Buoyant Variant Farm Sheng-Hung Lin
1
2
Buoyant Variant Farm
People care more and more about being healthy. Architects can create spaces to support healthy living environments and to create systems for the production of adequate food supply.
SHENG-HUNG LIN 03681979 ACADEMY OF ART UNIVIRSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE M.ARCH(87 UNIT) (December 2017) 2018 Spring Graduate
3
INDEX
4
0.04
PROJECT ABSTRACT
12
1.01
CONCEPT STATEMENT
13
1.04 / 1.05
RESEARCH
14
1.06 / 1.08 / 1.11
SITE PLAN AND BUILDING CODE
26
1.03
PRECEDENT STUDIES
36
1.06 / 1.07
SITE ANALYSIS
52
1.09 / 1.10
SPATIAL ANALYSIS
60
1.02 / 1.09
PROGRAM TABLE
84
1.12 / 1.13
Models
92
1.14
BIBLIOGRAPHY
178
2.01
Development Models
102
2.02
Site Plan
108
2.03
Floor Plan
114
2.04
Building Section
122
2.05
Building Elevation
128
2.06 / 2.07
Wall Section / Partial Elevation
134
2.08
Building detail
138
2.09 / 2.10 / 2.11 /
Sustainability Strategy / Egress Diagram /
144
2.12
Structural Diagrams / Mechanical Diagrams
2.13
Important Public Space
152
3.01
Presentation Model
156
3.02 / 3.03
Exterior Render / Interior Render
160
3.04
Model Photos
172
5
Study Time Line
FA 601 02: MS: Drawing (3) Jacob Dhein
ARH 652 01: MS: Architectural Tectonics (3) Benjamin Corotis
ARH 602 01: MS: GRADUATE DESIGN TECHNOLOGY 1: STRUCTURES (3) Francisco Castillo
ARH 653 01: MS: Introductory Design Studio 2 (3) Keith Plymale / Benjamin Rice
ARH 609 01: MS: Intermediate Design Studio 1 (6) Gabriel Kaprielian / Peter Suen
ARH 654 01: MS: Design Process & 3D Media (3) Mark Cruz
ARH 620 01: MS: DIGITALLY GENERATED MORPHOLOGY (3) Peter Suen
2014 Fall 2014 Spring
2015 Summer 2015 Spring
ARH 650 01: MS: Introductory Design Studio 1 (3) Alberto Bertoli / Keith Plymale ARH 651 01: MS: DESIGN PROCESS AND 2D MEDIA (3) Mark Cruz
2016 Spring 2015 Fall
ARH 640 OL1: MS: ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY - INTRODUCTION (3) James Mallery
ARH 604 01: MS: Material and Methods of Construction: Building Detailing(3) David Gill ARH 608 01: MS: Advanced Design Studio 1 - Concept, Context, & Typology (6) Mark Mueckenheim / Maria Paz De Moura Castro ARH 605 01: MS: Graduate Design Technology 2: Environmental Controls (3) Fumio Suda
6
ARH 641 01: Architectural History: Modernism and its Global Impact (3) Maria Paz De Moura Castro
ARH 614 01: Architectural Professional Practices (3) Elizabeth Tippin ARH 642 01: Architectural Theory (3) Janek Bielski ARH 659 01: Digitally Generated Fabrication (3) Peter Suen ARH 690 03: Thesis Preparation & Development (3) Eric Reeder
2016 Fall 2016 Summer
ARH 801-13: GROUP DIRECTED STUDY: THESIS DEVELOPMENT - PART A (3) Yim Gloria Jew ARH 801-14: GROUP DIRECTED STUDY: THESIS DEVELOPMENT - PART B (3) Yim Gloria Jew PH 600: Digital Photography Concepts & Techniques (3) Jeffrey Weston
2017 Summer 2017 Spring
ARH 606 01: Construction Documents and Building Codes (3) Clifford Minnick ARH 619 01: Advanced Design Studio 2 - Concept & Comprehensiveness (6) David Gill / Benjamin Corotis
2018 Spring 2017 Fall
IAD 604: Lighting Design (3) Steven Birdwell
GR 875 01: Design Seminar/Portfolio (3) Mary Scott Graduation / 87 Credits
IAD 611 01: BIM - Building Information Modeling (3) Marten Pesen
7
Concept Statement
8
9
Project Abstract
Food is our energy source. We have an obligation to protect this future in the production of food. Buildings designed for the growth of agriculture is only one method. On an island such as Taiwan the bounty of farm land has disappeared. We need to seek alternative methods to produce healthy agriculture. That is our responsibility to our world.
