THESIS REPORT | AFFORDABLE HOUSING | SHRADHA SOIN by Shradha Soin

GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN,

SONIPAT 131001

THESIS REPORT AFFORDABLE HOUSING, SECTOR-56A, FARIDABAD

Submitted By: Shradha Soin (GCAD/17/225)

Guided by: Ar Ajay Bhargav

SHRADHA SOIN | GCAD17225 | AFFORDABLE HOUSING SEC-56A FARIDABAD

GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN

DECLARATION

I Shradha Soin, GCAD/17/225, hereby declare that the Thesis titled AFFORDABLE HOUSING, SECTOR-56A, FARIDABAD submitted by me, in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the curriculum of Bachelor of Architecture as per the university norms, to Gateway College of Architecture and Design, is a record of my original work with credits given for information collected from any other source.

Shradha Soin 1

SHRADHA SOIN | GCAD17225 | AFFORDABLE HOUSING SEC-56A FARIDABAD

GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis titled AFFORDABLE HOUSING, SECTOR-56A, FARIDABAD, submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the curriculum of Bachelor of Architecture is the work of SHRADHA SOIN, Roll Number GCAD/17/225, who carried out research work under our supervision in Gateway College of Architecture and Design, Sonipat, Haryana. We recommend that the thesis report be placed before the examiners for their consideration.

Prof. Ajay Bhargav Signature of the Guide

Prof. Rathinder Bhattacharya Signature of the Coordinator

SHRADHA SOIN | GCAD17225 | AFFORDABLE HOUSING SEC-56A FARIDABAD

DEDICATION I dedicate my thesis work to my family, friends and my teachers who have helped and supported me throughout the process. I really appreciate their efforts, thanking them for the precious time they spent on me and helped me through the various difficulties that I faced while working on my thesis. Their help made it possible to complete my work efficiently. They all are the ultimate inspiration.

SHRADHA SOIN | GCAD17225 | AFFORDABLE HOUSING SEC-56A FARIDABAD

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude for all those who, directly or indirectly helped me in this research. I am heartily thankful to my guide, Ar. Ajay Bhargav, whose encouragement, supervision and support from the preliminary to the concluding level enabled me to develop an understanding of the document.

Thank you Prof. Rathindra Bhattacharya for providing their valuable insight and expertise that greatly assisted the research.

I would also like to thank and acknowledge the institution, Gateway College of Architecture and Design for providing me with the opportunity to work on this document. I am thankful for my teachers, mentors and friends who have given their experience, ideas and invaluable time to keep moving forward and enable me to complete this document.

The Freedom in Thesis at GCAD would not have been possible without the tangible & intangible support of the coordinator, namely Prof. Rathindra Bhattacharya; the Principal, namely Prof. Radhika Nagpal.

SHRADHA SOIN | GCAD17225 | AFFORDABLE HOUSING SEC-56A FARIDABAD

Table of Contents Abstract List of tables List of figures CHAPTERS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………… 1.1

Introduction

1.2

Project description

1.3

Intent of choosing the topic

1.4

Validity of the project

1.5

Aim & Objectives

1.6

Client’s Brief

1.7

Scope & Limitations

1.8

Methodology

CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND OF TYPOLOGY……………………………………….. 2.1

History of Similar Projects

2.2

User Profile and Activity Analysis

2.3

Social aspects

2.4

Psychological aspects

2.5

Inferences

CHAPTER 3: STANDARDS AND NORMS……………………………………………... CHAPTER 4: LITERATURE STUDY…………………………………………………… 4.1

Intent of the literature study

4.2

Selection criteria of relevant literature

4.3

Categorization of Literature

4.4

Inferences (pertaining to the Project to be undertaken)

SHRADHA SOIN | GCAD17225 | AFFORDABLE HOUSING SEC-56A FARIDABAD

CHAPTER 5: CASE STUDIES…………………………………………………................ 5.1

Selection criteria of case-studies

5.2

Case Study 1

5.3

Case Study 2

5.4

Case Study 3

5.5

Case Study 4

5.6

Comparative Analysis

5.7

Inferences

CHAPTER 6: SITE ANALYSIS…………………………………………………………. 6.1

Location

6.2

Accessibility & Approach

6.3

Site constraints

6.4

Topography

6.5

Climatology

6.6

Urban Context

6.7

Development Control

6.8

Services on the Site (both existing and envisaged for future)

6.9

Inferences from Site Analysis Research

CHAPTER 7: SPATIAL ANALYSIS…………………………………………………… 7.1

Spatial analysis

7.2

Services and structure (MEP, acoustics, parking etc.)

7.3

Planning, relationship & spatial understanding

CHAPTER 8: ARCHITECTURAL BRIEF……………………………………………. 8.1 8.2 8.3

Physical Requirements Architect’s Brief Summary

SHRADHA SOIN | GCAD17225 | AFFORDABLE HOUSING SEC-56A FARIDABAD

CHAPTER 9: INITIAL CONCEPT………………………………………………… 9.1

Relevant Intangible Considerations

9.2

Planning Relationships and Spatial Understanding

APPENDIX…………………………………………………………………………… BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………………………

SHRADHA SOIN | GCAD17225 | AFFORDABLE HOUSING SEC-56A FARIDABAD

CHAPTER 01 SYNOPSIS 1.1 Background Housing for many households, around the world, is both the largest expense and the most important asset. It is an important determinant of quality of life. But a significant proportion of the world's population does not have access to adequate and affordable housing. Well-functioning housing market influences not only shelter concerns but improves public health (by reducing the likelihood of outbreaks of disease), stimulate economic growth (through its own job creation, but also as workplaces for home based entrepreneurs), and have important social consequences (by influencing crime reduction and citizenship). The best housing sectors should enable the adequate provision of shelter across all segments of the population. In India, rapid urbanization has given rise to development challenges in the form of urban congestion, pressure on basic amenities like water and sanitation and most importantly, severe housing shortages in cities, In order to bridge this demand – supply gap, the Government of India has recently taken major initiatives to provide a boost to affordable housing in India. Objective of this project is to ensure Affordable housing for all. Expected outcome of the research is to come out with an improved strategy on affordable housing which can address demand and supply gaps of the housing sector. The methodology used for the research was case based analysis. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) was launched in 2015 to provide a pucca house to all eligible beneficiaries of urban India by 2022. The vision of the scheme was ‘housing for all’. Mission will be implemented as a centrally sponsored scheme (CSS) except for the component of credit linked subsidy that will be implemented as a central sector scheme. Mission with all its components has become effective from 17 June 2015 and will be implemented up to 31 March 2022. Affordability in housing depends on ● Monthly household income (MHI) of prospective buyers ● Affordability of the home buyer ● Size of the dwelling unit “Adequate housing was defined as ‘adequate privacy, adequate space, adequate security, adequate lighting and ventilation, adequate basic infrastructure and adequate location with regard to work and basic facilities for all at a reasonable cost’ by the United Nations General Assembly in December 1988.”

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1.2 Project description: 1.2.1 About Project Location- The site is located in the revenue estate of Village–Gaunchi , Sector-56A ,Faridabad, Haryana

Site area- 25292.85 sq.m (6.24acres)

1.2.2 Site and surroundings A) Site location ➢ The proposed project “HRH CITY AFFORDABLE GROUP HOUSING” at SECTOR-56A to be constructed to international standards. ➢ There are a total 912 spacious apartments planned, out of which there are 228, 3BHK units and 684 2-BHK units, the project is included under the HUDA Affordable Housing Scheme. ➢ The Developer of the Project is HRH CITY PROJECT S PVT. LTD.

Fig: Site location

Climatic Conditions Faridabad has a borderline of hot semi-arid climate just short of a dry-winter humid subtropical climate. The city features the three typical Indian seasons: The "hot" or pre-monsoon season lasts from March to late June and is typified by sweltering and arid conditions that begin very dry but latterly turn humid.

SHRADHA SOIN | GCAD17225 | AFFORDABLE HOUSING SEC-56A FARIDABAD

Fig: Landuse map of Faridabad

B) Site context-

Fig: Site Context 10

SHRADHA SOIN | GCAD17225 | AFFORDABLE HOUSING SEC-56A FARIDABAD

1.2.3 Development controls The development control norms are as per Haryana building code, 2017 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1. 2.

Maximum permissible ground coverage - 50% as per affordable housing policy Maximum permissible FAR- 225 & for commercial space FAR-175 Permissible height- 45m with 13/16m setback ECS- 2 The topography of the land is flat. Density shall be 750-900 PPA (person per acre) Open spaces- minimum 15% of the net planned area Provision of buildings One built-up community hall of not less than 185.81sq.m area. One built-up Anaganwadi-cum-crèche of or less than 185.81 sq.m area.

1.2.4 Client’s aspiration The client for this project offers apartments with a perfect combination of contemporary architecture and features to provide comfortable living. Overcoming housing deficiency especially when demand is concentrated at the lower end of the income spectrum and public resources are limited calls for a range of approaches, including tenure legalization, environmental improvements, serviced sites for incremental housing, and in-situ reconstruction.

1.2.5 Client’s Brief The client for this project is HRH City which is a private partnership. The apartments are of the following configurations: 2BHK and 3BHK. The size of the Apartment ranges in between 49.61 Sq. m and 59.92 Sq. m.

SHRADHA SOIN | GCAD17225 | AFFORDABLE HOUSING SEC-56A FARIDABAD

Area distribution by client brief (for HSVP) is-

Table: Components under PMAY

Project Brief amenities and facilities:● Community Center & Anganwadi cum Creche ● Kids Play Area, Skating Ring, Jogging & Walking Track ● Cricket Practice Net, Badminton Court, BasketBall Court(Half) ● Outdoor GYM, Yoga Place, Open Air Theater ● Senior Citizen’s Gazebo, Table Tennis, Board Game ● Shopping Facility ● Kids Swimming Pool

Anganwadi Services objectives, a package of six services comprising (i) Supplementary nutrition; (ii) Pre-school non-formal education; (iii) nutrition & health education; (iv) immunization; (v) health check-up; and (vi) referral services are provided to the targeted beneficiaries i.e. all children below 6 years, Pregnant Women and Lactating Mothers.

1.3 Intent of choosing the topic: The rapid rise in population and incomes over the past decades has resulted in an increase in 12

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demand for housing. However, despite several public housing programmes that boosted supply, the housing shortage remains. The objective of the smart cities programme is to promote sustainable and inclusive cities that provide core infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to their citizens, a clean and sustainable environment and application of ‘Smart’ solutions. Housing for the poor is not just the space, but it provides them with the survival, transformative and empowerment support. It has community, socio-cultural, financial and environmental dimensions. The Affordable Group Housing Colony is designed with well-equipped facilities such as regulated entry/exit well planned infrastructure road, community center, sewage treatment plant, well designed parking area and rainwater harvesting measures.

