COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES ON SPATIAL PLANNING FOR SOUTH ASIAN CITIES CASE OF SEOUL, TOKYO, AND AHMEDABAD
URBANISATION IN SOUTH ASIA World Map : Population in 2018
Europe in total 711 million 9.4 % of the world population North America, Central America & Caribbean in total 587 million 7.8 % of the world population
Oceania in total 41 million 0.6 % of the world population
South America total 428 million 5.6 % of the world population
URBANISATION
Africa total 1,288 billion 16.9 % of the world population
PROPOSAL
CASE STUDY
Asia in total 4,568 billion 59.7 % of the world population
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
2
URBANISATION IN SOUTH ASIA
UN find more than half of people now lives in cities More than half of the global population currently lives in urban area, with that proportion projected to reach two – thirds by 2050
Countries
% Urban Pop.
Actual Urban Pop.
India
33.60
450 Millions
S. Korea
61.68
15.7 Millions
Japan
91.53
116 Millions
100
7.3 Millions
49.20
33.9 Millions
100
5.6 Millions
Hongkong Thailand Singapore
URBANISATION
PROPOSAL
CASE STUDY
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
3
DECADAL CHANGES Singapore
Seoul
Tokyo
With the increasing pace of
urbanization
in
developing country like India,
managing
the
growth becomes much Bangkok
URBANISATION
Hongkong
PROPOSAL
CASE STUDY
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
more important.
4
CURRENT PLANNING SYSTEM IN INDIA National Institution for Transforming India aims to target cooperation and active participation in the economic policymaking process led by the State governments of India. •
• The central government Urban Development (MoUD), Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MoHPA), and the Town and Country Planning Organization (TCPO) facilitates and support the nationwide urban and regional development planning URBANISATION
TYPE OF PLANS • PLANNED DEVELOPMENT
LANDUSE PLANS
ECONOMIC PLANS
STRUCTURAL PLAN Singles out attention of certain aspects of development and influence vocational decisions • COMPREHENSIVE PLAN Prescription for all aspects of city over a certain time frame • DEVELOPMENTAL PLAN Development of area within a jurisdiction of planning authority. It includes regional plan, master plan
PROPOSAL
CASE STUDY
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
INCREASED RELIANCE ON MASTERPLAN • Have objectives very general in nature & regardless of nature of town • change in plan is a very cumbersome process
OVERLAPPING INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK • The multiplicity of functions and reach leads to delay in policy planning and implementation • dependency of ULB’s on state impairs their capacity towards development
PARTICIPATION AND TRANSPARENCY • Inactive inclusion of local stakeholders and actors • No continuous monitoring and evaluation of plans
5
PROBLEM STATEMENT
URBANISATION
PROPOSAL
CASE STUDY
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
6
ABOUT THE STUDY Aim
Objective
Task
1. To review spatial planning
Understand the Evolution of Spatial Planning
publications
legal framework and planning
To identify
spatial planning systems required for better implementation of
Understand the Legal and Institutional Framework
2. To review spatial plans of
Understand city plans and local level plan for Seoul, Tokyo and Ahmedabad
South Asian and Indian Cities and detailed out the factors that have led to successful implementation of plans.
OECD) • Plans and Documents by Government Bodies and Authorities
• Critique documents from journals and other
3. Identify learnings from the Indian Cities
• Critique documents from journals and other
Understand the plan implementation and monitoring • Documents and reports International Research strategies in case of Seoul, Tokyo and Ahmedabad organization (World Bank, WRR, JICA, KRIHS,
Compare the plans of Seoul, Tokyo and Ahmedabad
study and identify reforms for
OECD) • Plans and Documents by Government Bodies and Authorities
publications
plans in Indian cities.
• Documents and reports International Research organization (World Bank, WRR, JICA, KRIHS,
Indian Cities.
reforms related to
• Plans and Documents by Government Bodies and Authorities • Critique documents from journals and other
systems like governance and
process in South Asian and
Source
Identify best practices, if any amongst the planning system of three case cities.
publications • Documents and reports International Research organization (World Bank, WRR, JICA, KRIHS, OECD)
URBANISATION
PROPOSAL
CASE STUDY
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
7
CASE STUDIES
URBANISATION
PROPOSAL
CASE STUDY
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
8
PARAMETERS FOR THE STUDY
Governance structure for spatial planning
Spatial plans
Land development
Evolution of spatial plans
Land assembly models
Current city plans
Legislative framework for city planning systems
Sectoral focuses of the plans Changes in proposed landuse Plan making Authorities involved Plan financing Zoning and regulations
URBANISATION
PROPOSAL
CASE STUDY
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
9
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
LIMITATIONS
SCOPE • understanding land use planning and management in South Asian cities, which in recent years has gained international recognition as a good practice for land management and policies.