10
Concept Statement
In the past, Taiwan, our government sufficiently considers urban planning and environmental protection. A lot of unlicensed factories occupied agricultural areas, and they secretly discharged industrial wastewater into rivers that were close to those factories. There were lots of farms and agricultural areas next to the rivers which secured water from these rivers. The industrial wastewater contained some heavy metals, strong acids, and base substances creating permanent problems. The vegetables or fruits absorbed these heavy metals, strong acids, and base substances, and people began to get sick or die. For example, in 1950, many People got sick because they ate rice contaminated with cadmium from smelters plants. To this agricultural problem, we need to create a large and clean space for plants to grow. However, it is no longer possible to find sites because most of the farming lands are around factories or residential areas. There remains only polluted land. One of the options is to create new spaces to grow those plants away from the industrial areas and residential areas. For this, Taiwan is a fortunate place. It is an island in the Pacific Ocean, and the waters are an opportunity to create buoyant farms for the growth of plants and agriculture.
11
Agriculture Space
The island of Taiwan lies some 180 kilometres (110 mi) off the southeastern coast of mainland China, which lies across the Taiwan Strait , and has an area of 35,883 km 2 (13,855 sq mi). The East China Sea lies to the north, the Philippine Sea to the east, the Bashi Channel of the Luzon Strait directly to the south, and the South China Sea to the southwest.
12
Taiwan and California
San francisco:
Population : The total area is Population density :
California State:
Population : The total area is Population density :
805,235 (in 2016) Plain 46.69 mi² (119.72 km²) 17,246.4/mi² (6,658.9/km²)
39,250,017 (in 2016) Plain 163,696 mi² (423,970 km²) 240/mi² (92.6/km²)
13
Taiwan
Two-Third of Taiwan are mountains, and the another onethird are plain. The northern and central regions are subtropical, whereas the south is tropical and the mountainous regions are temperate.
14
Population Density
Population : The total area : Population density :
23,519,518 (in 2016) (53rd) 36,193 km² (13,974 mi²) (136th) 649.83/km² (1683.09/mi²) (17th)
15
Land Pollution Area
16
Taoyuan County is the main food supply city for Taipei. However, there are over 50% of farming lands were affect by land polution, and the resouds of the land polution is those unlicensed factories and the Taoyuan International airport.
1
17
Urban Agglomeration
There are over 2.3 million people living on this small island, so there is a problem about urban overdevelopment. Therefore, the west side of Taiwan island is so shiny in the night.
2 18
Typhoon
There are over 2.3 million people living on this small island, so there is a problem about urban overdevelopment. Therefore, the west side of Taiwan island is so shiny in the night.
3
4 19
Temperature and Price
20
Sea Level Rise
In 2016 it was reported that five of the Solomon Islands had disappeared due to the combined effects of sea level rise and stronger trade winds that were pushing water into the Western Pacific. Besides the issues that flooding brings, such as soil salinisation, the island states themselves would also become dissolved over time, as the islands become uninhabitable or completely submerged by the sea.
21
Research Summary
22
Taiwan is a small country and island. The area for people to live, work and grow food are limited. With the rise of population, residential and industrial areas continue to compress the scope of the agricultural area. Especially, our government didn’t sufficiently consider urban planning or environmental protection. This has led to the price of food increases and food safety issues, such as fake oil, fake rice and fake honey. Even though we didn’t feel the connection between architects and those issues. The connection has existed because those problems are made by buildings. For example, the land pollution came from the unlicensed factories we designed. Therefore, our architects should stand out and find a way to solve those problems. Those buildings we designed should protect people and make people safe. For solving those problems, the first thing we should think about that is where we should find a clean and safe place to grow our food. Also, the new location takes away from industrial areas and residential areas to avoid recontamination. Therefore, we think about moving our site to the ocean. Also, the new site should protect our plants from seawater, so the sea level rise is one problem to us too. For this, we need to find a way to keep our site floating on the ocean.
23
Vessel as Site
24
25
Semi-Submersible Heavy Lift Ship
Designed to transport very large semi-submersible drilling rigs above the transport ship’s deck, it is equipped with 38 cabins to accommodate 60 people, a workout room, sauna and swimming facilities.