1.4 Validity of the project:

SHRADHA SOIN | GCAD17225 | AFFORDABLE HOUSING SEC-56A FARIDABAD

1.5 Aim & Objectives: 1.5.1. Aim: ➔ This mission aims to provide proper houses to all homeless and also those living in dilapidated houses under “Housing for all” scheme -PMAY ➔ The Prime Minister’s housing scheme - PMAY Urban and Rural - can help provide affordable housing and alleviate the housing gap in India. These schemes also rope in the private sector financial institutions, which can play a positive role in nation building. The resultant economic activity of PMAY can trigger a strong wave of business activity resulting in higher incomes for Indians.

1.5.2. Objective:

➔ To study various forms of income groups and their needs and its practical implementation in design projects. ➔ To study and implement the fundamental design elements (like light, ventilation, acoustics and thermal comfort) that positively impact the building environment. ➔ To study universal design in architecture. ➔ To study the need for housing for all.

1.6 Scope & Limitations: 1.6.1. Scope: The design would cover habitable space for living, temple for spirituality, clinic for medical and recreational space for physical and social needs.

1.6.2. Limitation: ➢ Land is the most critical cost in housing projects. Building affordable housing entails land cost should be such that the benefit can be passed on to the end-user. Land cost in urban city centers is high, often constituting more than 50% of the project cost for developers; this makes affordable housing projects unviable. ➢ For affordable housing projects, even construction costs can form a large factor in making projects unviable, since the profit margins for the developers increase exponentially as compared to the construction costs when evaluating projects ranging from affordable to mid-segment to premium and luxury segments. A control on these costs is also crucial for any housing project to stay affordable. ➢ Due to the current situation of the pandemic, the source of the study would be limited mostly on the internet based study and primary case studies might be less prioritized seeing the current Covid situation.

SHRADHA SOIN | GCAD17225 | AFFORDABLE HOUSING SEC-56A FARIDABAD

1.7 Methodology: It will endeavor to explore how movement and the parameters help in the development of experience with the help of study and analysis of movement in affordable housing. It will be qualitative research. It will use both primary and secondary data collection. It will be used in the understanding of the activities of the users carried-out, what locations they visited, at first; and the context in which the activities were undertaken. Secondly, to list what, with whom and how the users interacted with the people and the place itself. Thus, this will be aimed to understand the full range of activities of the users engaged in any affordable housing.

SHRADHA SOIN | GCAD17225 | AFFORDABLE HOUSING SEC-56A FARIDABAD

Chapter 2 ENVISAGED ACTIVITY 2.1 History Over the last few years, India has emerged as one of the global investment hotspots. This trend has gained further momentum in the post-crisis environment, with the ongoing rebalancing of global economic activity from the West to the East. The new economic identity of India is possibly best demonstrated by the Rupee symbol launched recently, as India joined an elite group of nations that can boast of a symbolic identity for their national currencies.

While most sectors in India hold promising potential, infrastructure is particularly compelling. The potential for infrastructure is essentially because of the massive need for infrastructural development in the country, as India continues to march ahead on the road of fast-paced economic growth. When these high levels of economic activity are combined with other factors like rapid urbanization, rising disposable incomes, and an enormous population base eager to improve their lifestyle, the need for housing becomes obvious.

Housing policies of the Government of India having a long journey since the 1950’s .This chapter deals with the various affordable housing policies and plans that were followed and how new schemes and policies evolved with time and what challenges people and government faced to provide an adequate living and lifestyle.

2.1.1 Phase I [1950 - 70’s]

The Nehru Era The current housing conditions in India have a legacy from the post-independence (1947) era of housing planning and policies, which, in turn, are interlinked with economic and political drivers. As discussed earlier, the beginning of the economic policy environment in India was characterized by its focus on facilitation of industrial activities and production of capital goods. In contrast to the economic objectives, which were to be delivered with limited available capital, provisioning of housing was seen as a capital-consuming exercise with no assurance of any direct economic return. 18

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The post-independence emphasis on public investment in capital goods was the starting point of policy building for democratic India, and this caused a reduction in the involvement of public agencies, both financially and functionally, in the provision of social goods such as housing.

The following were important programs introduced to meet the shortage of housing, as realized during the 1950s (Planning Commission of India 1951–1956): • Housing for industrial workers: The Industrial Housing Scheme, formulated in 1949, provided subsidies to private employers for construction of workers’ units under the condition that the rental charged to workers will not exceed 10% of their income. The problem of this scheme was that when public sector employees could not be provided with housing and had to rent in the private market, they were only provided rental assistance equal to 10% of their income. This amount later became insufficient as the market rents soared. • Housing for lower- and middle-income groups: Though there were no explicit subsidies, encouragement was provided to private developers and cooperative housing societies to meet housing shortage in the market through a number of facilities: o “Provision of suitable building sites, where possible, at reasonable cost; a. Empowering the statutory housing boards to guarantee loans which a private builder may obtain from a bank or an insurance company to finance construction of buildings, the buildings in such cases being hypothecated to the housing boards; b. Reorganizing the then existing system of distribution of essential building materials, such as steel, cement, coal, etc., and taking steps to reduce the high prices of these materials which are all subject to price controls, and, for this purpose, conducting necessary investigations; and c. Provision on the lines of Section 39 of the Delhi and Ajmer Rent Control Act XXVIII of 1952, which exempts premises that were constructed between certain periods from the operation of the rent fixation law; and d. Discouraging land holding in urban areas, for which purpose the taxation structure on vacant lands should be so designed as to make all land holding unprofitable” (Planning Commission of India 1951–1956). This led to releasing more land for development purposes. o Reduce the cost of construction by using modern implements and machinery, and standardization of size, thus encouraging mass production of building elements such as bricks, doors, windows, and so on.

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2.1.2 Phase II

The Green Revolution (1965–1990) Regulatory restrictions on the economy increased during the Indra Gandhi Era. India’s economy experienced slow growth and extreme volatility between 1965 and 1981 (Sibal 2012). The government strongly intervened in market operations and the economic environment was highly regulated by policy and legislature. The major controls included regulation of domestic businesses with the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act of 1969, nationalization of banking with the Banking Companies Act of 1969, controlled productivity through the Industrial Licensing Acts of 1970 and 1973, During the pre-1970s period, the government was the only provider of financial support for house building through its various schemes for public housing. The government implemented its schemes through state housing boards that were responsible for allocating serviced land and construction of houses to individuals based on social equity principles (Tiwari 2012). The 1970s laid the foundations for growth in the housing finance sector. Housing finance institutions such as the Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO), the Housing Development Finance Corporation (HDFC), and the National Housing Bank (NHB) were set up to mobilize savings and other resources for channeling investment in housing.

The devolution of responsibility to provide housing to LIGs and EWS from the central government to the state governments and their housing boards also ushered in changes in the way these houses were financed. The government’s role was increasingly viewed as that of an organizer of a legal, regulatory, and financial framework within which housing could be developed and supplied by the private sector. Liberalization of the housing finance sector gained further momentum.

The period, however, did not add much to improve housing conditions. Slum clearance programs continued throughout the 1970s and 1980s with affected people being resettled at peripheral locations. The homes that were provided did not meet the requirements of the affected people, which led these homes to eventually filter down to HIG and MIG households. The integrated approach though was promulgated in policy, remained ineffective because programs were fragmented, overlapping in their objectives, and often administered by different ministries or government departments that did not collaborate.

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2.1.3 Phase III

Economic Globalization (Post-2000) The post-2000 macroeconomic environment of economic globalization reinforced the centrality of cities. The global focus shifted from competitiveness of nations to competitiveness of cities. Given this background, a major urban-focused capital investment and urban reform program called Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) was launched in 2002. A major program for slum dwellers and the urban poor, Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY), was launched in 2011, with the preparatory phase during 2011–2013 and the implementation phase in 2013– 2022. The objective of the program is to bring existing slums into the formal system with access to basic amenities and to develop institutional and market mechanisms to tackle shortages in land and housing. The program is a reform-linked slum redevelopment and affordable housing program with the assistance of the central government.

. In June 2015, RAY was replaced by a new program called Housing for All (Urban) Mission. This mission will provide central assistance to ULBs and other implementing agencies through states and/or UTs for in situ rehabilitation of existing slum dwellers using land as a resource through private participation, interest rate subsidies on loans for housing of EWS and LIG households, financial assistance from the central government for the development of affordable housing by states and ULBs in partnership with the private sector, and subsidies for beneficiary-led individual house construction or enhancement for EWS households.

2.1.4 Conclusion With approximately two-thirds of the country’s population living in rural areas, India is urbanizing, albeit with reluctance, as evidenced by policies toward urban areas. Starting as an agrarian economy after independence, the initial conceptualization of urbanization was anti rural. In the different periods discussed earlier, total budget outlays for housing programs for the national and state governments were small, emphasizing that housing was considered largely a private activity

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2.2

Nature of activity

The nature of the activity is creating a place with such a built environment which facilitates people in meeting each other more often.

Primary activities- these include basic activities which run the housing like electricity, plumbing, HVAC, DG sets, fire services, security, maintenance.

Secondary activities- These are the activities performed by users such as: Living - Eating, cooking, bathing sleeping Recreational ➔ Yoga and meditation ➔ Religious activities ➔ Activities or celebration of festivals organized for advanced interaction among different generation groups. ➔ The assistance of qualified staff ➔ Housekeeping services ➔ Laundry and dry-cleaning services

Fig: Ecosystem Model of a Neighborhood: Five Elements of Planning-People, Community, Activities, Place and Environment 22

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2.3 Identification of the User group 2.3.1 Based on activity ● The primary target users for this housing are the low income group of people who require housing with all amenities..

● Secondary user groups: ➢ Administrative staff (accountant, receptionist, director, etc.) ➢ Maintenance staff (cleaning staff, gatekeeper, cook etc.) ➢ Medical staff (doctors, nurses, dietician) ➢ Librarian Gym and Yoga trainers

● Tertiary user groups: ➢ Visitors (family, relatives, friends) ➢ Guests ➢ Counselors ➢ Sponsors ➢ Other temporary staff members (Gardener, plumber, electrician)

2.3.1 Based on income groups ● Economically Weaker Section (EWS): People who earn an annual household income less than Rs.3 lakh come under the EWS category. However, an applicant claiming to be from EWS needs to provide relevant proof to the government to ascertain their claims. ● Light Income Group (LIG): People that fall under the LIG category usually have an annual household income ranging between Rs.3 lakh to 6 lakh. Again, to be eligible for consideration, they need to provide sufficient proof of their economic standing. ● Medium Income Group (MIG1): Those who earn an annual household income below Rs.12 lakh fall under the MIG1 category. These people can avail loans of up 23

SHRADHA SOIN | GCAD17225 | AFFORDABLE HOUSING SEC-56A FARIDABAD

to Rs.9 lakh for the construction of a residence. ● Medium Income Group (MIG2): Individuals earning an annual household income between Rs.12 to Rs.18 lakh will fall under MIG2 of the PMAY scheme. These people can avail loans of up to Rs.12 lakh. ● Minorities: People hailing from minority groups like SC/ST/OBC will fall under minorities. To be considered under the PMAY scheme, these people need to meet to provide relevant caste and income certificates. ● Women: Women belonging to EWS/LIG categories will be considered if they apply under the PMAY scheme.

