6: S PROJECT OAUNDERSTANDING TRADITIONAL SWAHILI ARCHITECTURE PLANNING OF OLD TOWN MOMBASA, LAMU AND ZANZIBAR ORIGIN OF THE SWAHILI
OLD TOWN MOMBASA
ZANZIBAR
LAMU
AREAS OF STUDY
The Cushitic, early inhabitants of the coast, were joined by Bantu speaking tribes, including the Mijikenda, with whom they freely intermarried. Other groups later migrated to the coastline including Arab and Hindi. They too intermarried with indigenous people and the Bantu speaking tribes, giving rise to a new culture, people and Map of Old Town Mombasa Source: www.googlemaps.com language, The Swahili tribe.
Part map of Lamu Source: Nzilani C, 2015 Thesis
Lamu's phsical setting determined its narrow elongated shape. The streets run parallel and perpendicular to sloping sand dune underneath. Houses are grouped together, along north-south axis to pay tribute to Mecca and create a close community.
The warfare characteristic of the area from Portuguese and Arab and Zimba community wars influenced architecturea and planning. The town building are close to each other due to the need for security.This ensured immediate mobilization incase of an attack.
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING TYPOLOGIES 1. VERANDAH HOUSE 2. COMPACT HOUSE(variation of courtyard house) 3. SHOP HOUSE 4.TRADITIONAL STONE HOUSE
Photograph of Swahili women Source: Kenya Broadcasting Cooperation , www.kbc.com
1
1200*2400mm mvule window with wrought iron bars
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
SHOP 3
SHOP 4
20R x 0.150 20G x 0.300
9
SHOP 2
10
SHOP 1
1500*3000mm external Gujerati mvule door with brass hinges and latch and louvers above door frame for permanent ventilation
11 12 13 14 15 16
STUDY: RODHA HOUSE IN LAMU
17 18 19 20 DOWN
STORAGE
Found in Old Mombasa, Lamu and Zanzibar.
BALCONY
STUDY:SAADIA HOUSE IN LAMU
1500*3000mm internal mvule door with brass hinges and latch
DINING ROOM
LIVING ROOM
S-04
UP 1 2 3
STORAGE
4 5
20R x 0.150 20G x 0.350
1200mm coral stone blocks with 15mm lime plaster internally and externally
6 7 8 9
STORAGE
STORAGE
STORAGE
S01
BEDROOM
10 11 12 DOWN 20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
WC
GROUND FLOOR PLAN 1:200 UP 1 2 3 4 5 6
BEDROOM
KITCHEN
8 20R x 0.150 20G x 0.300
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
16
18 19 20 DOWN
UP 1 2 3 4 20R x 0.150 20G x 0.350
9
8
7
6
5
5 6 7 8 9 10
2000mm wide straight external staircase of 300mm tread and 200mm riser made from coral rag with no balustrades
4
1500*3000mm external Gujerati mvule door with brass hinges and latch and louvers above door frame for permanent ventilation
N
N
FIRST FLOOR PLAN 1:200
E01
GROUND FLOOR PLAN 1:200 E01
26R x 0.154 26G x 0.309
3
11 12
SECTION S01 1:200
1200mm coral stone blocks with 15mm lime plaster internally and externally
YARD (open to sky)
2
SHOP 4
4.The grid of the house is regulated by boriti poles, with original rooms being narrow and long.
11 10
1
SHOP 3
3.Distinct hierarchy of spaces from the public to semi-public to semi-private to private with the veranda at the front and the court at the back
26R x 0.154 26G x 0.309
2000mm wide straight external staircase of 300mm tread and 200mm riser made from coral rag with no balustrades
9
SHOP 2
1.This house has a colonnaded or arched walkway at the front of the house. 2.A typical verandah house has an open stone arcade at the ground floor formed by great floor centred arches which provide a transition space between the public walkway and the house.
