Daylighting Strategies in Architectural Built Spaces by Shriyansh Jain

DISSERTATION Year: 2020-21 Batch No. 18

DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL BUILT SPACES

Undertaken by: SHRIYANSH JAIN Enrollment No.: 16E1AAARM40P117 V Year B.Arch. (C)

Prof. ANKIT KASHMIRI GUPTA

Prof. ARCHANA SINGH

GUIDE

COORDINATOR

Aayojan School of Architecture ISI-4, RIICO Institutional Block, Sitapura, Jaipur-302022

APPROVAL The study titled “Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces” is hereby approved as an original work of Shriyansh Jain enrolment no. 16E1AAARM40P117 on the approved subject carried out and presented in manner satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as per the standard laid down by the university. This report has been submitted in the partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Architecture degree from Rajasthan Technical University, Kota. It is to be understood that the undersigned does not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, any opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but approves the study only for the purpose it has been submitted. 06.12.2020 Jaipur

Prof. K.S. MAHAJANI EXTERNAL EXAMINER 1

PRINCIPAL

Prof. ARCHANA SINGH EXTERNAL EXAMINER 2

COORDINATOR

DECLARATION I, Shriyansh Jain here by solemnly declare that the research work undertaken by me, titled “Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces” is my original work and wherever I have incorporated any information in the form of photographs, text, data, maps, drawings, etc. from different sources, has been duly acknowledged in my report. This dissertation has been completed under the supervision of the guide allotted to me by the school. Further, whenever and wherever my work shall be presented or published it will be jointly authored with my guide.

Shriyansh Jain V Year B.Arch. (C) Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the research titled, Architecture Integration is a bonafide work by Shriyansh Jain of Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur. This research work has been completed under my guidance and supervision in a satisfactory manner. This report has been submitted in partial fulfillment of award of BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE degree from Rajasthan Technical University, Kota. This research work fulfills the requirements relating to the nature and standard laid down by the Rajasthan Technical University. Prof. Ankit Kashmiri Gupta Guide Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I praise the God, the almighty, merciful and passionate, for providing me with this opportunity and granting me the capability to proceed successfully. This project appears in its current form due to the assistance and guidance of several people. I would like to express my gratitude to all of them. I would like to express my deep sincere gratitude to my research guide, Prof. Ankit Kashmiri Gupta, for giving me the opportunity to conduct this research and providing invaluable guidance throughout this research. It was great privilege and honor to work and study under his guidance. I would like to thank Prof. Kiran S. Mahajani, Principal and Director, Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur, Prof. N.S. Rathore, Dean of Academics & Prof. Archana Singh, Dissertation Coordinator of Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur, for their constant support and guidance. Finally, my heartfelt gratitude goes to my dad Architect Dharmendra Jain, my mom Vandana Jain who is a lovely lady helped me at home in the time of Covid-19 pandemic with his and her support and Off course my dear flat mates and all my Aayojanite friends for their intellectual and emotional support during the course of this study.

Shriyansh Jain V Year B.Arch. (c) Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur

iii

ABSTRACT

The research on the topic “Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces” is done to establish the relationship between built structures and effective daylighting. Study of various possible ways in which daylighting can be integrated in a public building to make it more feasible, functional and aesthetically pleasing. Studies related to daylighting techniques and their application with respect to the various spaces have been done through research works and observations. Various existing public buildings have been taken for case studies to understand their planning and designing; and how well the built structure is integrated with natural lighting design of the building in order to determine its degree of response towards functional and aesthetical needs. The cases have been analyzed on the basis of application of functionality and application of aesthetics of a space. In which Utilization of Elements, Perception of a space, Physical Comfort, Visual Comfort and Chaos, Lighting and shadows, Contrast and colors & Textures and materials. Through the analysis, ideal daylighting design techniques in a public building have been established and guidelines are formulated which could help enhancing user experience, function and aesthetics.

CONTENTS Page No. Approval

Declaration

Certificate

Acknowledgement

iii

Abstract

Contents

v-viii

List of figures

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1-6

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Research Questions

1.3 Hypothesis

1.4 Aim

1.5 Objectives

1.6 Scope

1.7 Methodology

5-6

CHAPTER 2: DAYLIGHTING

7-13

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Daylighting benefits

2.3 Key metrics in daylighting

11-13

2.4.1 Illuminance 2.4.2 Daylight factor 2.4.3 Brightness 2.4.4 Contrast 2.4.5 Glare

CHAPTER 3: INTEGRATION OF DAYLIGHT THROUGH STRUCTURES AND ITS IMPACT ON USERS 14-22 3.1 Structures

14-19

3.1.1 Windows 3.1.2 Clerestory Windows 3.1.3 Skylight and Roof Lanterns 3.1.4 Sawtooth Roof 3.1.5 Atrium 3.1.6 Perforation 3.1.7 Lightwell 3.1.8 Smart Glass 3.1.9 Light Tubes 3.1.10 Glazed Shell Structure 3.1.11 Fibre Optic Concrete Wall 3.1.12 Light Reflectors and Shelves

3.2 Parameters Influencing daylighting performance

3.2.1 Climate 3.2.2 Latitude 3.2.3 Building Design (Geometry, Material, Orientation, Glazing dimensions, etc.) 3.2.4 Obstructions and reflections on site

CHAPTER 4: PLANNING & DESIGNING

23-41

4.1

Framework of case studies

4.2

Primary case studies

4.3

4.2.1

Jawahar Kala Kendra (JKK), Jaipur

4.2.2

World Trade Park (WTP), Jaipur

Secondary case studies

4.3.1

Modern Art Museum, Fort Worth

4.3.2

Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth

CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS 5.1

Framework of analysis

5.2

Analysis on the basis of 5.2.1

5.4

Functionality of a space:

5.2.2

5.3

42-51



Utilization of Elements



Perception of a space



Physical Comfort

Aesthetic of a space: 

Visual Comfort and Chaos



Lighting and shadows



Contrast and colors



Textures and materials

Integration analysis:

5.3.1

Integration of daylight through architectural elements

5.3.2

Integration of daylight through textures and materials

5.3.3

Integration of daylight through contrast and colour

5.3.4

Integration of daylight through building envelope

Survey

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

52-57

6.1

Conclusion

6.2

Recommendations

BIBLIOGRAPHY GLOSSARY ANNEXURES

vii

LIST OF FIGURES Chapter 1 Figure 1. 1 Chart showing integration of built-form, architectural elements & natural lighting………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2 Source: Author

Figure 1. 2 Methodology table…………………………………………………………………………………. 5 Source: Author

Figure 1. 3 Methodology chart………………………………………………………………………………….6 Source: Author

Chapter 2 Figure 2. 1 The Louvre, Abu Dhabi…………….……………………………………………………………….7 Source: https://www.archdaily.com/883157/louvre-abu-dhabi-atelier-jean-nouvel

Figure 2. 2 The Broad Museum, LA ………………………………………………………………...……….8 Source:https://www.thebroad.org/about/building#:~:text=The%20Broad%20is%20designed%20by,Renfro %20in%20collaboration%20with%20Gensler.

Figure 2. 3 The components of daylight ……………………………………………………………….….8 Source: Velux Inc.

Figure 2. 4 Hand sketches…………………………………………………….……………………………….…10 Source: Author

Figure 2. 5 Illuminance for climate zone…………………………….……………………………….….11 Source: https://beeindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/BEE_ECBC%202017.pdf

Figure 2. 6 Contrast…………………………………………………………………………………………….….12 Source: https://beeindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/BEE_ECBC%202017.pdf

Figure 2. 7 Direct Glare……………………………………………………………………………………….….13 Source: https://beeindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/BEE_ECBC%202017.pdf

viii

Chapter 3 Figure 3. 1 Daylight area calculation for vertical fenestration…………………… .…….…14 Source: https://beeindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/BEE_ECBC%202017.pdf

Figure 3. 2 Daylight area calculation for skylight………………….………………………………15 Source: https://beeindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/BEE_ECBC%202017.pdf

Figure 3. 3 Daylight area calculation for Sawtooth……………….…………………………… ..15 Source: https://beeindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/BEE_ECBC%202017.pdfFigure 3. 4 Figure 3. 3 Figure 3. 4 Atrium………………………………...………………………..………………………..……………...16 Source: https://beeindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/BEE_ECBC%202017.pdf

Figure 3. 5 Perforation……………………………...………………………..…………………………………...16 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylighting

Figure 3. 6 Lightwell……………………………………………………………………………….………….… ..…17 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylighting

Figure 3. 7 Lightwell section……………………………………………………………………………….….…17 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylighting

Figure 3. 8 The Light catcher, Whatcom Museum, Washington…….……………………...… 17 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylighting

Figure 3. 9 Diagram showing sunlight transport in Sun Tunnels.….……………………...… 18 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylighting

Figure 3.10 Knippers, Helbig, 2008, Close-up of internal view.….………………………...…18 Source: Google images

Figure 3.11 Transparent concrete.……………………………………………..………………………...…19 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylighting

Figure 3.12 Light shelves……………..……………………………………………..………………………...…19 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylighting

Figure 3.13 A diagram showing the sun's paths on the winter solstice (shortest day), the equinox (day and night almost equal) and the summer solstice (longest day)…. 21 Source: Author

Figure 3.14 Components of view – roof window situation………..…………………………..…22 Source: Author

Figure 3.15 Components of view – facade window situation………..……………………...…22 Source: Author

Chapter 4 Figure 4. 1 Hierarchy of case studies…………………………………………………………………………23 Source: Author