Fig: Components under PMAY

2.4 Social aspects Housing affordability, defined as the social and material experiences of people in relation to their housing situation, has become an emerging social issue across the globe. Existing literature generally supports its associations with poorer self-rated health, physical conditions (eg, diminished walking ability, hypertension and arthritis) and mental health. Specifically, the tradeoff between housing expenses and non-shelter necessities has been recognized as a plausible pathway that links housing unaffordability to poorer health, where less resources could be allocated to health-promoting necessities such as a balanced diet, healthcare access and maintenance of social networks. Despite the apparent tension between housing costs and basic needs, no previous studies have specifically examined the potential mediating role of deprivation of necessities of life on the association between housing affordability and health. It is the case that affordable housing for low- and moderate-income families and individuals makes a direct, positive impact on the social determinants of people's lives, including access 24

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to education and job training, health care, food and other services, and economic opportunities.

2.5 Psychological aspects ➢ Affordable housing may improve health outcomes by freeing up family resources for nutritious food and health care expenditures. ➢ By providing families with greater residential stability, affordable housing can reduce stress and related adverse health outcomes. ➢ Homeownership may contribute to health improvements by fostering greater selfesteem, increased residential stability and an increased sense of security and control over one’s physical environment. ➢ Well-constructed and managed affordable housing developments can reduce health problems associated with poor quality housing by limiting exposure to allergens, neurotoxins and other dangers. ➢ By providing families with access to neighborhoods of opportunity, certain affordable housing strategies can reduce stress, increase access to amenities and generate important health benefits.

2.6 Inferences Housing for the poor is not just the space, but it provides them with the survival, transformative and empowerment support. It has community, socio-cultural, financial and environmental dimensions. In terms of planning and design it means adopting a holistic approach where housing acts as a vehicle for poverty reduction, social empowerment, community interaction, and access to health, educational and recreational facilities. Besides defining a minimum house (30 sq.m minimum dwelling unit or 10 sq.m per capita), a housing cluster should provide a minimum space of 5 sq. m per capita each for greens/open space/play area, social infrastructure and transport and utilities.

SHRADHA SOIN | GCAD17225 | AFFORDABLE HOUSING SEC-56A FARIDABAD

Chapter 3 STANDARDS & NORMS 3.1 Introduction Standards aim to shape the space according to the best spatial measure approach and guidance and in line with users’ body shape, size, and form of action. In this sense, anthropometry and the form of action of elderly and disabled people should be forceful in terms of space and equipment design. As a result of these criteria, the need for education, care, shelter, and research center for elderly and disabled people will be shaped in our design. This will also give a basic understanding of what an elderly home looks like, as well as how an elderly home comes together by means of the flow of a basic layout. The aim of this study is to explore how to handle universal design criteria in space design for elderly and disabled people. In this regard spatial requirements for the elderly and disabled people will be reviewed. To design any space it is very important to understand user desires and requirements. These requirements and standards can be fulfilled with minimum design standards of individual space.

3.1 Standards and Guidelines 3.1.1 GENERAL BUILDING REQUIREMENT The provisions contained in Part III General; building requirements of SP 7 : 1983 shall apply except for the specific provisions made in this Guide. 3.1.2 BUILDING REQUIREMENTS AND NORMS

3.1.2.1 Plinth The minimum height of the plinth shall be regulated on the basis of environmental and topographical condition and higher plinth height may be required in areas prone to flooding.

3.1.2.2 Habitable Room Every dwelling unit to be provided should. have at least two habitable rooms. Even if one room house is provided initially it should be capable of adding a new second room in future. However, in case single room tenements are required to be provided where future additions are not possible, the carpet area of the multipurpose single room, should be at least 15.5 m sq. In a house of two rooms; first room shall not be less than 9.0 m sq with minimum width of 2.5 m and second room shall be not less than 6.5 m sq with a minimum width of 2.1 m provided the total area of both the rooms is not less than 15.5 m sq. In incremental housing the bigger room shall always be the first room.

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3.1.2.3 W.C. Bath Room i) Size of independent WC shall be 0.90 m sq with minimum width of 90 cm, ii) Size of independent bath room shall be 1.20 m sq with minimum width of 1 m, iii) Size of combined bathroom and WC shall be 1.80 m sq, with a minimum width of 1 m.

Fig: showing layout for Washroom {source- timesaver}

3.1.2.4 Kitchen The size of a cooking alcove serving as cooking space shall not be less than 2.4 m sq with a minimum width of 1.2 m. The size of the individual kitchen provided in a two-roomed house shall not be less than 3.3 m sq with a minimum width of 1.5 m.

3.1.2.5 Balcony The width of individual balcony, where provided shall not be more than l-2 m and it shall not .project beyond the plot line and on roads or pathways.

3.1.2.6 Minimum Height The minimum height of rooms spaces shalt- be as follows: ➔ The height of all the rooms for human occupancy shall be minimum 2.75 m ➔ The minimum clear headway under any beam is 2.4 m. ➔ In the case of air-conditioned rooms, a minimum height of 2.4 m to the lowest point of the air-conditioning duct or the false ceiling is necessary. ➔ The minimum area of a habitable room is 9.5 m2, where there is only one room with 27

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a minimum width of 2.4 m. ➔ In case, when there are two rooms in a space then one of them shall have a minimum area of 9.5 m2 and the other 7.5 m2, with a minimum width of 2.1 m.

3.1.2.7 Lighting and Ventilation The openings through windows, ventilators and other openings for lighting and ventilation shall be as follows: a) One-tenth of the room floor area for dry hot climate. b) One-sixth of the room floor area for wet-hot climate.

3.1.2.8 Stairs The following criteria shall be adopted for internal individual staircase: a) Minimum width ● 2 storeyed - straight 0.60 m ● 2 storeyed - winding 0.75 m ● 3 or more storeyed - 0.75 m straight ● 3 or more storeyed - 0.90 m winding b) Riser 20 cm, Max c) Tread ● 2 storeyed 22.5 cm, Min ● 3 storeyed or more 25 cm, Min d) Head Room - The minimum clear head room shall be 2.1 m.

SHRADHA SOIN | GCAD17225 | AFFORDABLE HOUSING SEC-56A FARIDABAD

Fig: showing required width of staircase w.r.t anthropometry {source- Neuferts}

3.1.2.9 Circulation Area Circulation area on any floor including the staircase shall not exceed more than 8 m. 3.1.2.10 Roads and Pathways ● The area under roads and pathways in such housing projects should normally not exceed 20 percent of the total land area of the project. ● Access to the dwelling units, particularly where motorized vehicles are not normally expected, should be by means of paved footpaths with a right of way of 6 m and a pathway of 2 m only. The right of way should be adequate to allow for the plying of emergency vehicles and also for road side drains and plantation. ● Where motorable access ways are not provided and pedestrian pathways are provided, the minimum right of way of such pedestrian pathways shall be 3 m. Where houses are accessible from one side only, the pathway can be 2 m width. The maximum length of such paths-- ways should not be more than 60 m.

Fig: showing norms for corridors {source -Haryana Building Bylaws 2017}

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3.1.2.11 Lifts General requirements of lifts shall be as follows:a. All the floors shall be accessible for 24 hours by the lifts. The lifts provided in the buildings shall not be considered as a means of escape in case of emergency. In a dual line arrangement (lifts opposite to each other) the lobby may be between 1.5 times to 2.5 times the depth of one car. For in-line (single line) arrangements the lobby may be typically half of the above recommendations. b. Grounding switch, at ground floor level, to enable the fire service to ground the lift shall also be provided. c. The lift machine room shall be separate and no other machinery shall be installed therein. d. Walls of lift enclosures and lift lobby shall have fire rating of 2 hour; lifts shall have a vent at the top of area not less than 0.2 sq.m. e. Lift car doors shall have a fire resistance rating of 1 hour. f. Collapsible gates shall not be permitted for lifts and shall have solid doors with fire resistance of at least 1 hour. g. Lift lobby doors in lift enclosures shall have fire resistance.

3.1.3 BARRIER FREE ENVIRONMENT REQUIREMENTS 3.1.3.1 Specially-abled minimum space standards: Adequate space should be allocated for persons using mobility devices, e.g. wheelchairs, crutches and walkers, as well as those walking with the assistance of other persons.

Fig: space allowance for wheelchair users { source -The Metric Handbook Planning and Design Data}

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3.1.3.2 Corridors minimum allowance: ● The minimum width shall be 1500 mm. ● In case there is a difference of level slope, ways shall be provided with a slope of 1:12. ● Handrails shall be provided for ramps/slope ways.

Fig: Minimum corridor width required for proper movement {Source- The Metric Handbook Planning and Design Data}

3.1.3.3 Outdoor seating: Considering the needs of the disabled people, the outdoor benches or resting spaces are important in the outdoor spaces as they act as the resting spaces for the user group. Wheelchair users require places to stop and rest off the pedestrian flow, and somewhere to set packages. These should be adjacent to benches for their friends and carers. 3.1.3.4 Ramps The unobstructed width of ramps has to be not less than 900 mm, and the width of platforms at the top of ramps has also to be not less than 900 mm.

Fig: showing required dimensions and scale of ramps{source- neufert}

3.1.4 Area requirements as per 31

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HUDA

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Chapter 4 LITERATURE STUDY 4.1 Intent of the literature study

The purpose of the literature review is to give a clear idea about the overall field structure of the study. This chapter includes the background work relevant to the design of an affordable housing facility. The group’s assessment included an in-depth comprehension of the needs of the user and how those necessities shape the prerequisites of their living areas. The following sections explore these essential fundamental aspects of information that is related to this study. Hence, the following chapter shall discuss the architectural implications of an environment that promotes care for affordable group housing.

4.2 Selection criteria of relevant literature This will help in creating a combination of the functional approach and an understanding of the deep meanings that glimmer within the environment that are required to effectively enhance quality of life and places. The study is done such that they will help in providing the relevant literature for this research which includes efforts to prepare for an aging society, and an overview of sustainable development policies and practices.

4.3 Literature 4.3.1 Case Studies:

SERIAL

CASE STUDY

LOCATION

ARCHITECT

NO.

Sheikh Sarai Housing

New Delhi

Raj Rewal

Aranya Low Cost Housing

Indore

B V Doshi

Quinta Monroy Housing

chile

Alejandro Aravena

Nilaya Greens Aff. Housing

Ghaziabad

Nilaya Infra Pvt. Ltd.

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4.3.2 Research papers:

Sr. Literature Name of No. category Literature ; Author (s) / Editors(s)

Publisher (date)

Pa Interference ges of int ere st

Browsed /Read thorough ly / not Read yet

Research paper

Affordable housing: An academic perspective on policy and practice in India

Kalpana Gopalan , Madalasa Venkataram an ,IIMB Managemen t Review (2015)

112

This paper sets out the definitions of affordable housing in India and across the world; the issues with the various definitions of affordable housing; the institutions and agencies responsible for formulating and implementing affordable housing policies in the state; the opportunities and challenges in affordable housing as well as a discussion on learnings from international experience in this sector.