11 10
8
15mm lime plaster on 350mm coral rag slab
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
12
7
1200*2400mm mvule window with wrought iron bars
13
YARD OPEN TO SKY
6
900mm high parapet wall
14
5
Baruti truss to support the roof
GSEducationalVersion
17
4
Makuti roof over courtyard below
Perspective picture of Makuti roof above courtyard Source: Masinjila George, 2016 Thesis
18
3
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
FIRST FLOOR PLAN 1:200
Courtyard acts as organizing element for residential units
16
12
2
DOWN
15mm lime plaster on 350mm coral rag slab
N
SHOP 1
picture of The Saadia House Source: Masinjila George, 2016 Thesis
1
WC
17
13
UP
BEDROOM
18
14
15
1500*3000mm internal mvule door with brass hinges and latch
1200mm coral stone blocks with 15mm lime plaster internally and externally
15 26
17
S-04
WC
UP
Perspective picture of The Rhodha House Source: Masinjila George, 2016 Thesis
CORRIDOR
BEDROOM
WC
1200mm coral stone blocks with 15mm lime plaster Perspective internally and externally
DOWN
LOBBY (open to sky)
15mm lime plaster on 350mm coral rag slab
BEDROOM
1500*3000mm external Gujerati mvule door with brass hinges and latch and louvers above door frame for permanent ventilation
15mm coconut fibre mat on 15mm lime plaster on 350mm coral rag slab
BEDROOM
BEDROOM
WC
1500*3000mm internal mvule door with brass hinges and latch
7
BEDROOM
BEDROOM
15mm coconut fibre mat on 15mm lime plaster on 350mm coral rag slab
N
KITCHEN
15mm coconut fibre S01 mat on 15mm lime plaster on 350mm coral rag slab
S01
S01
15mm lime plaster on 350mm coral rag slab
1200*2400mm mvule window with wrought iron bars
1200*2400mm mvule window with wrought iron bars
1200mm coral stone blocks with 15mm lime plaster internally and externally 15mm lime plaster on 350mm coral rag slab
19
UP
Found in Old Mombasa, Lamu and Zanzibar. Has shops and offices(Indian Shop House) on ground floor with residential units on the floors above.
1200*2400mm mvule window with wrought iron bars
2. VERANDAH HOUSE
20
1.5M WIDE STREET
VERANDAH
21
E-01
Zanzibar's phsical setting along rhe coast determined its narrow elongated shape. The streets have better planning than Lamu and Old Town Mombasa as the Sultans that ruled over time had a sence of organization and focused on health issues of settlers to detemine location of residential areas.
1. VERANDAH HOUSE 2. CARAVAN SERAI / MUSFARKHANAS 3. SWAHILI HOUSE 4. INDIAN SHOP HOUSE 5. ARAB HOUSE 6. OMANI HOUSE
22
1.SHOP HOUSE
2000mm wide straight external staircase of 300mm tread and 200mm riser made from coral rag with no balustrades
ZANZIBAR
23
1. VERANDAH HOUSE 2. COURTYARD HOUSE 3. SHOP HOUSE 4. MOMBASA TRADITIONAL HOUSE 5. SWAHILI HOUSE
LAMU
26
MOMBASA
Zoning Map of Zanzibar Source: Zanzibar, Fransisco Siravo
DOWN
The Swahili practice: Fishing as a main economic activity. Agriculture of sisal, coconuts, palms. Music and entertainment through dance. Arts and craft through wood carving, silversmith and weaving.