• In current situation any departures from a plan may be also considered implemented if they are rational or inevitable since the Reliability on the secondary literature. • not be possible to understand detailed analysis of the decisions and actions taken during the preparation of plan, through of a number of actors that are supposed to receive the planning outcomes
• examining the development planning and development control processes in these cities, and discuss how it can be used to build better and more sustainable places for people.
• considerations of the planning outcomes and the linkages between plans and actual development from the case studies can not be totally dependent upon to be assumed a rational model of planning, which is specific enough to be taken in an Indian context
• analyzing the institutional framework, legislative basis, development objectives, plans and policy instruments, performance and contradictions of the Cities’ development planning and control system.
URBANISATION
PROPOSAL
CASE STUDY
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
10
URBAN PLANNING IN SEOUL Planning Framework | Evolution of Spatial Plans | Plan Making and Financing | Zoning and Regulations | Methods of Land Management
URBAN PLANNING IN TOKYO Planning Framework | Evolution of Spatial Plans | Evolution of Building Byelaws | Plan Making and Financing | Zoning and Regulations | Methods of Land Management
URBAN PLANNING IN AHMEDABAD Planning Framework | Evolution of Spatial Plans | Plan Making and Financing | Zoning and Regulations | Methods of Land Management
LEARNINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Learnings From the case studies | Practices that can be adopted for Indian Case
11
PARAMETERS OF THE STUDY
Governance structure for spatial planning
Legislative framework for city planning systems
Spatial plans
Land development
Evolution of spatial plans
Land Assembly Models
Current city plans Sectoral focuses of the plans Changes in proposed land use Plan making Authorities involved Plan financing Zoning and Regulations
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
12
Seoul
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
13
SEOUL As the capital
city of the Korean Peninsula for 600 years, Seoul is a historic & cultural city with over 2000 years of history, and has a beautiful natural environment. Seoul's terrain is mainly mountainous.
Is a city remembered by various international all over the world.
events, and is a global city with foreigners from
Has shown economic
development at an
unprecedented rate around the world.
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
14
PLANNING STRUCTURE NATIONAL LAND PLANNING AND UTILIZATION ACT National Level
Comprehensive National Territorial Plan
MoLIT
20 years
Urban Planning Bureau
20 years
Regional Plan Regional Level
Comprehensive Province Plan Metropolitan City Plan
Basic Urban Plan Local Level
20 years Urban Planning Bureau
Urban Management Plan District Unit Plan
10 years -
URBAN DEVELOPMENT ACT Local Level
Land Readjustment Plan / Urban Development Projects
Urban Planning Bureau /
Basic Urban Plan
-
Urban Management Plan
•
Spatial structure, establishment of living zones and distribution of population
•
Designation or change to the use region, district or area.
•
The conservation and management of the environment
•
Installation, Renewal or Improvement of Urban Planning Facilities
•
Sceneries - response to climate change and energy conservation and the prevention of disasters and safety
•
District Unit
•
Urban Development / Renewal Project
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
15
EVOLUTION OF SPATIAL PLANS
1966
1972
1978
1984
Growth Direction
To the North of Han River
To the North of Han River
Shifting focus to develop the North South Connection across Han River
To have a balanced growth on both the sides of Han River
Urban Structure
Central Region 1 Sub Central Region 5
Central Region 1 Sub Central Region 5
Central Region 1 Sub Central Region 2 Sub Centers 5
Central Region 1 Sub Central Region 2 Sub Centers 7
Plan Area and Population
500 Sq., Km. Approx. and 5 Million
605 Sq. Km. and 7.6 Million
605 Sq. Km. and 7.5 Million
605 Sq. Km. and 10 Million
Plan Concept
Development of Street Network
Additional Street Network is developed to make a Ring Radial Pattern
Development of Gangnam Area, Grid Road Network
Rearranged arterial road system along with creation of Large Green Belt
Reason
To Connect the Central and Sub Central Region
Realizing the Importance of Gangnam Region
To Facilitate Subways System, To Preserve the natural environment
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
16
EVOLUTION OF SPATIAL PLANS Basic Urban Plan 2000 Issues: • • • • •
Large influx of population due to economic opportunities Growing economic opportunities Increasing homelessness Deteriorating city center Hosting of International Games
Plan Concept: • • • • Plan Area and Population - 605 Sq. Km. and 12 Million
Balanced development of Gangnam and Gangbuk Transition into a multi-nucleic city Plans for a city metro network (13 routes) and a city highway network 1 center - 5 sub-centers - 59 district