Read

Research paper

Strategies for Providing Housing to all by 2022

Mandar Bharat Salvi, Volume: 06 Issue: 02 | Feb 2019

2-7

This paper focuses on the role of state and central government for housing projects involving upgrading and redevelopment of large informal settlements (slums) occupying.It focuses on Problems Peculiarity of Mumbai. The field work completed in the slums in the city of Mumbai.

Read

Research paper

Challenges for providing shelter to every household - Dr. Amitabh Kundu

SHELTER, HUDCO publication April 2016 Volume 17 No. 1

2630

The urban housing shortage has declined primarily because of the growth rate of urban population in the statutory towns. Role of Ministry .

Read

Research

Initiatives for

SHELTER,

91-

This paper examines the

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paper

affordable housing in national capital region NCR - Rajeev Malhotra

HUDCO HSMI Publication April 2016 Volume 17 No. 1

100 existing policies at the level of central government as well as at the level of NCR states, with a view to estimate the requirement of housing in NCR. Assessment of demand supply gap of housing in NCR has been done using Census-2011 data. The paper proposes to review the affordable housing policies of the states in the NCR region.

(1) Affordable housing: An academic perspective on policy and practice in India Author- Kalpana Gopalan , Madalasa Venkataraman Published- IIMB Indian Institute of Management Bangalore ,2015 Link- http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iimb.2015.03.003

About Author/ Panelists : V Balasubramanian former Additional Chief Secretary, Government of Karnataka, and currently Chairman, Center for Policy and Practices. P G Ganapathy, Senior Consultant and Advisor, the Indian Institute of Human Settlements (Moderator). Vikram Jain, Monitor Inclusive Markets, Monitor Deloitte. S.V. Kamath, General Manager, Projects, Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO), Bangalore. Rajesh Krishnan, Founder and CEO, Brick Eagle. Pramod Kumar, Director, Value & Budget Housing Corporation Pvt. Ltd. Ashok Lall, of Ashok B Lall Architects, New Delhi. Srinath Mukherji, Management Consultant, Cofounder of India Shelter Finance Corporation.

Interference: Defining Affordable Housing is also important to create targeted policies aimed at making financing more accessible, providing interest rate subsidies, or favorable terms on par with infrastructure financing. “Affordable housing refers to any housing that meets some form of affordability criterion, which could be income level of the family, size of the dwelling unit or affordability in terms of EMI size or ratio of house price to annual income” (High Level Task Force on Affordable Housing for All, December 2008, p. 7). The Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MoHUPA) in its 2011 report takes note of both income and size criteria to define the concept . Multiple studies in the Indian context have also suggested other metrics of affordability. 36

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Demand for affordable housing in India The demand drivers for AH in India are several. First is the progressive urbanization, going hand in hand with a growing urban population, which increased from 109 million in 1971 to 377 million in 2011, and is projected to grow to 600 million by 2030. The consequence of the growing concentration of people in urban spaces is felt in land and housing shortages and congested transit, besides the stress on basic amenities such as water, power, and lung space. Institutional framework for affordable housing delivery in India The policy framework for affordable housing is provided by the National Urban Housing & Habitat Policy (NUHHP2007), along with the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM-2005), Basic Services for the Urban Poor (BSUP), Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) and the Rajiv Awas Yojana. Affordable housing has traditionally been the purview of the state: it is only recently that the private sector has entered into building houses for the lower-middle and middle-class segments. Several factors propelled this development. Critical issues in the affordable housing sector: ➔ Scarcity of land The high population density, rapid urbanization, and poorly conceived regulations have created shortage in land parcels capable of development. This is exacerbated by excessive controls over central districts of cities and difficulties in land recycling, which results in a push toward the periphery. Land acquisition has been a thorny issue, giving rise to land mafias and illegal encroachments, and reducing availability of land at an affordable price. ➔ Scarcity of marketable land parcels Large tracts of centrally located urban land are owned by public entities such as the railways, ports, and defense authorities. These are non-marketable pockets, and lend themselves to the proliferation of slums and squatter settlements as the authorities are often unable to monitor their holdings. ➔ Titling issues India lacks a robust system to protect land rights. There are two aspects to land title: first, a formal recognition of property rights by the state through a system of titles; and second, facilitation by the state, of efficient trade in rights, through a process of registration. ➔ Rising costs Both land and construction costs have increased, compounded by price appreciation of construction materials and labor. Financing AH is constrained because of different construction indices and incomes across the country.

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Conclusion When it comes to affordability, there are two things: the land component and building component. The land component is fixed. In building components we need to do research and innovation. Compared to other fields there seem to be minimum innovation standards in affordable housing. We figured that a lot of housing or room stock in India other than in metros is not going to be necessarily builder built. It will be done by people like you and me or people with freehold plots, who would have constructed a room and are adding another room because their son is getting married, for a third party, for rental and so on. That is where rooms are being added in India and it is not in the building constructed apartments. Urbanization is happening in places where people are constructing with a contractor or a mason. HUDCO’s association historically has been with the state government e initially with state government agencies, housing boards, development authorities, municipal corporations, and all along HUDCO’s mandate and thrust has been on financing economically weaker sections and lower income groups at a subsidized rate of interest. We have been doing this through subsidization from operations in higher income segments, commercial segments and of late, in infrastructure. The discussion revolves around the definitions of affordable housing, the difficulties faced by developers in providing affordable housing, the adequacy of the nature and quantum of subsidies available for affordable housing, and the policy interventions needed to make the affordable housing market dynamic and responsive. The role of the state and the governance mechanism, and the regulatory bottlenecks that developers face are dealt with in detail. Practitioners also shed light on their experience of marketing affordable homes to the public, and the issues buyers face in owning, renting, and augmenting their affordable homes.

2) Strategies for Providing Housing to all by 2022 Author- Mandar Bharat Salvi Published- International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET),Volume: 06 Issue: 02 | Feb 2019 Link- www.irjet.net

About Author/ Panelists : Research Scholar, Civil Engineering Department, SSJCET

Interference: The socio-economic situation of India puts it in a strategically unique position in the postworld-war libertarian society. Post-independence, India has witnessed Unprecedented growth, shadowed by a population explosion straining every National resource and crippling every effort taken by the succeeding government To alleviate its ailments. The burden of democracy is felt by the nation through political upheavals and unstable governments 38

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rewriting the national policies every five years with diverging visions and ideologies. The development of the democratic thought in recent years has brought the issue of the right to housing for the poor to the forefront. This thought has seen the government of India take efforts to accommodate the squatters and alleviate their quality of life by implementing various schemes. Strategies adopted and Suggested for redevelopment A) Redevelopment Alternatives (P.K. Das, 2005) 1. SRD Amendments- Necessary amendments to the present Slum Redevelopment Policy regulated by the SRA should be carried out to plug the various loopholes and make it more slum dweller friendly. 2. SUP- Slum dwellers are given the option to upgrade or improve their slums if they so desire. Particularly where people are opposed to SRD schemes led by the builders. 3. Reconstruction Plan- Reconstruction of slums can be carried out by the slum dwellers cooperatives in partnership with the government (and not with the builder). The government’s contribution will be in the form of infrastructure development while the slum dwellers pay for the construction of their houses. 4. Ward Based Redevelopment- Relocation, rehabilitation and reconstruction of slums must be undertaken on ward basis. This means a comprehensive review of slums within each ward is undertaken to minimize the dislocation of the slum dwellers and to integrate them in the development of the ward itself. 5. Finance/ Loans - Once the government approves for development on slum land and provides the slum dwellers with tenantment rights they can individually and/or through their cooperatives take loans from housing banks to pay for the construction cost of their houses 6. Planning/ Designing- the slum dwellers’ cooperatives will along with the government agencies like MHADA etc steer the projects. The government agencies may provide professional services and assistance to them in planning and designing. Government agencies may constitute a panel of architects and planners to provide professional services. Conflicts and delays cost money In an inflationary economy, delays always increased the holding cost of the project leading to unaffordable cost overruns. Policy formulations based on incentives is a tough task, because the incentive FSI should be proportionately higher when the real estate value of the area is lower. Many a time, Media reports show that during redevelopment, there were large differences in the calculations of FSI and TDR by the developer’s lobby and the NGOs. Such resultant delays cannot be major or give a specific timeline. Defining the enabling role of the state In redevelopment the state’s role is limited, but not insignificant. It must transfer land rights to motivate tenements/dwellers to upgrade or up-cycle their settlements. Besides, it needs to create new development regulations and financial bodies to give low interest loans and encourage NGOs to organize dwellers to make collective efforts. However, the experience 39

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of slum redevelopment in high value property markets like Mumbai reveals the difficulties that private funding creates and that the state cannot do without giving institutional support. Conclusion Despite best efforts, the situation of slums is not seeing the improvement that was expected out of the programs. In 2006/7 State of the world cities report released by UN-Habitat scored India as ‘at risk’ on its performance towards the goal of achieving a significant improvement in at least 100,000 slum-dwellers by 2022. Rehabilitation activities have increased the density of construction in Mumbai. The state government should be careful of not overloading the already strained infrastructure and environment of the city. Any delay in upgrade and redevelopment can be critical in Mumbai context. But at the same time short-term quick fixes are bound to create problems for the city and its future. Equally important is the necessity to develop processes for anticipating development of ‘slums in the making’. There is sufficient knowledge available on where and when the slums may emerge. We should question if current policies really offer win-win solutions. Regulations that link overall objectives of decentralization of dense urban settlements with slum redevelopment efforts could offer the much talked about win-win.

3) Affordable Housing Challenges for providing shelter to every household Author- PROF. (Dr.) AMITABH KUNDU PublishedLink- www.irjet.net

About Author/ Panelists : Dr. Amitabh Kundu is Senior Fellow at Delhi Policy Group and Visiting Professor at the Institute for Human Development, India. He is heading a Committee for Housing Start Ups at the Reserve Bank of India and has chaired two Technical Groups on Housing Shortages at the Ministry of Housing and Poverty Alleviation. He has also chaired a committee, set up by the Ministry of Minority Affairs, to evaluate the developments in the implementation of the recommendations of Sachar Committee. He has been Professor and the Dean of the School of Social Sciences at Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi

Interference: The Ministry for Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation has been responsible for estimating housing shortage for different Five Year Plans. Happily, it has adopted a vision and perspective wherein a norm based approach has been designed in determining the shortage. This methodology is very different from that based on effective demand and paying capacity of the households, followed by several agencies, including a few Committees of the Planning Commission. This norm based methodology considers four components of urban housing shortage: (a) houseless population; (b) households living in katcha non serviceable units; (c) those living in dangerous and physically dilapidated units; and (d) those living in ‘congestion’ - socially unacceptable conditions (such as married couple sharing a room with an adult). 40

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The urban housing shortage has declined primarily because the growth rate of urban population in the statutory towns (that the Urban Development Ministry considers to belong to its jurisdiction) has gone down. It is important to mention here that the growth rate of urban population during 2001-11 has been maintained at the level of the previous decade only because of emergence of 2800 new Census towns, (against an average increase of less than 500 towns in every Census) in the last century The allocation for the Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation for the year 201617 is Rs.54 billion. Under the second five-year plan in India, there was public sector creation of rental housing. But soon the government realized that managing rental housing is a difficult option from the point of view of recovering rents or getting re-possession of the rental units, given the democratic set up we have in our country. “The real challenge is not just meeting the shortage but to ensure that houses are constructed for those who need them and the repayment schedule matches their paying capacity. General subsidization of the housing sector to encourage construction of vacant and upper middle class houses, as happened in the past two decades, must be discontinued. “

4) Initiative for affordable housing in National Capital Region (NCR) Author- Rajeev Malhotra PublishedLink- www.irjet.net

About Author/ Panelists : Advisor to National Capital Region Planning Board, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India and former Chief Regional Planner with the same organization.