26
Type: Heavy lift ship Tonnage: 116,173 DWT Displacement: 91,238 tonnes Length: 275 m (902 ft) 270 m (890 ft) b.p. Beam: 79 m (259 ft) Draught: 11 m (36 ft) (sailing) 31 m (102 ft) (submerged) Installed power: 2 × Wärtsilä 12V38 2 × Wärtsilä 6L38 27,000 kW (combined) Propulsion: Two propellers Two retractable azimuth thrusters One bow thruster Speed: 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) (unloaded) 11–13 knots (20–24 km/h; 13–15 mph) (loaded) Crew: 40
5
27
Vessel as Site Top View
Long Elevation
Short Elevation 28
Long Section
The food this ship can grwoing almost can feeding 1/30 of citizen in Taipei, and there are more than 7 million people living in Taipei now. That is almost 1/3 of whole citizen in Taiwan.
29
30
Deck Plan
31
32
Tank Plan
33
34
Precedent Studies
35
Hive-Innâ„¢ City Farm Architect : Location : Year :
OVA STUDIO LTD. New York City 2014
6 36
7
Structure systen and modular unit They use modular system to put different programs into same size modular unit. Eventhough the structure is the nomal steel frame, they still can create lots of different types of vertical farm and fit them into any one crowded city. Using the existing techology can save our money and gives them a second life.
15’ 15’ Modular system
40’ Structure
Plug-In 37
Svalbard Global Seed Vault Architect : Location :
Unknow Spitsbergen Island
The Svalbard Global Seed Vault is 120 metres (390 ft) inside a sandstone mountain on Spitsbergen Island. The Svalbard Global Seed Vault’s mission is to provide a safety net against accidental loss of diversity in traditional genebanks. However, in May of 2017 the seed vault experienced flooding from snow melting and heavy rain.
15 38
Program
Storage part for seeds
Storage part for seeds
39
Floating Farm
Photovoltaics (solar power
9
8 Firm : Architect : Location :
Formward Fhinking Architecture Javier Fernรกndez Ponce Global
Hydroponics-Aeroponics (crops)
10
They want to help people to understant how they get their food. They choose those rivers that close to cities and locat those floating farims at there. All of floating farms are easily replicable project. The first floor is for Aquaculture(fish), and the second floor is for Hydroponics-Aeroponics (crops), and the roof is for Photovoltaics (solar power & other renewable energies.)
Aquaculture(fish) 40
11
Progam area and Space
Photovoltaics (solar power )
Hydroponics-Aeroponics (crops)
All of program are ordered by funtion and relationship with site. For example, the solar panels are put on the top of buildings for getting enough sunlight.
Aquaculture(fish) Program with Sectoin
Long Elevation
Isometric Drawing
Short Elevation
Floor Plan 41
Floating Park Artist : Location :
Robert Smithson New York City
The founder Mary Mattingly’s goals is to create sustainable urban farming and educational space. Even though the float ing park only allow 75 people to get on the board at once, she still hopes people can come to enjoy this small farm and learn some knowledg about foods.
42
13
12
14
Floating Foundation Using the existing technology can save our money and gives them a second life.
Isometric Drawing
Floor Plan
Short Elevation
Long Elevation 43
LilyPad City Architect: Program: F Location: Surface Area:
Vincent Callebaut loating Ecopolis for Climate Refugees / Mixing Uses Oceans 500.000 m²
In order to cope with global warming caused by sea level rise, architect Vincent Callebaut design this floating city. He thinks there are lots of areas that we can use for living on the ocean. Why don’t we move to there to live?
16
44
Floating Foundation
Residential area
Agricultural area
Foundation
45
Buoyant Force
46
47
Precedent Studies Summary
48
From those case study, we can understand lots of people care about food supply and sea level rise. Some of the architects think about rivers, some of the architects think about using the small public space in urban, and some of the architects think about the ocean. To Taiwan, the ocean maybe is the better choice because there is no big enough space in urban of Taiwan. Also, the rivers in Taiwan are not deep enough. Therefore, the ocean is the better choice to Taiwan. Then the next part will be how to keep our farms floating on the ocean. From Vincent Callebaut‘s Lilypad city, we can see that he uses the buoyant force to support the whole city on the ocean. However, he didn’t show us how the buoyant force works.On the other hand, I learned from Robert Smithson’s case about how to use the exist technology, and we can save more materials or energy by useing exist ships. Also, the shipbuilding is one of Taiwan’s important industries. Therefore, it is easy to find some lift ship for recycling. Based on the above information, we can use the vessel as the foundation of the building. The world is changing. We can choose to keep think as before, or we can change our mind and think about different ways.
