AALU 2015 Term 1 Booklet by shiqi deng

Architectural Association School of architecture

Landscape Urbanism 2015-2016 Term 1 Studio Design Work Shiqi Deng

Architectural Association School of Architecture Landscape Urbanism 2015-2016

Term 1 21/9/2015-17/12/2015 30/9/2015-30/10/2015 Workshop1_ Manufactured Ground Horsea Island Landfill 7/11/2015-27/11/2015 Worksho2_Landscrpting Po River Delta 30/11/2015-17/12/2015 Workshop3_ Social Formation Coffee Cooperative in Tingo Maria, Peru

Directors Alfredo Ramirez Eduardo Rico Design Tutor Clara Oloriz Sanjuan Seminar Tutors Douglas Spencer Tom Smith Technical Tutors Giancarlo Torpiano Gustavo Romanillos Vincenzo Reale

Workshop1_Manufactured_Ground_Horsea Island Landfill Introduction

1. Research on landfill techniques and Horsea island 2. Technical Parameters and Machine Working Process 3. Prototype Design Based on Parameters

2 5 8

4. Apply prototype to Horsea Island Landfill

Conclusion and self reflection

Workshop2_Landscripting_Po River Delta Introduction 1. Delta and human intervention research 2. Site selection and analysis

13 14 17

3. Modeling and simulation on site

4. Most Efficient Intervention Method to Form the Lagoon

Conclusion and self reflection

Workshop3_Social_Formation_Coffee Cooperative in Tingo Maria, Peru Introduction

1. Site selection and cooperative development

2. ocial and Environmental Comparison in Different Stages

3. Triple Certification Analysis

4. Further Development Mapping

5. Relationship Between Each Certification Conclusion and self reflection

34 34

AALU_Workshop1_Manufactured_Ground

HORSEA ISLAND LANDFILL Shreya Save Shiqi Deng Nataly 30/9/2015-30/10/2015 The aim of this workshop is to explore different landscape and engineering techniques; to understand how to manufacture and model physical gorunds and take into account distributed network through rule-based design techniques. In this workshop, our topic is the topic is the landfill and techniques are landfill remediation and reclamation in Horsea Island, located in South England. In order to improve the environment around this area based on manufacured techniques, the process of our work can be divided into four parts: 1. Research on the landfill remediation and reclamation methodology, research on the history and current situation in Horsea Island. 2. Understand the specefic process of landfill remediation and the parameters of the machines, 3. Build up our strategy and technical prototype after combing all the working processes and parameters of machines. 4. Apply the prototype to our site to achieve our design.

Step 1. Research on Landfill Techniques and Horsea Island Types of Disposal and Research on Landfill At the beginning of this workshop, we had none knowledge about the types of disposal about the garbage, so we decided to start with searching the basic methodology and trying to have a fundamental understanding of the techniques which may inspire us in further design(Fig.1). In these techniques, sanitary landfill is the widely uesed one so we focused on how the sanitary landfill works and its structures (Fig.2).

fig.1.

Types of disposal visual understanding map by Nataly

Fig. 2

A typical sanitary landfill structure

Step 1. Research on Landfill Techniques and Horsea Island Location and History of Horsea Island

Fig.3 Site location edited by Shiqi Deng & shreya

Fig.4 Site time line edited by Shiqi Deng & Shreya

Step 1. Research on Landfill Techniques and Horsea Island Site Selection and Design inspiration

Fig.5 Site selection edited by Shiqi Deng & Shreya

The Geological composition of the horsea island is unique Naturally the islands were formed by the post-glacial drift bringing chalk composed of brick-earth. To reclaim the islands and merge them to form one mass the chalk used was imported from Ports Down. This composition of earth gave rise to a varied species of butterfly and moth that is indigenous to Horsea island. But, over the years the old landfill site is under neglect. The chalk, rich in clay and sand, sits beneath the dump of our ancestors and is lost. Yet this area is under protection for the Brent Geese. Hence the cleaning and treatment of the site is essential to regain its ecological value.

Fig.6 Mudflat inspired our design

Aim to recover the original eco-value and improve the landfill performance, we were inspired by the local mud flat which can provides the water for geese, the small hills for the landfill. So we wanna rebuild this area with this form and lead the water in our site along with the tide( Fig.6). 4

Step 2. Technical Parameters and Machine Working Process Liner System, Leachate pipe and Gas Collection After we have the design concept, we start to dig the parameters and the specific working process, As significant parts of the sanitary landfill, the liner system, leachate pipe and gas colllection should take into considered in our design( Fig7,Fig.8 & Fig.9). I studied these part and trying to merge them in our site( Fig.10)

Fig.7 Bottom Liner System

Fig.8. Gas collection System

Step 2. Technical Parameters and Machine Working Process

Fig.9 Leachate pipe structure and layout

Fig. 10 Possible pipe work layout in our site drawn by Shiqi Deng

Step 2. Technical Parameters and Machine Working Process Types of Remediation and Excavator and Truck Movements

Fig.10 Type of remediation edited by shiqi

Fig.11 Excavator and truck movement pattern edited By Shiqi and Shreya

Based on our design concept, the basic process of our design should be excavate the original landfill, then clean it , then fill it back alone with our designed form.Before we chose the excavators and trucks to build our prototype, we reserached on the types of remediation to help us make the decesion (Fig. 10). Also, The excavation process is dependent on the movement of trucks involved and the volume of soil to be dug. The volume of the soil to be excavated is dependent on the time required for cleaning a particular volume of soil. The most optimal method of excavation is when the excavator would

dig a circle around it and moves backwards. This ensure lest movement of the excavator resulting in optimization of time. (Fig.11) While doing so a dumper truck would make rounds to collect the excavated soil waste and drive it up to the treatment plant. The excavation outreach of the excavator can be adjusted to the depth of the digging point; this is required, as we have to maintain the volume of every compartment. The compartment shape is dependent on the time required to excavate a particular volume and the shortest distance from the treatment plant.