Figure 4. 2 Entrance JKK…………………………………………………………………………………………….24 Source: https://archnet.org/authorities/9/publications/7102

Figure 4. 3 Museum JKK…………….………………………………………………………………………………. 24 Source: https://archnet.org/authorities/9/publications/7102

Figure 4. 4 Transitions space JKK…………….……………………………………………………………….2 5 Source: https://archnet.org/authorities/9/publications/7102

Figure 4. 5 Site Plan JKK…………….…………………………………………………………………………….26 Source: https://archnet.org/authorities/9/publications/7102

Figure 4. 6 Concept drawing JKK………………………………………………………………………………26 Source: https://archnet.org/authorities/9/publications/7102

Figure 4. 7 Interior waiting area JKK…………………………………………………………………………27 Source: https://archnet.org/authorities/9/publications/7102

Figure 4. 8 Clerestory windows, JKK…………………………………………………………………………. 27 Source: https://archnet.org/authorities/9/publications/7102

Figure 4. 9 Ceiling depicting human cosmology ………………………………………………………. 27 Source: https://archnet.org/authorities/9/publications/7102

Figure 4.10 Transitions space JKK…………….………………………………………………………………. 27 Source: https://archnet.org/authorities/9/publications/7102

Figure 4.11 Section of World Trade Park….………………………………………………………………. 28 Source: Author

Figure 4.12 Lower Ground floor…………….….………………………………………………………………29 Source: http://wtpjaipur.com/gallery

Figure 4.13 Upper Ground floor…………….….………………………………………………………………29 Source: http://wtpjaipur.com/gallery

Figure 4.14 Atrium during evening hours….………………………………………………………………30 Source: http://wtpjaipur.com/gallery

Figure 4.15 Atrium during the day……….….………………………………………………………………. 30 Source: http://wtpjaipur.com/gallery

Figure 4.16 Corridors and retail stores lit through artificial lighting ……….….……………………30 Source: http://wtpjaipur.com/gallery

Figure 4.17 Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth ……….…………………………….……………………. 31 x

Source: https://www.archdaily.com/213084/modern-art-museum-of-fort-worth-tadao-ando

Figure 4.18 Exterior images……………………………. ……….…………………………….……………………33 Source: https://www.archdaily.com/213084/modern-art-museum-of-fort-worth-tadao-ando

Figure 4.19 Café sitting area…………………………… ……….…………………………….……………………33 Source: https://www.archdaily.com/213084/modern-art-museum-of-fort-worth-tadao-ando

Figure 4.20 Y-Shaped Column………………………… ……….…………………………….…………………….34 Source: https://www.archdaily.com/213084/modern-art-museum-of-fort-worth-tadao-ando

Figure 4.21 Entrance foyer……………………………… ……….…………………………….…………………….34 Source: https://www.archdaily.com/213084/modern-art-museum-of-fort-worth-tadao-ando

Figure 4.22 Ground Floor Plan………………………… ……….…………………………….…………………….34 Source: https://www.archdaily.com/213084/modern-art-museum-of-fort-worth-tadao-ando

Figure 4.23 First Floor Plan…………………………….. ……….………..…………………….…………………….34 Source: https://www.archdaily.com/213084/modern-art-museum-of-fort-worth-tadao-ando

Figure 4.24 Sections and Elevations………………… ……….…………………………….…………………….3 5 Source: https://www.archdaily.com/213084/modern-art-museum-of-fort-worth-tadao-ando

Figure 4.25 Kimbell Art Museum of Fort Worth ……….…………………………….…………………….36 Source: https://www.archdaily.com/123761/ad-classics-kimbell-art-museum-tadao-ando

Figure 4.26 Site Plan…………………………………….……….…………………………….…………………….37 Source: https://www.archdaily.com/123761/ad-classics-kimbell-art-museum-tadao-ando

Figure 4.27 Site Plan…………………………………….……….…………………………….……………………. 38 Source: https://www.archdaily.com/123761/ad-classics-kimbell-art-museum-tadao-ando

Figure 4.28 Courtyard………………………………….……….…………………………….……………………. 38 Source: https://www.archdaily.com/123761/ad-classics-kimbell-art-museum-tadao-ando

Figure 4.29 Promenade……………………………….……….…………………………….…………………….38 Source: https://www.archdaily.com/123761/ad-classics-kimbell-art-museum-tadao-ando

Figure 4.30 Groin Vault at Trojan market………….….…………………………….…………………….39 Source: https://www.archdaily.com/123761/ad-classics-kimbell-art-museum-tadao-ando

Figure 4.31 Diagram of Vault ……………….………….….…………………………….……………………. 39 Source: https://www.archdaily.com/123761/ad-classics-kimbell-art-museum-tadao-ando

Figure 4.32 Cycloid Vault ……………….………….….…………………….…………….…………………….39 Source: https://www.archdaily.com/123761/ad-classics-kimbell-art-museum-tadao-ando

Figure 4.33 Section of Vault ……………….………….…………………….…………….…………………….39 Source: https://www.archdaily.com/123761/ad-classics-kimbell-art-museum-tadao-ando

Figure 4.34 Filtered daylight from above…………………….……….…………….…………………….39 Source: https://www.archdaily.com/123761/ad-classics-kimbell-art-museum-tadao-ando

Figure 4.35 Section of Vault with daylight……………………………….………….……………………. 40 Source: https://www.archdaily.com/123761/ad-classics-kimbell-art-museum-tadao-ando

Figure 4.36 Upper Floor Plans………………………………………………….………….…………………….40 Source: https://www.archdaily.com/123761/ad-classics-kimbell-art-museum-tadao-ando

Figure 4.37 Filtered daylight from above…………………….……….…………….……………………. 40 Source: https://www.archdaily.com/123761/ad-classics-kimbell-art-museum-tadao-ando

Figure 4.37 Lightwell serving lower levels………………….……….…………….……………………. 41 Source: https://www.archdaily.com/123761/ad-classics-kimbell-art-museum-tadao-ando

Figure 4.38 Lower levels………………….……….…………….………………………………..……………….41 Source: https://www.archdaily.com/123761/ad-classics-kimbell-art-museum-tadao-ando

Figure 4.39 Section of light into lower level……………………………………………..………………. 41 Source: https://www.archdaily.com/123761/ad-classics-kimbell-art-museum-tadao-ando

Chapter 6 Table 6. 1 Daylight zones……………….…………………………………………………………………………. 55 Source: Author

Table 6. 2 Diffused light through atrium…………………………………………………….……………. 55 Source: Author

Table 6. 3 Various possibilities for overhead openings for daylighting……….……………………. 56 Source: Velux Magazine Inc.

Table 6. 4 Thermal insulation…………………………………………………………………….……………………. 56 Source: Velux Magazine Inc.

Table 6. 5 Ventilation through courtyard……………………….………………………….……………………. 57 Source: Velux Magazine Inc.

Table 6. 6 Cross-section with daylight concept……………….………………………….……………………. 57 Source: Velux Magazine Inc.

xii

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

Chapter 1

Introduction

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

1.1 BACKGROUND STUDY Lighting design and research are dominated by four broad goals:

 To achieve visual comfort,  To maximize visual performance,  To create an aesthetically pleasing environment and  To improve energy efficiency. Commercial spaces have suitable environments to experiment with lighting, humans, behavior and emotions. Lighting design influencing the way people think and the way they behave. The lighting may become an important factor to induce the right mood for increasing buying intentions and shopping experience in general.

Built-Form Natural Lighting

Architectural Elements

Figure 1. 1 Chart showing integration of built-form, architectural elements & natural lighting .

Daylight designs are most effective when properly integrated into the overall architecture of a building. Daylighting and solar control strategies that are addressed as an afterthought and added to an already designed building typically, do not achieve a successful integration with the building design and space layout. Additionally, these types of strategies tend to be more costly to implement and more problematic in general. Therefore, it is best to address daylighting and solar control issues early in the design, when programming the various spaces.

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

We spend over 80% of our lives within buildings access to outdoor views and natural light have positive psychological and physiological effects on building occupants but too much of light and glare can have negative psychological and physiological impacts. Various architectural elements that can be used to incorporate daylight to achieve ADF [1] in the building are Courtyards, Sawtooth roof [2], Skylights, Atrium [3], Translucent walls, Light tubes [4], bottle walls, etc.

1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 

How natural lighting can create different types of the environment through built–form?



How natural lighting can enhance the experience while transitioning from one space to another?



What are the possible built–form types that can help in introducing daylight in interior spaces?



What are the parameters that describe the consumers’ relation between lighting and psychology?

1.3 HYPOTHESIS “Effective daylighting through built-structures enhances user experience in public spaces.” 1.4 AIM To achieve appropriate built-form solutions for efficient space lighting in a public building.

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

1.5 OBJECTIVES 1. To study the various architectural elements that can be integrated with the built form to introduce daylight. 2. To understand the application of various architectural elements to obtain appropriate day lighting. 3. To analyze human psychological behavior affected by the integration of builtform and lighting through observations, experiments & surveys. 4. To conclude and suggest guidelines for appropriate built-form to achieve effective space day lighting in a public building.

1.6 SCOPE & LIMITATIONS •

The research includes the application of natural lighting at various spaces of the project while artificial lighting is non-variable.

•

The research focuses on architectural elements that are used to introduce natural lighting in various spaces.

•

The research is conducted through primary sources such as simulation of 3D models and observations and secondary sources such as case studies of the public buildings.