49
Regional Analysis
50
51
Regional Analysis Sunlight
52
Precipitations and Wind
53
Shipping Line
54
Seabed Terrain
55
Port Location
56
Site Location
57
Spatial Analysis
58
59
Docking Sequence
1
Tugboat : Seagoing tugs move vessels that either
should not move by themselves, such as ships in a crowded harbor or a narrow canal, or those that could not move by themselves, such as barges, disabled ships, log rafts, or oil platforms.
60
2
Dockwise Vanguard : Dockwise Vanguard is a semi-submersible heavy lift ship that could carry the largest floating oil rigs to their destinations. Also, semi-submersible allowing her to lift ships or rigs out of the water, and to place them into water.
3
Container crane: Container crane is a type of large docksidegantrycrane found at container terminals for loading and unloading intermodal containers from container ships.
4
Intermodal container: An intermodal container is a large standardized shipping container , designed and built for intermodal freight transport , meaning these containers can be used across different modes of transport – from ship to rail to truck – without unloading and reloading their cargo.
61
Vegetable with Production period and origin
62
Asparagus Asparagus bean Basil Bird nest fern Bracken Fern Broccoli Cabbage Cauliflower Celery Chinese cabbage Ching Chiang pai tsai
Chinese mahogany Coriander Crown daisy Day lily Edible rape Garden pea Leaf mustard mustard
Lima bean Peanut Pe-tsai Snap bean Spinach Stem Lettuce Sweet potato vine Tampala Vegetable soybean Water convolvulus 63
The Quantity and Location of Ships
64
65
Time Line for Shiping and Growing
0” 3” 6”
0” 3” 6” 9”
66
12”
67
Scale and area
68
69
Function Program Ocean liners: Cover medium and long-distance routes without making round trips. Container ships with capacities between 4,000 and 8,000 TEUs are ideal for this type of route. This type of ship is often used in transatlantic routes. Transatlantic liners: These are the largest, and may reach up to 14.500 TEU. The number of stops must be kept to a minimum for them to profitable to opeate, with 2 or 3 stops per trip. Approximately 50%-60% of their total cargo must be unloaded for a stop to be profitable.
Crew working area 70
Function Program Feeder ship: True to its name, this type of ship actually “feeds� the Hub ports in which transatlantic and ocean liners stop. Only the smallest ships can connect large Hub ports with smaller ports where transatlantic liners are unable to stop due to their size. For this reason these ship exist, which the range from several hundred TEUs to 3,000/4,000 TEUs.
living area for one person
Bridge of the ship
Crew working area
71
Food Production
Form this table, we can see the area of total harvested area is lesser and lesser every year, but we can understand that we can gather 8 tons food per acre(18 MT/Ha).
72
This table is about how many seeds we will need for per each Acre
73
Hydroponic
Advantages : plants will grow bigger and faster because they
will not have to work as hard to obtain nutrients. Even a small root system will provide the plant exactly what it needs, so the plant will focus more on growing upstairs instead of expanding the root system downstairs. All of this is possible through careful control of your nutrient solution and pH levels. A hydroponic system will also use less water than soil based plants because the system is enclosed, which results in less evaporation. Believe it or not, hydroponics is better for the environment because it reduces waste and pollution from soil runoff.
Disadvantages : A large scale hydroponics system can take a lot of
time to setup if you aren’t the most experienced grower. Plus, managing your hydroponics system will take a lot of time as well. You will have to monitor and balance your pH and nutrient levels on a daily basis.
74
Water pipes
Water Tank 75
Plant Area and Production
In the past, farming lands are flat, so they need a big and flat place to growing plant. However, our technology is heigher than before, so we can growing same or more plants at same time but in a smaller space. For example, in the past, farmer growing plant on the ground as 2D, but we can use hydroponic to growing plants on the shelf as 3D. Therefore, we can grow more plants in a smaller but heigher enough space.
76
Hydroponic Requirements
Water –
pH measurements between 5.0 and 7.0 are a rule of thumb.
Light –
Direct sunlight exposure or supplemental lighting is required on average of 8-10 hours per day.
Nutrients –
The primary nutrients required for plant growth are Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium.