Step 3. Prototype Design Based on Parameters

Fig.12 Process of Remediation in our site edited by Shiqi

Fig.13 combined all the parameters to build prototype

After and extended study about remediation process and selecting the most optimum position for the site, we have derived the following steps to remediate this particular site(Fig.12): 1. Excavation of landfill 2. Transportation of soil waste to the plant 3. Separation of recyclable waste and treatment of the soil waste 4. Returning the clean soil to landfill sites 5. Rebuilding the landfills to make the most use to the topography and restoring the original ecology

We started with considering the basic parameters that is slopes. The appropriate slope for walking would be 1.0%, for driving would be 10% and for climbing steps would be 50% Combined this knowledge with use of geo cells to build the bunds for the regenerated landfills we derived a section that helped use calculate the minimum size of a single landfill module, and this is our proto type. (Fig.13)

Step 3. Prototype Design Based on Parameters Prototype Time Scale and Catalogue

Fig.14 Prototype time scale:different size of our landfill by Nataly and Shiqi

LEACHATE PIPE

Fig.15 Catalogue of our design strategy by Nataly

After defining the parameters for the smallest module we can create modules on a days scale--the size of the landfill we wanna achieve in our design .(Fig.14) As we have studies the construction of the landfill and know for a fact that not more than 2.4M of soil should be filled in a day. This is done so that the compaction of soil is augmented. Hence we have several modules to work with.andthe Fig,14 stands for the prototype we calculated out based on our time scale combined the machine working effiency. 9

According to the Fig.14, we had the different size of the landfill, and the Fig.15 is the catalogue of our strategy. We identified the relationship between the creeks and our landfill hills. then the pattern is the truck movement and the leachate pipe layout applied in different situations.

Step 4. Apply prototype to Horsea Island Landfill Horsea Island Landfill

Fig.16 Height calculation and location of cleaning plant by Nataly

Fig.17 Digging pattern calculation in grasshopper by Nataly

Because the capacity of the machine is limited, and we can not finish all these work at the same time. And we donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t wanna the residential area influenced by our work. So we have to minimize the storage place and working place. So we decided the location of our plant. Along with that the introduction of a creek within the site was essential retain the character of the mudflats. This would form a favorable environment for the Brent geese. And the creek would first be a truck path during construction. we divided the site in 2.4m contours, the centroid of these contours then became the

nodes for the shortest truck movement from the treatment plant. Thus the creek was defined within our site.( Fig .16) Fig.17 Shows the digging pattern alone the creek and the remediation working process on our site.

Step 4. Apply prototype to Horsea Island Landfill

Fig.18 Creeks and water pounds for greese when tide up

Fig.19 rendering persepecitve of Horsea island landfill

WORKSHOP 1 CONCLUSION AND SELF REFLECTION In this workshop, our topic is landfill remediation and site is the horsea island landfill with high ecological value. We should firstly understand the remediation method and the techniques, then move to our prototype and design. At the beginning, we searched the types of the disposal of garbage, and focus on the sanitary landfill, about its structure, and the operation. Then we started to think about the machines we would use and their capacity and working efficiency. Because we wanted to achieve a creek with hills form landfill, and we should not disturb the residential area and the local environment, we designed the processes of this project: 1. Excavate the old landfill, 2. Clean the waste 3. Fill it back as hills along the original topography, with creeks around them. So we studied the parameters of the excavators and trucks and the cleaning machine. After combing the slope coefficient, the landfill standards and the parameters of these machines, we finally came up with our prototype: the hill was designed in the most efficient way and it reaches the standards of the sanitary landfill. And the creek is the basic truck movements. When the tide up, the water will come into our site and form a water pound for the Brent geese. This project was inspired by the mudflats nearby and we want to retain the ecological value of our site. During this exercise, my task is to study the sanitary landfill, design the leachate pipe layout, searching the parameters and build our prototype, and design the presentation pages. Personally speaking, this work shop is the most difficult one for me to work out. Because before this workshop, I have no idea what landscape urbanism is and how we can manage the ground. Compare to my previous education background, the scale is much larger and I faced many problems in putting design into reality. But after this workshop, I understand the methodology of manufacturing the ground and landscape. Especially in our project, it consist of two more procedures than just simply digging and filling back. In conclusion, this workshop helps me to understand the methods of manufacturing the ground, it should consider the machines and the engineering parameters. And in some ways, the design should base on these engineering standards so that we can make design into reality.

AALU_2016_Workshop2_Landscript

PO RIVER DELTA Kai Fan

Shiqi Deng

Yan Sun

9/10/2015-27/10/2015 The aim of this workshop is to understand the natural landscape evolution and the influenced factors. Then use a coding and modeling to simulate the further change. Finally find the human interventions which can be contributed to the local environment and people. Our topic is to study and simulate the delta evolution. And to figure out the human intervention which can be implemented in the site. In this exercise, our project was consisted of four parts: 1.To begin with, we did a research on the delta morphology, the influenced elements, and the general human intervention methodology. 2. Secondly, we chose Po River Delta as our site and calculated out the parameters influencing the delta form such as the wave direction, the sediment concentration of the river. 3. After we have the parameters, we chose a specific site in Po River Delta to do the simulation with CEM, by trying various ways of setting the artificial bar. 4. Find out the most efficient way to gain the land.

