LED CONTROL AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS Dr. Ian Rowbottom Principal Applications Engineer Lutron Electronics
Common lighting control methods • 3 Wire Phase Control • 2 Wire Phase Control • 0-10V • DALI • EcoSystem
Which picture do you use and why?
3-wire Phase Control - Analog Advantages
Disadvantages
• RTISS
• Zones are
• Long field history
dependent on circuits • Must pull third high voltage wire for retrofit installations
• THD < 10% • Low dimmer
dissipation • Control and power in same conduit
2-wire Phase Control - Analog Advantages
Disadvantages
• Easy retrofit
• Light level sensitive to line
voltage variation • Audible noise • THD/THC over 30% - think of this as potential interference that radiates throughout the building – Use for small
installations
• Dissipation in dimmer
0-10V Technology – Analog; fixture companies favorite! Advantages
Disadvantages
• Zones independent
• Sensitive to wire length
of circuits • THD < 10% • Low dimmer dissipation
Think this
and control noise • Class 2 wiring may need conduit (depending on local code) • 4 wires to mess-up per zone • No real standard followed
More on this outdated technology later
DALI - Digital Advantages
Disadvantages
• Every fixture is
• Requires
addressable • Reconfiguration easy • Individual fixture control • Polarity/topology free
commissioning • No control protocol defined (expected Maybe in 2015) • Failed ballast requires recomissioning of entire system
EcoSystem - Digital Advantages • Every fixture is addressable • Re-configuration capabilities • Individual fixture control • Polarity/topology free • Replacement ballasts address
themselves after failure • No interfaces required for daylight, occupant, or personal control
Think this
Deep Dive into 0-10V vs Digital • Why is 0-10V so popular? • We are told its “free” • Misunderstood what it means at installation • Non proprietary?
• Do you still have your old analog modem on your
commodore 64 and connect to AOL?
• No silly, the whole world uses digital 10/100/1000Mb/s
• What standards are followed for 0-10V control? • There are some, but they are not followed • Interference can be a problem, but it is often overlooked
Lets fully understand 0-10V • Protocol works by varying the voltage over the two control
wires (purple and gray) from 0 volts to 10 volts • A separate Switched Hot and Neutral wire are required to
turn the ballasts/drivers on and off • Depending on the manufacturer of ballast and control, the
control wires may need to be run separately from the line voltage wires (hot and neutral)
0-10V Inrush currents â&#x20AC;˘â&#x20AC;Ż NEMA has a standard NEMA-410 which sets limits on the
inrush current for Drivers and ballasts. Here is a section from the NEMA allowable inrush levels vs steady state:
On a 5A load at 277V, during turn-on I could expect a peak inrush of 320A!
0-10V Control or is it 10V -0 • Two control methods: current sink and current source • The IEC standard for general lighting requires: • Control to be the current sink • The ANSI standard for theatrical lighting requires: • Control to be the current source • You CANNOT mix controls, ballasts or drivers from these two standards • Meeting the standard will ensure compatibility but not performance
0-10V Control IEC 60929 for General Lighting • What it defines: • The
Sink
Source
ballast/driver sources the
current for the 10 Volts • The
control sinks the current
• At 10 Volts or above, the lights go to full • At 1 Volt or below, the lights go to their
minimum level • It does not define dimming
performance, power performance, lifetime, etc
Question? how do you make the driver “free”
0-10V Control ESTA E1.3 for theatrical lighting • What it defines:
• The
Source
Sink
control sources the
current • The
ballast sinks the current
• 10V is 100% light • 0V is off
Confusion results from 0-10V LED fixtures that are developed for the theatrical market and are moving into general lighting or the fixture manufacture wants a “free” driver, so removes parts.
0-10V is an open protocol! • Not so with LED, the fixture is UL listed with the driver.