Temperature –
Consistent temperatures between 50 -70 degrees for fall plants and 60-80 degrees for spring plants.
Oxygen –
Supplemental oxygen supply is require for optimal nutrient uptake.
Structure & Support – Stakes and strings are usually needed to support plants as they grow.
77
Desalination
Use the semipermeable membrane to remove larger particles from seawater. A system that can be put into the container are able to provide sea water reverse osmosis desalination solutions from 5,000 to 5 Million liters per day.
78
79
Filter system 2
Filter system 1
80
Salt Water Tank
Fresh Water Tank
81
User Group and Program
82
83
User group
Farmers To a farming land, those farmers will be the first one option we will think about. They work in the farming land and growing vegetable in there for us. They work in farming land whole day, and most of the farmers have the Bachelor of Agriculture. Their job includes weeding, watering and fertilisation.
84
Procurement staff
17
Their job is shopping good and fresh ingredients for restaurants. Sometimes, they look for ingredients in the markets, but sometimes they will work with farm owners. They may have a contract for renting an area to plants those special ingredients for their restaurants.
18 85
Crew In order to keep the vessel running, we need the crew to work on the board (our agricultural base). Their work will focus on driving the ship, maintaining the engine, and assisting vessel loading and unloading.
19
20
86
Researcher 21
Plants get sick as human, so we need plant doctor to take care there. Also, we need researchers to do breeding to keep our provenances and enrich our breed. Also, we need those researchers to do some test for our water, soil and environment to make sure everything is clean and safe.
22
87
Program Table
The user groups for floating farming will be focus on 5 different type of people. First is the crew because we need those people to drive this ship and keep this ship working. Second is the farmers because this is a farming. The next one is the researchers because we need those people to do biological experiments for plants to make sure they are healthy. The last group will be visiter because we want to popularize this project. We will need to invide different type of people coming to see and share theri experiance.
88
89
90
Models
91
Port of Keelung
Port of Su-Au
Site Model
Port of Taipei
Port of Taichung
92
Port of Hualien (Only for small ship)
Port of Kaohsiung
93
Deck Crane Tower (movable)
Living area for crews
Bridge
94
CNC machine
Process
Consequent 1
Consequent 2
95
Concept Model
96
97
98
99
Development Models
100
101
102
103
104
105
Site Plan
106
107
108
1. Site Plant at Port : Taipei city 2. Program use : Food Loading and unloading area Truck parking area The buoyant farms connect with the city. 3. First Floor Plan
Dock
Loading sarea
UnLoading storage
Exit
Entrance
Unloading Zone
Truck loop
Driving Area
Truck Back in
109
110
1. Site Plant at Port : Keelung City 2. Program use : Farmer’s Mark, Food truck, Food demonstration The buoyant farms connect with the city. 3. First Floor Plan
Dock
Food truck Dining area
Learning area
Entrance
Entrance Activity area
Farmer Market
Dock
Driving Area
111
Floor Plan
112
113
1 1
1
1 1
2
1 1
1
1
2
1
1
1 1st Floor
32’
0’
0.25” 0”
64’
192’
0.5”
1.5”
64’
192’
0.5”
1.5”
1:Entrance 2: Public space
3
3
3
3
3
3 3 3
3 3
3 3 2nd Floor
3:Growing area
114
32’
0’
0.25” 0”
4 5
3
7
4
3
6
5
6
3:Growing
6:Maintain area and
4: Composting Area
Water tank
5:Living Area
7: Office Area
5
3
3
8
4
3
3rd Floor
5
8
3
6:Maintain area and
4: Composting Area
Water tank
5:Living Area
8: Lab
0’
0.25” 0”
64’
192’
0.5”
1.5”
5
64’
192’
0.5”
1.5”
3 4
5th Floor 3:Growing
32’
6 3
4
3 6
6
6
5
4
32’
0’
0.25” 0”
115
3
4 3
3 3
3
3
4
8 5
3
3 6
116
3:Growing
6:Maintain area and
4: Composting Area
Water tank
5:Living Area
8: Lab
9:Cafeteria
3 6
3
3
4 3 3
3
3
9 5
5 3
3 6
4th Floor
8’
0’
0.25” 0”
16’
48’
0.5”
1.5” 117
3
3
4
6 8
3 4
3
3 6
4 8
3
3
3 6
3 3
3
3
3
6th Floor 3:Growing
6:Maintain area and
4: Composting Area
Water tank
32’
0’
0.25” 0”
64’
192’
0.5”
1.5”
64’
192’
0.5”
1.5”
8: Lab
3
3
3 3
3
3
3
3 3
3
3 7th Floor
3:Growing
118
32’
