LED AND CONTROLS

LED CONTROL AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS Dr. Ian Rowbottom Principal Applications Engineer Lutron Electronics

Common lighting control methods • 3 Wire Phase Control • 2 Wire Phase Control • 0-10V • DALI • EcoSystem

Which picture do you use and why?

3-wire Phase Control - Analog Advantages

Disadvantages

• RTISS

• Zones are

• Long field history

dependent on circuits • Must pull third high voltage wire for retrofit installations

• THD < 10% • Low dimmer

dissipation • Control and power in same conduit

2-wire Phase Control - Analog Advantages

Disadvantages

• Easy retrofit

• Light level sensitive to line

voltage variation • Audible noise • THD/THC over 30% - think of this as potential interference that radiates throughout the building – Use for small

installations

• Dissipation in dimmer

0-10V Technology – Analog; fixture companies favorite!

Advantages

Disadvantages

• Zones independent

• Sensitive to wire length

of circuits • THD < 10% • Low dimmer dissipation

Think this

and control noise • Class 2 wiring may need conduit (depending on local code) • 4 wires to mess-up per zone • No real standard followed

More on this outdated technology later

DALI - Digital Advantages

Disadvantages

• Every fixture is

• Requires

addressable • Reconfiguration easy • Individual fixture control • Polarity/topology free

commissioning • No control protocol defined (expected Maybe in 2015) • Failed ballast requires recomissioning of entire system

EcoSystem - Digital Advantages • Every fixture is addressable • Re-configuration capabilities • Individual fixture control • Polarity/topology free • Replacement ballasts address

themselves after failure • No interfaces required for daylight, occupant, or personal control

Think this

Deep Dive into 0-10V vs Digital • Why is 0-10V so popular?

• We are told its “free” • Misunderstood what it means at installation • Non proprietary?

• Do you still have your old analog modem on your

commodore 64 and connect to AOL?

• No silly, the whole world uses digital 10/100/1000Mb/s

• What standards are followed for 0-10V control?

• There are some, but they are not followed • Interference can be a problem, but it is often overlooked

Lets fully understand 0-10V • Protocol works by varying the voltage over the two control

wires (purple and gray) from 0 volts to 10 volts • A separate Switched Hot and Neutral wire are required to

turn the ballasts/drivers on and off • Depending on the manufacturer of ballast and control, the

control wires may need to be run separately from the line voltage wires (hot and neutral)

0-10V Inrush currents â&#x20AC;˘â&#x20AC;Ż NEMA has a standard NEMA-410 which sets limits on the

inrush current for Drivers and ballasts. Here is a section from the NEMA allowable inrush levels vs steady state:

On a 5A load at 277V, during turn-on I could expect a peak inrush of 320A!

0-10V Control or is it 10V -0 • Two control methods: current sink and current source • The IEC standard for general lighting requires: • Control to be the current sink • The ANSI standard for theatrical lighting requires: • Control to be the current source • You CANNOT mix controls, ballasts or drivers from these two standards • Meeting the standard will ensure compatibility but not performance

0-10V Control IEC 60929 for General Lighting • What it defines: • The

Sink

Source

ballast/driver sources the

current for the 10 Volts • The

control sinks the current

• At 10 Volts or above, the lights go to full • At 1 Volt or below, the lights go to their

minimum level • It does not define dimming

performance, power performance, lifetime, etc

Question? how do you make the driver “free”

0-10V Control ESTA E1.3 for theatrical lighting • What it defines:

• The

Source

Sink

control sources the

current • The

ballast sinks the current

• 10V is 100% light • 0V is off

Confusion results from 0-10V LED fixtures that are developed for the theatrical market and are moving into general lighting or the fixture manufacture wants a “free” driver, so removes parts.

0-10V is an open protocol!

• Not so with LED, the fixture is UL listed with the driver.

You cannot change out the driver to a different model number as this violates the UL listing and would require retesting the whole fixture at UL or with a UL inspector.