24
SOCIO-CULTURAL ACTIVITIES
25
Part map of Africa showing migration pattern of the Bantu from Niger and Congo Source: Jian Chao, ResearchGate Bantu and Nilotic migrations publication
Purple/ violet- veranda houses Red- shophouses Yellow - traditional stone houses Blue- religious buildings Dark green/ brown- public buildings
Makuti roof over courtyard below
Ceraminc roof tiles laid on timber purlins supported by a timber truss
Baruti truss to support the roof
Makuti roof over courtyard below
COVERED TERRACE
Patterned perforated coral stone wall 1200mm coral stone blocks with 15mm lime plaster internally and externally
Baruti truss to support the roof
1200*2400mm mvule window with wrought iron bars 1500*3000mm internal mvule door with brass hinges and latch
COVERED TERRACE Mvule balcony balustrade
Boriti pole supporting floor slab Mvule timber members 150mm apart providing privacy for closed balcony
15mm coconut fibre mat on 15mm lime plaster on 350mm coral rag S01 slab
15mm lime plaster on 350mm coral rag slab
1:200
1200*2400mm mvule window with wrought iron bars 1200mm coral stone blocks with 15mm lime plaster internally and externally ELEV
01 1:200
OJWANG SHEILA ATIENOS B02/1013/2016 A
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6: S PROJECT OAUNDERSTANDING TRADITIONAL SWAHILI ARCHITECTURE 2
1200*2400mm mvule window with wrought iron bars
4
DINING ROOM
1200mm coral stone blocks with 15mm lime plaster internally and externally
BEDROOM
9 14 15 19 20 DOWN 18R x 0.167 18G x 0.267
1
N
KITCHEN
18 17
20R x 0.200 20G x 0.250
19
16
15mm coconut fibre mat on 15mm lime plaster on 350mm coralNrag slab
FIRST FLOOR PLAN 1:200
GROUND FLOOR PLAN 1:200
Makuti roof tiles on mangrove truss
Makuti roof tiles on mangrove truss
FIRST FLOOR PLAN 1:200
20
GROUND FLOOR PLAN 1:200
GUEST BEDROOM
1000*1500mm mushrabiya screen
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 1. Spaces faces inwards around a courtyard. Steel and glass casement windows
2. Courtyard is accessible to the family members and View from the street close relatives from all rooms. Source: Masinjila Thesis Perspective view from the street Source: Nzilani C, 2015 Thesis
3.The interiors are richly decorated with niches on the walls and finely carved wooden furniture.
1200mm coral stone blocks with 15mm lime plaster internally and externally 15mm lime plaster on 350mm coral rag slab
6
20R x 0.200 20G x 0.250 6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
19 DOWN
18R x 0.167 18G x 0.267
15
18
N
UP
15mm coconut fibre mat on 15mm lime plaster on 350mm coral rag slab
DAKA
DOWN 20
7
20R x 0.150 20G x 0.350
17
1
5
16
5 4 3 2
2000mm wide straight external staircase of 300mm tread and 200mm riser made from coral rag with no balustrades
4
4 3 2
3
15
9 8
UP
9
5
BEDROOM
2
12 14
STORE
1
11 13
10
16
8
11
7
17
12
7
6
18
11
6
14
UP
13
19
10
16
13
BEDROOM
16 15 14
15
12
PORCH
17
LOUNGE
1500*3000mm internal mvule door with brass hinges and latch
View of roof area Source: Masinjila Thesis
1000mm wide straight external staircase of 300mm tread and 200mm riser made from coral rag with no balustrades N
8
9
18
17
DINING ROOM
18
DOWN 20
9
8 10
18
LOUNGE
DOWN
15mm lime plaster on 350mm coral rag slab 1200mm coral stone blocks with 15mm lime plaster internally and externally
10
6 7
15mm coconut fibre mat on 15mm lime plaster on 350mm coral rag slab
WC
DOWN
WC
11
5
COURTYARD
LOUNGE
COURTYARD
KITCHEN BEDROOM
LOBBY
12
4
17
BEDROOM
KITCHEN
LOBBY open to sky
15mm lime plaster on 350mm coral rag slab
13
3
16
KITCHEN
1500*3000mm internal mvule door with brass hinges and latch
14
12
2
15mm lime plaster on 350mm coral rag slab
corridor
corridor
15
11
PORCH
PORCH
5
1
1200mm coral stone blocks with 15mm lime plaster internally and externally
GUEST BEDROOM
4
10 13
LOUNGE
COVERED LOBBY
3
UP
8 20R x 0.150 20G x 0.350
STUDY: BAHATI HOUSE
UP
7
STORE
1500*3000mm internal mvule door with brass hinges and latch
2
6
BEDROOM
GUEST BEDROOM
1
5
1200*2400mm mvule window with wrought iron bars
WC
3
STUDY: HOUSE PLOT 40 ALONG MBARAK HINAWAY STREET
WC
Only found in Mombasa
1
1500*3000mm external Gujerati mvule door with brass hinges and latch and louvers above door frame for permanent ventilation
UP
3. COURTYARD HOUSE Found sparsely in Mombasa, Zanzibar and abundantly in Lamu
15mm coconut fibre mat on 15mm lime plaster on 350mm coral rag slab
BEDROOM
4. TRADITIONAL SWAHILI HOUSE
1200*2400mm mvule window with wrought iron bars
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 1.Have long, thin rooms moving back parallel to the main façade.