You cannot change out the driver to a different model number as this violates the UL listing and would require retesting the whole fixture at UL or with a UL inspector. • 0-10V dimming cures are all over the map: • From SMUD study – July 2013
Digital Control - EcoSystem 2 conductor, polarity free, topology free. Purple and purple to keep it simple EcoSystem Bus Ballast
Ballast
Legend: flow of information
Sensor
Low-voltage keypad
LED driver
ESN
to QS Link
Sensor
• Multiple controls; Ballasts can have sensors, talk and listen • Collision detection/avoidance implemented from the start • Feedback on controls • 3-byte protocol • Power is independent of control so can come from any circuit • Differential signal; subtract one from the other to eliminate interference
Inrush specification for Lutron digital drivers Excerpt from 40W A-Series Driver: • Inrush Current: < 2 A • Inrush Current Limiting Circuitry: eliminates circuit breaker tripping, switch arcing and relay failure This driver draws approximately 0.15A at 277V, so a 5A load would be about 34 drivers. This would equate to an inrush of less than 68A. Remember the “free” 0-10V at 5A, that would have an allowable inrush of 320A If they followed NEMA-410, but in practice they are much higher!!!!!!!!
Reality for 0-10V
0.4A per 25W load at 120V, and 0.2A at 277V. This will yield approximately 25 on a 5A control at 277V. Each has 50A inrush. So worst case on a 277V circuit at 5A nominal load, we will have an inrush of 1250A! Ouch. The good news is that this manufacturer gave us the data, most manufacturers simply do not publish the data.
Let’s compare installation requirements using a classroom example • Base design, wireless using single room Energi TriPak
solutions to keep comparison fair. • LED fixtures • Daylight control required to meet code • Personal control required by customer
ETP PowPak Dimming Module • Modules available for different applications: • 0-10V energy management • High performance digital dimming • Look very similar, install the same way
Purple and Gray
Purple and Purple
PowPak Dimming Example Requirements: • 2 daylight zones • 1 interior zone • Whiteboard zone • 2 gang local control
Whiteboard
Window
Contractor wants to use 0-10V
0-10V energy management dimmingSystem construction Daylight Control 0-10V PowPakâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Switched hot AND 0-10V. Make sure All the zones are Wired correct Without wiring mistakes Lots of button presses
Zone 3 Non Daylight
Zone 2
Interior Zone
Personal Control To Make the white Board zone work We have to rewire
Zone 1
More button presses!!! Can other systems use 1 sensor for multiple controllers?
Specifier insists on digital dimming
EcoSystem High Performance dimming â&#x20AC;&#x201C; System Construction Daylight Control
Zone 3 Non Daylight
EcoSystem PowPak Simple class 1 or 2 wiring, Topology and polarity free. We do not care about the Power wiring; just as long As the drivers/ballasts Have power
Interior Zone
Zone 2
Personal Control To make the whiteboard Zone we simply press Buttons to program
Zone 1
More typical spec sheet!
Okay, what is it, what range etc?
PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS How to make your LED installation work
Steps for a Successful System Use the following questions to match expectations with performance: 1.
What type of LED product am I using: a lamp or fixture?
2.
What is the dimming range of the lamp/fixture?
3.
What is the dimming performance of the product?
4.
What is the minimum or maximum number of lamps/fixtures that can be connected to one dimmer?
5.
What type of control does the LED product operate on? LED Control Center of Excellence 1.877.DIM.LED8 LEDs@lutron.com www.lutron.com/LED 27
What type of LED product am I using? • LED Bulbs (LEDi’s) • • •
Designed to replace standard incandescent or screw-in CFL bulbs Edison base sockets Integral drivers which determine dimming performance (if dimmable)
•
LED Fixtures – Variable in purpose (cove lights, down lights, 2x2, etc.) – Usually have an external driver – Some fixtures have multiple driver options to support different control technologies and applications (dim vs. non-dim, 0-10V vs. DALI) 28
What is the dimming range of the fixture? • Dimming range varies greatly • Some may dim only to 50%, others to 1% • Incandescent lamps dim to below 1% • (orange filament glow)
• Select a dimming range suitable for your application • •
20% dimming: suitable for a lobby, atrium, office, etc. 1% dimming: necessary for a restaurant, media room, etc.
• Measured light vs. perceived light • •
Use caution when comparing and selecting products Not all manufacturers use the same standard
29
What is the dimming range of the fixture? • Difference between measured
and perceived light • Measured light: the amount of light
as shown on a light meter • Perceived light: the amount of light
that your eye interprets due to dilation • 20% measured = 45% perceived
30
What is the dimming performance of the product? • May not be given in the spec or literature • What to watch out for: Flicker • The unexpected modulation of light level
•
Pop-on • The level the light is at when it is turned off is the level it should return to when it is turned back on
•
Drop-out • The light should only turn off when the switch is turned off.