Step1. Delta and Human Intervention Research DELTA DEFINITION We started with learning the definition of the delta and have a very basic understanding of this landscape. (Fig.1, Fig.2 , Fig.3)

Delta Channel Crevasse Splay Water stream breaks its natural or artificial levees and deposits sediment on a floodplain.

Interdistributary Bay

DELTA is the fan-shaped area at the mouth, or lower end, of a river, formed by eroded material that has been carried downstream and dropped in quantities that can not be carried off by tides or currents. DELTA is a dynamic place, where water and land are constantly shifting with natural patterns of erosion and growth. There have always been areas that are actively growing while other areas disappear.

Delta Channel

Mouth Bars Delta Slope

Prodelta

Fig.1 Delta definition Drawn by Yan Sun

Lacks marine influence and typically has large flood basins, commonly with freshwater peats and lacustrine(lake) deposits, shallow lagoons, salt marshes, mangroves, tidal flats. Fig.2 Mississippi River Delta

Mouth Bars are upper edge of the delta front. Wave action can play an important role in reworking of mouth-bar deposits; mouth bars are entirely transformed. Prodelta are the distal end outside wave or tide influence where muds accumulate. Fig.3 Delta Plain

Step1. Delta and Human Intervention Research DELTA FORMATION FACTORS AND PROCESS A: Delta Plain Sediments deposited at channel edges. Normal water level

During flood

Natural levees built by many floods

B: Delta Front Reason1: Sediment from River Velocity suddenly decrease. river mouth

Reason2: Sediment from Flocculation, different water are joining together and become heavier. Fresh water

Salt water

Flocculation

Factor 1: Turbility of the water (Amount of Sediments)

Topset Beds Foreset Beds Bottomset beds Basement

Factor 2: Turbility of the water (Particle Size)

Generally speaking, the delta formation is a dynamic balance between the sediment deposition and sediment shifting. And the formation can mainly be influenced by 4 factors(Fig.4)ďź&#x161;

Factor 3: River energy VS Marine Energy

1.the turbidity of the river ( the amount of the sediment) 2.the sediment size 3.the river energy VS marine energy 4.shoreline slope Factors 1,2&4 decide the speed of the delta formation and the factor 3 decides the delta morphology. So the classification method of the delta morphology widely used is based on the river energy VS marine energy (Fig.5) Because delta land has high agriculture value and the lagoon has high aquaculture value, people are trying to intervene the delta formation to gain the agriculture land and the lagoon, also control the river to avoid flooding(Fig.6). 15

Factor 4: Shorline Slope

Fig.4. factors influencing the delta formation drawn by Yan Sun

Step1. Delta and Human Intervention Research DELTA MORPHOLOGY AND HUMAN INTERVENTION River dominated step 1

Tide dominated step 2

step 3

step 4

step 2

step 3

step 4

step 1

step 2

step 3

step 4

Wave dominated step 1

Fig.5 Catalogue of delta morphology drawn by Shiqi Deng

Manipulate water flow by dam

Increase levee height

Disperse the river

Spillway

wave dominated dleta formed lagoon

Fig.6 Human Intervention drawn by Shiqi Deng

Step2. Site Selection and Analysis

After we understand the delta structure and relative elements, we chose the Po River Delta located in Italy as our Site. In the indisputable unique frame of the Po Delta it is possible to find an area created both by the sedimentation of the river and by the work of man who, during the centuries, has controlled its course and drained the land around it The river Po, called the â&#x20AC;&#x153;gentle giantâ&#x20AC;?, is the longest river in Italy. With its 650 km (about 400 ), it runs through the Po Plain and flows into the Adriatic Sea, forming a delta and one of the largest wetlands in Europe and in the Mediterranean Sea. 17

Step2. Site Selection and Analysis PO Delta History

12 Century: The course of the river straightened oneself towards the north. In the following centuries the Delta gradually extended towards that direction. The branches towards north-east swelled . The branches towards northeast swelled and reduced the water flow towards Po di Primaro and di Volano.

17 Century: Fearing that the expansion of the Delta in the north-east could lead to the silting up of the lagoon of Venice, at the beginning of the 17th century the river Po was deviated to the south towards Sacca di Goro with an artificial channel which is its current bed. This measure, called "Taglio di Porto Viro" (Porto Viro cut-off), determined the beginning of the formation of the modern Delta.

18 Century: After “Taglio di Porto Viro”,Po delta expand 135 hectares/year,(before is 53 hectares/year).These new land used be the cultivated lands (precarious conditions), since they were surrounded by very low embankments which were seasonally leaped over by waters.

Venezia

Po di Ferrara

Po di Primaro

Po di Ferrara

19 Century: The extraction of this water, together with the extraction of freshwater for domestic and industrial use in the years of reconstruction contributed to increase the subsidence of the Delta, and many lands that had been reclaimed were flooded again.