Timber casmenent window with mvule louvers
200mm coral stone wall bonded with sand and lime mortar 200mm RC slab finished with cement screed
COURTYARD
GUEST BEDROOM
GUEST BEDROOM
GUEST BEDROOM
GUEST BEDROOM
450mm coral stone wall bonded with sand and lime mortar
KITCHEN
2.Some have glass panes, others have double shutters to allow maximum possible airflow without compromising much on privacy.
ELEVATION E01 1:200
4. OMANI DOOR ZANZIBAR 1. OMANI DOOR 2. ZANZIBAR-STYLE DOOR
1. LAMU DOOR
2. BAJUNI DOOR Wooden lintel made of square beams painted red and black
••••
Carved centerpost Geometric and diagramatic pattern
• •••
Door panel with iron nails
e •
Stone benches on door side (baraza) Lamu doors borrowed elements of Omani and Zanzibar style. Ornamentation often represented fruits and flowers
OUT
• •••
• • •• • •
•• •
•••
Door frame carved with design based on Anthemion ornament Centerpost carved with both geometric and floral mottifs Decorative molding for cosmetic finish
Large spikes on door panel High wooden uncarved threshold
Stone step
5.ZANZIBAR DOOR Grandest door filled with intricate folicate carving.
Lintel extends beyond the frame
3. SIYU DOOR Lintel carved with roselles
Carved centerpost Fleur-de-lis pattern
GSEducationalVersion
MOMBASA 1. INDIAN-NEO CLASSICAL DOOR 2. GUJERATI DOOR
SECTION S01 1:200
0.750
LAMU 1. LAMU DOOR 2. SIYU DOOR 3. BAJUNI DOOR 4. OMANI DOOR
LOBBY
ELEVATION E01 1:200
4.They had ornate plaster carving.
DOOR TYPES
GUEST BEDROOM
Circular geometric medallions
Lintel extends beyond door frame and acts as a clasp to keep the frame.
Chipwork carving on door frame
Patterns are engraved and painted(stained)-red with lacquer finishrather than carved into the wood
Iron pivot
Ornamental brass work
Beaded edging centerpost Carving patterns of zig-zag motion borrowed from ships (mtepe) sailed by the Bajuni people
NO CENTERPOST Circular patterns painted on the door panels (imprinted with round medallions)
Semi circular lintel with rosette patterns
3.000
Worms eye view of the courtyard Source: Nzilani C, 2015 Thesis
IN
MASTER BEDROOM
3.Have carved wooden balconies.
Bajuni chipwork involves chipping our parts of wood to create circles and straight lines intersecting to form geometric patterns
5.GUJERATI DOOR
Frame taking appearance of classical columns
1.500
Gujerati doors are distinctive from use of tolla construction.
Nailes visible from the outside from joining of panels using large timber posts
Timber posts nailed to the frame from the inside
SKETCH DEMONSTRATING HOW LAMU AND BUJANI DOOR IS ASSEMBLED
Diagramatic representation of mitre bridle joint used to join side frames and top frame(kizingiti cha juu), This is then strengthened by lapped lintel extending beyond the frame
Diagramatic representation of tolla construction Source: 19th Century Carved Wooden Doors of East African Coast
OJWANG SHEILA ATIENOS B02/1013/2016 A
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6: S PROJECT OAUNDERSTANDING TRADITIONAL SWAHILI ARCHITECTURE SWAHILI CONSTANTS
5. VERTICALITY OF FENESTRATIONS
OLD TOWN MOMBASA
1.IRREGULAR, DENSLY CLUSTERED AND NARROW STREETS OLD TOWN MOMBASA
ZANZIBAR
LAMU
Map of Old Town Mombasa Source: Nzilani C, 2015 Thesis
Part map of Lamu Source: Lamu Town Nomination
Part map of Zanzibar Stone Town Source: Nzilani C, 2015 Thesis
PART STREET ELEVATION OF NDIA KUU STREET, OLD TOWN MOMBASA
LAMU
Coral block walls with
Coral rag walls with lime plaster, timber doors,
Coral rag walls with lime
timber windows and ceramic tile roof
Coral rag walls with lime
Coral rag walls with
plaster, timber windows , timber doors and mabati
lime plaster, glass windows, timber doors
roof
and mabati
plaster, glass windows and mabati roof
cementplaster, glass
Coral ragwalls with
Coral r
windows, timber doors
lime plaster, timber
with lim
and makuti roof
windows and doors,
plaste
and lime plastered
window
roof terrace
doorsa
roof
plaste
terrace
Steet View of Ndia Kuu street Source: www.safari254.com
Street View of Lamu behind Lamu Fort Source: www.tripadvisor.com
Dense clusters are due to need for immediate mobilization during warfare era of Portuguesse, Zimba and Arab communities, which was the period of Old Town Mombasa planning. The dense clusters also ensured security.