Interference: Housing is a basic necessity and an important component of human settlement planning & development, as it provides security and increases household and national income. Affordable housing is a generic concept and corresponds to the income level of individuals. Globally, accepted definition of affordable housing is that the cost of housing should not be more than 30 percent of a household’s gross income. This includes taxes and insurance for owners, and utility costs. In India the issue of affordable housing is largely associated with EWS and LIG categories of the society. Recognizing the demand for housing and the need to ensure its affordability, the government of India launched a Mission “Housing for All (Urban) by 2022” in June 2015 under the “Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana” and this mission has redefined the income levels of EWS and LIG categories. Housing scenario of NCR NCR is a unique example of inter-state regional planning and development with NCT-Delhi as its core. NCR Planning Board prepared a regional plan for NCR with the perspective year 2021, which was notified in 2005. The proposed population for the year 2021 as per the 41

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Regional Plan 2021 is 64.14 million (NCRPB, 2005). The highest number of vacant houses is in NCT-Delhi sub-region (11.1 per cent) and the least is in Rajasthan sub-region (8.5 per cent). In the urban areas of NCR, Rajasthan subregion has the highest proportion of vacant houses accounting for 16.2 per cent, followed by Uttar Pradesh and Haryana where the percentage of vacant houses was 12.9 per cent and 12.5 per cent respectively.

Fig: Number of Census Houses and their Occupancy Source: Census of India, 2011 & Author’s Analysis Government of India initiatives for housing The National Urban Housing & Habitat Policy- 2007 (MOHUPA, 2007) sought to earmark land for EWS/LIG groups in new housing projects for provision of affordable housing i) Focus on affordable housing for all, with an emphasis on inclusive urban planning thus increasing the supply of land and addressing the housing shortages; ii) Reservation of 10-15 per cent of land in every new public/ private housing projects or 20-25 per cent of Floor Area Ratio (FAR) for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS)/Lower Income Group (LIG); iii) Emphasis on private sector participation through the use of tools like Transferable Development Rights (TDR), additional FAR, and mechanisms to facilitate land assembly by the private sector; iv) Recognition of the need for subsidy coupled with suitable financial instruments to establish a flow of institutional finance to the poor for housing. Conclusion It is evident that various types of policies, guidelines and missions have been formulated by the central government and NCR participating state governments to address the housing related issues and to provide good quality houses at affordable rates. As the implementation of such policies is a long drawn process, the objectives of the policies and earlier mission could not be achieved fully. In view of this the new Mission “Housing for All by 2022” was 42

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launched by the Government of India in 2015-16 and the results of the same will be visible after 4-5 years. Census houses are areas of concern as per housing need which shows variations as per time. The implementing agencies like Development Authorities, Housing Boards, Urban Local Bodies, Slums/ Shelter Improvement Boards, etc. working in districts/ towns of the NCR should join hands and make concerted efforts in providing affordable housing in a time bound manner.

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Chapter 5 CASE STUDY 5.1 Selection criteria of case-studies The main criteria of selecting the case studies is that by analysis we came to know about the requirements of that typology so that it helps in design. Another factor is the scale of the project which helps in the easy selection of the requirement, services and many more.

SERIAL

CASE STUDY

LOCATION

ARCHITECT

Sheikh Sarai Housing

New Delhi

Raj Rewal

Aranya Low Cost Housing

Indore

B V Doshi

Quinta Monroy Housing

chile

Alejandro Aravena

Nilaya Greens Aff. Housing

Ghaziabad

Nilaya Infra Pvt. Ltd.

NO.

5.2 Case Study 1 : Sheikh Sarai Housing

Fig: View of Sheikh Sarai housing

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About the Project ➔ Location: New Delhi, India ➔ Date: 1973 - 1982 ➔ Site: 3.82 ha ➔ Program: Creating A Complex Consisting Of 550 Apartments ➔ Client: Delhi Development Authority ➔ Architect: Raj Rewal

The Sheikh Sarai Housing, a complex of 550 units in South Delhi, is a low-rise, high density scheme that combines diversity in units with axial pedestrian networks for a range of spatial and visual experiences and is based on a self-financing scheme for Delhi Development Authority.

Fig: View of Sheikh Sarai housing

The design evolved from a specific area based programme for the Lower Income Group (LIG) and Middle Income Group (MIG) detailed by the DDA. With peripheral parking, the plan strings together a series of variable housing types with pedestrian squares, streets and pathways.

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Fig: Site plan of Sheikh Sarai housing

Design Concept From a planning perspective, the association of the squares making up the arrangement discovers associations with the chronicled real factors of the urban areas of Rajasthan and Udaipur, which have described the metropolitan texture of India and which are recognized by the thickness of the possessed territory and for the cozy connection among open and shut spaces. It is a complex of 550 residential apartments, on a great deal encompassed by carports interfacing and circumscribing the Chirag Delhi private region and the public offices of the Nighurhard Park and Sheik Sarai Commercial Center. The design is based on a clear pattern: connecting movement to space, from person to neighborhood and pedestrian to vehicular. The individual-to-community equation was structured through a progression of private spaces to squares of varying sizes with shaded paths running throughout. The vehicular to pedestrian zones flow from the outer margins to the inner areas of the scheme, overlapping accordingly to create access points along the periphery. All the units have been provided with courtyards or roof top terraces.

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Fig: Zoning and site sections of Sheikh Sarai housing “The mass housing that Rewal built at Sheikh Sarai based on the haveli typology and traditional patterns of urban space has been refined, purified and perfected into ideal ensembles of collective dwellings. Masterfully taking advantage of the irregularities of the site, the Laboratories and the dwellings, with walkways, courtyards and terraces offer a harmonious physical entity for living and working.” Material Used There was a surface covering in plaster with slate powder, unpleasant completion, white shading done on the walls with white-hued wooden window frames, and utilizing outer flooring in the nearby stone square.

Fig: Site Plan

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Fig: Floor plans, Core designs, sections and isometric view of housing The housing units were classified into types. The break-up of the units was as follows – ● Category 1 – 48 units (1 Bedroom). ● Category 2 – 557 units (2 and 3 Bedrooms) and MIG – 192 units (3 Bedrooms). Categories 1 and 2 were under the Self-Financing Scheme (SFS). Raj Rewal was the architect of the units in Sector D only, which consisted of the Category 2 units only.

Fig: Floor plans Six different types of units ranging from 70-120 Sq.m. (70 Sq.m., 95 Sq.m., 110 Sq.m. and 120 Sq.m.), organized in two different clusters, 3 and 4 story high. The units come in a 48

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variety of sizes and types, ranging from studios to three-bedroom apartments. ● Area of Intervention – 38195 Sq.m. ~ 3.82 Ha. ● Built Up – 12740 Sq.m. ~ 1.2 Ha. ● Surface Parking – 6622 Sq.m. ~ 0.66 Ha. ● Green Areas – 3931 Sq.m. ~ 0.39 Ha.

Fig: Building section Conclusion In conclusion, the Sheikh Sarai Project resembles the morphology of medieval Indian cities and its white composition, intentionally modern, is reminiscent of Udaipur. Most importantly, the housing scheme stands as yet another landmark in Delhi housing chronology and is responsible for the DDA’s middle-income housing to reach the limelight once again. Urban-scape at the site level, the architect developed the project by employing urban strategies of articulated flows, segregated spaces and applied the same on the site level. Therefore in a structured urban settlement. Raj Rewal designed the layout density at Sheikh Sarai as 100 DU/ha which was about 11% greater than the master plan applications.

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5.3 Case Study 2 : Aranya Low Cost Housing

Fig: Site view of Aranya About the Project ➔ Location: Indore, India ➔ Project name: Aranya Housing Project ➔ Description: Incremental Housing Project, Low-income housing ➔ Design: Vaastu-Shilpa Foundation ➔ Building status: in use “They are not houses but homes where a happy community lives. That is what finally matters,” says B.V Doshi Traditionally, architects have contributed little to housing for the Third World urban poor. Those who opt to work for the poor need to rethink their roles; the numbers are overwhelming, the issues complex and the resources are very limited. One solution is to use land as a resource to produce housing for the urban poor, by allowing them access to it to build their homes. A study was conducted of such initiatives in a case-study in India: The Aranya Housing Project, completed in 1988 and considered a model project. Aranya Township was designed as a site and services project spread laid out in six sectors that converge on a central spine i.e., the Central Business District. One of the key elements of Doshi’s design was a hierarchy of open spaces that included small courtyards to be shared by three to four families, larger green spaces for each of the settlement’s six sectors, and a 50

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central playing field to serve the entire development. Open spaces and pedestrian pathways intersect and connect the clusters to the central spine. A rectilinear site of 86 hectares was designed to accommodate over 6500 dwellings, largely for the Weaker Economic Section. This was an integrated approach for 'a sustainable society' where the mix of different economic levels of society could stay together.

Fig: Street View of the project

Design Concept Aranya Low-Cost Housing, each core house comprises a plinth and service spaces (bath and kitchen). In the project, the architect utilized the core housing concept to create affordable housing for low-income families in the region. As a result, the inclusion of core housing, user participation took place. The architect prepared different housing options concerning single houses and diversified incremental growth scenarios and flexible layouts. Even two samples belonging to the same housing option could be varied and customized differently by users. However, in Aranya Low-Cost Housing, user participation helped to accomplish greater typological variety. ● Vitality – development to support socio-economic aspirations of the community. ● Imageability – built-form to impart identity and inculcate a sense of belonging amongst the inhabitants. ● Equity – to create an equitable balanced community with a satisfactory level of environmental qualities and opportunities for all. ● Efficiency – to realize development that optimizes natural, material, and human 51

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resources to the user group’s advantage. ● Flexibility – to evolve a framework that absorbs the progressive change and growth as a part of the natural development process. ● Feasibility – to ensure development within the given legal, fiscal, and organizational milieu

Fig: Cinematic view The lower-income Groups were given numerous options that included a site and plinth, a service core, and one room, contingent on how much they can afford. Owners were free to use any material for the construction and decoration of the house. Brick, stone, and cement were locally available. Bright Colors in the facades, railings, grills, and cornices commonly seen in the old houses of Indore are used in some of the houses. Interior streets and squares in the Economically Weaker Section are stone-paving, decreasing their cost and maintenance.