Projects: • • •
Historic Preservation Metropolitan Traffic System Urban Railways
Growth Direction - Balance development in Gangnam and Gangbuk areas. Urban Structures - Central Region 1 Sub Central Regions 5 Plan Features - The limits of the plan were fixed, however certain areas under green belt reservation were opened for development INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
17
TRANSPORTATION AND LANDSCAPE
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
18
EVOLUTION OF SPATIAL PLANS Basic Urban Plan 2020 Issues: • • • • •
Increasing congestion, both traffic and population Increasing environmental pollution and undermined urban environment due to discreet development Lack of unique identity of Seoul Integration of industrial policies to socio economic changes for social welfare Lack of citizen participation
Plan Concept:
• Balance Development in the entire city • Improving public transport system • Development of monitoring index
Projects: Plan Area and Population - 605 Sq. Km. and 9.8 Million
• River Rehabilitation • Public transportation • E governance
Growth Direction - Balance development in Gangnam and Gangbuk areas. Urban Structures - Central Region 1 Sub Central Regions 11 Plan Features - Built on socio economic aspects the plan reflected expert and public opinion, proposed goals and a monitoring index INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
19
TRANSPORTATION Goals
• Convenient and Safe P.T. System • Reasonable Scientific Road Operation • Environmental and Human Centric Traffic System • Efficient Logistics System • Parking Demand Management • Efficient Traffic Administration
Strategies
• Planning Dedicated Bus Routes • Improving Road Network • Increasing the reach of metro rail transport
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
Monitoring Mechanism: A yearly monitoring of progress in the sectoral proposals of Basic Urban Area Plan
Measuring Hierarchy: Goal – Strategies – Sub Strategies – Monitoring Indicator
Monitoring Indicators: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Seoul City public transport Transportation share ratio Metropolitan area Urban railway Total length In Seoul Urban railway Congestion rate Seoul City Urban railway station elevator, escalator Installation rate 5. Seoul City Highway Total length 6. Metropolitan highway Total extension 7. Highway Real-time signal system Installation rate 8. Number of Traffic Accidents 9. pedestrian Traffic accident rate 10. Bicycle Means share 11. On the whole road Walk to pedestrians Ratio 12. Seoul City Housing Parking Lot Securing rate
20
OTHER SECTORS Sector
What
How
Enlargement of Public Rental Housing
• • • • • • •
Expansion of Marginalized Class Housing
• Improvement of tenancy status for integrated management • Improvement of rent charging system - Establishment of tenant database Integrated management system • Removal of self-help, family homeless, urban development projects Entitlement to tenants for tenants
Urban Housing Maintenance
• Improving the neighborhood environment through public investment improves the residential environment of low-income residential areas, In addition to maintaining the environment of the area
Housing
Participation By partnership Environmental Management System build Environment Conservation
Parks and Green Spaces
Redevelopment Project Purchase of a leased house Purchase of a multi-family house, utilization of rental housing Permanent rental housing for the lowest income class Existing municipal land, existing land development district Securing the traditional market place with lost function Securing the availability of rental apartments Securing the land in the city
• Strengthening Seoul's 21st practice - Introduction of environmental audit system - Introduction of sustainability evaluation index - Re-establishing the status of green Seoul Citizen's Committee
Integrated Wide Environmental Management System Establish
• Establishment of Seoul City sustainability evaluation system • Evaluation of environmental compatibility of urban development project Use standard business process guidelines • Introduction of ecological budget system • Development and application of environmentally friendly residential complex model
To Increase the amount of green open spaces and improve the conditions of existing spaces
• • • • •
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
Designation of park districts Establishment of Ecological Axis Han River Specialization plan City Centre green axis Plan Landscape policy plans
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
21
EVOLUTION OF SPATIAL PLANS Basic Urban Plan 2030 Issues: • • • • •
Inter regional Disparity Aging City infrastructure Demographic change Climate Change Intensified competition among growing metropolis
Plan Concept: •
Need for a plan that considers issues at Individual as well as urban level
Projects:
• Development plan for City Centre • Development plan for Han Rive Management • Development Plan for Gangnam Area Plan Area and Population - 605 Sq. Km. and 10.2 Million Growth Direction - Balance development in Gangnam and Gangbuk areas.