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

Chapter 2

Daylighting

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Daylighting describes the controlled use of natural light in and around buildings. It is the practice of placing windows, or other transparent media and reflective surfaces so that natural light provides effective internal illumination during the day. Successful daylighting requires design considerations at all stages of the building design process, from site planning to architectural, interior and lighting design. Daylight in buildings is composed of a mix – direct sunlight, diffuse skylight, and light reflected from the ground and surrounding elements. Daylighting design needs to consider orientation and building site characteristics, facade and roof characteristics, size and placement of window openings, glazing and shading systems, and geometry and reflectance of interior surfaces. Good daylighting design ensures adequate light during the daytime.

Figure 2. 1 The Louvre, Abu Dhabi

Figure 2. 2 The library of the university of Leuven,

Belgium

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

Figure 2. 2 The Broad Museum, LA

Some basic characteristics of daylight outdoors: Figure 2. 5 Theand library of the university of Leuven, • Direct sunlight is characterised by very high intensity constant movement. The illuminance produced on the surface of the earth may exceed 100 000 Belgium lux. The brightness of direct sunlight varies by season, time of day, location and sky conditions. In a sunny climate, thoughtful architectural design is required, with careful management of allowance, diffusing, shading and reflecting. Figure 2. 6 The library of the university of Leuven,

Belgium • Skylight is characterised by sunlight scattered by the atmosphere and clouds, resulting in soft, diffuse light. The illuminance level produced by an overcast sky may reach 10 000 lux in the winter and as high as around 30 000 lux on a bright overcast day in the summer. In a cloudy climate, the diffuse sky is often the main Figure 2. 7 The library of the university of Leuven, source of useful daylight. Belgium

Figure 2. 1 The library of the university of Leuven,

Belgium

Figure 2. 2 The library of the university of Leuven,

Belgium

Figure 2. 3 The library of the university of Leuven,

Belgium

Figure 2. 3 The components of daylight Figure 2. 4 The library of the university of Leuven,

Belgium

Figure 8 2. 5 The library of the university of Leuven,

Belgium

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

• Reflected light is characterised by light (sunlight and skylight) that is reflected from the ground: terrain, trees, vegetation, neighbouring buildings etc. The surface reflectance of the surroundings will influence the total amount of reflected light reaching the building facade. In some dense building situations, the light reflected from the ground and surroundings can be a major contributory part of daylight provisions indoors. The goals of room daylighting are to adequately illuminate visual tasks, to create an attractive visual environment, to save electrical energy and to provide the light needed for our biological needs. A good luminous environment is simultaneously comfortable, pleasant, relevant, and appropriate for its intended uses and users. Daylighting systems can be simple: from combining window design with appropriate internal and external shading (e.g. external awning blind and internal Venetian blind) – to systems designed to redirect sunlight or skylight to areas where it is required (e.g. sun tunnels). More advanced systems can be designed to track the sun or passively control the direction of sunlight and skylight. Daylighting is inseparably linked to the energy demand and indoor climate of a building. The size and placement of glazing should be determined together with the total energy use of the building and specific requirements for daylighting.

“Good quality lighting should include lighting for health, in parallel with meeting the other needs of people who will occupy the space.” 2.2 DAYLIGHTING BENEFITS: Daylight has positive influence to human organism:  Reducing stress  Destroying bacteria  Restricting insomnia problems Supporting production of antibody Supporting vitamin D production – bone heath Supporting releasing of serotonin – better mood, concertation Reduce excess of melatonin production – dark supports of releasing melatonin - people are sleepier and can be more susceptible to breast cancer (night shift workers)  Biological processes are regulated by 24-hours light-dark cycles, when we are not exposed to daylight our sleep-wake cycle can move by two hours per day, can lead to sleep disorder  Speed-up the healing process  Free energy source - increasing energy saving    

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

Daylight may increase productivity and concentration of people same as health and well-being. Especially in northern countries where long days or long nights can disrupt the normal light-dark cycle. There are existing studies proving that people with lack of daylight are more susceptible to cancer (breast, colon, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, Hodgkin's lymphoma) and other diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease, thyroiditis). But excess of sunlight can cause the skin cancer. The exposure to bright light needs to be in appropriate time and duration.

“Our body uses light as it uses food and water, as a nutrient for metabolic processes.” Daylight: It is natural light the combination of direct sunlight and diffused sky radiation and its reflections entering building provide satisfactory illumination during daytime (from sunrise to sunset). Sunlight: It refers to direct sunshine, the portion of electromagnetic spectrum given off by Sun, especially that in visible spectrum but also infrared and ultraviolet light. It is much brighter than daylight.

Figure 2. 4 Hand sketches

Satisfactory level of daylight is required factor for new developments while Figure 2. 5 The library of the university of Leuven, sunlight is desirable but not the determining factor. Belgium

Figure 10 2. 6 The library of the university of Leuven,

Belgium

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

2.3 KEY METRICS IN DAYLIGHTING: Illuminance: The amount of light falling on a surface is called illuminance. This is a fundamental metric common to both daylighting and artificial lighting. Standards such as the NBC and ASHRAE 90.1 specify illuminance levels for various space types such as corridors, open office space, classroom and others. Good building design will try to meet the illuminance levels through daylighting. Illuminance can be measured by a lux meter. Units are lumens/sqm. ECBC mandates that buildings shall achieve illuminance level between 100 lux and 2,000 lux for the minimum percentage of floor area for different building types as per §2.5.

Daylight Factor: Daylight levels keep changing throughout the day and the year since sky conditions are dynamic. Daylight Factor (DF) was developed to estimate the illuminance inside a space with respect to the exterior illuminance assuming an uniform overcast sky. Daylight Factor is a ratio of interior illuminance to exterior illuminance. The National Building Code (NBC) specifies sky illuminance for different climate zones as per Table in figure 2.5.

Climate Zone

Illuminance (lux)

Hot and humid

9000

Hot and dry

10500

Composite

8000

Cold and sunny

6800 Figure 2.5 Illuminance for climate zone

Daylight Factor is a static metric to measure daylight since it considers overcast sky Figure 2. 5 The library of the university of Leuven, only. It continues to be used due to its simplicity. Belgium However, Daylight Factor is limiting in terms of not considering the impact of building and window orientation, glazing specification and time of day. The drive towards sustainable and energy efficient buildings has led to the use of metrics that are more realistic and hence help taking important decisions during early design stage. Figure 2. 6 The library of the university of Leuven,

Belgium

11 Figure 2. 7 The library of the university of Leuven,

Belgium

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

Brightness: Human beings judge brightness of an object relative to the brightness of the surroundings. To a great extent, it depends on the adaptation of the eye. Brightness is a perception of the observer. For example, car headlamps seem very bright at night but are just noticeable during the day. The brightness we perceive depends on the brightness of the headlamps relative to the overall lighting condition. The levels of brightness can result in useful contrast or discomfort glare as explained below.

Contrast: By definition, contrast is the difference between the brightness of an object and that of its immediate background. Contrast can be extremely helpful in visual task performance. Objects with high contrast are easier to see than objects with low contrast.

Figure 2.6 Contrast

Glare: Excessive contrast will reduce Figure the visibility. This results in glare. An extremely 2. 5 The library of the university of Leuven, bright object against a dark background causes discomfort and canBelgium interfere with our visual perception. Direct glare is caused by a light source sufficiently bright to cause discomfort or loss in visibility. For example, in Figure 2.5, Figure the bright shining through the interior 2. 6 Thesun library of the right university of Leuven, Belgium space reduces direct visibility in the immediate surroundings causing visual discomfort.

Figure 2. 7 The library of the university of Leuven,

Belgium

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

Usually, buildings having very large glazed areas tend to have the problem of glare inside the space. Further, light reflected off the glass façade can result in glare on neighbouring buildings and objects. Overall, glare is commonly associated with discomfort and hence undesirable. Glare can be controlled by using external shading devices on fenestrations and/or by using interior blinds.

Figure 2.7 Direct glare

There are three main type of glares: 



Figure 2. 5 The library of the university of Leuven, Disability glare – the effect of scattered light in the eye whereby visibility and Belgium visual performance are reduced. This occurs when glare sources of high luminance (e.g. sun or specular reflection of the sun) are in the field of view. In daylit interiors, it is often found that discomfort glare is reported before disability glare becomes an issue. Figure 2. 6 The library of the university of Leuven, Discomfort glare – defined as an irritating or distracting, but not necessarily Belgium impairing, effect. So, in most cases, the perceived magnitude of discomfort glare is lower than for disability glare. Discomfort glare indoors is influenced by the full visual environment, including windows, reflections (especially specular), external surroundings and/or interior surfaces. glare Figure 2. 7 The library of the universityDiscomfort of Leuven, Belgium may cause later side- or after effects in the form of headaches or fatigue. Reflections or veiling glare – reflections on display screens or other task materials (e.g. paper) reduce the contrast between background and foreground for the visual task and thus reduce readability. Reflections occur 2. 1 Theare library thereflected university offield Leuven, when bright light sources (e.g.Figure windows) in of the of view of Belgium the screen.

13 Figure 2. 2 The library of the university of Leuven,

Belgium

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

Chapter 3

Integration of daylight through structures and its impact on users

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

3.1 STRUCTURES

3.1.1 Windows Windows are the most common method of admitting light into a space. Their vertical orientation means that they selectively admit sunlight and diffuse daylight at different times during the day and the year. Therefore, windows on multiple orientations must usually be combined to produce the right combination of light for the building, depending on the climate and geographical location. Different types and grades of glass with different window treatments can also affect the amount of light transmission through the windows into a space. The type of glazing is an important issue to consider when designing or changing a building.