Venezia

Po di Ferrara

Po di Primaro

Fig.7 Delta history change by Yan Sun

Fig.8 Po River Delta history map 18

Step2. Site Selection and Analysis

Po Delta's Agiculture Distribution Agiculture Area Forest Bare Area

Po Delta's Contour -5m -4m -3m -2m -1m 0m

Po Delta's River Catchment 16200 - 482000 ㎡ 482001 - 6382000 ㎡ 6382001 - 13984000 ㎡ 13984001- 40467012 ㎡ 40467013- 58927050 ㎡ 58927051-108518334 ㎡

Po Delta's Flow Accumulation The channel sediment: 183 cubic meters/day

Fig.9 Po River Delta site analysis by Yan Sun 19

We chose the white part as our site because this area is a typical river dominated delta at the front part with a high angle, and the end was dominated by the wave energy which has the possibility to form a wave dominated lagoon.

Fig.10 Wave direction in Po Delta marine area

Fig.11 Delta type in Po River Delta

And we decided to add artifical bar at the river mouth to control the direction of sediment, work with the wave energy it can form a high aquaculture value lagoon. 20

Step3. Modeling and simulation on site

PO DELTA SIMULATION

the rive with sediment

The delta formation at the end of this area was dominated by the marine energy, so we used the CEM( coast evolution model) do to the simulation, and set the sediment souce at the river mouth to simulate the sediment transported by the river.Also, we figured out the parameters such as turbidity and sediment size to do the simulation. Artificial dikes are found in the site , as these can prevent sediment transport to the very near area of the river mouth. On the other hand, sediment movement can form another sandscape alongside the coatline, some of which may form a small island, the others may become the embankment of lagoons.

the rive with sediment

CEM(coast evolution model) can simulate the process of the deposite formation, we try to simulate the progress and observe how the sediment transportation can form different shapes and deploy in the Po river delta front by changing the dike direction,dike length,and the dike angle in order to find the most efficient way to gain the delta formed lagoon.

the rive with sediment

the rive with sediment 21

sediment source position

Fig.12 use CEM to do the simulation of Po River Delta by Kai Fan

Step3. Modeling and simulation on site

Cell Width: 5 X coordinate: 280 Y coordinate: 150 Shelf Slope: 0.025 Shoreface Slope: 0.1 Depth Shoreface: 10 Initial Rock: 3 Initial Depth: 10

Time Step: 2 Wave Height: 0.6 Period: 10 Asym: 0.9 Highness: 0.4 Duration: 1 Stop After: 100 years

Input sourse number: 26, 120 cubic meters per cell. Input sourse coordinate: (82,75), (83,76), (85,78), (86,78), (88,81), (89,81), (91,84), (92,84), (94,87), (95,87), (100,93), (101,93), (96,90), (97,90), (103,90), (104,90), (106,87), (107,87), (109,84), (110,84), (112,81), (113,81), (115,78), (116,78), (118,75), (118,75)

Artificial Dike Length: 30m

Artificial Dike Length: 40m

Artificial Dike Angle: 60 degree

Artificial Dike Angle: 75 degree

Artificial Dike with two obstacles

Artificial Dike with three obstacles Fig.13 Simulation output with different trials

by Kai Fan

Step4. Most Efficient Intervention Method to Form the Lagoon Simulation comparison and concluction

Dike Length: 30m

Dike Length: 40m

Dike Length: 50m

After 36 years

After 42 years

After 39 years

Dike Length: 60m

Dike Angle: 45 degree

Dike Angle: 60 degree

After 48 years

After 39 years

After 55 years

Dike with 2 obstacles

Dike with 3 obstacles

Embankment with 2 layers

After 59 years

After 67 years

After 40 years

Blue areas show the most fragile parts of sediment deposition, where should be reinforced to help sediment movement form lagoons.

Green areas are more likely to be the key point of how far the sediment can move and the size of lagoons.

Purple areas indicate that obstacles can enhance the stability of the deposition effectively, especially for the fragile areas. But it can not be build in large scales as it may block waves to bring sediment away.

Fig.14 simulation output comparison and conclusion by Kai Fan

Step4. Most Efficient Intervention Method to Form the Lagoon INTERVENTION IMPLEMENTED IN PO DELTA

According to the simulation, the most efficeint way to form the high aquacultre valued lagoon is to add a appropriate length 50m (decided the lagoon size) with a higher angle and two or three obstacles (Fig.14).

In the Po delta, the area marked already has two splits to slow down the speed of sediment shifting, we can also start to plant to gain the high agriculture value land Fig.15 The intervention we took in Po Delta Drawn by Shiqi Deng

Workshop 2 Conclusion and Self Reflection

In this workshop, we chose the Po delta as our site because it has several delta forms which can be intervened. At the beginning, we stared with searching and learning the formation and structure of the delta, and knew the delta is a dynamic balance between sediment deposition and sediment shifting. And there are four factors influence the delta, the amount of the sediment, the size of the sediment, the comparison between the river energy and the marine energy, and the shoreline slope. In addition, the classification method of the delta is decided by the dominated energy. At this stage, we also learned the human interventions implemented in delta area. Basically logic is to adjust the speed or the amount of the sediment to break the delta forming balance to gain the high agriculture value land or high aquaculture value lagoon. Then we calculated out the parameters related to the delta formation, use the CEM (costal evolution model) to simulate the specific site we selected, with different trials to find out an efficient way to add artificial dike to gain the delta and form the lagoon.

During this workshop, my task mainly focus on the delta research, data collection, calculate the parameters, and draw the catalogue of the morphology, human interventions. This is the easiest workshop for me compare to other two. But in our project , we still have something needs to be improved: we should take more consideration on the site selection and figure out the reason why we need a land/lagoon rather than directly jump to the simulation procedure. After this workshop, I understand our programme better than before. I have a awareness of “Landscape urbanism” is to achieve a “transdisciplinary”( Alfredo etal. 2012). Because during this exercise ,we are working with coding and modeling developed by the geographer and programmer. We combined the knowledge from interdisciplinary scholars, and the land scripting and simulation is only a part of landscape urbanism from a coding and nature evolution perspective.