Basic Urban Plan 2030
Urban Structures - Central Region 1 Sub Central Regions 7 Plan Features - Built upon public participation, the plan switches back to multi nuclei structure, with an emphasis on governance INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
Spatial Structure Plan
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
Plans by Action
Plans by Issues
22
2030 SEOUL PLAN
3 Main Centre | 7 Regional Centre | 12 Local Centre
Major Transportation linkages between the development centers
Environmental Conservation
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
Regional Sphere Plan
5 Regional Spheres | 100 Neighborhoods The Plan resulted into Specific Spatial Structure
Zoning Urban Facilities Detailed Road Network Improvement in the Existing Areas
To strengthen competitiveness & pursue balanced development, & connects urban axes for better spatial communication & mutual development.
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
23
PLANNING TRANSITIONS
BASIC URBAN PLAN 2000 Development of Public Spaces and Public Transportation system Identification of eco sensitive areas Goals to Achieve Sustainability
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
BASIC URBAN PLAN 2020
BASIC URBAN PLAN 2030
Balanced Development
Environmental Conservation
Improve public transportation system
Focus on Social and Welfare aspects
Goals on monitor the plan implementation AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
Goals to improve Public Participation
24
LAND USE Use
2000
2020
2030
Residential
275.1 Sq. Km.
309.0 Sq. Km.
314.7 Sq. Km.
Commercial
62.5 Sq. Km.
28.0 Sq. Km.
27.9 Sq. Km.
Industrial
18.8 Sq. Km.
28.0 Sq. Km.
27.2 Sq. Km.
Green Spaces
248.6 Sq. Km.
240.0 Sq. Km.
235.2 Sq. Km.
Total Area
605 Sq. Km.
605 Sq. Km
605 Sq. Km.
2000
41%
2020
2030
40%
46%
Residential
39%
Commercial 51%
52%
Industrial Green Spaces
10%
4%
3%
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
5%
4%
SUMMARY
5%
25
PLAN MAKING AND FINANCING
The costs incurred in formulating the Urban Master Plan or An Urban Management Plan is to be borne under state budget if the implementation of plan is to be done by the state or the local government if the implementation is to be done by the local government. By Local Governments
An expert advisory group was formed to identify the basic direction and implementation structure of the Plan. To develop the vision in line with the direction, the 100-member citizens’ group was created to come up with the vision and key tasks for Seoul in 2030.
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
The head of a Si/Gun may require other local government that significantly benefits from an urban or planning facility project performed by him/her to partially bear costs incurred in implementing the said urban planning facility project. In case of failure of the agreement among the local authorities it shall be governed by a determination made by the Do Governor.
SUMMARY
26
ZONING AND REGULATIONS Determined by BUILDING ACT and SEOUL METROPOLITAN ORDINANCE ON BUILDINGS
National Zones
Specific Use Districts
Urban Areas Control Areas Agricultural and Forest Area Natural Environment Conservation Areas
Scenic District Height Restriction District Fire Prevention District Disaster Prevention District Protected District Settlement District Development Promotion Districts
Commercial Central Commercial General Commercial Neighboring Commercial Distribution Commercial INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
Industrial Quasi Industrial Green Preserved Green Belts Productive Green Belts Natural Green Belts Natural Scenery City Limits Scenery Waterside Scenery
TOKYO
Residential Areas – 70% Commercial Areas – 90% Industrial Areas – 70% Green Areas – 20% Conservation and Control Areas – 20 % Production Control Areas – 20% Planned Control Areas – 40% Natural Environment Conservation Area – 20%
DISTRICT UNIT PLAN
Urban Area Zones Residential Class 1 Exclusive Residential Class 2 Exclusive Residential Class 1 General Residential Class 2 General Residential Class 3 General Residential Quasi Residential Areas
Building to Land Ratios
AHMEDABAD
• Part of City Management Plan • Can alter regulations specified in the national act • Subdivision or alteration of land use Zones • Arrangement and size of certain infrastructure facilities • Restrictions on the use of buildings • Maximum or minimum lot coverage • floor area ratio • Building heights
SUMMARY
Floor Area Ratios
Residential Areas – 500% Commercial Areas – 1500% Industrial Areas – 400% Green Areas – 100% Conservation and Control Areas – 80 % Production Control Areas – 80% Planned Control Areas – 100% Natural Environment Conservation Area – 80%
FSI RELAXATION AREAS • Area selected by mayor for urban maintenance • A balanced development project district • A readjustment promotion zone • A traditional marketplace
27
ZONING AND REGULATIONS Determined by BUILDING ACT AND SEOUL METROPOLITAN ORDINANCE ON BUILDINGS
Building Line
Landscaping
• 0.75 times the width of road from the median line of the road
• • • • • •
For having a secured sunlight, irrespective of the Zone 1. Distance between part of the building and boundary line • Less than or equal to 4 m. – 1 m. • 4 m. – 8 m. – 2 m. • More than 8 m. – ½ the height of the part of the building
Public Spaces
2. Distance between buildings • If walls with windows for natural light face one another0.8 times the height of each building • In the case of a multi-household housing complex, 4 m. or 0.25 times height of each building, whichever is greater
Building Height As per the Zone Class exclusive residential area – 8 m. and 2 floors.