3.1.2 Clerestory Windows Another important element in daylighting is the use of clerestory windows which are high, vertically placed windows. They can be used to increase direct solar gain when oriented towards the equator. When facing toward the sun, clerestory windows and other windows may admit unacceptable glare. Quite often, clerestory windows also shine onto the interior wall surfaces painted white or another light colour. These walls are placed so as to reflect indirect light to interior areas where it is required. This method has the advantage of reducing individual directions of light to make it softer and more diffuse which reduces shadows.

Figure 3.1 Daylight area calculation

for vertical fenestration

14 Figure 2. 5 The library of the university of Leuven,

Belgium

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

3.1.3 Skylights and Roof Lanterns Skylights are light transmitting fenestration which is glazing products filling openings in a building which also includes windows, doors, etc. forming all, or a portion of, the roof of a building space. Skylights are often used in the daylighting design of residential and commercial buildings, mainly because they are the most effective source of daylight based on unit area. There is an alternative to a skylight which is a roof lantern that sits above the roof as opposed to a skylight which is fitted into the construction of the roof. Roof lanterns serve as both an architectural aesthetic feature and a method of introducing natural light into a space, and are typically wooden or metal structures with glazed glass panels. Figure 3.2 Daylight area

calculation for skylight

3.1.4 Sawtooth Roof Another roof-angled glass alternative is a sawtooth Figure 2. 5 The library of the university of Leuven, roof (which is usually found on older factories). Belgium Sawtooth roofs have vertical roof glass facing away from the equator side of the building to capture diffused light (as opposed to the harsher direct equator-side solar gain). Figure 2. 6 The library of the university of Leuven, The angled portion of the glass-support structure is opaque and well insulated with a cool roof and radiant barrier.

Belgium

Figure 2. 7 The library of the university of Leuven, The sawtooth roof’s lighting concept partially reduces Belgium the summer skylight problem, but still allows the warm interior air to rise and meet the exterior roof glass in the cold temperature, with a significant undesirable heat transfer. Figure 2. 1 The library of the university of Leuven,

Belgium Figure 3.3 Daylight area calculation for sawtooth Figure 2. 2 The library of the university of Leuven, Figure 2. 5 The library of the university of Belgium Leuven,

Belgium

Figure 2. 3 The library of the university of Leuven, Figure 2. 6 The library of the university of Belgium Leuven,

Belgium

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

3.1.5 Atrium An atrium is a large open space located within a building. It is often used to light a central circulation or public area by natural daylight admitted through a glass roof or wall. An Atrium provides some daylight to adjacent working areas, but the amount is often small and does not penetrate the other spaces very far. The main function of an atrium is to provide a visual experience and a degree of contact with the outside for people in the working areas. The daylighting of successive storeys Figure 3.4 Atrium of rooms adjoining an atrium is interdependent and requires a balanced approach. Light from the sun and Figure 2. 5 for The the library of the which university of sky can easily penetrate the upper storeys but is more difficult lower, Leuven, Belgium rely primarily on light reflected from internal surfaces of the atrium such as floorreflected light, so reflective materials need to be considered within the design. The upper floors need less window area than the lower ones, and if the atrium walls are light in colour, the upper walls will reflect light toward the lower floors. Figure 2. 6 The library of the university of

Leuven, Belgium

3.1.6 Perforation It provides an excellent opportunity for optimum utilization of natural light in daylighting building indoor spaces. Resulting in the admittance of direct solar radiation, which leads to thermal discomfort and the incidence of undesired glare. One type of shading systems that is used to permit daylight while controlling solar penetration is “Solar Screens”. Solar Screens and their influence on daylighting performance these screens have proved their effectiveness in controlling solar radiation in traditional buildings throughout history.

Figure 2. 7 The library of the university of

Leuven, Belgium

Figure 2. 1 The library of the university of

Leuven, Belgium

Figure 2. 2 The library of the university of

Leuven, Belgium

Figure 3.5 university Perforation. Figure 2. 3 The library of the of

Leuven, Belgium

Figure 2. 5 The library of the university of Leuven,

Belgium

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

3.1.7 Lightwell A lightwell, light well or air shaft is an unroofed external space provided within the volume of a large building to allow light and air to reach what would otherwise be a dark or unventilated area. Lightwells may be lined with glazed bricks to increase the reflection of sunlight within the space. Lightwells serve to reduce the necessity for electric lighting, add a central space within the building, and provide an internal open space for windows to give an illusion of having a view outside.

Figure 3.6 Lightwell.

Figure 2. 5 The library

of the university of Leuven, Belgium

Figure 2. 6 The library

of the university of Leuven, Belgium

Figure 2. 1 The library

of the university of Leuven, Belgium

Figure 3.7 Lightwell section.

3.1.8 Smart Glass Smart glass is the name given to a class of materials and devices that can be switched between a transparent state and an opaque state, translucent, reflective, or retro-reflective. The switching is done by applying a voltage to the material, or by performing some simple mechanical operation. Windows, skylights, etc., that are made of smart glass can be used to adjust indoor lighting, compensating for changes of the brightness of the light outdoors and of the required brightness indoors.

Figure 2. 5 The library of the

university of Leuven, Belgium Figure 2. 2 The library

of the university of Leuven, Belgium Figure 2. 6 The library of the university of Leuven, Belgium Figure 2. 3 The library

of the university of Leuven, Belgium Figure 2. 1 The library of the university of Leuven, Belgium

Figure 3.8 The Light catcher, Whatcom Figure 2. 4 The library

Museum, Washington. of the university of Leuven, Belgium university of Leuven, Belgium Figure 2. 5 The library of the university of Leuven, 17 Belgium Figure 2. 2 The library of the

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

3.1.9 Light Tubes Another type of device used for daylighting a space is the light tube, also known as a tubular daylighting device (TDD), which is placed into a roof and admits light to a focused specific area of the interior. These somewhat resemble recessed ceiling light fixtures. They do not allow as much heat transfer as skylights because they have less surface area. These light tubes use modern technology to transmit visible light through opaque walls and roofs. The tube itself is a passive component consisting of either a simple reflective interior coating or a light conducting fibre optic bundle. It is frequently capped off with a transparent, roof-mounted dome “light collecting dome” and finished with a diffuser assembly that allows the daylight into interior spaces and distributes the available light energy evenly around the space.

Figure 3.9 Diagram showing sunlight transport in

Sun Tunnels.

Figure 2. 5 The library of the university of Leuven,

3.1.10 Glazed Shell Structure

Belgium

Atria are common features of office buildings where the layout involves large floor plates. In shopping centers, the external walls tend to have few windows and stores generally face onto an internal “street” which is extensively glazed at roof level. The roof glazing allows natural light to penetrate deep inside the building for the benefit of the users and to reduce the energy consumption of artificial lighting. The structural systems used to support these roofs are designed to maximize the amount of light entering the building, using members of the minimum width possible. Tubular members are often used and painted in a light colour so as to absorb as little light as possible.

Figure 2. 6 The library of the university of Leuven,

Belgium

Figure 2. 1 The library of the university of Leuven,

Belgium

Figure 2. 2 The library of the university of Leuven,

Belgium Figure 3.10 Knippers, Helbig, 2008, Close-up of

internal view Figure 2. 3 The library of the university of Leuven,

Belgium

18 Figure 2. 4 The library of the university of Leuven,

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

3.1.11 Fibre Optic Concrete Wall Another method of daylighting a space is to make a secure structural concrete wall translucent by embedding optical fiber cables into it. Daylight (and shadowy images) can then pass directly through a thick solid-concrete wall allowing natural daylight into the space. Both glass and concrete conduct heat fairly well, when solid, so none of these walls insulate well. They are therefore often used outdoors, as a divider between two heated spaces (see images), or in very temperate climates.

Figure 3.11 Transparent concrete

3.1.12 Light Reflectors and Shelves Light shelves are an effective way to enhance the lighting from windows on the equator-facing side of a building, this effect is obtained by placing a white or reflective metal light shelf outside the window. Usually, the window will be protected from the direct summer sun by a projecting eave. The light shelf projects beyond the shadow created by the eave and reflects sunlight upward to illuminate the ceiling. This reflected light can contain little heat content and the reflective illumination from the ceiling will typically reduce deep shadows, reducing the need for general illumination. In cold temperatures, a natural light shelf is created when there is snow on the Figure 3.12 Light Shelves ground which makes it reflective. Low winter sun reflects off the snow and increases solar gain through equator-facing glass by one- to two-thirds which brightly lights the ceiling of these rooms. For glare, control blinds may be required.

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

3.2 PARAMETERS INFLUENCING DAYLIGHTING PERFORMANCE

3.2.1 Climate The prevailing climatic conditions of a building site define the overall preconditions for the daylighting design in terms of sunlight availability, visual comfort, thermal comfort, and energy performance.

3.2.2 Latitude The latitude of a building site determines the solar altitude for a given time of day and year. The summer and winter solar altitude properties for a specific location are important design inputs for the control of direct solar radiation. Latitude will also determine the length of daytime and solar availability at different seasons of the year. Maximum and minim solar elevation will depend on the latitude of the site; on moving away from the equator towards north or south, the difference between summer and winter becomes greater as latitudes increase. The highest peak of global illuminance is during the summer (for the northern hemisphere), when the sun is at its highest level, and about two and a half times greater than the lowest peak during the winter, when the sun is at its lowest level.