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Fig: Evolution of Master Plan

Indore’s Climate was effectively taken into account, and a conducive living environment was achieving in Aaranya. Most of the plots are small in and size, and the houses are clustered in low-rise blocks. The more extended side facade is oriented in the north-south axis to reduce the solar radiation on the building. Especially during summers. The two openings on the north and south permit the natural light and cross ventilation—the adjacent buildings sufficiently shade courtyards within houses, cul-desacs, public squares, and small activity areas.

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Fig: Street views, Planning layout, other architectural elements

Conclusion At Aranya, they built only a small sample of 80 model homes in 1989, load bearing brick on a concrete plinth with walls plastered and painted, to initiate the development. The architect drew only a set of ingredients to be appropriated, giving residents the language and space to ‘upgrade their life.’ Growth is planned but informal, confined by the masterplan’s hierarchy of built form and open spaces, and held together by a lattice of infrastructural lines. The building and strengthening of ties between social activities. And also physical structures translate into specific architectural elements: the underlying plinth onto added steps and ledges, shared landings, tiny balconies, and open terraces. Here the idea is that every space gets used; staircases are not just for going up and down but also an interaction spot. Public life is allowed to seep into, encompass and infuse living spaces. The building height to street width ratio is such that streets are shaded except when the sun is overhead. The courtyards within the houses, public squares and small activity areas are shaded adequately by adjacent buildings. Back in 1989, each plot was provided with a water tank, sewerage connection, paved access with street lights, and stormwater drainage. For landscaping the area, trees that require little maintenance were planted including casuarinas, bottle brush and eucalyptus.

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5.4 Case Study 3 : Quinta Monroy Housing

Fig: Site View of Quinta Monroy About the Project ➔ Location: IQUIQUE, CHILE ➔ Description: Social Housing Project, Low-income housing ➔ Design: Alejandro Aravena, ELEMENTAL ➔ Constructed Area : 3500 sqm

The Elemental project in Quinta Monroy was developed in the northern city of Iquique. The objective was to upgrade one of the last informal settlements located in the heart of the city. The settlement emerged in the 1960s mainly by migrants that occupied the land. The population gradually increased from 50 original families to 100 families in 2003. Quinta Monroy is a complex of 93 housing units organized in four courtyards aiming to promote community interaction and keep previous neighbors’ affinities (Figures 1 and 2). 55

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The housing units are modular, each module is 3x6m. There are two housing typologies. On the ground floor, 34 housing units of typology 1, each of them occupies three modules (54 sqm), two built and one to be completed. Typologies The lower units have a backyard of 27sqm that according to Elemental’s expectations could be occupied up to 60% to achieve a total area for an extended house of 70sqm. Typology 2 (59 units) are duplex units built on top of units of typology 1. In the land occupied by one unit of typology 1, 1.5 units were built upstairs. Each duplex unit has two modules built (36 sqm) and two more modules to be extended to obtain a complete house of 72sqm . Thus, Elemental claimed that they optimized the land by building 2.5 houses in 54sqm.

Fig: Different typologies in the project with isometric view

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Fig: Street views

Fig: building block views

Design Concept The Quinta Monroy project was designed to find a balance between top-down planning approaches, and the bottom-up transformation of the houses by their inhabitants over time (de Chile & Verona, 2006). The long-term progressive development of the settlement and houses reveals the residents’ active involvement in the production of their own houses. Most of the households built additional spaces beyond those predicted by the designers at Elemental. Evidence shows the process of incremental housing construction has impacted upon the residents’ interaction as a community. However, neighbors’ communication remained at a reduced scale among contiguous neighbors which facilitated the construction of housing extensions that involve multiple households. Although these issues might not be 57

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exclusive of Elemental’s housing projects

. Fig: Diagram showing expansion possibilities with neighbours Quinta Monroy represents a turning point in the development of social housing within the legal framework of housing supply through subsidies in Chile. Its impacts are unprecedented as the project was designed to alternate a formally built permeable structure that enables the unknown outcomes of the self-built extensions of the houses. Providing a safe structure as a frame aims to avoid the depreciation of the houses and the risks of collapse in case of earthquakes. Extensions can be done either horizontally or vertically. The first typology includes the lower ground floor intended to be a single housing unit of 3 modules with one of them unfinished. The next typology is composed of the 2 upper floors together making up duplex units of 4 modules which are 3×6 meters. Two of these modules remain unfinished. As a result, the initially completed modules account for up to 36 square meters and in the case of an extension, 72 square meters make up the total. The given 72sqm has about 4 bedrooms (3x3m), an attached closet/double bed. Usually, to save costs on pipes, bathrooms are situated at the front door but in this case, a generous space fit enough for a tub and washing machine are provided rather than just a shower. It also comes with a car parking space, all of these amenities which seem to not be prioritized with social housing.

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Fig: Evolution of Site plan

Fig: Extension possible vertically and horizontally

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Fig: Floor plans at different levels with building block section

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Fig: Drawing for Site Plan

Fig: Drawing for Site Elevations of neighboring blocks Conclusion The Quinta Monroy represents a valuable attempt to re-think the qualitative dimensions of the housing problem rather than focusing only on the quantitative housing deficits. However, it also evidences the lack of human-centered development of the settlement as a changing society, not only restricted to a physical environment. Quinta Monroy was arguably a success in terms of completing a project type centered on new design approaches, new community participation methods, and new funding models. The original inhabitants of Quinta Monroy benefited from a funding scheme from the Chilean 61

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government, which meant that they owned their dwellings from the outset, rather than just being provided with a property with subsidized rent. The inhabitants have gradually continued what the architects started with the expansion of their dwellings with lightweight construction materials due to the structural limitations as per their guidelines. Some have already occupied the empty modules with the inhabitants of the ground floor occupying the backyard area and the ones of the upper floor have also extended above the backyard area after discussing with their neighbors. Years later, each of the 60 houses was valued at over 16,000 euros. In conclusion, ELEMENTAL proposes how architecture could respond to non-architectural issues like poverty thereby turning social housing into a profitable investment. In 2016, Alejandro Aravena won the Pritzker Architecture Prize for this collective thinking with his team that was brought to life.

Fig: Street views

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5.5 Case Study 4 : Nilaya Greens Aff. Housing {Live Study}

Fig: Site View with landscaping and building blocks of 1BHK & 2BHK towers About the Project ➔ Location: Raj Nagar Extension, Ghaziabad ,Uttar Pradesh 201003 ➔ Description: Affordable housing ➔ Project Segment - Affordable Housing ➔ Configuration - 1, 2 BHK Homes ➔ Apartments Sizes - 628.42 Sq.Ft. to 1002.99 Sq.Ft. ➔ Project Land Area - 9 Acres ➔ Number of Units - 1700 Apartments (Approx.) First phase (660 units)

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Fig: Approval certificate by Shri Narender Modi for affordable housing Nilaya Greens Affordable Housing project is developing under Uttar Pradesh Govt’s Affordable Awasiya Yojna to support Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana which will give a chance to the Lower – Middle Income Groups of the society to avail housing benefits, constructing on NH 28, Raj Nagar Extension in Ghaziabad. There will be 2 bedroom, 3 bedroom and 4 bedroom affordable homes which range from 628.42 sq ft to 1002.99 sq ft. It has beautiful entrance landscaping.

Fig: Landscape View of Housing

There are several proposed amenities. These include Club House with Hall & Gym, Kids 64

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School, Green Areas with sports activity zones, Parking Space, Provisional Stores and Power Backup. The clubhouse has a pool with deck and changing rooms, cafeteria, banquet hall, indoor games rooms. All these are at terrace level. The ground level has half basketball court, half cricket net, jogging track, walkway and sit outs.

Fig: Site plan of housing Features: ○

4 Side open Project.

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Free-Hold Land.

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24 hours security with close circuit TV monitoring.

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Modern Club House and Commercial Plaza.

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Fire fighting, fire detection and alarm system.

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24 Hours power backup.

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24 Hours water supply.

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Children's play area.

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Well ventilated rooms.

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Ample Parking space.

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Swimming pool

Fig: Swimming pool

Project Description: ○

Affordable Housing approved by the Awas Bandhu, U.P. State Govt. Housing Board.

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Layout Plans Approved by Ghaziabad Development Authority.

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Housing to support the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana; Also avail benefits of interest subsidy.

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Exemption from service tax.

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Raj Nagar Extension is the most affordable city of the NCR.

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7 min. drive from Delhi-UP Gate via Elevated flyway to be operational soon.

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Well planned city with Largest Green Belt of NCR.

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Prominent schools & colleges in the area. Nearby The Modern School & DPS.

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Assured Timely Possession with RERA penalty clause.

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Round-the-clock security.

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Multiples and Amusement Park in close vicinity.

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1/2/3 BHK Quality Apartments in a pollution free environment.

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Eco-Friendly Feature of rain water harvesting.

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24 hours power back-up & water supply.

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Each apartment block is served by two lifts.

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Easy Home loans from Bank & Financial Institution.

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Medical Facilities around the clock. Fig: Outdoor activities in common area : tennis court

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Fig: OAT (above) ; Club House (down)

Fig: Lift lobby (left down ) ; Stilt car parking (right down)

Unit Plans ○

1BHK + 1T - 628.42 SQ.FT.

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2 BHK + 1T + 1PDR Room + Lobby - 719.74 SQ.FT.

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2BHK + 2T - 852.89 SQ.FT.

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2BHK + 2T - 927.26 SQ.FT.

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2BHK + 2T - 1002.99 SQ.FT.

Fig: Floor plans, 1BHK & 2BHK Typologies

Conclusion Nilaya Infra was incorporated as a company with a mission to provide sustainable and affordable housing to the larger sections of society. Nilaya announces the launching of an affordable housing project in Raj Nagar Extension, the National Capital Region of Ghaziabad 69

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city which will be providing an opportunity to the Lower – Middle Income Groups of the society to avail housing benefits by the Uttar Pradesh Government affordable housing scheme. ➢ Nilaya Greens in Raj Nagar Extension, Ghaziabad by Nilaya Infra is a residential project. ➢ The project offers apartments with a perfect combination of contemporary architecture and features to provide comfortable living. ➢ The Apartment are of the following configurations: 1BHK, 2BHK and 3BHK ➢ The size of the Apartment ranges in between 33.0 Sq. mt and 127.74 Sq. mt ➢ Nilaya Greens price ranges from 16.49 Lacs to 29.10 Lacs. ➢ Nilaya Greens offers facilities such as Lift. ➢ It also has amenities like Badminton court, Basketball court, Golf course, Jogging track and Swimming pool. ➢ It also offers services like Community hall. ➢ It also offers Car parking. The project "Nilaya Greens" (bearing reg. no. UPRERAPRJ7496) is approved by Awas Bandhu (UP Housing & Urban Planning Department), a govt. body also looking after the implementation of RERA in Uttar Pradesh.

