Contents Graduate Academic Projects
01| Monterray Masterplan Professional Work (Transsolar)
02| Countway Medical Library Fall 2016, A Daylighting Project
03| Joshua Tree N.P Visitor Center Fall 2016, A Net Zero Energy Building, Energy Simulation
04| Aloft counter proposal Fall 2016, Economics, Environment & Enterprise
Architecture Projects
05| Nepal Mediciti Professional Work
06| Climate Change Research Center Undergraduate Thesis(Academic)
The total annual solar exposure shows potenƟal for renewable energy generaƟon such as solar photovoltaic or solar thermal, both on the rooŌops as well as on the building facades. The total annual solar exposure is close to 2000 W/m² on the unshaded horizontal surfaces such as rooŌops, which shows very high potenƟal for solar energy generaƟon.
March 21st
Monterray Masterplan
The seasonal shading needs per facade orientaƟon can be determined based on the total daily solar radiaƟon values for each facade and the outdoor areas. For example, the south facades receives lower amounts of solar radiaƟon during summer months compared to spring, fall and winter. East and west facades need high amount of shading throughout the year due to the high amount of solar radiaƟon incident on these facades.
Solar RadiaƟ Project goalson Based on study of local climate and context, propose set off guidelines for building blocks and The images at the boƩom this page show total annual thermal solar exposure and the imagescomfort(daylighting) as well as low energy individual buildings toofachieve maximum and visual to the right show total daily solar exposure for March, June and December 21st (the use. equinox, summer solsƟce, and winter solsƟce, respecƟvely). June 21st The total annual solar exposure shows potenƟal for renewable energy generaƟon such March 21st Guidelines known as “Performance requirements” guides courtyard dimensions, block depth, facade as solar photovoltaic or solar thermal, both on the rooŌops as well as on the building
Sunpath Diagrams
facades. The total annual solar exposure is close to 2000 W/m² on the unshaded shading and window ratio, green areas. horizontal surfaces such as rooŌops, which shows very high potenƟal for solar energy generaƟon.
ment of the sun throughout the varia�on with respect to the December 21st (the equinox, ummer months, the sun travels peak of the day, making shading ng are the best ways to achieve
March 21st
All Year
Solar Radiation Study
Sun Path December 21st
The seasonal shading needs per facade orientaƟ on 21st can be determined based on the June total daily 0solar200 radiaƟ on values each facade and1400 the outdoor areas.2000 For example, 400 600 for 800 1000 1200 1600 1800 kWh/m2 the south facades receives lower amounts of solar radiaƟon during summer months compared to spring, fall and winter. East and west facades need high amount of shading Southeast throughout the year due to the high amount of solar radiaƟon incident on these facades.
Massing
Annual Sun Path and Shading The images to the right track the varia�on in the movement of the sun throughout the year. The top images show the plan view with sun path varia�on with respect to the east-west axis and shadow ranges for March, June and December 21st (the equinox, summer sols�ce, and winter sols�ce, respec�vely). In summer months, the sun travels from east to west but mostly remains overhead at the peak of the day, making shading very difficult to achieve. Na�ve trees or operable shading are the best ways to achieve shading in the outdoor areas during this period. The design approach has been to maximize shading of the courtyards and streets during spring, summer, and fall months.