3.2.2 Building design Geometry The geometry of a building influences its capacity to deliver adequate levels of daylight to the interior. When the building is deep, daylighting solely by facade windows has its limitations. No matter how much glass there is in the facade, it will only be possible to achieve an adequate daylight distribution (DF > 2%) a few meters from the facade. Measures like light shelves and reflective ceilings can improve the light distribution from the facade slightly, but these solutions are often associated with visual discomfort. The most effective way to bring daylight deeper into buildings is to use light from the roof with windows and sun tunnels.

Material Properties The colour and reflectance of room surfaces are part of the lighting system. Dark surfaces reflect less light than bright surfaces, and the result is likely to be an unsatisfactory luminous environment in which there is little indirect or reflected light. Bright vertical surfaces inside the room are generally preferred to dark ones, but shading devices used to control sunlight should use darker materials in order to limit the risk of glare (e.g. grey awning blinds)

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

Windows and skylights Orientation - The orientation of windows influences the availability and qualities of daylight in the interior. In the northern hemisphere, light coming from the north is mainly composed of diffuse skylight and provides the interior with a functional and comfortable light that is pretty stable throughout the day. Light coming from south, east and west orientations will, in many cases, provide the interior with direct sunlight and light levels that vary significantly throughout the day as the sun pursues its course around Earth. Note that roof windows and skylights installed in low-pitched roofs and flat roofs are likely to receive direct sunlight.

Figure 3.13 A diagram showing the sun's paths on the winter solstice (shortest day), the equinox (day and

night almost equal) and the summer solstice (longest day).

Glazing dimensions - The amount of daylight entering a room is linked to the total glazing area of windows in that room.

Glazing transmittance - The amount of daylight transmitted through a window pane is reduced by the number of glass layers it has to penetrate. As a rule of thumb, double glazing (with no coating) lets in approx. 80% of the light, while triple glazing (with no coating) lets in approx. 70% of the light (compared to an open window). Colored or coated glass can reduce the visible transmittance of a window pane to values as low as 20% and significantly modify the spectral quality of the transmitted light, as well as the perception of surface colors in the interior.

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

Position - The positioning of windows will influence the distribution of daylight in the room and determine the amount of 'useful' daylight. Window position should also take into account the relation between the view to the outside and the eye level of the occupants.

Linings - The geometry and depth of window linings will influence the amount of daylight entering the room and can be used to soften the luminance transition between the high luminance values of the window and the surfaces of the room.

3.3.3 Obstructions and reflections on site External reflections and obstructions from surrounding elements on the building site (buildings, vegetation, ground surface etc.) will influence the amount of daylight reaching the interior of a building. Roof windows and skylights are generally less affected by obstructions from sand and have more generous views to the sky than facade windows, as illustrated in Figures 3.14 & 3.15

Figure 3.14 Components of view- roof window situation

Figure 3.15 Components of view- façade window situation

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

Chapter 4

PLANNING & DESIGNING

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

FRAMEWORK OF CASE STUDY

Various Public Buildings are selected for primary and secondary studies. Jawahar Kala Kendra, Jaipur and World Trade Park, Jaipur are a part of primary studies, while Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth and Modern Art Museum, Fort Worth is a part of secondary studies.

Figure 4. 1 Hierarchy of case studies

These building are studied on the basis of the following parameters: Figure 4. 2 Hierarchy of case studies



Structures used to penetrate daylighting



Characteristics

Figure 4. 3 Hierarchy of case studies

a. b. c. d.

Figure 4. 4 Hierarchy of case studies

Perception of a space Reflections Shadows Textures

Figure 4. 5 Device used for the experiment to measure lux levels.Figure 4. 6 Hierarchy of case studies



Physical Comfort



Visual Comfort

Figure 4. 7 Hierarchy of case studies

Figure 4. 8 Hierarchy of case studies

Figure 4. 9 Hierarchy of case studies

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

JAWAHAR KALA KENDRA (JKK), JAIPUR Architects: Charles Correa Associates Location: Jaipur, Rajasthan, India Client: Government of Rajasthan Built-up Area: 9.5 acres Construction: 5 Years (1986 – 1991) Typology: Cultural Architecture / Museum Project Year: 1991

Correa’s plan for the Kendra invokes directly the original Navagraha or nine house mandalas. One of the squares is pivoted to recall the original city plan and also to create the entrance. As in the plan

based

Jaipur

city

the

nine

square Yantra in which one square is displaced and

two

central

squares combined, in Kendra, the squares are

Figure 4.2

Entrance JKK

defined by 8m high walls and are a symbol

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Figure 4.3in stacking Museumarea JKK Closely placed stacks

Figure Figure 4. 4. 9 9

Closely Closely placed placed stacks stacks in in stacking stacking area area

Figure Figure 4. 4. 9 9

Closely Closely placed placed stacks stacks in in stacking stacking area area

of the fortification walls of

the

Jaipur

city. The

old

squares

correspond to real and imaginary planets, such that each becomes the symbol

representation

of the setting.

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

CRITERIA FOR SELECTION Partly open courtyards and the traditional design elements of Rajasthan have been incorporated in the complex. Play

with

light

and

shadow. The second most feature

significant which

was

been adopted in this particular square was the spectacular play with the light and the shadow. As the square was partially open to sky and the particular side had the full height glazing in it the partial open roof was treated with the architectural feature ‘pergolas. The cut out was designed in such a way that the corridor

will

always

remain in shade and has the pond in corner which would reduce the effect of the harsh sun to the library. Figure 4.4

Transitions space JKK

Figurespanning 4. 9 Closelybetween placed stacksbeams in stacking areadesigned and kept such Use of local material the was

that the local material available like wooden bamboo sticks could be used to Figure 4.frame. 9 Closely placed stacks in stacking area complete the entire space

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 4. 9

25stacks in stacking area Closely placed

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

Figure 4.5 Site Plan JKK

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Concept drawing JKK CloselyFigure placed4.6stacks in stacking area

Figure Closely placed stacks stacking area Figure 4. 4. 9 9 Closely placed stacks in in stacking area

26 Figure Closely placed stacks stacking area Figure 4. 4. 9 9 Closely placed stacks in in stacking area

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

Figure 4.7

Figure 4. 9

Interior waiting area, JKK

Figure 4.8



Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 4. 9 Closely stacks in stacking Response toplaced program: a

area

volumetric module which is very well

 Response to Closely placed stacks in stacking context: going with tradition. area

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

defined.

Figure 4. 9

 Figure 4. 9

Clerestory windows, JKK

Hierarchy:

well

defined,

based on program it occupies. Figure 4. 9 Closely placed stacks in stacking

Closely placed stacks in stacking area



area Community space: mixture of

formal and informal space. Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area



Figure 4. 9 Scale

Closely placed stacks in stacking of unit relatable to area

human as it does not overpower

Ceiling depicting human cosmology us and also make ground spaces Figure 4. 9 Closely placed stacks in stacking Figure 4. 9 Closely placed stacks in stacking fell larger. area area Figure 4. 9 Closely placed stacks in stacking area Figure 4.9



Figure 4. 9

The

critical

sustainable

aspect traditional Closely placed stacks in stacking Figure 4. 9 of Closelythe placed stacks in stacking Closely placed stacks area in stacking area area

Figure 4. 9

architecture of Jaipur has not been tackled well.

Figure 4. 9

Figure 9 Closely stacks in stacking area Closely4.placed stacksplaced in stacking

area



Figure 9 Closelyhas placed stacks in stacking The4. place an amazing

area

interplay of light, shadow and

Closely placed stacks in stacking area colors, evoking emotions in the Closely placed stacks in stacking Figure 4. 9 Closely placed stacks in stacking area user and invite him to move area Figure 4. 9 Closely placed stacks in stacking area Figure 4. 9

Figure 4. 9

further.

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking Closely placed stacks area in stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 9 Closely stacks in stacking Figureplaced 4.10 Transitions space,area JKK Closely4.placed stacks in stacking

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 4. 9

area FigureFigure 4. 9 4.Closely placed stacksstacks in stacking area 9 Closely placed in stacking Figure 4. 9

area Closely placed stacks in stacking area Figure 4. 9 Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

WORLD TRADE PARK, JA IPUR Architects: Sincere Group of Companies Location: Jaipur, Rajasthan, India Client: Government of Rajasthan Built-up Area: 9.5 acres Construction: 5 Years (2009-2012) Typology: Commercial/ Public Building Project Year: 2012

Figure 4. 10 World Trade Park, Jaipur

Figure 4. 9

Criteria of Selection

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

World Trade Park is among the largest commercial/ public buildings in India, having 4. 9 Closely placed stacks in a variety of spaces such as retail stores, offices, multiplex,Figure restaurants and cafeterias, stacking area hotel and auditorium (under construction). The mall is a shopping hub where people from Jaipur and even Rajasthan collect Figure 4. 9 Closely placed stacks in for their respective interests. People gather here for different activities from stacking area shopping, leisure and entertainment to work, produce and create. As the building caters to such large gathering, it is an appropriate case study to Figure 4. 9 Closely placed stacks in understand the perception of people with respect to its quality of spacesstacking and their area applications, to understand the characteristics of central gathering spaces, transitioning spaces and commercial spaces with respect to their lighting design.