0’
0.25” 0”
Roof Floor
32’
0’
0.25” 0”
64’
192’
0.5”
1.5”
119
Building Section
120
121
Longitudinal Cut Section
122
123
Cross Cut Section1
124
Cross Cut Section2
125
Building Elevation
126
127
128
Front Side Elevation
129
Right Side Elevation
130
Left Side Elevation
Back Side Elevation
131
Wall Section and Partial Elevation
132
133
134
75’
5th Floor
90’
6th Floor
105’
7th Floor
120’
Roof
8” Diameter Truss
1” thick Insulated Glass In Metal frame
4
3
Diaphragm Louver system
2
1
Steel Panel Roof
Wall Section
Partial Elevation
135
1st Floor
30’
2nd Floor
45’
3rd Floor
60’
4th Floor
5
Hydroponic SYstem Container on Metal Shelf
136
Building Detail
137
1
2
138
3
4
139
Steel Truss System
Custom Cast Connectors Weld Steel
Custom Cast Connectors Weld Steel
5
140
Custom Cast Connectors Custom Cast Connectors
Weld Steel
Screw together
Screw together Custom Cast Connectors
Weld Steel
141
142
Sustainability Strategy Mechanical Diagrams Circulation Diagram Egress Diagram Structural Diagrams
143
Sustainability Strategy Louver system The operating louver system is located on all four sides of the elevations and attached to the steel structural frame. The cross-ventilation operates continuously throughout the year depending on which side the container ship is moving. The louvers operate differently for living spaces than the spaces for hydroponics and plant growth.
144
Sunlight Sunlight is optimized based on the orientation of the moving vessel and the hydroponic plant infrastructure. Plants are exposed at different times of the day depending on the south or west orientation.
145
In Winter At each core in the winner, the cold water will pass through the heated pipes in the engine room. Then the hot water will pass through each zone to warm the air.
146
In Summer At each core in the summer, the cold water will pass through in each zone to cool the air.
147
Mechanical Diagrams 60% power is achieved with solar panels providing electricity through charger stations. Additional eletrical power comes from the engine room.
148
Circulation Diagram
First two floors circulation are public to people. After that, people shift to a different circulation system for the private.
149
Egress Diagram
A system of two stairs per the three main cores.
150
Structural Diagrams
There are three vertical cores. Each consists of four vertical trusses up to six stories. A horizontal truss system per floor is cantilevered and integrated with each of the vertical trusses.
151
Industrial elevator Allow 2~3 left cars parking in there.
152
Infrastructure Diagram
Gantry Crane
warehouse robots
153
154
Important Public Space
155
156
Main Public Space
157
Presentation Models
158
159
160
161
Rendering
162
163
Exterior Rendering 1 From Back Left side
164
165
166
Exterior Rendering 2 From Front Left side
167
Interior Rendering 1
168
Interior Rendering 2
169
170
Main Public Space 1
171
Main Public Space 2
172
173
174
Final Physical Models
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
Bibliography
Callebaut, Vincent. “Vincent Callebaut.” Vincent Callebaut Architectures. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 May 2017. Carpenter, Novella, and Willow Rosenthal. The Essential Urban Farmer. New York: Penguin, 2012. Print. Cordero, Daniel. “6 Hydroponic Growing Conditions.” PowerHouse Hydroponics. PowerHouse Growers Group (PHG), 11 June 2014. Web. 31 May 2017. Despommier, Dickson D. The Vertical Farm Feeding the World in the 21st Century. New York: Thomas Dunne /St. Martin’s, 2010. Print. Niu, Genhua, Michiko Takagaki, and Toyoki Kozai. Plant Factory: An Indoor Vertical Farming System for Efficient Quality Food Production. N.p.: Elsevier Science, 2016. Print. Philips, April. Designing Urban Agriculture: A Complete Guide to the Planning, Design, Construction, Maintenance and Management of Edible Landscapes. Hoboken: Wiley, 2013. Print. Yeang, Ken. The Green Skyscraper: The Basis for Designing Sustainable Intensive Buildings. Munich: Prestel, 2000. Print. Khan, Zahid Aziz. “Restaurant Food Purchasing.” Linkedin. Linkedin, 14 Feb. 2015. Web. 27 May 2017. “Our Work.” Crop Trust. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 May 2017.