Mandatory for sites more than 200 Sq. m. Based on the size of the plot and location On preserved green belt – 30% Less than 1000 Sq., m.- 5% 1000 – 2000 Sq. m. – 10% More than 2000 Sq. m. – 15%
• For total Floor area exceeding 5000 Sq. m. (a) Facilities for cultural activities or gathering; (b) Sales facilities (c) Business facilities; (d) Accommodation facilities; (e) Medical facilities; (f) Sports facilities; (g) Amusement facilities; (h) Religious facilities; (i) Transportation facilities ( j) Funeral halls.
Incentives for Development of Public Spaces 1. Addition of the floor area ratio 2. Relaxation of restrictions on the height of buildings:
• 5000 – 10,000 Sq. m. – 5% • 10,000 – 30,000 Sq. m. – 7% • More than 30,000 Sq. m. – 10% INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
28
METHODS OF LAND MANAGEMENT Determined by URBAN DEVELOPMENT ACT
LAND READJUSTMENT •
Started as a post war restoration projects
•
The program achieved its pace during 1960s and 1970s
•
Supported the national policy for supply of public housing
•
Helped in initial supply of housing as a detached units and infrastructure
•
Deterioration of Detached Housing & Growing Demand for Reconstruction.
•
Increase of Residential-Commercial Buildings, increased demand for infrastructure services
•
Shortage of Public Lots & Reduction of Lot Size
Initiator
1960
1970
1980
Number of districts implemented
20
14
5
Local Govt., Land owner, Ministry of construction, National government development Corporations
Reservations
Varies depending on the project
Land Contribution
Cost Equivalent Land Contribution
Average percentage of public lots
28.4%
30%
47.5%
Cost Equivalent Land Contribution
Average Percentage of Private lots
31.6%
43.7%
55.0%
Ratio Cost Recovery Mechanisms INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
29
Tokyo
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
30
TOKYO southern Kanto region. It is bordered to the east by the Edogawa River and Chiba Prefecture, to the west by mountains and Yamanashi Prefecture, to the south by the Tamagawa River and Kanagawa Tokyo Metropolis is located in the
Prefecture, and to the north by Saitama Prefecture
Natural as well as man made disaster have impacted Japanese urban planning to a deeper impact
Tokyo excels in venture capital investments, and is home
to a dizzying number of
tech giants, many of which are already preparing for the 2020 Olympic Games.
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
31
LEGISLATION COMPREHENSIVE NATIONAL LAND DEVELOPMENT ACT National Level
National Spatial Strategy Plan
MoLITT
10 years
MoLITT
10 Years
NATIONAL LANDUSE PLAN ACT National Level
National Land Use Plan
CITY PLANNING LAW Basic Land Use Plan
10 – 15 Years
Master Plan for City Planning Areas
Prefectural Level
Bureau of Urban Development
10 Years
City Plan for Prefectures
10 Years Urban Planning Department of Municipal Government
Municipal Master Plan
Municipal Level
Master Plan for City Planning Areas
-
Municipal Master Plan
•
Preparation of plan for metropolitan areas
•
Detailed Zoning Plans as per the Master Plan for City Planning Areas
•
Designation of National Facilities like National Highway, City Level Parks and other infrastructure
•
Development of Neighbourhood Level Facilities
Development direction for the city
•
Development of Municipal Roads
•
•
Details upon FAR, and Volume Restrictions for building Development
•
Housing Master Plan
•
Policies for Development and Redevelopment in Urban Areas
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
32
EVOLUTION OF CITY PLANNING 1889
1919
1931
1945 Post War Recovery and City Planning
City Ward Improvement Design
Earthquake Recovery and City Planning
City Planning in Pre war and War Periods
Water Works Road Construction Urban Area Development
Urban Area Development through Land Readjustment Earthquake Recovery and Residential Construction
Development of Housing areas in Suburbs due to development of railways Suburban Location of Factories Planning of Green Areas
High Density INTRODUCTION
1958
1970
High Growth and City Planning
Enactment of new city planning law
National Capital Region development Plan Olympics and Provision of Basic Facilities Floor Area Ratio District System and Super High Rise Buildings Large Scale Apartment Complex
Revision of City planning law and Building Standards law Introduction on district planning
Low Density SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
33
EVOLUTION OF BUILDING BYELAWS 1919
Formation of City Planning Law and Urban Buildings Law • Introduction of Slant Plane Restriction and Building Envelope (To Prevent issues of Light and Ventilation and Congestion)
1970
Removal of 30 m. Height Restriction, coming up of Condominium Apartments
1972
Designation of Powers to Local Authorities to create height control zones
1982
Political Envisioning Tokyo as Manhattan Order from the MOC to relax regulations, increase FAR allowances and rezone residential areas to commercial areas to allow higher-density development
1987
Revision to Building Standard Law • Changes in Slant Plane Restriction
1994
Relaxation in FAR (Removal of Basements from counting towards FAR), Revision in FAR Provisions, which excluded shared spaces of corridors, stairs, elevator shafts and lobbies in the calculation of the total floor area of condominium buildings.