December 21st
Southwest
June 21st
W
E
Proposed Masterplan, Downtown Monterrary Mexico November 2017
W
E
W
E
All Year
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Transsolar KlimaEngineering 0 200 400 600
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 kWh/m2
Sustainability Report Distrito Purísima Alameda, Monterrey, Mexico
Southeast Summer Sols�ce
Winter Sols�ce
Northwest
r e
Plan View
the courtyards and streets during
, Mexico
Su
Southwest
December 21st
Varia�on of solar al�tude angle over the year Transsolar KlimaEngineering
Su
Nov 2017
Transsolar NYC Professional work (team)
Morning 7 AM - 11 AM
Evening 4 PM - 8 PM
June 21st
In the coole
With Wind
December 21st
Baseline
s
their d be
Sun Hours
Without Wind
With Shading
hich
Percent Range with CondiƟoning Strategy Without Windof Hours in Comfort With Wind
Plants the le signi
With Mis�ng
Full Day 4 AM - 10 PM
Percent of Hours in Comfort Range with CondiƟoning Strategy
Baseline
r
Outdoor Space Typologies Thermal comfort can be improved outdoors without relying on crea�ng fully condi�oned spaces. This can be accomplished through strategies integrated into the built environment as part ofcan thebearchitectural expression of a building, ascrea� part of Thermal comfort improved outdoors without relying on ngthe fully landscaping, or as an ac� ve system. These strategies include providing shading, eleva�into ng the condi� oned spaces. This can be accomplished through strategies integrated airspeeds,built reducing surface temperatures, or reducing air temperatures with mis� environment as part of the architectural expression of a building, asng. part of the landscaping, or as an ac�ve system. These strategies include providing shading, eleva�ng Together these create microclimates thermal or comfort canair betemperatures greatly improved. airspeeds, reducing surface where temperatures, reducing with mis�ng. It is important to provide a range of condi�ons so that people can choose what is most comfortable for them as climate condi� ons change over the day, the month, or the Together these create microclimates where thermalMarch comfort can be greatly improved. 21st season. It is important to provide a range of condi�ons so that people can choose what is most comfortable for them as climate condi�ons change over the day, the month, or the Evalua�ngseason. the impact of each of these strategies alone or combined can be done using The images on the right show the sun hours - total number of hours ofmetrics direct sunsuch as universal thermal comfort index (UTCI). UTCI represents thermal comfort exposure - at all points of the masterplan. The top images show the fullincorpora� day exposure, ng a variety inputsofsuch asofsolar radia� on, airalone speed,orsurface temperatures, Evalua� ng theofimpact each these strategies combined can be done using while the middle and lower images show morning (7 am to 11 am) and evening (4 pm to air temperature, metrics and suchhumidity. as universal thermal comfort index (UTCI). UTCI represents thermal comfort 8 pm) exposure, respec�vely. The sun exposure is analyzed during morning and evening incorpora�ng a variety of inputs such as solar radia�on, air speed, surface temperatures, hours to highlight the effec�veness of the mutual shading when people are most likely Calcula� ons a variety ofand situa� onsDay were completed using UTCI to represent thermal to use the outdoor spaces - before and a�er office hours. For the all-day sun hours air for temperature, humidity. Full images, the areas closer to the blue spectrum are well shaded while the areas closer comfort. The results are shown to the le� . The pie charts show the percent of hours 4 AM - 10 PM to the red spectrum show higher sun exposure. The outdoor areas closer to theeach red comfort range in rela�on to each comfort strategy. within Calcula�ons for a variety of situa�ons were completed using UTCI to represent thermal spectrum will require addi�onal shading such as na�ve trees or operable shading which can be deployed during summer months and taken away during winter months. comfort. The results are shown to the le�. The pie charts show the percent of hours The comfort calcula� wererange calculated foron thetosummer day�me, from 7:00 am to 8:00 within eachons comfort in rela� each comfort strategy. pm,courtyards using a period of June to September. The north-south streets are well shaded for most of the year. Most of the receive less than 7-8 hours of sun even during peak of summer. The courtyards areThe comfort calcula�ons were calculated for the summer day�me, from 7:00 am to 8:00 especially well shaded during the morning and evening hours of the summer when their pm, using a period of June to September. Conclusions use is expected to be high. These are all posi�ve aspects of the massing, and should be Without any improvement, very few hours throughout the summer can be considered maintained. comfortable. Nearly 80% of hours of the summer experience strong or extreme heat Conclusions stress. Without any improvement, very few hours throughout the summer can be considered comfortable. Nearly 80% of hours of the summer experience strong or extreme heat Shading increases stress. comfortable number of hours signicantly (to around 10%), eliminates extreme heat stress, but only moderately reduces strong heat stress. Shading increases comfortable number of hours signicantly (to around 10%), eliminates Mis�ng barely increases the number of moderately comfortablereduces hours, but eliminates extreme heat extreme heat stress, but only strong heat stress. stress and signicantly reduces the number of hours with strong heat stress (especially Morning with added wind). 7 AMthe - 11 AM of comfortable hours, but eliminates extreme heat Mis� ng barely increases number stress and signicantly reduces the number of hours with strong heat stress (especially The combina� of both mis�ng and shading eliminates both extreme and strong heat with on added wind). stress en�rely. Comfortable condi�ons are greatly increased (to nearly 30% of the year in the case with wind). on of both mis�ng and shading eliminates both extreme and strong heat The combina� stress en�rely. Comfortable condi�ons are greatly increased (to nearly 30% of the year in the case with wind).