Fig. 16 Rendering of the Delta Lagoon by Yan Sun

AALU_Workshop3_Social_Formation

COFFEE COOPERATIVE IN TINGO MARIA, PERU Menglei Zhong

Haowen Lin

Shiqi Deng

30/11/2015-17/12/2015

The purpose of this workshop is to understand the relationship between social formation and landscape, and how the social formation and political strategy can influence the landscape, for further development, consider where can human intervene. Our topic of this workshop is the Cooperative production, guilds and trade unions. We selected the coffee cooperative located in a developing country- Tingo Maria in Peru. And during this exercise, our working processes are: 1.Site Analysis and data, background information collection, figure out the development of the cooperative and the trading chain. 2.Compare the impact of cooperative on social formation and environment in different cooperative stage. 3.Focus on how the cooperative was effected by the three different certification. 4.Mapping the different certifications dominated the further development. 5.Find the relationship between the strategies under these certifications and come up with where can human intervene.

Step1. Site selection and cooperative development

Historical

Airport

- Unreachable until 1936 - U.S. Government’s funding for agriculture - Coffee was a particularly valuable crop

Environmental

- Two important rivers meet - Tingo María National Park - A cave named Cueva de las Lechuzas

Naranjillo

Agricultural Station

Scoial

- An airport - A well paved main road called “the Federico Basadre” Highway - Outstanding in agriculture

Processing Plant

Tingo María is the capital of Leoncio Prado Province in the Huánuco Region in central Peru. This town is unreachable until 1936. In 1942, the U.S. Government began adding more funding to Tingo Maria---1960 over 40,000 acres (160 km²) of land were under cultivation, especially along the Huallaga River valley where land was level. And nowdays, coffee is an important crop in local economy. We selected Tingo Maria as our site because the agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. Naranjillo, as the largest local cooperative, was founded in 1965 with only 42 people and after decades, it now growth into 5000 members scale, which covered one third of the population. They collect, industrialize and commercialize products coffee, cocoa and derivatives. And this cooperative had a large positive impact on the social development especially after they got triple certificated( Rainforest Alliance, Organic Certification, Fairtrade) with the crops’ trading.)

Fig.1 Tingo Maria map by Menglei Zhong

Step1. Site selection and cooperative development TRADING CHAIN AND COOPERATIVE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS We were studying on how the cooperative production actually bringing difference to Tingo Maria. More specifically, we looked at the changes in social structure and the environmental impacts. We begin with this diagram that tells 4 different stages from timeline. Before co-ops appear when everyone of the smallholders are single farmers/ producers to the period when coops appear and the time they introduce triple certifications. (Fig.2) And we try to look at a current international coops company and see how the local successful coops could possibly be leaded to in the future. The vertical introducing the relationship between farmers and consumers and to see how coffee industry and environment be influenced by coops through time.

Social

cooperative Environmental

SINGLE/ FAMILY PRODUCTION -1980

1980-2003

Farmers

Private/ Local Trader

COOPERATIVE PRODUCTION ( Certification )

COOPERATIVE PRODUCTION

Low Purchase prices

2003-2005

2005-2015

Farmers

[Farmers + ...]

Cooperative (Naranjillo)

Processing Plant

Local Exporter

Premium Investment

Cooperative (Naranjillo)

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIVE COMPANY 2015-

Successful Co-ops Model

Certification

Importer

Roasting Company

Retail/ Catering

Consumers

Coffee Naranjillo

Coffee Planting Coca Planting

Deforestation Deforestation Soil Erosion

Soil Erosion

Air Pollution

Air Pollution Controlled

Resources waste

Waste Controlled

Double Certificated Double Certificated

Reforestation Soil Condition Improved

[Farmers + ...]

Cooperative

Certification

Consumer Membership Direct Investment

Importer

Coffee Planting

[Farmers + ...]

Fairtrade Certificated

International Cooperative (Pachamama) Larger Market

Consumers

Triple Certificated

Reforestation

Deforestation

Urban Spawl

Fig. 2 Trading Chain and cooperative development by Haowen Lin 27

SINGLE/ FAMIL Step 2. Social and Environmental Comparison in Different Stages -1980 Social Impacts/ Singel Family Farmers Farmers

Low Pur

Private/ Local Trader Airport

Processing Plant Local Exporter

Before the coops Naranjillo were founded, because of the topography in Peru and the limited growing area for coffee plantation, most of the farmers in Tingo Maria are smallholders as single or family producers. They sell their coffee beans to several local traders and be transported to other city such as lima to process before ship to other countries. Local Traders

Local Network (Yield) Cropland

According to different coffee yield from cropland, its shown on the weight of the network to see the use of transportation network.

Importer Roasting Company Retail/ Catering

SINGLE/ FAMILY PROD -1980

Consumers Farmers

Coca

Private/ Local

Low Purchase prices

Fig.3 Social impacts in Single Family farmers stage by Haowen LinTrader and Shiqi Deng

Processing

Plant Coffee Environmental Impacts/ Singel Family Farmers Planting Local Exporter

Importer Deforestation Roasting Company

Soil Retail/ Catering Erosion Consumers

Air Pollution Coffee Planting

Resources waste

Deforestation

Soil Erosion Air Pollution Resources waste

Fig.4 Environmental impact by Menglei Zhong

This shows at first, Tingo Maria was covered by coca planting. But after governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s intervention at 1980s, most of these coca land was cleared, leaving bare land with low nutrition in Tingo Maria.