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Chapter 6 SITE ANALYSIS 6.1 Location 6.1.1 Macro level (City level) Faridabad is the largest city in the north Indian state of Haryana. It is a leading industrial center and situated in the National Capital Region (NCR) bordering the Indian capital New Delhi. The project site lies in the residential zone as per the Faridabad Development Plan of 2031. The land has been granted by the Department of Town & Country planning, Haryana (an area measuring 6.25 acres) of License no. 41 of 2019 dated 05.03.2019.

Fig: India map locating Haryana, Haryana map indicating Faridabad 6.1.1 Micro level The site is located in the revenue estate of Village–Gaunchi, Sector-56A, Faridabad Haryana. Pillar No.

. Latitude

Longitude

28°20'18.53"N

77°17'39.96"E

28°20'22.51"N

77°17'41.97"E

28°20'21.88"N

77°17'35.54"E

28°20'22.93"N

77°17'33.29"E

Table : Latitude and Longitude of the Project Site Source: Surveying department

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6.2 Accessibility & Approach 6.2.1 Connectivity for site

Faridabad City is along a spine (NH2 & railway line) that is radiating v outwards from Delhi.

6.2.2 Accessibility to site

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6.3 Site constraints The ground surface of the project is almost level. The project is not likely to alter or obstruct any natural drainage courses. There is no natural watercourse passing through the project site. Hence, the project does not involve alteration of natural drainage systems. As a result of excavation of topsoil during construction phase, the impact on drainage pattern, and runoff characteristics will be restricted to the project area. The power supply shall be supplied by Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam Limited. The water supply is from HSVP, Faridabad. The data from the secondary source shows that all the parameters are well within the permissible limits and water can be used for drinking and domestic purposes

Negative issues ● Noise and pollution from the upcoming projects like hospitals, schools, housing near/around the site. ● Lack of surrounding to relate with because of abundant land around. ● Have a canal near the site

Positive ● 2 karam wide REVENUE rasta is within the site dividing it to different zones. ● Well connected with the sectors , railway station, bus terminal. Site images

Fig: Site images

6.4 Topography The site is flat land with large dense shrubs on it. The trees surround the existing buildings and it covers the view of neighboring buildings. It has agricultural land adjacent on all sides.

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Fig: Site topography [left: faridabad topography map. Right: sector 56A topography map] 6.4.1 Soil type: A quantitative assessment of the particle size distribution of the soil was made by wet sieve analysis and sedimentation analysis using hydrometer, as per procedures laid down is IS: 2720 Part IV. The particle sizes were designated according to the scale given in IS: 1498 and the soil type in the area is found to be loam 6.4.2 Seismic Risk: The project site is located in a high seismic risk (Zone IV) area as per national standards. 6.4.3 Flood Plain: There is no floodplain near the project site

6.5 Climatology Faridabad has a borderline hot semi-arid climate just short of a dry-winter humid subtropical climate . In Faridabad, the wet season is hot, oppressive, and partly cloudy and the dry season is warm and mostly clear. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 47°F to 103°F and is rarely below 42°F or above 110°F.

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Fig: Average climate data all over months of Faridabad

6.5.1 Average temperature The hot season lasts for 2.8 months, from April 15 to July 8, with an average daily high temperature above 96°F. The hottest month of the year in Farīdābād is June, with an average high of 101°F and low of 83°F.

Fig: Yearly average temperature The cool season lasts for 2.2 months, from December 8 to February 14, with an average daily high temperature below 74°F. The coldest month of the year in Faridabad is January, with an average low of 47°F and high of 68°F. 6.5.2 Precipitation A wet day is one with at least 0.04 inches of liquid or liquid-equivalent precipitation. The chance of wet days in Faridabad varies very significantly throughout the year. The wetter season lasts 2.9 months, from June 17 to September 14, with a greater than 28% chance of a given day being a wet day. The month with the most wet days in Farīdābād is July, with an average of 15.5 days with at least 0.04 inches of precipitation. 75

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Fig:Average climate in Faridabad 6.5.3 Wind Rose Interpretation of Wind rose: Predominant wind direction is West to East. Second & third predominant wind direction are WSW and WNW respectively. Cross wind directions are SW and NE Calm conditions were recorded as 16.40% Average wind speed was found to be 2.62 m/s Fig: Wind rose map March,19

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6.5.4 Sun Path In Faridabad, the month with the most daily hours of sunshine is May with an average of 12.11 hours of sunshine. In total there are 375.38 hours of sunshine throughout May. The month with the fewest daily hours of sunshine in Faridabad is January with an average of 8.84 hours of sunshine a day. In total there are 273.93 hours of sunshine in January. Around 3643.54 hours of sunshine are counted in Faridabad throughout the year. On average there are 119.8 hours of sunshine per month.

Fig: Sun Path of Faridabad

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Fig: Sun Path of site

Fig: Average sun hours

6.6 Urban Context Faridabad is one of the best developing places in Haryana with the best architecture, landscape, and infrastructural amenities. The project has been designed with local considerations of urban form & urban design. The project site lies in the residential zone as per the Faridabad Draft Development Plan of 2031. The land has been granted by the Department of Town & Country planning, Haryana.

Fig: Vegetation map around site 78

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Fig: Figure and ground map around site

Fig: Sun path around site

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6.7 Development Control 6.7.1 Shape and Size of Site The shape and size of site is in accordance with the demarcation plan confirmed by DTP, Faridabad vide dated 06.02.2019. 6.7.2 Type of building permitted and land use The type of building permitted on this site shall be buildings designated in the form of flatted development for residential purpose or any ancillary or appurtenant building including community facilities , public amenities and public utility as prescribed by the Director, Town and Country Planning, Haryana. The site shall be developed and building constructed thereon as indicated in the table below-

The development control norms are as per Haryana building code, 2017 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 3. 4.

Maximum permissible ground coverage - 50% as per affordable housing policy Maximum permissible FAR- 225 & for commercial space FAR-175 Permissible height- 45m and above with 13/16m setback ECS- 2 Density shall be 750-900 PPA (person per acre) Open spaces- minimum 15% of the net planned area Provision of buildings One built-up community hall of not less than 185.81sq.m area. One built-up Anaganwadi-cum-creche of or less than 185.81 sq.m area.

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6.7.3 Development control as per HUDA

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6.8 Services on the Site (both existing and envisaged for future)

6.8.1 Wastewater Treatment & Disposal ➢ Construction Phase: There will be provision of septic tanks for the wastewater generated from mobile toilets provided within the project site.

➢ Operation Phase: During Operational Phase approximately 349 KLD of wastewater will be generated from the project which will be treated in the MBBR based Sewage Treatment Plant of 430 KLD will be used. It is expected that approximately 279 KLD of treated water will be recovered from the STP. During summer season; STP treated water will be reused in flushing (108 KLD) and horticulture 28 KLD) while the surplus of 169 KLD will be discharged to sewer or used in nearby construction activity.

6.8.2 Water Consumption: ➢ Construction Phase: The water requirement during the construction phase comprises mainly of two parts i.e. fresh water for laborers and treated water for building constructions. It is estimated approx. 10 KLD of fresh water will be required for drinking purpose which will be imported in form of bottled cans from the local fresh water supplier during the days of construction. About 50 KLD of water will be required for construction purposes of the project. The treated water requirement will be met by the treated water from the nearby CSTP/ operational STP of the nearby housing project, which will be brought by the private water tank.

➢ Operation Phase: During the summer season; it is estimated that the total water demand during the operation phase will be approx. 438 KLD. The fresh water requirement for the Affordable Group housing colony is estimated to be approx. 302 KLD, whereas the treated water requirement will be approx. 136 KLD which includes water requirement for flushing (108 KLD) and horticulture(28 KLD). Fresh water will be procured from HSVP, Faridabad. Detailed Water Requirement for summer, winter and rainy Season

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Fig: Waste management plan

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6.8.3 Fire Safety: ➢ Fire water storage Static fire water storage tank for Fire Protection System will be provided ➢ Fire pumping system The fire pumping system shall comprise of independent electrical pumps for hydrant and sprinkler system, diesel engine driven pump & jockey pump for hydrant & sprinkler system. ➢ Fire hydrant system Internal and external standpipe fire hydrant system shall be provided with landing valve, hose reel, first aid hose reels, complete with instantaneous pattern short gunmetal pipe in the project. The outlet shall be of instant spring lock type gunmetal ferrule coupling for connecting to hose pipe. Provision of flow switch on riser shall be made for effective zone monitoring. External hydrants shall be located within 2 m to 15 m from the building to be protected such that they are accessible and may not be damaged by vehicle movement. ➢ Sprinkler system The sprinkler system shall be provided with control valves, flow and tamper switches at suitable location and shall be connected to the control module of the fire alarm system for its monitoring and annunciation in case of activation. Wet pipe sprinkler shall be provided for all habitable spaces such as commercials, community spaces.

6.8.4 Other Services ➢ Wastewater Treatment & Disposal: During Operational Phase approximately 349 KLD of wastewater will be generated from the project which will be treated in the MBBR based Sewage Treatment Plant of 430 KLD. It is expected that approximately 279 KLD of treated water will be recovered from the STP. During summer season; STP treated water will be reused in flushing (108 KLD) and horticulture 28 KLD) while the surplus of 169 KLD will be discharged to sewer or used in nearby construction activity. ➢ Parking: There will be sufficient parking for the project. 1298 two wheeler parking will be provided within the project premises. ➢ Greenbelt Development: An area of 5148.21sq.m. (20% of plot area) will be provided for greenbelt development for the Affordable Group Housing Colony. ➢ Rain Water Harvesting: 6 no. of rainwater harvesting pits with double bore of diameter 4 m, depth 3.5m are proposed.

6.8.5 Architectural approach ➢ Maximum utilization of solar light will be done. ➢ Maximize the use of natural lighting through design. ➢ The orientation of the commercial project will be done in such a way that maximum daylight is available. ➢ The green areas will be spaced, so that a significant reduction in the temperature can take place. ➢ Energy Saving Practices Use of LED instead of GLS lamps for Common Areas. 85

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➢ Solar water heater arrangements. Achievement of U value of external envelope for air conditioned as per perspective requirement of ECBC. ➢ Behavioral Change on Consumption Promoting resident’s, staff’s , and students’ awareness on energy conservation Training staff on methods of energy conservation and to be vigilant to such opportunities.

6.9 Inferences from Site Analysis ➢ For designing any type of structure or space it is important to observe and analyze the site surroundings, space and then design accordingly to which that structure or space will be in harmony with the existing structures nearby. ➢ Factors that affect the designing and user experience such as wind pattern, solar path, precipitation, etc. should be analyzed and then we should work keeping in mind upon the study so that we can achieve maximum user experience and user expectation. ➢ Due to high temperature in summers, the building orientation should be according to the sun movement and weather conditions of the site. ➢ The placement of the building blocks would be considered in such a way that the amount of light, air, and the privacy of the spaces would not be effective. ➢ Barrier free design for the elderly people ➢ Access to the natural light and ventilation. ➢ Safe and secure environment for the resident. ➢ Proper landscaping should be done along with the connection of residents to nature.