With Shading
March 21st
re, m to ning ely
Outdoor comfort
Outdoor Comfort Outdoor Space Typologies June 21st Outdoor Comfort December 21st
With Mis�ng
SUN HOURS
0
1
2
4
5
6
November 2017
7
8
9
11
Evening 4 PM - 8 PM
20
12Transsolar 13 14 KlimaEngineering
Number of Hours per Day That Receive Direct Sunlight
Transsolar KlimaEngineering Transsolar KlimaEngineering
Sustainability Report Distrito Purísima Alameda, Monterrey, Mexico
With Mis�ng + Shading
Sustainability Report Distrito Purísima Alameda, Monterrey, Mexico
With Mis�ng + Shading
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Sustainability Report Distrito Purísima Alameda, Monterrey, Mexico
Novem
Sustainability Report Distrito Purísima Alameda, Monterrey, Mexico November 2017
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Parametric simulation 45
45
15 10 5 0
35
35 Active Slab Cooling Active Slab Cooling
20
Radiant Floor Cooling Radiant Floor Cooling
Envelope Criteria
15
5 0
35
Peak Cooling (W/m²)
Peak Cooling (W/m²)
30 25 20 15 10 5 0
35 30
Hotel Hotel
Window to Wall Ratio
The study is carried out for three different shading depths with a shading cut-off angle of 18°, 34°, and 45° each for three different shading strategies - ver�cal ns only, horizontal overhangs only and a combina�on of horizontal and ver�cal shading. This is described in the isometric diagram below.
20
5 0
15
35 30 25 20
5
5
0
0
90% 90% Residential Residential
Parametric energy simulation was performed to determine the 18° optimum window wall ratio based on Peak Cooling
30” 30”
Space Space Energy/Cost Energy/Cost
supply supply
30” 30”
return return
16” 16”
Fan Horsepower: 3.1 kW FanAnnual Horsepower: kW$3840 Electric3.1 Cost: Annual Electric Cost: $3840
D1.5” D1.5”
45°
CHWS CHWR CHWS CHWR
Pump Horsepower: 0.3 kW Pump Horsepower: 0.3 kW Annual Electric Cost: $349 Annual Electric Cost: $349
Electricity required to transport 100,000 Btu/hr Electricity required to transport 100,000 Btu/hr
45° Radiant Floor Cooling Radiant Floor Cooling
15 10
June 21st
5
March 21st
Dec 21st
0 30% 30%
40
50% 70% 50% 70% Window to Wall Ratio Window to Wall Ratio
90% 90%
Transsolar KlimaEngineering
Office Office
Retail Retail
Radiant Panel Cooling Radiant Panel Cooling
35 30
Active Slab Cooling Active Slab Cooling
25 20
Radiant Floor Cooling Radiant Floor Cooling
10 5 0 30% 30%
40 East
40 35 30 25 20 15
50% 70% 50% 70% Window to Wall Ratio Window to Wall Ratio
90% 90%
50% 70% 50% 70% Window to Wall Ratio Window to Wall Ratio
90% 90%
Retail Retail
Radiant Panel Cooling Radiant Panel Cooling
35 30
Active Slab Cooling Active Slab Cooling
25 20
Radiant Floor Cooling Radiant Floor Cooling
15
West 10
10 5 0
Comparison between Hydronic systems and “Forced” Air systems Transsolar KlimaEngineering Sustainability Report Distrito Purísima Alameda, Monterrey, Mexico interms of Sustainability size of pipes/ducts and cost to Monterrey, meet equal Report Distrito Purísima Alameda, Mexico cooling load.