2003
Introduction of the Concept of Building Envelope along Side Slant Plane Restriction Relaxation of FAR controls through the introduction of the ‘High-rise Residential Building Promotion District’
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
34
GRAND DESIGN FOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT – TOKYO 2040
Harmony with Nature Sphere
Tama Innovation Exchange Zone
Core Regional Sphere
Tama Regional Sphere
International Business Exchange Zone
The urban structure Tokyo defines 4 new spheres divided based on each area’s characteristic features and 2 zones that serve as the driving force for Japan and Tokyo.
New Urban Life Creation Sphere
A highly developed mature city that is relaxing and full of vitality
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
35
MASTER PLAN FOR CITY PLANNING AREAS – TOKYO 2040 Urbanization Promotion Area Urbanization Adjustment Area
The Plan resulted into Specific Spatial Structure Due to geographical constrains as well as conservational concerns, and hence have extended road Network only to certain regions
Urbanizable Area INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
36
DEVELOPMENT OF SPATIAL PLANS Zoning Detailed Road Network Ward Level Urban Facilities Floor Area Ratio Purchasable Floor Area Building Coverage Ratio Building Height Restriction Volume Restriction
Chiyoda Ward Area Plan
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
37
ZONING AND REGULATIONS Determined by BUILDING STANDARDS LAW
Land Use Zones Residential Exclusively Low Rise 1 Exclusively Low Rise 2 Mid Rise / High Rise 1 Mid Rise / High Rise 2 Residential 1 Residential 2 Quasi Residential
Other Land Use Zones Special Land Use District (Changes in the Uses) Efficient Land Utilization District (Changes in the Regulations) Special Land Use Restrictions Zone (Restrictions on Land Uses)
Commercial Neighborhood Commercial Commercial
Fire Protection Zone
Usually designated as an overlay zone or districts
Industrial Quasi Industrial Industrial Exclusively Industrial
Options of multiple FAR | Max. in Commercial Districts – 1300% Options of multiple BCR | Max. in Commercial Districts – 80%
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
38
ZONING AND REGULATIONS Determined by BUILDING STANDARDS LAW
Height Restriction for low rise districts only INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
39
PLAN MAKING AND FINANACING Opinions of the Municipality
Public Review
Draft Plan
Proposals From Land Owners, etc.
Consent after due deliberation by MLIT
Consultation with related organizations
City Planning Council of the Prefectural Government
Co-ordination with Related Ministries
City Planning Decision
Submission of Concerned Residents Opinion
Public Hearing & Explanation Meeting
Financing of Municipal Master Plan Investment from Local Government • • • • •
Budgetary Provisions Local Allocation Tax Local Transfer Tax Local Government Bonds City Planning Tax
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
Subsidies from Central Government • •
TOKYO
Subsidies in Major Infrastructure Subsidies for Development of other projects
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
Road Development Special Account • 1. 2. 3.
Charging Fees from the User Fuel Taxes Auto – Weight Tax Gasoline Tax
40
METHODS OF LAND MANAGEMENT LAND READJUSTMENT PROJECTS • Started in the 19th century as restoration to war damages
Consists of
The description of land replotting Plot Level Land Uses Reserve land Development restrictions The fair share of costs and benefits.
Considerations from Municipal Master Plan • Inclusion of project area in city planning map • To be urbanized and where urbanization shall be controlled and not intensified • Existing infrastructure, and proposals • Land Uses can be continued from the municipal master plan, or as per the special district plans Initiator
Local Government, Land Owner’s Association Reservations for Public Purposes and Reservations to fund the project based on the Proposed public areas and Project
Reservations
Finances
Land Contribution Ratio
Based on Proportion Ratio
Cost Recovery Mechanisms INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
Based on ratio of reserved land carved out from the entire project TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
41
Ahmedabad
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
42
AHMEDABAD
Ahmedabad is located on a flat
Sabarmati
terrain around the banks of the River
in the northern part of Gujarat and the western part of India.