(2) Before intervention: nutrition decrease sharply( coca harvest every 3 month, need much nutrition from soil.) After: The soil begin to recover but in a slow rate.

Coca planting affect the environment of Tingo Maria in 4 aspects.

(3) Traditional activities in Tingo Maria need farmers to burn coca leaves. So this will cause a slight impact in air pollution.

(1) Coca planting area grows at first, and decreased sharply after governmenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s intervention. Forest area decreased gradually.

(4) Cocaine produce require some natural resources like coal oil, which will lead to the decrease of natural resources. 28

Step 2. Social and Environmental Comparison in Different Stages Social Impacts/ Cooperative Farmers

-1980

COOPE CO

Road Development

SINGLE/ FAMILY PRODUCTION 1980-2003 -1980

SINGLE/ FAMILY PRODUCTION COOPERATIVE Health ServicePRODUCTION 2003-2005 1980-2003 Education

Cooperative

Farmers

Private/ Local Trader

Low Purchase prices

Private/ Local Trader

Farmers Low Purchase prices

Cooperative (Naranjillo)

Processing Plant

Local Exporter

Importer

Roasting Company

Retail/ Catering

Consumers

Local Trader Cooperative

Farmers

Premium Investment

Local Network (Yield) Co-ops NetworkConsumers (Yield) Cropland Coca

Fig.5 Social Impact in coopertive stage by Haowen Lin and Shiqi Deng Coffee Planting Coffee Planting Coca Planting

Coffee Planting

Deforestation

Social Impacts/ Cooperative Farmers (Certified )

-1980

Deforestation Deforestation

Soil Erosion

SINGLE/ FAMILY PRODUCTION

Soil SoilErosion Erosion

Double Certificated Double Certificated

Air Pollution Controlled

Resources waste

Waste Resources Controlled waste

Waste Controlled

COOPERATIVE PRODUCTION ( Certification )

COOPERATIVE PRODUCTION 2003-2005

2005-2015

Farmers Low Purchase Purchase prices prices Low

Cooperative (Naranjillo)

Processing Plant

Local Exporter

Importer Roasting Company

Local Trader Cooperative

Fairtrade Certificated Double Certificated

Soil Condition Soil Improved Erosion

Air Pollution Air Controlled Pollution

1980-2003

Double Certificated

Reforestation Deforestation

Air Pollution

Farmers Private/ Local Trader

Coffee Planting Coffee Naranjillo Coca Planting

[Farmers + ...]

Premium Premium Investment Investment

Cooperative (Naranjillo)

[Fa

Successful Successful Co-ops Model Model Co-ops

Certification

Importer

Roasting Company

Retail/ Catering

Consumers

Consumer Membership Membership Consumer Direct Investment Investment Direct

Processing Plant (Co-ops)

Retail/ Catering

Local Network (Yield)

Larger Market Market Larger

Co-ops Network (Yield)

Consumers

Cropland Coca

Fig.6 Social Impact with certification by Haowen Lin and Shiqi Deng Coffee Planting

Coffee Planting Coca Planting

Because of the low purchasing price among theDeforestation local traders, some of the farmer gather to form a coops group as a trader. most of the coffee beans are sold to coops. which Deforestation show the main road on the map. (Fig.5) Soil Erosion

When the coops introduce the triple certifications, they invest part of the build a processing plant. (Fig.6) Air 29 Pollution

Coffee Naranjillo

Soil premium to Erosion Air Pollution Controlled

Double Double Certificated Certificated Double Double Certificated Certificated

Reforestation Soil Condition Improved

Coffee Naranjillo

Fairtrade Fairtrade Certificated Certificated

Triple Certificated

Reforestation

Deforestation

Urban Spawl

Step 2. Social and Environmental Comparison in Different Stages Environmental Impacts After Cooperateve Certified

2004-2005

2004-2007

2004-2009

2004-2011

2004-2013

2004-2015

Deforestation Area

The 4 sections shows the coca planting area and forest area in different time. Deforest area 2004-2015: As we can see from this page, deforest area in Tingo Maria increase in these years since fairtrade come into there. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s very obvious from 2004-2015. So we just found maybe there is some side effects of fairtrade. After Naranjillo was formed in Tingo Maria, City development

Fig.7 Deforestation area after cooperative got certified by Menglei Zhong

achieves faster. Because of the wider international trade, Tingo Maria needs more infrastructures like roads, factories and stations to maintain the daily trade. Which means deforestation will caused by these construction, and also, accessible to remote area makes forest in these area more easily get explored. 30

Step3. Triple Certification Analysis RAINFOREST ALLIANCE AND ORGANIC CERTIFICATION

Organic certification is a certification process for produce food and other organic agricultural products.

In general, any business directly involved in food product certified, including seed suppliers, farmers, food processo restaurants. We found out that the deforestation condition became exaggerate during the period when the cooperative introduce triple certifications. So we decided to take a closer look at the conditions for each certification and think of how they might The first picture shows reforest area in tingo maria after cooperative get certified by Rainforest Alliance. The second picture shows organic coffee planting area in tingo maria after certified by organic certification. Rainforest alliance certification obviously increase the income of local farmer, and also enable local people to get more safe drinking water. Organic certification encourage farmers to plant organic coffee in tingo maria. Compared to open farm, Organic coffee planting have a more complete system, which means they are not easily to get damaged by insects. Besides, soil in this area have more ability to maintain water, and contains more nutrition inside of it.