20
45
Peak Cooling (W/m²)
Hydronic Based Hydronic Based
Active Slab Cooling Active Slab Cooling
25
University University 45
34° Air Based Air Based
34°
15 South 15 10
50% 70% 50% 70% Window to Wall Ratio Window to Wall Ratio
30
North
40
10
30% 30%
Radiant Panel Cooling Radiant Panel Cooling
35
45
A target maximum of 2 kWh/m² of radia�on on any glazed area at any day of year is recommended to maximize poten�al for passive cooling and enable an efficient cooling-like radiant system. The op�mum shading solu�on for each facade is highlighted with a green circle. Active Slab Cooling
This recommenda�on can be used as a star�ng point for each cri�cal facade orienta�on. It should be noted that the shading cut-off angle is independent of scale, i.e. a deep overhang or micro-louvers between glazing panes have the same shading effec�veness Radiant Floor Cooling as long as their cut-off angle is the same. Radiant Floor Cooling
40
Retail Retail 45
Radiant Panel Cooling Radiant Panel Cooling
Active Slab Cooling 25
20
10
The purpose of this study is to understand the impact of different shading strategies with varying depths for each specic facade orienta�on. The study is performed by analyzing total daily solar radia�on received by each major eleva�on at the equinox (March/September 21st), summer sols�ce (June 21st) 70% and winter sols�ce (December 21st) with clear 30% 50% 90% 30% sky condi�ons. 50% 70% 90% Window to Wall Ratio
45
40
25
15
10
Residen� Residen� al al 45 40
30
25
Peak Cooling (W/m²)
30
Peak Cooling (W/m²)
20
40
Peak Cooling (W/m²)
25
Radiant Panel Cooling Radiant Panel Cooling
Peak Cooling (W/m²)
Peak Cooling (W/m²)
30
40
Peak Cooling (W/m²)
creased glazing eased glazing peak cooling ak cooling design level esign level phasize the asize the goals. als.
35
Peak Cooling (W/m²)
and cooling is nd cooling is h an integrated n integrated aintain steady ntain steady eratures which atures which nt applica�ons applica�ons cooling). oling).
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Hotel Hotel 45
strategies. rategies. prac�ce rac�ce mart controls, t controls, llowing sec�on wing sec�on m choices. choices.
SHADING: CUT-OFF ANGLE
5 0 30% 30%
Sustainability Report Distrito Purísima Alameda, Monterrey, Mexico
November 2017 November 2017
University University
November 2017
27 27
28
Performance Requirements
Performance Requirements These Performance Requirements serve as the synthesis of the design drivers that were analyzed in order to achieve the sustainability goals for the Distrito Purisima Alameda (DPA).
Outdoor Comfort
Renewable Energy
Universal Thermal Comfort Index (UTCI), an outdoor comfort metric, can poten�ally be reduced by up to 10°C, when all of the outdoor comfort improvement measures men�oned here are implemented.
Shading from Na�ve Trees
50
40 Cooling can be done with Rooftop PV) for Residential and Office
30
20
10
Operable and Fixed Shades
The goals are the following: conserve our natural resources through low-impact energy and water use strategies, create deligh�ul spaces by designing for op�mal thermal and visual comfort, and design for passive survivability such that spaces con�nue to be habitable in the event of a power outage.
0 0
Facade
4
6 8 Number of Floors
10
12
Water
Shallow xed horizontal overhangs on north and south facade and operable horizontal louvers on east and west facades are required for sun control.
Rain Pervious Gardens Pavement
Operable Louvers on East and West
The courtyard and street propor�ons are recommended to op�mize daylight, views and air movement in the DPA. Although the street widths are xed, care has been taken to maintain view to the sky as much as possible.
2
The current CUS poten�ally enables all cooling electricity to be collected via roo�op photovoltaics (PVs) for office and residen�al buildings.
Water Features for Evapora�ve Cooling
The performance requirements have been considered on a masterplan level, with analysis performed at a macro-scale. As development of the DPA con�nues, more specically during the design of individual buildings, it is cri�cal that these topics be revisited with more detailed analysis at the building scale.
Massing
60
Green infrastructure, as opposed to grey infrastructure, should be installed throughout the masterplan to collect rainwater and return water to the aquifer. This includes space alloca�on for rainwater collec�on from hardscapes and the use of rain gardens and pervious pavement where possible.