•
Dead-travel • Adjusting the control without a corresponding change in light level
•
•
Audible Noise 31
How many LEDs can be connected to a dimmer? • Minimum number of lamps • •
Dimmer / driver performance may suffer with too little load Most incandescent dimmers require a 25 – 40 watt minimum
• Maximum number of lamps The simple calculation is wrong • 600 watt dimmer / 10 watt LED = 60 LEDs per dimmer: WRONG!
•
•
Start-up inrush and repetitive current increases draw
32
How many LEDs can be connected to a dimmer? •
Start-up inrush and repetitive current – Lutron testing has shown a 10 watt LED is similar to a 100w incandescent (in terms of max current , NOT power used) –
This means, a 600 watt dimmer can safely support roughly six LED lamps (typically between 7 and 20 watts)
–
Note: Only applies to phase control products
33
On what type of control does the LED operate? • Control type refers to the signal and wiring between the
wall control and fixture / lamp • • •
Lamps generally use only forward/reverse phase control Fixtures can use any method The LED and control MUST use the same control type!
• Control Options • • • • • •
Forward Phase Reverse Phase 3 Wire 0-10V DALI DMX 512
34
Recap - Steps for a Successful System 1.
What type of LED product am I using: a lamp or fixture?
2.
What is the dimming range of the lamp/fixture?
3.
What is the dimming performance of the product?
4.
What is the minimum or maximum number of lamps/fixtures that can be connected to one dimmer?
5.
What type of control does the LED product operate on? LED Control Center of Excellence 1.877.DIM.LED8 LEDs@lutron.com www.lutron.com/LED
35
HOW TO MAKE A SUCCESSFUL INSTALLATION Tools and Advice by Lutron
LED Product Selection Tool
LED Testing Program
LED Control Center of Excellence • A resource for you and your customers to get answers
on any LED control question, including: • • • •
Control Options System Compatibility Tested/Non-tested products Educational information to share with a customer
• Ways to reach us: • 1-877-DIM-LED8 • LEDs@lutron.com • www.lutron.com/LED
Lutron Dimming Drivers
Hi-lume® A-Series LED Driver The world’s first LED driver to offer smooth, continuous, 1% dimming for virtually any LED fixture. • A wide range of current and voltage options up to 40 Watts • Residential and Commercial ratings and control options
• Guaranteed performance
Hi-lume® A-Series LED driver Constant Current Drivers: • Typically used when controlling a single
Constant Voltage Drivers: •
Typically used in when multiple fixtures or strips of LED’s may be added on – Linear cove, track, troffer
•
10 Volts to 40 Volts (in 0.5V steps)
•
Up to 40 Watts
load or standalone fixture • (1 to 1 applications) • 200mA to 2.1Amps (in 10mA steps) • Up to 53 Watts
Hi-lume® A-Series Spec Points • Multiple control options for a scalable solution • EcoSystem® digital controls • 3-wire fluorescent controls • Forward Phase Controls (neutral wire required) • 1% Dimming for all control types • Commercial and Residential options • Compact and Linear enclosures (K and M) • Universal Voltage (120V-277V)
Lutron LED Driver portfolio 5-Series 5% LED dimming for every application
Hi-lume A-Series The first, configurable, 1% dimming LED driver
40W 1% EcoSystem/3 Wire 120-277V and 40W 1% 2-wire Phase 120V
53W 1% EcoSystem/3 Wire 120-277V
40W 1% EcoSystem/3 Wire 120-277V and 40W 1% 2-wire Phase 120V Available in ED!
35W 5% EcoSystem 120-277V
75W 5% EcoSystem 120-277V
Summary • •
Lutron is here to help with your LED installation Follow 5 simple steps: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
What type of LED product am I using: a lamp or fixture? What is the dimming range of the lamp/fixture? What is the dimming performance of the product? What is the minimum or maximum number of lamps/fixtures that can be connected to one dimmer? What type of control does the LED product operate on?
• How do I get help? • 1-877-DIM-LED8 • LEDs@lutron.com • www.lutron.com/LED
One last example, how Do they all dim? All drivers shown turn on to their low-end light level
10%
0%
Lutron 1% fade-to-black
What will you use, Digital or Analog, Lutron or ?
Questions?