. This process of convection and evaporation of sweat secretion helps to cool down the skin surfaces. This will maintain the normal human body temperature at 37°C. Since the velocity of the air inside a building has an effect on air temperature and relative humidity, its presence is very important in human life.

However, there are limits with respect to the range of air velocity that is considered acceptable for thermal comfort in a building. The acceptable range of air velocity for thermal comfort especially for Malaysia’s hot and humid condition Md. Rajeh (1989) can be achieved by introducing 1.0 m/s air velocity.

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2.5.Passive Design Strategies in Traditional Malay Houses The importance of discovering indigenous design and methods of construction cannot be over emphasized. As what been and being studied on indigenous architecture in some countries, many works in this area has also been done in Malaysia especially on its passive design strategies. Most traditional Malay House shares the same strategies to attain optimal climatic control which include; 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Allowing adequate ventilation for cooling and reduction of humidity.

Using of low thermal capacity building materials so that little heat is transmitted into the building.

Controlling direct solar radiation Controlling glare from the open skies and surroundings Protecting against heavy rain Assuring adequate natural vegetation in the surroundings to provide a cooler microclimate

Figure 3- Climate design of the traditional malay house

As what shown in Figure 3, most traditional Malay houses were designed with elevated floors, high double tiered roof, large window opening and open concept interior space layout. These characters allow ample natural ventilation to move around and across the building. Elevated floors enable cross ventilation to move underneath the floors that may cool the floor materials. At the same time, gaps between the wood flooring may also allow air movement to sip into the building or vise versa.

As what we understand from the stack effect phenomenon, the higher the upper opening from the lowest opening, the better the ventilation performance will be caused. Thus, high attic with double tiered roof as what designed in most traditional Malay houses seems very significant to stack effect ventilation. The potential may also be supported by the ample size of window openings of the building.

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Besides that, implementing open concept plan may also enhance the air movement inside the house. Conceptually, for a single unit of house, only bedrooms are required to be enclosed with walls, whereas dining and living halls may design as open spaces with roof coverage. Be them that way, the halls may still perform their functions.

Figure 4: Open concept building interior layout to enhance air movement

2.6. Passive Indoor Temperature Cooling Method Besides relying on the natural ventilation, the building envelope itself has to be able to maintain the coolness generated by the air movement. As the temperature kept low inside the building during hot weather outside, the air will keep pressing through the building openings, thus creating non-stop natural ventilation for the building. A key feature of a passive house is that they incorporate very high standards of insulation. This reduces the amount of heat penetration through the wall to keep the indoor temperature cool in hot and humid area and vise versa in cold area.

Building Envelope Insulation Insulating the building is essential to keeping the building cool in hot weather. As most of heat penetration is through the roof and wall, proper insulation systems are required to be installed to the roof and wall.

Color of Building Envelope Considering the color for the building is also important in the approach to cool the house effectively.

Dark-colored home exteriors absorb 70% to 90% of the radiant energy from the sun that strikes the home's surfaces. Some of this absorbed energy is transferred into the house by way of conduction, resulting in heat gain. In contrast, light-colored surfaces effectively reflect most of the heat away from your home.

Shading Shading is actually the simplest approach in the process of cooling the house. Up to 40% of the costs of cooling can be saved by shading techniques such as landscaping, working the drapes and blinds.

Trellises may be placed on the hottest side of the house, and blocked out at least 6" from the wall to protect the wall and provide a buffer of cool air.

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CHAPTER 3 3.0.A STUDY ON THE IDEA HOUSE (NATURAL VENTILATION)

3.1.Project Brief The Idea House is a socially, economically and environmentally responsive prototype dwelling that will provide an insight into future tropical living. It is a showcase of the latest in green technologies and their integration into a passive house design to become the first carbon neutral residence in Southeast Asia.

The house demonstrates the importance of having a sustainable process in place in order to deliver a sustainable product. A multi-disciplinary collaboration of architects, engineers, landscape designers, urbanists, contractors and suppliers has minimised the project programme and forged the creation of what will be a benchmark in sustainable design that reinterprets the Malay Kampung house.

The collaboration brings together some of the best innovations, solutions and green technology available to improve energy efficiency in homes and reduce the consumption of limited resource.

The developer will systematically adopt strategies in the house in part or in entirety, demonstrating their commitment to furthering the cause of creating sustainable futures for future generations.

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3.2. Project Info

Key Plan

Site Plan And Location Plan

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3.3. House Anatomy/ Building Envelope

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3.4. Layout Plan

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3.5.Analysis of Natural Ventilation (The Idea House) The open plan nature of the house, coupled with the ability for the external and internal walls to be slid back to remove any physical internal/external barrier, capitalises on its ability to be crossventilated. Orientating the living spaces in a south westerly direction allows for the harnessing of the prevailing southwest wind that takes place 80 percent of the year and therefore reduces the need for artificial methods of ventilation and air flow. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis confirmed that the curvilinear profile reduced wind eddy with no obstructions. Internal temperature and humidity levels were also lowered, with the wind velocity of 1 m/s within building being more than the 0.6 m/s required by Green Mark.

The Diagram showing wind from southwest direction into the building.

The Curvilinear profile shape will be allow wind-direction by gently.

The picture showing open plan living concept which is allow wind-driven cross ventilation

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Sustainable Strategies diagram: -

CFD

(Computing Fluid Dynamics) Analysis:-

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The Material involved:

The picture above showing louvers fins which is allow 90% fresh air regardless of wind direction.

The comparison standard window or opening:-

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CONCLUSSION There are still a lot of factors that may contribute in enhancing the natural ventilation. While at the same time, ventilation itself may not be enough to provide a good thermal condition for the interior space as it may also involve the relative humidity of the air and the temperature itself. On the other hand, cooling process for human though is not only relied on the air temperature as it also involve the sensible heat cooling which very much related to the activities held in the room. Different setting and location of the building may also require different approach in providing a good thermal condition of the building, thus opening an ample room of researches and studies in this field.

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REFERENCES 1.

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http://www.greenprospectsasia.com/content/building-sustainably-tropical-southeast-asia http://www.sheerindustries.com/blog/?p=171 http://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs46.html http://archichoong.blogspot.com/2010/09/idea-house-malaysia.html http://www.e-architect.co.uk/malaysia/sime_darby_idea_house.htm http://www.pomeroystudio.sg/main/academic/Idea-House-118 http://www.architecture.com/SustainabilityHub/Designstrategies/Air/1-2-1-3-naturalventilationcrossventilation.aspx http://openbuildings.com/buildings/sime-darby-idea-house-profile-40300 http://www.worldbuildingsdirectory.com/project.cfm?id=3198 http://archichoong.blogspot.com/2010_09_01_archive.html http://trendsideas.com/Article15009/TheGulfAndAsia http://www.bca.gov.sg/publications/SustainableArchitecture/others/sa_11issue1.pdf http://www.architectus.com.au/sustainability/articles/natural-ventilation

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