Horizontal Overhangs for North and South
Daylight
Energy Synergy
Green Area RaƟo
The benets and disadvantages of centralized vs. decentralized systems should be assessed on a block-by-block level
H
Daylight rule of thumb: The daylight penetra�on is twice the length of the window head-height. Building depths should be designed to op�mize daylight access in all spaces.
Transsolar KlimaEngineering
C
H
C
H
C
Decentralized System
H
Green Area Ra�o (GAR): It is the ra�o of ‘area of vegeta�on on the built form’ vs. ‘the area of the building site/plot’. A minimum GAR of 1.25 is recommended, which means the building should incorporate 25% more vegeta�on area in the built form compared to the plot area where the building stands.
C
Centralized System Sustainability Report Distrito Purísima Alameda, Monterrey, Mexico
November 2017
34
Countway Medical Library A Daylighting Projcct
Group Project
Exterior of library basement windows with wooden shutters
location Basement, Open Planned Room- South Countway Medical Library, Longwood Medical Area Boston, MA
Study alcoves Book Stacks
Countway Medical Library
daylighting issues in the basement Study alcoves in the south side basement has glare To prevent glare shutters used, which decreases daylight.
design objectives 01| Elimainate the glare without blocking or reducing the daylight in the study alcoves. Study alcove in the basement showing glare due to direct sunlight
Study alcove showing wooden shutters with sunlight on the working surface
02| Maximize daylight penetration into the interior of the basement where the book stacks are at.
Fall 2016 SCI-6479: Daylighting Asst. Prof. H. Samuelson
glare-in-the-eye analysis
Each ray representing the times of the year when Glare or sunlight in the eye for a person seated in the specific location
A sunpath diagram showing the sun positions when direct sunlight hits the eye of a seated person.
Sun angles, for those times of the year where there is glare to the seated person on the alcove.
Backward ray tracing using a grasshopper plugin “Lady Bug� was used to map the glare-in the-eye moments for all possible seating positions.
daylight reflector % Occupied hours
0 17 33 50 67 83
0°
10°
15°
20°
100 Overlit Areas (Potential for glare)
Baseline Conditions, DA Daylight Availability (300lux)=23%
Highly reflective ceiling, reflectors at 15°, DA(300lux)= 37%
Exterior reflector angled at 15°
Exterior Daylight reflector angled at 20° for deeper daylight penetration Highly reflective ceiling, reflectors at 20°, DA(300lux)= 37%
The Daylight reflector functions similar to a light shelf by bounces daylight off the ceiling.
Daylighting Analysis using DIVA plugin for Rhino 3D
The reflector can be incorporated as part of the landscape
greenhouse glare solution
Greenhouse with translucent glazing to eliminate glare
Existing condition when there is intolerable glare
illustration of glare rays blocked by the greenhouse
Glare analysis with greenhouse added resulting in imperceptible glare
% Occupied hours
0 17
Daylight Glare Probability (DGP) analysis was run using DIVA to check for glare for existing condition and after proposed addition of the greenhouse.
33 50 67 83
why the green house? A garden was already being planned for the outdoor space just outside the basement windows. Therefore a green house was a dual use solution both as a garden and to block glare
100 Overlit Areas (Potential for glare)
combined solution| greenhouse+reflector Green house has translucent glazing on the top and south side to block/eliminate glare
Combined solution of Greenhouse+ Daylight reflector. DA=24%
angled daylight reflector used to maximize daylight penetration and makeup for the reduced daylight due to the addition of greenhouse.
Net- Zero Visitor Center
Joshua Tree National Park Group Project
climate analysis
design concepts
Location Close to Twentynine Palms, CA climate Sub-Tropical Desert Climate
minimal impact With an intention to have minimal human impact, the site of a national park was chosen The Idea was to maintain Minimal Visual impact hench the building was to be partially burried underground and visible from only one side
Termpreratue (째C)
zero energy comfort Range PMV
Because the site is ecologically fragile and is almost free of human impacts, goal was to aim for a Net Zero Energy design
Typical To Deserty Climates, there is large Diurnal temperature swings.