From what emerged as a residential settlement on the banks of River Sabarmati, Ahmedabad evolved with its trade and textile linkages, It is now evolving metropolis of India. INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
43
LEGISLATION National Level
Policy Plans and Economic Plans
MoHUA
-
State Level
Regional Plan
Town Planning Department
20 years
GUJARAT TOWN PLANNING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT ACT Development plan Local Level
Urban Development Authority
Local Area Plan / Town Planning Schemes
Urban Development Authority / Urban Local Bodies
Development Plan
20 Years -
Town Planning Schemes
•
New Growth Areas
•
Neighbourhood Level Road Network
•
Land Use Zoning
•
Land Reconstitution and Details
•
City level Road Infrastructure
•
Neighbourhood level physical and social infrastructure
•
Development Control Regulations
•
Financial provisions for neighbourhood infrastructure facilities
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
44
28
EVOLUTION OF SPATIAL PLANS Issues:
Development Plan 1965
• • • • •
Intensive use of land within the walled city Ill distributed open spaces Arterial Roads incapable to handle the increasing traffic Inadequate road widths and Linear Commercial Development along the roads Development of wholesale markets on the suburbs increases traffic movement from the center of the city
Plan Concept: • • •
Zoning plan to segregate industrial and residential uses Development of open spaces Development of Ring Roads – Outer Ring Road, Intermediate Ring Road, Inner Ring Road
How:
Mainly through Zoning and TP Schemes
Growth Direction - Along the East – West axis of Sabarmati River
Residential Residential Old City Villages
Industrial light Industrial General Industrial Special Industrial
Commercial Office and Business General Commercial
Agriculture Recreation and Open Spaces
Urban Structures - Urban Centre 1
Reservations
Plan Features - Green Belt Reservation along with Reservations for Public Areas and Transport Nodes INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
Highest FSI - 3 | Lowest FSI – 1.5 TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
45
28
EVOLUTION OF SPATIAL PLANS Issues:
Development Plan 2011
• • • •
Mix of Industrial and Residential Uses Untreated discharge of waste water in water bodies Lack of open spaces Creation of slums
Plan Concept: • • • • • • • •
Residential Residential Zone 1 Residential Zone 2 Residential Zone 3 Walled city / Gaamtal Village Extension
Growth Direction - Along the North – South Axis Urban Structures - Urban Centre 1 Satellite Centers 5 Plan Features - Removal of Green Belt Reservation, Zoning Based on the kind of Density required. Planning in accordance with Transportation, Development of Satellite centers INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
Objective based plan and not vision based Three Tier Hierarchical System of Development Removal of Green Belt (Formed Under ULC) Emergence of Idea of Riverfront Low lying areas along Vasna Barage and Hansol to be marked as Recreational Zoning Satellite Centers as a result of Integrated Development of Small and Medium Towns Scheme Spread towards the satellite centers due to industrial and commercial development Provide and Promote low cost housing by development control regulations
TOKYO
Industrial Predominantly light Industrial Zone General Industrial Special Industrial Institutional Educational Purpose Health Purpose
Commercial Commercial Zone 1 Commercial Zone 2
Other Zones Transport Node Recreational Zone Agricultural Zone Gardens and Open Spaces Flood Control Area Science park Multi Purpose Use Service and Institutional Purpose
Highest FSI – 1.8 | Lowest FSI – 0.3 AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
46
28
EVOLUTION OF SPATIAL PLANS Development Plan 2011
Ahmedabad Urban Complex (First Tier)
Sector
What
How
Transport
Development of Road Network, Railways and 5 Transportnagars
Shall be worked out precisely at the time of implementation
Housing
Provide housing facilities to increasing population
Through Zoning (Residential Zone) and land Reservations in Development Plan
Open / Recreational Spaces
Provide for required open spaces and recreational facilities
By zoning reservations, TP Schemes and Afforestation Tracks
Environment
Safety and Precautionary measures for release of Industrial waste
Growth Centers (Second Tier)
Agricultural Area (Third Tier)
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
To Have a Barrier on Rural to Urban migration To divert population to the growth centers To develop large scale and obnoxious types of industries
Identifying the potentials of the growth center and prepare a plan for development of growth centers accordingly
To develop rural settlements falling under AUDA region
Development of matrix to analyze and classify the current situation of rural settlements and provide them basic facilities accordingly.