Lamu's phsical setting determined its narrow elongated shape. The streets run parallel and perpendicular to sloping sand dune underneath. Houses are grouped together, along northsouth axis to pay tribute to Mecca and create a close community.
Street View of Zanzibar Stone Town Source: www.tripadvisor.com
Long narrow elongated streets due to physical location along the coast. Dense population due to numeras trade activities that occured along the coast
PART STREET ELEVATION OF BAZAAR STREET,LAMU
ZANZIBAR
2. 3M - 3.3M BUILDING SPANS
3.300
WC
SH
3.300
BEDROOM
3.000
3.300SECTION S01
3.000
1:100
3.300
DINING ROOM
Building spans range from 3m to 3.3m due to: 1: Limitations of boroti beams. The Swahili use mangrove for structure and it can only span a maximum of 3.5m 2: Small plot sizes along the coast due to dense clustered planning during the colonial eras. Short boriti spanned poles supporting slab above
BEDROOM
BARAZA
N
3.300
6. SIMPLE EXTERNAL WALLS AND DEEPLY ORNAMENTED INTERIOR WALLS EXTERNAL WALL
Street View of a Lamu street Source: www.tripadvisor.com
3.300
LIVING ROOM
PART STREET ELEVATION OF BAZAAR STREET,LAMU
In all 3 town, there is a symmetry in the positioning of fenestrations in elevation. Doors and windows align from top to bottom of all elevations and then repeat each other creating harmony in the narrow busy streets.
Coral stone used for exterial walls Close up view of coral stone Source: www.tripadvisor.com
BARAZA 3.000
3.300
GROUND FLOOR PLAN OF SWAHILI HOUSE IN MOMBASA 1:100
3. 2:1 RATIO FOR DOORS, WINDOWS AND ARCHES
0.750
Street View of a Lamu street Source: www.tripadvisor.com
INTERNAL WALL Interior walls were decorated with niches.
3.000
It was mainly in the master bedroom and rooms that held prestidge to a particular family Coral stone used for exterial walls with lime mortar and initial lime plaster
Sketch of a window in Lamu
1.500
Zanzibar door showing the 2:1 ratio
Window of a building in Lamu Source: www.tripadvisor.com
Intricate plasterwork applied to internal walls and cornices
The 2:1 ratio helps ensure harmony and unity in the elevation. This ties the whole street elevation together. The ratio also simplified construction due to the limited technology Vista of interior decorated wall Source: www.swahiliplasterwork.com
4. HIGH FLOOR TO CEILING HEIGHT
Close up of exterior wall Source: www.swahiliplasterwork.com
Close up of interior decorated wall Source: www.picfair.swahilidecoratedwork.com
7. USE OF SMALL WINDOWS
ROOF LEVEL +15300
THIRD FLOOR +12300
SECOND FLOOR +9300 SHOP 1
SHOP 2
SHOP 3
SHOP 4
FIRST FLOOR +5100
SECTION S01 1:100
GROUND LEVEL 0
SECTION S01 1:100
High ceiling create a grand feeling making a space feel prestigious. The high ceilings also made the small coastal houses feel bigger and more spacious. GSEducationalVersion
Perspective of a verandah house in Lamu Source: www.tripadvisor.com
Large windows provide for faster heating or cooling, making rooms gain or lose heat heat too fast depending on external conditions. Having small windows with a high thermal mass walls ensures the building does not gain or lose heat too fast, keeping internal temperatures at a comfort zone
900*1800mm high window. The windows have top sash which are side or top hung and a bottom sash made of mvule or teak louvers to ensure permanent ventilation
OJWANG SHEILA ATIENOS B02/1013/2016 A
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6: S PROJECT OAUNDERSTANDING TRADITIONAL SWAHILI ARCHITECTURE 11. BUILDING MATERIALS
STONE WALL
SWAHILI CONSTANTS 8. PRIVACY GRADIENT
outdoor staircase
DAKA / PORCH- male dominated space used to entertain visitors
PUBLIC SPACES
porch
KAWANDA / COURTYARDspace open to sky and the central point of all activities from children playground to host of ceremonies. stores wc
courtyard
SEMIPUBLIC SPACES indoor staircase
MSANA WA TINI / LOUNGE - begining of privacy and is raised from the coutyard for drainage and the steps are the transistion element
Source:www.masterbuilders.com
EARTH WALL
lounge dining space
PRIVATE SPACES
bedroom 2
bedroom 1
MSANA WA JUU - most private spaces comprised of the bedrooms GROUND FLOOR PLAN OF A MOMBASA STONE HOUSE
master bedroom
The Islamic concept of the Harem, where the privacy of family life must bemaintained and the women be kept from public view, called for a privatesphere within the house.