• 0-10V dimming cures are all over the map: • From SMUD study – July 2013

Digital Control - EcoSystem 2 conductor, polarity free, topology free. Purple and purple to keep it simple EcoSystem Bus Ballast

Ballast

Legend: flow of information

Sensor

Low-voltage keypad

LED driver

ESN

to QS Link

Sensor

• Multiple controls; Ballasts can have sensors, talk and listen • Collision detection/avoidance implemented from the start • Feedback on controls • 3-byte protocol • Power is independent of control so can come from any circuit • Differential signal; subtract one from the other to eliminate interference

Inrush specification for Lutron digital drivers Excerpt from 40W A-Series Driver: • Inrush Current: < 2 A • Inrush Current Limiting Circuitry: eliminates circuit breaker tripping, switch arcing and relay failure This driver draws approximately 0.15A at 277V, so a 5A load would be about 34 drivers. This would equate to an inrush of less than 68A. Remember the “free” 0-10V at 5A, that would have an allowable inrush of 320A If they followed NEMA-410, but in practice they are much higher!!!!!!!!

Reality for 0-10V

0.4A per 25W load at 120V, and 0.2A at 277V. This will yield approximately 25 on a 5A control at 277V. Each has 50A inrush. So worst case on a 277V circuit at 5A nominal load, we will have an inrush of 1250A! Ouch.

The good news is that this manufacturer gave us the data, most manufacturers simply do not publish the data.

Let’s compare installation requirements using a classroom example • Base design, wireless using single room Energi TriPak

solutions to keep comparison fair.

• LED fixtures • Daylight control required to meet code • Personal control required by customer

ETP PowPak Dimming Module • Modules available for different applications: • 0-10V energy management • High performance digital dimming • Look very similar, install the same way

Purple and Gray

Purple and Purple

PowPak Dimming Example Requirements: • 2 daylight zones • 1 interior zone • Whiteboard zone • 2 gang local control

Whiteboard

Window

Contractor wants to use 0-10V

0-10V energy management dimmingSystem construction Daylight Control 0-10V PowPakâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Switched hot AND 0-10V. Make sure All the zones are Wired correct Without wiring mistakes Lots of button presses

Zone 3 Non Daylight

Zone 2

Interior Zone

Personal Control To Make the white Board zone work We have to rewire

Zone 1

More button presses!!!

Can other systems use 1 sensor for multiple controllers?

Specifier insists on digital dimming

EcoSystem High Performance dimming â&#x20AC;&#x201C; System Construction Daylight Control

Zone 3 Non Daylight

EcoSystem PowPak Simple class 1 or 2 wiring, Topology and polarity free.

We do not care about the Power wiring; just as long As the drivers/ballasts Have power

Interior Zone

Zone 2

Personal Control To make the whiteboard Zone we simply press Buttons to program

Zone 1

More typical spec sheet!

Okay, what is it, what range etc?

PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS How to make your LED installation work

Steps for a Successful System Use the following questions to match expectations with performance: 1.

What type of LED product am I using: a lamp or fixture?

2.

What is the dimming range of the lamp/fixture?

3.

What is the dimming performance of the product?

4.

What is the minimum or maximum number of lamps/fixtures that can be connected to one dimmer?

5.

What type of control does the LED product operate on?

LED Control Center of Excellence 1.877.DIM.LED8 LEDs@lutron.com www.lutron.com/LED 27

What type of LED product am I using?

• LED Bulbs (LEDi’s) • • •

Designed to replace standard incandescent or screw-in CFL bulbs Edison base sockets Integral drivers which determine dimming performance (if dimmable)

•

LED Fixtures – Variable in purpose (cove lights, down lights, 2x2, etc.)

– Usually have an external driver – Some fixtures have multiple driver options to support different control technologies and applications (dim vs. non-dim, 0-10V vs. DALI) 28

What is the dimming range of the fixture?

• Dimming range varies greatly • Some may dim only to 50%, others to 1% • Incandescent lamps dim to below 1% • (orange filament glow)

• Select a dimming range suitable for your application • •

20% dimming: suitable for a lobby, atrium, office, etc.

1% dimming: necessary for a restaurant, media room, etc.

• Measured light vs. perceived light • •

Use caution when comparing and selecting products Not all manufacturers use the same standard

29

What is the dimming range of the fixture?

• Difference between measured

and perceived light • Measured light: the amount of light

as shown on a light meter • Perceived light: the amount of light

that your eye interprets due to dilation • 20% measured = 45% perceived

30

What is the dimming performance of the product?

• May not be given in the spec or literature • What to watch out for: Flicker • The unexpected modulation of light level

•

Pop-on • The level the light is at when it is turned off is the level it should return to when it is turned back on

•

Drop-out • The light should only turn off when the switch is turned off.