째C 44<= 40 34 30 25 25 16 11 7 2 <=-2
째C 44<= 40 34 30 25 25 16 11 7 2 <=-2
Annual Temperature Chart showing the hours within Comfort range PMV model (18-26째C)
Natural Ventilation Viable for 36% of the Year
Fall 2016 SCI-6470: Energy Simulation Asst. Prof. H. Samuelson
massing studies
EUI
EUI 144kWh/m
2
139kWh/m2
Lens Shape
Long rectangle
Courtyard Rectangle
Starting EUI
Natural Ventilation
Earth Berm SouthFacade
144
139
150
163
164
216
183
182
230
186
185
233
kWh/m2
Lens
Lighting/Dimming controls
conclusion from massing study
EUI 150kWh/m
2
Courtyard
Earth berming on the south is extremely effective as it reduces solar heat gain and acts as a heat sink. A long and Thin shape along E-W axis performs well due to more daylight and contact with ground
lens shaped massing chosen
EUI Energy use intensity
It has better architectural massing yet performs similar to long rectangle sloped Arc shape better for Solar PV, crucial in achieving Net Zero energy.
Earth Berm on South
Natural Ventilation Medium weight Moderate insulation. Window wall ratio = 30%
Material Upgrades 100mm Concrete floor R-60 Concrete wall Uninsulated Below grade wall Super-insulated roof LoE Ar double glazing
starting eui
office
baseline
Energy Star Score = 75
Lighting Lighting Controls LEDs Passive Cooling Earth Berm on East+ West 1.5m Shading
HVAC system Economizer Mode Heat recovery Ground source heat pump Architecture program Building program modified from Office to visitor center
195 186 183 163 144 114 111 91 74 63
EUI kWh/m Energy use intensity
2
Net Zero
+ PV
Path to Net-Zero Energy
Solar Photo Voltaic (PV) Roof 250m2 roof PV array 40kW system 30% of the roof Annual Demand: 65,350 kWh/m2 System Output: 71,803 kWh/m2
architectural illustrations
Office Entry
Book Shop
Lobby
Cafe Kitchen
Reception Exhibition Restrooms
Mechanical
Classroom
studies Radiative night cooling Radiative cooling methods such as roof pond was explored.The result from the study is not included in the energy simulation
evaporative cooling tower Cooling Tower
Outgoing Radiation from the Roof Calculated using
Stefan-Bolzmann Law
Incoming Radiation from sky Calculated using
°C 40
Swinbank Formula
37 34 31 28 25 22 19 16 13 <=10
°C
Net Outgoing Radiation
91.66 W/m2
40 37 34
at Night with clear skies
31 28 25 22 19
Example scenario :Aug 9-10 Night
16
Cooling Potential= 760kW (assuming efficiency of roof pond is 20%)
<=10
Cooling Demand = 61kW
Radiatinve Night cooling can more than meet the cooling demand ,eliminating need of active cooling systems
13
Reduction of extreme daytime temperatures due to Evaporative cooling Tower without using any active cooling sytems
Adaptive Comfort (ASHRAE 2010) Without Evaporative Cooling Tower
18%
With Evaporative Cooling Tower
58%
Cross-Section of Visitor Center with Earth Berming on South side
View from Interior
Visitor Center blending into the landscape
Aloft Counterproposal Group Project
Project Explored how might changes to the way this Hotel was built and Operates could have improved both its environmental imapct and Financial returns
STRATEGY: FOUR PRONGED APPROACH 01| DESIGN Rethinking Guestroom and Common spaces to be more efficient and functional
02| MATERIALS Reduction of embodied energy and global warming potential( Carbon Footprint) of Materials used.
03| OPERATIONS Reduction of consumption of Water, Electricity and natural gas
04| CHANGE OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR Encourage reduction of resources by changing consumer behavior through incentive system
Aloft Hotel(existing) Existing Hotel Information Location: 401-403 D St. Boston Seaport Innovation District Operations: Opened Feb 2016 No: of Room: 330 No: of Floors: 13 Area: 213,000 GSF LEED Rating: Silver
Spring 2016 SES 5370: Economics, Environment & Enterprise Asst. Prof. H. Samuelson & F. Apeseche
01| DESIGN Efficient Planning of Individual rooms led to reduction of room size by 20%. Lobby/common areas increased to allow greater socialization Existing
Proposed
Proposed Double Height longue created from the extra space
Existing
Proposed Single Bed
Double Bed
02| MATERIALS The counterproposal for the Aloft Hotel uses a cross-laminated timber structural system, a structural wood system . It consists of several layers of lumber stacked crosswise and glued together. The cross-laminations give this structural system dimensional stability and high strength and stiffness, providing twoway action capabilitieslike that of a reinforced concrete slab The change of structural system from concrete and steel to cross-laminated timber also significantly reduces the environmental impact of the building, thanks in part to the carbonsequestering nature of timber.