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

Figure 4. 11 Section of World Trade Park

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area Figure 4. 12 Lower Ground Floor

Figure 4. 9 Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in Closely placed stacks in stacking area stacking area

Figure 4. 9 Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in Closely placed stacks in stacking area stacking area

Figure 4. 13 Upper Ground Floor Closely placed stacks in The open spaces in the building form are some of 4. the such as the gaps Figure 9 subtractions Closely placed stacks in stacking area between the two towers in both the blocks and the between both the blocks. Figure 4. 9gap Closely placed stacks in stacking area On the ground floor, there is a passage in the form of a sector road which is a major stacking area subtraction between the two massive structures. There is also a longitudinal subtraction on the east side façade of the building. Figure 4. 9 Closely placed stacks in Figure 4. 9 Closely placed stacks in stacking area Figure 4. 9 Closely placed stacks in stacking area stacking area 29 Figure 4. 9 Closely placed stacks in Figure 4. 9

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

Inside the building, the atriums at entrances in both the towers, connecting six floors also act as interacting spaces for the visitors. These atriums allow natural light inside the building through the front glass façade illuminating the lower and upper ground floors of the building. floors through it.

Figure 4. 15 Atrium during the day

Figure 4. 14 Atrium during evening hours

Figure 4. 9 Closely placedlight stacks in Figure 4. 9 Closely placed stacks insource for An atrium is considered to be a good introduction of natural in large

buildings. In this case, the atrium lights up only the immediate spaces connected to

stacking area

it. Being the only source of natural light, atrium is not enough to serve the purpose of lighting up the mall. Therefore, it uses artificial lighting sources for illumination purposes for all those spaces which do not have access to natural lighting. Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in

Figure 4. 9

stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in

Figure 4. 9

stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in

Closely placed stacks in Figure 4. 16

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in

Corridors and retail stores lit through artificial lighting

stacking area stacking area Figure 4. 9 Closely placed stacks in stacking area 30 Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

MODERN ART MUSEUM OF FORTWORTH Architect: Tadao Ando Location: Fort Worth, Texas, United States Site architect: Kendall-Heaton Associates Landscape architect: SWA Group Structural engineer: Thornton-Tomasetti/Ellisor-Tanner Engineers Contractor: Linbeck Construction Corp. Area: 44354.4 sqm Project Year: 2002 Building materials: Concrete, steel aluminum, granite and glass

Figure 4. 17 Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth

Figure 4. 10 Library Building of MNIT University, Jaipur

Figure 4. 7

First Floor PlanFigure 4. 8 Library Building of MNIT University, Jaipur

31 Figure 4. 9 Library Building of MNIT University, Jaipur

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

CRITERIA FOR SELECTION The Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, architect Tadao Ando’s signature exposed concrete appeared to shine with daylight which also played off the natural texture of the material. Some art galleries such as those in the Nasher Sculpture Center had fully glazed building facades that created a transparency which penetrated and opened up the entire site. This transparency sustained a constant visual connection between the building and its surroundings, both urban (downtown) and natural (the garden). Once again, with changes in the weather and light conditions outside, one felt a stronger sense of time and place inside. It is an appropriate case to study various spaces of a public building and the integration of daylighting in it through various structures. The study involves understanding spatial characteristics of atrium, interior spaces such as café, auditorium area such as daylighting, transitioning from one place to another, thermal and visual comfort. Some key features of the Museum are: 

Massive planar walls of architectural concrete boldly express the Modern's basic structure while protecting the collection within.



Forty-foot-high transparent walls of glass framed in metal surround the concrete envelope, providing magnificent public circulation areas from which to view the surrounding building, the large reflecting pond, outdoor sculpture, and the landscaped grounds.



Diffused and reflected natural light within the gallery spaces was a major influence on the building's design.



Immense cantilevered cast-concrete roofs shade the building's exterior and accommodate the introduction of natural light into the gallery spaces by supporting sophisticated systems of continuous linear skylights and clerestory windows.



Supporting the concrete roof slabs are five forty-foot-tall concrete Y-shaped columns.



By day, the Modern's setting on eleven naturally landscaped acres including an outdoor sculpture garden and terrace and a large reflecting pond at the building's edge—provides a restful complement to the building's architectural strength.

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

Concrete is used in planes and sharp, clean edges that the material allows. The massive planar walls help tell of the building’s basic structure. Contrasted with the natural environment that typically surrounds the architecture, the two elements become even more dynamic. The art museum of Fort Worth shows the finest degree of emphasis on the boundary; using the materials to create architecture that seems to float on the pond that surrounds it. Figure 4. 18

Figure 4. 9

Exterior images

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

By using glass as a wall, physically there a barrier, protection Figure 4. 9 isClosely placed a stacks in stacking from area the outside, but visually there is no boundary and Figure 4. 9 Closelybetween placed stacks outside in stacking area inside. Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

There is also the light that comes off the water through the glass that

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

indicates a lack of boundary and can make its presence felt on the wall.

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 4. 9 Figure 4. 19

Café sitting area

Figure 4. 9becomes Closely placed in stacking areaartwork that the museum displays, as The environment as stacks beautiful as the Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

it is heavily intertwined with the display spaces through large windows. The glass and 9 Closely placed stacks stacking water areFigure very4. complimentary, asinthe stillarea pond reflects the spaces just as glass Figure 4. 9

reflects the water. Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Constructed with only concrete, steel, aluminium, glass and placed granite, the museum Figure 4. 9 Closely stacks in stacking areais perfectly reflected in the surrounding pond. Beautiful trees and hills enclose the Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 4. 9 Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

33 Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Closely placed stacks in stacking area Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

museum, which is typical of Ando’s architecture. Through its pure design, the museum has a striking presence as a modern work of art. Light became key in the design of the museum, with an emphasis on both diffused and reflected natural light.

Figure 4.20

Y-Shaped column

Figure 4. 21

Entrance Foyer

Cantilevered cast-concrete roofs support linear skylights and clerestory windows, Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in

which accommodate natural stacking area light.

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Five Y-shaped columns standing 40 feet high support the roof slabs, and have Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area Figure 4. 22 Ground Floor Plan

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in Figure 4. 9stacking Closely placed stacks in area 34 stacking area

become a symbol of the museum. stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in

Closely placed stacks in stacking area Figure 4. 23 First Floor Plan

Figure 4. 9 Closely placed stacks in Figure 4. 9 Closely placed stacks in

stacking area stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

SECTION AT AA’

SECTION AT BB’

SECTION AT CC’

NORTH ELEVATION

EAST ELEVATION

WEST ELEVATION

SOUTH ELEVATION Figure 4. 24

Section and Elevations

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in stacking area

Figure 4. 9

Closely placed stacks in

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

KIMBELL ART MUSEUM O F FORTWORTH Architect: Louis I. Kahn Location: Fort Worth, Texas, United States Landscape architect: George Patton and Harriet Pattison. Structural engineer: August Komendant Area: 9.5 acres Project Year: 1972 Building materials: Concrete, travertine and white oak

Figure 4. 25 Kimbell Art Museum of Fort Worth

Figure 4. 10 Library Building of MNIT University, Jaipur

CRITERIA FOR SELECTION

The Kimbell Art Museum’s original building, designed by Louis I. Kahn in 1972, has become a mecca of modern Kahn a building inUniversity, which “light Figure 4.architecture. 7 First Floor Plan Figure designed 4. 8 Library Building of MNIT Jaipur is the theme.” The element of natural light is the main focus of the design and creates elegant spaces that are perfectly suited for the art that it houses. Figure 4. 9 Library Building of MNIT University, Jaipur

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

Figure 4. 26 Site Plan

The main idea of creating the space was to evoke “the luminosity of silver”. It composed of 16-barrel cycloid vault. Some of the key features are 

Figure 4. 10 Library Building of MNIT University, Jaipur

It consists of 16-barrel cycloid vaults. Each vault 100’ long, 20’ high and 20’ wide. The vaults were grouped into three wings. The central wing has 4 vaults with the western one open as entrance. 7 First Floor Plan Figure 4. 8 Libraryportico, Building of with MNIT University, Jaipur Each vault frontedFigure by 4.an open, barrel-vaulted the central, entrance bay recessed and glazed.



The porticos express on the exterior the light-filled vaulted spaces that are the defining feature of the interior, which are five deep behind each of the side porticos and three deep behind the one. Additionally, Figure central 4. 9 Library Building of MNIT University,three Jaipur courtyards punctuate the interior space



Natural light enters through narrow plexiglass skylights along the top of cycloid barrel vaults and is diffused by wing-shaped pierced-aluminium reflectors that hang below, giving a silvery gleam to the smooth concrete of the vault surfaces and providing a perfect, subtly fluctuating illumination for the works of art.



The principal materials are concrete, travertine, and white oak.

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

Courtyards and Promenades:

Figure 4. 27 Site Plan

Courtyards are formed by the removal of parts of certain bays form an important part of the visitor’s experience into the museum. Figure 4.an 10 Library Buildingrole of MNIT Jaipur The promenades at building’s West front plays important in University, providing a shaded buffer between outside and inside as well as heightening a sense of civic importance and monumentality.

Figure 4. 7 First Floor PlanFigure 4. 8 Library Building of MNIT University, Jaipur

Figure 4. 9 Library Building of MNIT University, Jaipur

Figure 4. 28 Courtyard

Figure 4. 10 Library Building

of MNIT University, Jaipur

Figure 4. 29 Promenade

Figure 4. 10 Library Building

of MNIT University, Jaipur

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

Structure: The use of vault from is inspired from Roman architecture. In the West, the vault evokes thoughts of roman architecture in particular, with its connotations of permanence, publicness and grandeur, However, the vaults are only vaults at visual level. By resting their corners on beams, rather than on continuous wall. The structure is complex, perhaps even subverting its monumental effect.