BUBBLE DIAGRAM SHOWING SPATIAL DISPOSITION IN A SWAHILI HOUSE
Source:www.masterbuilders.com
This concept influenced several aspects of their house designs. This is why the Daka or porch was used as a space where themaster of the house would entertain his male guests.
SLAB AND CEILING SECTION OF EARTH WALLED HOUSE FROM SLAB TO ROOF
Also no two exterior doors were directly opposite each other, and the women like in Lamu used Wikio's to move from one building to the other.
9. THICK EXTERNAL WALLS FOR DAYTIME USED SPACES AND THIN WALLS FOR NIGHT-TIME USED SPACES
High thermal mass ensures during the day the indoor temperature is below the outdoor temperature as it gains heat slowly. Late at night until early in the morning, this heat would be released into the interior space, making the space warmer than the outside temperature.
Source:Kimanzi.J.I 2008 Thesis
Using the light wall structure, the indoor temperature will lower than the temperature of the current condition late at night and early in the morning, but it would be higher during the day. Due to the higher heat transfer coefficient and shorter time lag period of this light structure, the heat would be transmitted faster during the day i.e. from outside to the inside and at night from inside to the outside. This means that if the occupants prefer to have a cooler night while they are sleeping and a cooler morning.
Source:www.tripadvisor.com
ROOFING DETAIL
12. BALCONIES
Slabs are made of coral rag or coral lime and supported by boriti poles
3. PROJECTED CLOSED BALCONY
COVERED TERRACE
2a
1
2 3
SECTION OF A VERANDAH HOUSE IN LAMU Source:Kimanzi.J.I 2008 Thesis
2a. PROJECTED OPEN BALCONY
Source:Kimanzi.J.I 2008 Thesis
10. STRAIGHT EXTERNAL STAIRCASES 1.5M WIDE STREET UP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 20R x 0.150 20G x 0.300
SHOP 3
9
SHOP 2
10
SHOP 1
SHOP 4
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
DOWN
STORAGE
S-08
UP 1 2 3
STORAGE
Used mainly in Shop Houses by residents to access the residential units upstairs.
Balcony in Zanzibar Source:www.tripadvisor.com
Balcony in Lamu Source:www.tripadvisor.com
20R x 0.150 20G x 0.350
4
Are made of coral rag supported on boriti poles and finished with lime plaster.
5 6 7 8 9
STORAGE
STORAGE
STORAGE
10 11 12 DOWN 20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
GSEducationalVersion
E-02
2. PROJECTED OPEN BALCONY
N GROUND FLOOR PLAN 1:200
3. PROJECTED CLOSED BALCONY Are commonly made of 200mm riser and 400mm tread
External staircase in Mombasa Source:www.safari254.com
Can be found in Old Town Mombasa, Lamu and Zanzibar Balconies at the coast can project into the street to almost 1.5m. They are made mainly from teak or mvule timber with mangrove structures.
Balcony at Old Town Mombasa Post Office Source:www.tripadvisor.com External staircase in Lamu Source:www.tripadvisor.com
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
OJWANG SHEILA ATIENOS B02/1013/2016 A
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