Fig.8 rainforest alliance & organic certification by Menglei Zhong

Step3. Triple Certification Analysis FAIR TRADE CERTIFICATION SINGLE/ FAMILY PRODUCTION

Farmers

COOPERATIVE PRODUCTION

COOPERATIVE PRODUCTION ( Certification )

Farmers

Education Health Service

[Farmers + ...]

Invest Private/ Local Trader

Cooperative (Naranjillo)

Processing Plant

Road Improvement

Cooperative (Naranjillo)

Internal Load & Welfare

Certification Local Exporter

Local Exporter

Importer

Roasting Company

Retail/ Catering

Consumers

Technical Assistance

profit Extra Permium Fig.9 Porfit flow in different stage by Shiqi Deng

Fair Trade is a social movement under Ethical consumerism aims to help the initial producers and workers in developing countries. Fig.9 compares the profit flow from consumers to farmers in different stages. For single farmers stage, the local trader will directly buy the crops from individual farmers with lower price. And then farmers united together to protect themselves, asked for an appropriate price from traders. And the fair trade which means consumers will pay higher price, and the premium should directly reach the cooperative and farmers, part of the premium should be invested to local society. After the Naranjillo get the FT certification, it makes a big contribution to the development of Tingo Maria, 40% premium was invested to the road development, 35% was invested to the technical assistance, and the rest was invested to the health service and education （Fig.10). Road Development Health Service

However, to get the fair trade certification, the cooperative should reach the 10 conditions. but 9 of them such as…... are focus on the producers and local economy and society, only the last condition mentioned it should respect to the environment.

Education Naranjillo / Plants

Fig.10 Investment mapping by Shiqi Deng

Social Movement

Structure

GOAL: help producers in developing countries achieve better trading conditions and to promote sustainability.

FINE was created in 1998 and is an informal association of the four main fair trade networks:

METHODOLOGY: Higer price--Extra permium(direct to producer & investment).

F Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International (FLO) I International Fair Trade Association, now the World Fair Trade Organization (WFTO) N Network of European Worldshops (NEWS!) and E European Fair Trade Association (EFTA)

Certified Conditions 1. Creating Opportunities for Economically Disadvantaged Producers 2. Transparency and Accountability 3. Fair Trading Practices 4. Payment of a Fair Price 5. Ensuring no Child Labour and Forced Labour 6. Commitment to Non Discrimination, Gender Equity and Women’s Economic Empowerment, and Freedom of Association 7. Ensuring Good Working Conditions 8. Providing Capacity Building 9. Promoting Fair Trade 10. Respect for the Environment

Step 4. Further Development Mapping

FAIR TRADE CERTIFICATION DOMINATES DEVELOPMENT

cut Prod ff ee o

cut Prod e e f of

iro Env

Social Devel op m

t en

Social Devel op m

cut Prod e fe of

ironment Env

t en

Importance consideration

cut Prod fee of

Social Devel op m

cut Prod fee of

ironment Env

Social Devel op m

t en

Social Devel op m

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Potential Area Crop Land Existing City t en

ironment Env

So Naranjillo got the three certifications, and each of them focus on different directions. The FT focus on the society and economy and the map shows if the FT dominate development. So in this case the city will expending faster, and more premium willl invested to the road, and social development which means will deforest more(Fig.11).

t en

Fig.11 Fair trade development mapping by Shiqi Deng

RAINFOREST ALLIANCE DOMINATES DEVELOPMENT

t en

cut Prod fee of

Social Devel op m

t en

cut Prod fee of

ironment Env

Social Devel op m

t en

Social Devel op m

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cut Prod

fee of

t en

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The goal of rainforest alliance is protecting environment and wildlife’ habitat. C

Importance consideration

Buffer Area Open Farm Land Reforest Area

Social Devel op m

cut Prod e e f of

ironment Env

Social Devel op m

Social De v e l op m

cut Prod e fe of

ironment Env

t en

ironment Env

So if Naranjillo concentrate most in rainforest alliance, they will encourage farmers to planting at bare land and won’t allow farmers to explore forest for planting.( Since planting under the tree will affect animals’ habitat.) Another thing they will do is to reforest in bare land In this situation, the forest will be protected and the speed of city expending will slow down (Fig.12).

t en

Fig.12 Rainforest alliance development mapping by Menglei Zhong

ORGANIC CERTIFICATION DOMINATES DEVELOPMENT

cut Prod e e f of

Social Devel op m

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ironment Env

Social Devel op m

t en

Social Devel op m

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t en

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t en

Importance consideration

cut Prod fee of

t en

Fig.13 Organic Certification develoment mapping by Haowen Lin

Social Devel op m

cut Prod fee of

ironment Env

Social Devel op m

cut Prod fee of

ironment Env

t en

ironment Env

Shaded Plantation Existing Crop Land Road Development

mainly focus on by natural process to produce high quality coffee in ecofriendly way. They promote shaded coffee planting among forests density around 40%. But this could lead to more forests exploration. and road construction（Fig.13)

Step5. Relationship Between Each Certification RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM

ty Ci

g din n pe Ex

conomic Developmen l&E t a i c So

Inc rea sin g

Road Development

cal Assistance Techni

Inc om e

& Education Health Internal Loan

Ra in fo re st Ar ea

tu ra lF -C ert he ili z e mi r ha c al Pro de cess dP la n t a ti on

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odu

E n vi l tr a on tC nd or s La Def re Ba lop n D e ve ti o sta ore

R ef

a Are est infor Increasing Ra

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High er Lab our Intensity

ll Producer sma

Fa rm

Pr op ort ion

g sin a e r Inc

Fig.14 Strategy and relationship diagram drawn by Shiqi Deng

After mapping the different certification dominate the further development anc comparing the strategy under each certification, we finally came up with the relathionship diagram (Fig.14). Because the Fair trade focus on the social and economic development, it will invest the premium to build road and infrastructures which means more deforestation, this will be against the purpose of rainforest alliance. In a word, these three certifications limite each other in the development.