•

Dead-travel • Adjusting the control without a corresponding change in light level

•

•

Audible Noise 31

How many LEDs can be connected to a dimmer?

• Minimum number of lamps • •

Dimmer / driver performance may suffer with too little load Most incandescent dimmers require a 25 – 40 watt minimum

• Maximum number of lamps The simple calculation is wrong • 600 watt dimmer / 10 watt LED = 60 LEDs per dimmer: WRONG!

•

•

Start-up inrush and repetitive current increases draw

32

How many LEDs can be connected to a dimmer?

•

Start-up inrush and repetitive current – Lutron testing has shown a 10 watt LED is similar to a 100w incandescent (in terms of max current , NOT power used) –

This means, a 600 watt dimmer can safely support roughly six LED lamps (typically between 7 and 20 watts)

–

Note: Only applies to phase control products

33

On what type of control does the LED operate?

• Control type refers to the signal and wiring between the

wall control and fixture / lamp • • •

Lamps generally use only forward/reverse phase control Fixtures can use any method The LED and control MUST use the same control type!

• Control Options • • • • • •

Forward Phase Reverse Phase 3 Wire 0-10V DALI DMX 512

34

Recap - Steps for a Successful System 1.

What type of LED product am I using: a lamp or fixture?

2.

What is the dimming range of the lamp/fixture?

3.

What is the dimming performance of the product?

4.

What is the minimum or maximum number of lamps/fixtures that can be connected to one dimmer?

5.

What type of control does the LED product operate on?

LED Control Center of Excellence 1.877.DIM.LED8 LEDs@lutron.com www.lutron.com/LED

35

HOW TO MAKE A SUCCESSFUL INSTALLATION Tools and Advice by Lutron

LED Product Selection Tool

LED Testing Program

LED Control Center of Excellence • A resource for you and your customers to get answers

on any LED control question, including: • • • •

Control Options System Compatibility Tested/Non-tested products Educational information to share with a customer

• Ways to reach us: • 1-877-DIM-LED8 • LEDs@lutron.com • www.lutron.com/LED

Lutron Dimming Drivers

Hi-lume® A-Series LED Driver The world’s first LED driver to offer smooth, continuous, 1% dimming for virtually any LED fixture.

• A wide range of current and voltage options up to 40 Watts • Residential and Commercial ratings and control options

• Guaranteed performance

Hi-lume® A-Series LED driver Constant Current Drivers: • Typically used when controlling a single

Constant Voltage Drivers: •

Typically used in when multiple fixtures or strips of LED’s may be added on – Linear cove, track, troffer

•

10 Volts to 40 Volts (in 0.5V steps)

•

Up to 40 Watts

load or standalone fixture • (1 to 1 applications) • 200mA to 2.1Amps (in 10mA steps) • Up to 53 Watts

Hi-lume® A-Series Spec Points • Multiple control options for a scalable solution • EcoSystem® digital controls • 3-wire fluorescent controls • Forward Phase Controls (neutral wire required) • 1% Dimming for all control types • Commercial and Residential options • Compact and Linear enclosures (K and M) • Universal Voltage (120V-277V)

Lutron LED Driver portfolio 5-Series 5% LED dimming for every application

Hi-lume A-Series The first, configurable, 1% dimming LED driver

40W 1% EcoSystem/3 Wire 120-277V and 40W 1% 2-wire Phase 120V

53W 1% EcoSystem/3 Wire 120-277V

40W 1% EcoSystem/3 Wire 120-277V and 40W 1% 2-wire Phase 120V Available in ED!

35W 5% EcoSystem 120-277V

75W 5% EcoSystem 120-277V

Summary • •

Lutron is here to help with your LED installation Follow 5 simple steps: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

What type of LED product am I using: a lamp or fixture?

What is the dimming range of the lamp/fixture?

What is the dimming performance of the product?

What is the minimum or maximum number of lamps/fixtures that can be connected to one dimmer?

What type of control does the LED product operate on?

• How do I get help?

• 1-877-DIM-LED8 • LEDs@lutron.com • www.lutron.com/LED

One last example, how Do they all dim?

All drivers shown turn on to their low-end light level

10%

0%

Lutron 1% fade-to-black

What will you use, Digital or Analog, Lutron or ?

Questions?