Reinforced Concrete,Curtain wall, Area: 213,000 GSF Construction Cost Cost per SF: $422 Total: $89,886,000
Counter-proposed System Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Area: 201,823 GSF Construction Cost Cost per SF: $452 Total: $86,961,883
RESULTS
26% Reduction of Global Warming Potential (CO2 EQ.) 19% Reduction of Total Primary (Non-Operational) Energy
kg CO2 eq
Existing Construction System
Cross laminated timber also allows the advantage of leaving the surface exposed reducing the need of wall finishing material.
03| OPERATIONS CHP Combined Heat & Power Combined heat and power systems (CHP), also known as cogeneration is generation of electricity and useful thermal in a single integrated system. In conventional systems/ approach , Electricity is purchased from the grid and for thermal energy fuels such as natural gas is purchased to run boilers. In CHP, Electricity is generated onsite using fuels and the resulting heat is put to use for thermal needs. This combined approach results in large savings as well as less emissions.
without CHP
with CHP
For a CHP system to be feasible there has to be a constant and sizable thermal energy demands. The Load profile of a Hotel fits the bill. This is because Hotels have year round high thermal energy demands due to the high domestic hot water requirements on top of the usual space heating requirements.
Suitable for Hotels due to constant high demand for thermal energy, mainly Domestic Hot Water without CHP
Fuel Use
with CHP
04| CHANGE OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR THE ALOFT APP Incentivising Consumption
Reduction What is the Aloft App? A Visual Feedback System designed for guests. Awards Incentives for reducting consumption.
Water, electricity monitor System comprises wireless monitoring devices/ sensors and submeters cloud connected to a membership account accessed by the app.
Incentives Examples Free Drinks Room Upgrades Free Cab ride to the Airport
financial analysis
This Point-based system y reduces consumption. Also encourages repeat bussiness by incentevising guests to stick to the same hotel brand due to acccumulation of points.
economic analysis (15yr Proforma) base case
proposed case
purchase assumption Number of Units Purchase price per SF Total Built up Area: Closing/ Financing Cost Mortgage Debt (% of Investemnt) Total Aggregate Purchase Investment Total Debt Total Equity
330 $422 213,000 SF 1.00% 69.00% $89,886,000 $62,000,000 $27,886,000
346 $433 201,823 SF 1.00% 69.00% $87,421,883 $62,000,000 $27,886,000
Revenue & expense assumptions Nightly Gross Rev Per Unit Vacancy as % Gross Rev (3yr stabilization) Maintenance Reserve Net Annual Revenue per Room Annual Net Rev for Property Annual Utilities Fees ( Energy+Water) Energy Water Annual Management Fees(% of net rev)
IRR 15yr
(internal Rate of Return)
$350 19.00% 2.00% $127,750 $42,157,500 $258,881 $216,485 $42,396 60.00%
11.5%
Decrease of Annual Utility Costs by the proposed case
$335 19.00% 2.00% $122,275 $42,307,150 $194,424 $160,876 $33,548 60.00%
11.8%
25%
in
growth rates Gross Revenue Local Taxes Utilities
3.00% 5.00% 3.00%
sale Cap Rate based on yr 15 NOI Cost Associated with Sales
10.00% 2.00%
other assumptions Annual Amortization Debt Annual Dollar Amt. Debt Amortization Interest On Outsthandg Debt Balance St. Line Depretiation of Property St. Line Depreciation of CapEx Additional Annual CapEX per unit Effective Tax Rate Cap Gains Tax rate on Sale
25.00% $15,500 15.00% 30yrs 7yrs $1,000 27.00% 20.00%