Figure 4. 30 Groin Vault at Trajan market

Figure 4. 31 Diagram of Vault

Figure 4. 32 Cycloid Vault

Daylighting from above: The most ubiquitous feature is the presence of indirect sunlight light from above in the gallery, reflected by half-mirrored aluminium and washed down the curve of Figure 4. 10 Library Building of the vaults. Figure 4. 10 Library Building of MNIT Figure 4. 10 Library Building University, Jaipur

of MNIT University, Jaipur

MNIT University, Jaipur

Figure 4. 7 First Floor PlanFigure 4. 8 Library

Figure 4. 7 First Floor

Building of MNIT University, Jaipur

PlanFigure 4. 8 Library

PlanFigure 4. 8 Library Building

Building of MNIT

of MNIT University, Jaipur

University, Jaipur

Figure 4. 9 Library Building of MNIT Figure 4. 9 Library Building of

University, Jaipur Figure 4. 9 Library Building Figure 4. 33 Section of vault

MNIT University, Jaipur

of MNIT University, Jaipur

Figure 4. 34 Filtered daylight from above

from

Figure 4. 10 Library Building of MNIT

University, Jaipur

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

Anodized aluminium wings are used to reflect the sun light to give a silvery lighted roof. Glass is used under the aluminium wing. Artificial lighting is provided from the edge of the glass panels. Light also enters through the courts present, in left and in right wing are given to let the natural light enter. Light also comes along the long punch in the apex of the vault.

Figure 4. 35 Section of vault with daylight

from above

from Figure 4. 10 Library Building of MNIT

University, Jaipur

Figure 4. 7 First Floor PlanFigure 4. 8 Library

Building of MNIT University, Jaipur

Figure 4. 9 Library Building of MNIT

University, Jaipur Figure 4. 36 Upper floor plans

from Figure 4. 10 Library Building of MNIT

University, Jaipur

Figure 4. 7 First Floor PlanFigure 4. 8 Library

Building of MNIT University, Jaipur

Courtyard

Courtyard Figure 4. 9 Library Building of MNIT Figure 4. 37 FilteredUniversity, daylight from above Jaipur

from

Figure 4. 10 Library Building of MNIT

University, Jaipur

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

Daylight to lower level and servant spaces:

Figure 4. 37 Lightwell serving lower levels

from

Light wells are provided for spaces that don’t receive filtered light from above. Figure 4. 10 Library Building of MNIT

University, Jaipur

Figure 4. 7 First Floor PlanFigure 4. 8 Library

Building of MNIT University, Jaipur

Figure 4. 9 Library Building of MNIT Figure 4. 39 Section of light into lower level

Figure 4. 38 Lower level

University, Jaipur

from

from Figure 4. 10 Library Building of MNIT

Figure 4. 10 Library Building of MNIT

University, Jaipur

Figure 4. 7 First Floor PlanFigure 4. 8 Library

Building of MNIT University, Jaipur

Figure 4. 7 First Floor PlanFigure 4. 8 Library

Building of MNIT University, Jaipur

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

Chapter 5

ANALYSIS

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

FRAMEWORK OF ANALYSIS Primary and secondary case studies are analyzed on the basis of various parameters and rated according to their applications.

Parameters that determine application of functionality of a space are: 

Utilization of Elements



Perception of a space



Physical Comfort

Parameters that determine application of aesthetics of a space are: 

Visual Comfort and Chaos



Lighting and shadows



Contrast and colors



Textures and materials

Application of these parameters is analyzed in various cases and rated following the criteria mentioned below:  <20% is considered to be very poor  20% - 40% is considered to be poor  40% - 60% is considered to be average  60% - 80% is considered to be good  >80% is considered to be excellent

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

INTEGRATION ANALYSIS Based on the level of integration of various parameters chosen in primary and secondary studies, the buildings are rated for their application. The buildings are rated out of 10 for each type of integration.

Bar graphs below show the rating of the buildings on the basis of:  Integration of daylight through architectural elements  Integration of daylight through textures and materials  Integration of daylight through contrast and colour  Integration of daylight through building envelope

Criteria of rating is mentioned below: o <20% is considered to be very low o 20% - 40% is considered to be low o 40% - 60% is considered to be medium o 60% - 80% is considered to be high o >80% is considered to be very high

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

Integration of daylight through architectural elements World Trade Park (WTP), Jaipur

Jawahar Kala Kendra (JKK), Jaipur

Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth

Modern Art Museum, Fort Worth

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Source: Author

Integration of daylight through textures and materials

Source: Author

World Trade Park (WTP), Jaipur

Jawahar Kala Kendra (JKK), Jaipur

Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth

Modern Art Museum, Fort Worth

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Source: Author

Source: Author

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

Integration of daylight through contrast and colour World Trade Park (WTP), Jaipur

Jawahar Kala Kendra (JKK), Jaipur

Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth

Modern Art Museum, Fort Worth

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Source: Author

Integration of daylight through building envelope Source: Author

World Trade Park (WTP), Jaipur

Jawahar Kala Kendra (JKK), Jaipur

Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth

Modern Art Museum, Fort Worth

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Source: Author

Source: Author

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

The experience is directly related to the natural source of lighting i.e. experiences are better when the lighting is natural rather than artificial.

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

SURVEY ANALYSIS From the collected data, as shown in above survey, 70% of the participants felt more comfortable with the daylighting environment than with artificial lighting environment around them. The perception of uniformity, thermal discomfort, external obstruction, solar access hours in summer, expected sunlight hours in winter and orientation are the six key factors that determine people's levels of satisfaction with daylighting. External obstruction is the major physical factor affecting luminous comfort, while the perception of uniformity is the major factor of users' feelings toward daylight. Satisfaction with the quality of daylighting determines the level of luminous comfort more than behavior-related factors such as the use of artificial lighting. Some 60.6% of the survey participants reported that their level of luminous comfort was the same as their level of satisfaction with daylighting. The use of artificial lighting (by number of hours) is the most relevant behavior for influencing levels of luminous comfort. Use of artificial lighting for many hours a day indicates poor conditions of daylighting and decreased luminous comfort. The results of this study may help to generate awareness of the detailed factors involved in luminous comfort. The study also shows the importance of daylighting for people's overall satisfaction. In general, it can be concluded that the level of satisfaction with daylighting had the greatest influence on level of overall luminous comfort.

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

Chapter 6

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

CONCLUSION The research is conducted to establish relation between different architectural elements that are important to introduce daylighting in a building. It is ascertained that integration of such elements is important in order to enhance space functionality and aesthetics. Not only integration, but following an appropriate design process to achieve a space with high degree of function and aesthetics to improve productivity of its user. The theory of day lighting in architectural design represents the application of physics to the problem of obtaining the best effect for utilizing natural lighting and, providing the most suitable environment with adequate and comfortable illumination and healthy living conditions. The quality of both the exterior and interior of building depends on the availability of natural light. The planning, forms, elevations, orientation and the window design affect the daylight penetration and illumination; the interior and exterior forms and the selection of color in decorations are dependent on the existing natural lighting conditions. Daylight design in architecture requires a consideration of the quantity and quality of natural light, the problem being to provide adequate wanted light to the interior and to exclude unwanted light from the room. The quantity of natural light is determined by the size and positioning of the fenestration. Numerical estimate can be obtained from many computational techniques. The quality of daylight in architectural design is important because good lighting can provide a pleasant and comfortable working environment and enjoyable living to human beings. Eliminating glare and providing diffused light are the two most important objectives in providing high quality day lighting. On studying and analyzing various case examples of public buildings, it is found that the most daylight integrated designed buildings turn out to be better functional and provides more visual comfort.

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

Based on the extensive research undertaken, conclusion and guidelines are drawn for effective planning and designing of a Cultural and Commercial Center. According to the results based on analysis, the most integrated, functional and aesthetically pleasing building out of all case examples is Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth designed by Tadao Ando, for its innovative design techniques to provide a comfortable visiting and working environment. It is observed that there is an extensive integration of different structural planes with light. The most ubiquitous feature is the presence of indirect sunlight light from above in the gallery, reflected by half-mirrored aluminium and washed down the curve of the vaults entire building structure integrates with light. Such solutions provide much meaning to spaces for their use, improves user experience and productivity. Modern Art Museum, Fort Worth is also observed to have well integrated spaces by providing structural lighting techniques. The building is heavily intertwined with the display spaces through large windows. The glass and water are very complimentary, as the still pond reflects the spaces just as glass reflects the water. Cantilevered castconcrete

roofs

support

linear

skylights

and

clerestory

windows,

which

accommodate natural light. Five Y-shaped columns standing 40 feet high support the roof slabs. Jawahar Kala Kendra (JKK), Jaipur Integration between various structural planes, which increases its functionality and is aestheticists. Partly open courtyards and the traditional design elements of Rajasthan have been incorporated in the complex, the second most significant feature which was been adopted in this particular square was the spectacular play with the light and the shadow. As the square was partially open to sky and the particular side had the full height glazing in it the partial open roof was treated with the architectural feature ‘pergolas. World Trade Park (WTP), Jaipur is observed to poorly integrated with daylighting for no application of natural light in common spaces such as atrium, food court, etc. Poor integration induces visual discomfort and lack of functionality. Lack of light makes the space more dependent on mechanical lighting and cooling systems during the day.