In Fig.14, The inner circle is the most important issue of these certifications. The middle circle stands for the strateges, and the outermost stands for the result. The the solid line means it has positive impacts and dashed line means negative impacts. Thus,we will find the point which can be intervened. For instance, if we persuade the cooperative to invest more porpotion on the technical assistance, may slow down the city expending and improve the coffee quality, provide jobs to develop the society in another way rather than invest to the road and infrastructure.

Workshop 3 Conclusion and Self Reflection In this exercise, we firstly collected and analyzed the data and background information of a agriculture cooperative named Naranjillo located in Tingo Maria Peru, then figured out the trading chain and the cooperative development in different period. In order to understand how the cooperative can influence the landscape, we compared the social and environmental impacts. However, there are three certifications effect the strategy decision of the cooperative: the fair trade, the rainforest alliance, and the organic certification. After mapping out the further development dominated by each certification, we finally came up with the relationship between these certifications and their strategies. According to this diagram, we can find the point that can be intervened to adjust the balance and the impact on the local society and environment. However, there are still some limitations of our research. Because the triple certifications focus on the different issues, and they were found by different organizations, the real purpose should be take more consideration. At the same time, the operation of the cooperative may not be that efficient. When they reach the basic conditions to be certified, they may use the utilize the impact of them to gain more profit rather than to achieve the protect the

environment purpose. Personally speaking, the social formation workshop is the most difficult one for me to understand and work out. My task in this exercise is to search the fair trade and social information in Tingo Maria. During the research, I find there are many negative views on fair trade, because the fair trade supposed to be benefit for the small producers, but the real result is not expected as the fair trade organization expected. There are many factors limit the operation such as the price gap between fair trade product and non fair trade product is not big; the local labour cost etc(Ruben,2012). So the social formation is a complicate issue which consist of many factors hard to predict. But after this workshop, I understand the social formation and political strategy can also influence the land use and the landscape. The land value is changing along with the evolution of the society, so the landscape is not a single natural issue only between nature and human. Human can effect and change the landscape by different techniques, but the social formation and political strategy are two important reasons for doing so.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

FIGURE LIST

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Ramke, H.-G., (2001) Appropriate Design and Operation of Sanitary Landfills in: Sustainable Economic Development and Sound Resource Management in Central Asia, Proceedings of an International Conference, planned October 2001, Tashkent State University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan and Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom Ruben,R.; Font,R. (2012) The Impact of Fair Trade Certification for Codffee Farmers in Peru, World development: Incorporating ‘New Commonwealth’ – the multidisciplinary international journal devoted to the study and promotion of the world development. Vol 40, No.3, PP.570-582 Rushbrook, P., Pugh, M., (1999) Solid Waste Landfills in Middle and Lower Income, Countries: a Technical Guide to Planning, Design and Operation. World Bank Technical Paper No. 426. Scharff, H., Sollman, C. (1997) Landfill remediation made possible by re-opening a former waste tip, Proceedings Sardinia’97, Sixth International Landfill Symposium, CISA Publisher, Caglairi, Italy, Vol.IV, 509-516. Weber,J.G. (2012) Social learning and technology adoption: the case of coffee pruning in Peru, Agricultural Economics, Vol43, PP.73-84

Fig.2(7) Beat S, (2014), Treatment Process and Basic Design Principles [ONLINE]. Available at: http:// www.sswm.info/content/landfills [Accessed 08 January 16]. Fig.4 Anon, (2015) Horsea island historical map [ONLINE]. Available at: http://digimap.edina. ac.uk/ [Accessed 08 January 16]. Fig.6(1) Mieke B, (2013), dry-tidal-mudflats in the east kimberley [ONLINE]. Available at: http:// www.coolnaturephotos.com/aerial-photo-ofdry-tidal-mudflats-in-the-east-kimberleyaustralia-photo-by-mieke-boynton/ [Accessed 08 January 16]. Fig.6(2) Adrian W, (2012), The Living Coast: an aerial view of Britain’s shoreline [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/3285195/ The-Living-Coast-an-aerial-view-ofBritains-shoreline.html?image=13 [Accessed 08 January 16]. Fig.7, Fig.8 & Fig.9 Ramke, H.-G., (2001) Appropriate Design and Operation of Sanitary Landfills in: Sustainable Economic Development and Sound Resource Management in Central Asia, Proceedings of an International Conference, planned October 2001, Tashkent State University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan and Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom Fig.10 Richard T, (2012) Hazardous Materials

Workshop 2

Architectural Association School of Architecture Landscape Urbanism 2015-2016

Directors Alfredo Ramirez Eduardo Rico Design Tutor Clara Oloriz Sanjuan Seminar Tutors Douglas Spencer Tom Smith Technical Tutors Giancarlo Torpiano Gustavo Romanillos Vincenzo Reale

Architectural Association School of Architecture Landscape Urbanism 2015-2016