182
1.
N.p., n.d. Web. <http://beta.hackfoldr.org/farmland/http%253A%252F%252Fpm5.github.io%252Ffarmland%252F>.
2. ”Light Pollution Map.” Light Pollution Map. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 June 2017. <https://www.lightpollutionmap.info/#zoom=4&la t=5759860&lon=1619364&layers=B0TFFFFF>. 3. ”組圖：台灣艾利颱風土石流災情 - 大紀元.” 大紀元 Www.epochtimes.com. N.p., 31 Dec. 1999. Web. 01 June 2017. <http://www.epochtimes.com/ b5/4/8/27/n641328.htm>. 4. ”溫網室不堪一擊 受損989公頃 專家呼籲：全面健檢 提升專業知識(上下游) - 上智工程行.” Shang-chih.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 June 2017. <http://www.shangchih.com/news1-8.html>.
Image resource
5. ”Основные морские новости 2013 года.” Главная страница. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 June 2017. <http://korabley.net/news/osnovnye_morskie_novosti_2013_goda/2013-12-26-1607>. 6.7. Rinaldi, Marco. “Hive-Inn City Farm by Ova Studio.” A As Architecture. N.p., 13 July 2014. Web. 01 June 2017. <http://aasarchitecture.com/2014/07/hive-inn-city-farm-ova-studio.html>. 8.9.10.11. “SMART FLOATING FARMS.” SMART FLOATING FARMS. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 June 2017. <http://smartfloatingfarms. com/>. 12. Helmer, Jodi. “Floating Food Forest to Set Sail in New York City.” Civil Eats. N.p., 29 Apr. 2016. Web. 01 June 2017. <http:// civileats.com/2016/04/28/a-floating-food-forest-prepares-to-sets-sail-in-new-york-city/>. 13.14.Ekstein, Nikki. “With Floating Farm, New York Looks to the Future of Public Parks.” Bloomberg Quint. N.p., 31 Mar. 2017. Web. 01 June 2017. <https://www.bloombergquint.com/pursuits/2017/03/31/edible-forests-coming-soon-to-a-city-near-you>. 15.”Last SEO News.” Lily Pad City Gallery. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 June 2017. <http://keywordteam.net/gallery/252820.html>. 16.Nožinić, Monika. “Ovo Je Sef U Kojemu Se čuva Budućnost Naše Planete.” Zimo.co. Portal Zimo.dnevnik.hr, 26 Oct. 2015. Web. 01 June 2017. <https://zimo.dnevnik.hr/clanak/ovo-je-sef-u-kojemu-se-cuva-buducnost-nase-planete---413724.html>. 17.”In Vino Veritas – Mixed Salad with Wine Vinaigrette.” Jittery Cook. N.p., 22 Feb. 2013. Web. 01 June 2017. <https://jitterycook.wordpress.com/2011/10/16/in-vino-veritas/>. 18.”SpendEdge Announces Their List of Top 10 Ways to Implement Supply Chain Collaboration.” Business Wire. N.p., 07 Apr. 2017. Web. 01 June 2017. <http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20170407005468/en/SpendEdge-Announces-List-Top10-Ways-Implement>. 19.Johnson, Jeremy. “US Navy.” Wikimedia. United States Navy, 23 June 2006. Web. 31 May 2017. <https://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File:US_Navy_060623-N-3228J-302_Three_USS_Frank_Cable_(AS_40)_crew_members_compile_photographs_of_ land_navigation_aids_on_the_Pacific_island_of_Saipan_as_the_ship_approaches_the_island.jpg>. 20.”Shippers Oppose Draft Container Weighing Regulation.” Starr Fm. N.p., 22 Dec. 2016. Web. 01 June 2017. <http://starrfmonline.com/2016/12/22/shippers-oppose-draft-container-weighing-regulation/>. 21”Horticulture Biotechnology.” Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory. The University of Melbourne, 11 June 2014. Web. 01 June 2017. <https://unimelbplantbiotech.com/research-projects/horticulture-biotechnology/>. 22.h”Transgenic Approaches for Developing Biotic Stress Tolerant Crop Plants.” Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory. The University of Melbourne, 11 June 2014. Web. 01 June 2017. <https://unimelbplantbiotech.com/research-projects/ stress-tolerant-crop-plants/>.
183
Thank you
184