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

RECOMMENDATIONS Commercial spaces have suitable environments to experiment with lighting, humans, behavior and emotions. Lighting design influencing the way people think and the way they behave. The lighting may become an important factor to induce the right mood for increasing buying intentions and shopping experience in general. Therefore, efficient planning and designing of a public building is very important in order to enhance its productivity and function. It is difficult to provide criteria for day lighting in all building designs but, as a general approach to the effect of daylight design in architecture, the following points must be considered essential:  Provide as much indoor daylight as possible; however, ensure that it is glarefree.  Avoid strong sunlight sources which would become sources of glare & discomfort.  Control glare by using the proper type of glass, curtains, blinds or louvers and interior color rendering.  Ensure that the main visual task can be distinguished from its surroundings by being brighter, or more contrasting, or more colorful, or all of three.  Provide the suitable orientation capable of improving the daylight conditions of a building.  Consider the design and purposes of the building and evaluate the criteria of good and effective lighting relative to the total environment.  Daylight in building design must depend upon the main purpose of the individual building as well as considerations of local climate and the specialty of visual work.

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces

LIGHTING DESIGN 

Structure must be integrated with lighting design to intake diffused natural light during daytime. The design must deal with excessive glare and brightness that could cause eye fatigue.



Dimmable artificial lighting systems should be designed for spaces where natural light is not enough in order to reach the required levels of illumination.

Figure 6. 1 Daylight zones

Figure 6. 2 Diffused light through atrium



Light well or atrium help intake large amount of diffused natural light and cover large areas on various vertical levels.



Clerestories, monitor lights, skylights should be provided to introduce natural light in the building.



Windows should be provided at higher levels which covers larger areas as compared to windows at lower levels.

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces



Required illumination levels for every space must be worked out for efficient lighting design.

Figure 6.3 Various possibilities for overhead openings for daylighting.

THERMAL COMFORT 

Physical comfort is an important aspect in a public building so that the users can shop spend time in a comfortable environment.



Passive heating and cooling techniques must be promoted in a public building to reduce mechanical energy consumption.



The structure should be designed in a way that help maintain comfortable levels of indoor temperature and humidity.

Figure 6. 4 Various possibilities for overhead openings for daylighting.

Figure 6. 4 Thermal insulation

Figure 6. 5 Various possibilities for overhead openings for daylighting.

Daylighting strategies in Architectural built spaces



Courtyards should be provided for better ventilation. Fenestrations should be designed that increase stack ventilation.

Figure 6. 5 Ventilation through courtyard

VISUAL COMFORT 

The design should extensively promote integration of daylighting structure in order to enhance aesthetics and visual comfort.



There should be visual connectivity between spaces to provide visual information to the users.

Figure 6. 6 Cross-section with daylight concept



Background should not dominate the foreground to avoid visual chaos and disturbances.



Excessive brightness and glare should be eliminated which can cause inconvenience and hamper visual comfort.

Glossary

GLOSSARY: Atrium - An atrium is a large open space located within a building. It is often used to light a central circulation or public area by daylight admitted through a glass roof or wall. Atria provide some daylight to adjacent working areas, but the amount is often small and does not penetrate very far. The main function of an atrium is to provide a visual experience and a degree of contact with the outside for people in the working areas. Average Daylight Factor (ADF) - is the “ratio of total daylight flux incident on a reference area to total area of reference area, expressed as a percentage of outdoor illuminance on a horizontal plane due to an unobstructed hemisphere of sky of assumed or known luminance e distribution” [1]. ADF can be calculated using the following equation [2]: ADF=TAwθ M/{A(1–R²)} T: the glass transmittance; Aw: the effective window area (excluding the frames); θ: the visible sky angle; R: the average reflectance of the room, M: the maintenance factor; A: the total surface area of the room in m² (floor + ceiling +walls including the windows). Comfort range - A range with a minimum and maximum value within which comfort is assumed.

Daylight autonomy (DA) - The DA is defined as the percentage of time – over a year – for which daylight can provide a specific intensity of light (e.g. 500 lux) in interiors.

Daylight factor (DF) - The DF expresses – as a percentage – the amount of daylight available indoors compared to the amount of unobstructed daylight available outdoors under standard CIE sky conditions.

Glare - Glare is a sensation caused by an uncomfortably bright light source or reflection in the field of view that can cause annoyance, discomfort, or loss in performance and visibility. i

Illuminance - Illuminance is the measure of the amount of light received on a surface. It is typically expressed in lux. Light Tubes - Another type of device used is the light tube, also called a tubular daylighting device (TDD), which is placed into a roof and admits light to a focused area of the interior. These somewhat resemble recessed ceiling light fixtures. They do not all ow as much heat transfer as skylights because they have less surface area. Luminance - Luminance is the measure of the amount of light reflected or emitted from a surface. It is typically expressed in cd/m². Lux (lx) - Unit of illuminance. One lux is one lumen per square meter (lm/m²). Sawtooth roof - Sawtooth roofs have vertical roof glass facing away from the equal or side of the building to capture diffused light (not harsh direct equator-side solar gain). The angled portion of the glass support structure is opaque and well insulated with a cool roof and radiant barrier. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) - Also called winter depression. A mood disorder caused by low light levels in winter.

Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) - Term sometimes used to describe situations in which building occupants experience acute health and/or comfort effects that appear to be linked to time spent in a particular building, but where no specific illness or cause can be identified.

Visible transmittance (τv) - The amount of daylight coming through a window is referred to as the visible transmittance (τv) and is dependent on the composition of the window pane.

Window system - A window system is a window and its accessories as a combined unit. Accessories are shading devices or other devices that change the parameters of the window as a whole.

Bibliography

iii

BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] M.

Bubekri, Daylighting, Architecture and Health: Building Design Strategies (1st edt.) Architectural Press, Oxford, 2008.

[2] BRE,

estimating daylight in buildings: Part 1, An aid to energy efficiency, Building Research Establishment, Watford, 1986.

[3] J.

Bell, W. Burt, Designing buildings for daylight, Construction Research Communication Ltd, Watford, 1995.

[4] BRE,

Desktop guide to daylighting ‐ for architects, Good Practice Guide 245, Building Research Establishment, Watford, 1998.

[5] P.

J. Littlefair, Site layout planning for daylight and sunlight: A guide to good practice, (2nd edt.), Building Research Establishment, Watford, 2011.

[6] S.V.

Szokolay, Introduction to Architectural Science: The Basis of Sustainable Design (2nd edt.), Architectural Press is an imprint of Elsevier, Oxford, 2008.

[7] P.

Littlefair, J. Lynes, Design method for daylighting, Architects’ Journal 07(12) (1995) [8] Boubekri, M. (2004) An Overview of The Current State of Daylight Legislation, Journal of the Humam Environmental System, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 57-63. [9] Boyce,

P., Hunter, C. and Howlett, O. (2003) The Benefits of Daylight through Windows, Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Brainard, G. C. (2002) Photoreception for Regulation of Melatonin and Circadian System, 5th International LRO Lighting Research Symposium.

[10]

BREEAM (2010) the Environmental Assessment Method for Buildings Around the World, http://www. breeam.org/ (accessed: 2010-06-04).

[11]

British Research Establishment (2009), The Government’s Standard Assessment Procedure for Energy Rating of Dwellings, Department of Energy and Climate Change, United Kingdom.

[12]

British Standard (2002) BS 5250: Code of practice for control of condensation in buildings.

[13]

[14]

Brown, M. J., and Jacobs, D. E. (2011) Residential light and risk for

depression and falls: Results from the LARES study of eight European cities. Public Health Reports, 126 (Supplement 1), 131-140. iii

Annexures

ANNEXURE SURVEY Questions to be asked considering the following parameters of daylighting design, enhancing space utilization through daylight penetration, psychological effect, thermal and visual comfort. Q1. How often do you visit a commercial building? 

Daily



Once a week



More than once a week



Rarely



Never

Q2. During what hour of the day do you visit the commercial building? 

8am-12pm



12pm-3pm



3pm-6pm



6pm-10pm

Q3. During daytime, how much artificial lighting assists in overall illumination inside the building? Artificial lighting:

100%

Q4. Lack of natural lighting can impair the visual environment and functionality of a space. Do you agree? 

Yes



Maybe

Q5. How would you rate the quality of daylight in commercial buildings? on scale:

Q7. Is artificial lighting satisfying the illumination requirements better than natural lighting in the building you visited? 

Yes



Maybe

Q8. How often do you think daylight bring you the following troubles? 1. Thermal discomfort: a. Troublesome

b. No trouble

2. Glare: a.

Troublesome

b. No trouble

3. Fading object: a.

Troublesome

b. No trouble

Q9. Appropriate daylighting with respect to different types of common spaces can help in enhancing the quality of space. Do you agree? 1. Entrances 

Yes



Maybe

2. Atrium 

Yes



Maybe

3. Waiting foyer  

Yes No v



Maybe

Q10. How would you rate the quality of ventilation in public buildings to help maintain indoor temperature efficiently through: Natural ventilation

100%

0% Mechanical air-exchange system

100%

Q11. How would you rate the aesthetics of the spaces? (Multiple questions placing the images of the building examples) 1.



Excellent



Good



Average



Poor



Very poor



Excellent



Good



Average



Poor



Very poor



Excellent



Good



Average



Poor



Very poor

vii



Excellent



Good



Average



Poor



Very poor



Excellent



Good



Average



Poor



Very poor

viii



Excellent



Good



Average



Poor



Very poor

Q12. Rate your shopping experience with respect to lighting designs in the commercial building you recently visited.

100%

Q13. What parameters decide your rating from previous question with respect to lighting designs in the commercial building you recently visited? 

Source of lighting (natural or artificial)



Visual comfort



Textures and shadows



Glare