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Chapter 7 SPATIAL ANALYSIS 7.1 Spatial design Spatial analysis helps in generating position, shape, size and other features of spatial objects. The correlation between humans and the space environment is spatial. Individual behavior of humans in any space to meet their needs is the main element for studying spatial analysis of that space. It is very necessary to have a visual nature of spaces in order to understand space relations. This also helps in analyzing design and the experience of those provided spaces. Spatial perception has a noticeable contribution in deciding the ‘aura’ and ‘energy’ of a space. The bare simplicity/level of complexity in which space/series of spaces can be accessed and navigated helps trigger respective desired emotions. Spatial optimization describes how different objects fit together in a space that they work efficiently and are economical and affordable. It is a powerful system to explore potentials of a given room to improve the spatial coherence of functions and also can be achieved by functional coherence. Some factors that could be altered to achieve the desired perception of space are: 1. Orientation 2. Way finding 3. Circulation 4. Spatial dimension

Fig: Correlation of public space

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Fig: Spatial connection or public and private areas

7.1.2

Individual Spatial Analysis 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Bedroom Master Bedroom Living area Dining area Kitchen Bathrooms Study Room Servant Room

Club House 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Reception Area Account and Admin block Indoor games Hall with kitchen Cafeteria Meeting hall Store Room Gym Maintenance Room Swimming pool

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7.1.2

Division of Spaces

The Space must be designed keeping in mind the user who is going to use the spaces and then make that space according to their convenience. Different spaces have used according to the time and need .In this some of the spaces are public and some are private space which shall be directly seen to the other while entering in that space.

Fig: Multivariate models of public spaces

7.2 Services and structure (expand the services – MEP, acoustics, parking etc.) 7.2.1 Building Fire Protection Design Building fire protection design is an important part of architectural design. Detailed planning and design are required for firewall distribution, the layout of fire doors and windows and fire shutter, fire extinguishing system and escape routes. The firewall distribution in planning should be determined by the area and function of buildings. The layout of fire doors and windows and fire extinguishing system should also be implemented in accordance with relevant regulation and in combination with the spatial features of buildings. Escape routes should be designed according to the features of internal road network of buildings.

Fig: General Fire prevention techniques

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7.2.2 Fire safety  Installing fire protection solutions puts people at ease knowing their living space is a safe environment.  People are more likely to be killed by smoke first due to suffocation created by it. Therefore it is very significant and essential to ensure sufficient fire safety measures to protect the older adults and their living environment.  According to the section of NFPA 101, called "Residential Board and Care," stringent requirements for assisted living facilities include the installation of smoke alarm systems and fire sprinkler systems, as well as building construction features that ensure adequate means of egress in the event of a fire or other emergency.  The building managers of assisted living facilities are also required to establish emergency evacuation plans and procedures for residents which are supervised by 24 hour on-site staff. 7.2.3 Fire Tower  The lifts should stop working during fire breakout.  The wall must have a minimum of 2-hour fire resistance.  Special fire proof lift should be working for the elders to escape as they cannot use stairs.  The exit door should have grab bars and not handles and locks for easy and quick exit. The emergency exit should be well lit and have exit signages regardless of any calamity. 7.2.4 Acoustics Multiple aspects of the acoustics can be installed in the building design: sound isolation between apartments and common areas, interior acoustics to control the build-up of noise so that speech and audio program clarity is enhanced, mechanical noise and vibration control, and exterior to interior noise control

Fig: Role of Acoustics in a space 90

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7.2.5 H.V.A.C. (Heating-Ventilation Air Conditioning) Services like H.V.A.C. Fans and Ducting are required in the basement as well as in the community center. Looking at the weather conditions on-site, the multipurpose hall needs to be mechanically ventilated by the HVAC system. So, it becomes necessary to have a wellventilated room for the Air handling Unit (A.H.U.) and Fan room in the basement. Large span basements can only be ventilated through a mechanical system.

7.3 Site zoning The site zoning is done in order to maintain open relationships between built environments. The zoning helps in regulating the basic outcome externally on the site. Also zoning helps in addressing the site conditions in a better way which might not be considered while designing.

Fig: The overall perception of the cohesively of the blocks on the site

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Fig: Bubble diagram showing the spatial analysis for Club House

Fig: Bubble diagram showing the spatial analysis. 92

SHRADHA SOIN | GCAD17225 | AFFORDABLE HOUSING SEC-56A FARIDABAD

CHAPTER 8 ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMME Client’s Background HRH City Projects Private Limited was incorporated in the year 2011 under the Companies Act 1956. Promoters of HRH have over four decades of track record of sustained growth, customer satisfaction, and innovation. The company is one of the fastest growing entities in the realty sector with a difference that offers luxury for reasonable cost, excellent customer care level and the highest imaginable standards for the welfare of its staff, society as well as for the environment. The company is developing 7 lakh sq ft of affordable residential property. HRH’s primary business is development of residential, commercial and retail properties.

HRH - Vasant Valley Sector 56-A Faridabad, Affordable Housing Project VASANT VALLEY, the new affordable housing project introduced by HRH City Projects Private Limited, is located in sector 56, A Faridabad, in a well-developed HUDA Sector and adjacent to highly populated HUDA Sector 55 Faridabad. There are a total 912 spacious apartments, out of which there are 464 3BHK units and 448 2 BHK units, the project is included under the HUDA Affordable Housing Scheme. The client for this project is HRH City which is a private partnership. The apartments are of the following configurations: 2BHK and 3BHK. The size of the Apartment ranges in between 49.61 Sq. mt and 59.92 Sq. mt. Area distribution by client brief (for HSVP) is-

SHRADHA SOIN | GCAD17225 | AFFORDABLE HOUSING SEC-56A FARIDABAD

Conclusion from the prototypes and site analysis After going through the literature as well as the primary case study and visits and by analyzing the proposed site. I as a designer would infer what needs to be done and what not to be done and what we should do to make the design functional. Provision of adequate light and ventilation to all habitable units must be provided avoiding the artificial lighting. Besides this utility space should be provided along with the kitchen too for the ease of connivance.

8.1 Physical Requirements Site area- 25292.85 sq.m (6.24acres) Maximum permissible ground coverage - 50% as per affordable housing policy Maximum permissible FAR- 225 & for commercial space FAR-175 Area Statement

S. No

Particulars

Ground Coverage Area [SQM]

Total Units

Floors

Tower 1

521.127

112

S+14

Tower 2

738.807

112

S+14

Tower 3

521.127

112

S+14

Tower 4

521.02

112

S+14

Tower 5

521.02

112

S+14

Tower 6

521.127

112

S+14

Tower 7

521.02

128

S+14

Tower 8

521.127

112

S+14

Guard Room

3.00

Commercial

1346.409

B+G+1

Aganvadi/crèche

186.47

Community Center

223.24

Basement [Commercial building] +Facility area

2472.13

Total

5735.78

912 94

SHRADHA SOIN | GCAD17225 | AFFORDABLE HOUSING SEC-56A FARIDABAD

Amenities on site ● Community Center & Anganwadi cum Crèche ● Kids Play Area, Skating Ring, Jogging & Walking Track ● Cricket Practice Net, Badminton Court, Basketball Court (Half) ● Outdoor GYM, Yoga Place, Open Air Theater ● Senior Citizen’s Gazebo, Table Tennis, Board Game ● Shopping Facility ● Kids Swimming Pool Parking Requirement

Parking Provided

8.3 Final Comments The architect brief designed by the author considering the main factors which are responsible for the sustainability of the environment and the economical use of every aspect of housing such that the people living in the housing would not get affected by any means. And also keep in mind about the barrier free design especially for the elderly people or handicapped persons.

SHRADHA SOIN | GCAD17225 | AFFORDABLE HOUSING SEC-56A FARIDABAD

Chapter 9 INITIAL CONCEPT 9.1 Relevant Intangible Considerations ➢ Create a safe and healthy living environment by weaving architectural design and garden elements together. ➢ Proper lighting, visual stimulation, movement planning, and accessibility to required services and social amenities all have to be foreseen in our design. ➢ Aim is to provide a private place to retreat and recharge with all the warmth and comfort of home. ➢ Accommodate residents’ desires to keep their own furniture through flexible layouts. ➢ Create adaptable spaces that support interests such as art, music, woodworking, and performance arts.

Design constraints are conditions that need to happen for a project to be successful. Design constraints help narrow choices when creating a project. They are restrictions on the project or design. It can be time, cost and many others. Design constraints are factors that limit the range of potential design solutions that can be adopted.

Fig: Design constraints for Site.

SHRADHA SOIN | GCAD17225 | AFFORDABLE HOUSING SEC-56A FARIDABAD

Design constraints are of many types depending upon the various factors such as:1. Social Constraint 2. Functional Approach 3. Conceptual 4. Philosophical Approach 5. Technological Constraint 6. Site Constraint 7. Resources 8. Cost 9. Legal 9.1.1 Social Constraint Social constraints are those constraints which arise due to the surrounding areas or the standard of living community offers. These constraints are intangible and can only be sensed and also the approach that the people follow or have regarding a space is also a part of social constraint. 9.1.2 Philosophical Approach The philosophical approach includes the implication of theories, and the various principles that are followed while designing of a project. The approach may be based upon or influenced by principles and theories of some other architect or artist. A philosophy can have the evidences of history, reasons etc. 9.1.3 Technological Constraint Technological constraints are those constraints which happen due to either lack of technological/ advancement or lack of proficiency to using them. Technological in building designing is of two types: 1. Structural technology 2. Architectural technology

9.1.4       

Environmentally Conscious

Efficient use of energy, water and other resources Pollution and waste reduction measures, and the enabling of re-use and recycling Good indoor environmental air quality Use of materials that are non-toxic, ethical and sustainable Consideration of the environment in design, construction and operation Consideration of the quality of life of occupants in design, construction and operation A design that enables adaptation to a changing environment 97

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9.2 Planning, relationship & spaces  Architectural planning and design of housing have importance in terms which not only needs to comply the related regulations, but also to take the special requirements.  Housing design impacts the ability of people to live comfortably at home in several ways.  Planning the relationship between spaces is very important in order to understand the comfort and adaptability zones for the elderly with the built-environment.  From the planning aspect, the built environment is a multidimensional concept which includes urban design, land use, and transportation system.  Also, the built environment in the circumstance specific to elderly homes includes housing conditions, neighborhood surrounding, and social connection which is important aspect of planning process. 9.2.1       

Design Strategies Encouraging social interaction and communication through space design Design of 'relevant' and 'viable' social 'nodes' Managing social spaces Design for Security Design for Privacy Design for Adaptability Linking residents to their blocks through ownership

Fig: Factors for sustainable design. 98

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9.1.2 Site Zoning