SUMMARY
47
28
EVOLUTION OF SPATIAL PLANS Development Plan 2021 Issues: • • • • • •
Lack of LIG and MIG housing lack of sufficient city and regional level recreational facilities. Integration between transportation and land use plan is required to make city livable and sustainable. Lack of green Streets and Parking facilities High reliance on ground water and No proper measure to conserve the surface runoff water Lack of preservation of natural resources
Plan Concept:
• Special focus on affordable housing • Land use Transport Integration • Sectoral level projects and interventions Residential Residential Zone 1 Residential Zone 2 Residential Zone 3 RAH Zone Walled city Gaamtal Village Extension
Growth Direction - Along the Western Side of Sabarmati River Urban Structures - Urban Centre 1 Satellite Centers 5 Plan Features - RAH Zone, Development of dense Transit Corridors and CBD Areas, Land Use Transport Integration
Commercial and Logistics zone
Industrial General Industrial Special Industrial
General Agricultural Prime Agricultural Special Development Zone
Knowledge and Institutional Other Zones Transit Oriented Development Central Business District Parks and Gardens
Highest FSI – 5.4 | Lowest FSI – 0.3 INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
48
28
EVOLUTION OF SPATIAL PLANS Development Plan 2021 Sector
What
How
Simplified and Unified Street Classification
Classifying Streets based on Character and Context
Complete Streets with Pedestrian and Bicycle Network
Redesigning the Model Street Sections
Expansion of Road Network
Identification of Major Streets in Development Plan and Detailed Network in TP Schemes
Network Improvement
Connecting the missing links By Flyovers, Rail over bridges, and Underpass
Parking Management
Parking Management Plan
Logistic Parks
Designation of Logistic Parks in Zoning
Provision of EWS Housing
Through TP Scheme Reservation
Increase supply of Affordable Housing
Through Residential Affordable Housing Zoning Relaxed provisions for building regulations
New Parks and Gardens
Through TP Scheme Reservations
Green Network
Street Design aspects
Waterfront Development
Comprehensive Lake Development Plan Riverfront Development Project
Transport
Housing
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
49
28
EVOLUTION OF SPATIAL PLANS Development Plan 2021 Sector Open / Recreational Spaces
Environment
INTRODUCTION
What
How
New Parks and Gardens
Through TP Scheme Reservations
Green Network
Street Design aspects
Waterfront Development
Comprehensive Lake Development Plan Riverfront Development Project
Encourage Energy Efficient Buildings Groundwater Recharge through Recharge wells
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
Through relaxed building control regulations and Other Provisions in DCRs.
SUMMARY
50
PLANNING TRANSITIONS
DEVELOPEMNT PLAN 1965
DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2011
COMPREHENSIVE D.P. 2021
Development of Open Spaces and Transportation system
Development of city level Recreational Spaces
Densification of development
Segregate Residential and Industrial Uses through Zoning
Growth of satellite centers
Affordable Housing, TOZ, and CBD development
Density based Detailed Zoning
Land Use Transportation Integration
51
28
LAND USE Zones
1965 (Area in Sq. Km.)
2011 (Area in Sq. Km.)
2021 (Area in Sq. Km.)
R1
28.9
222.38
248
R2
-
41.12
42
R3
-
44.90
44
Gaamtal and Walled City
6.8
27.65
27
Commercial Zone
1.4
12.50
43
Industrial Zone
11.4
47.56
103
Transportation
11.5
84.29
86
Agriculture Zone
18.5
706.49
1066
Gardens and Open Spaces
8.5
2.12
2
Multi Purpose
-
0.04
-
Municipal Plots
-
4.01
-
Waterbody
-
90.66
85
Public Purpose
4.45
2.0
-
RAH Zone
-
-
75
Gaamtal Extension
-
-
57
CBD
-
-
2
TOZ
-
-
16
Knowledge & Institutional
-
-
20
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
52
28
LAND USE Zones
1965 (Area in Sq, Km,)
2011 (Area in Sq. Km.)
2021 (Area in Sq. Km.)
Special Development
-
-
11
Airport and Cantonment
-
-
9
Other Areas
1.23
-
19
Total Area
92.68
1285
1866
2011
1965
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
2021
53
28
EVOLUTION OF ZONING Determined by CITY DCRS, AND NOW GUJARAT CONPREHENSIVE DEVLEOOPMENT CONTROL REGULATIONS
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
54
28
EVOLUTION OF ZONING Determined by CITY DCRS, AND NOW GUJARAT CONPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT CONTROL REGULATIONS
Floor Space Index
Residential Affordable Housing • •
Core Walled City – 2
Along the S.P. Ring Road Chargeable FSI at Subsidized Rate
Gaamtal - 2 Gaamtal Extension – 1.2 Residential 1 – 2.7 / 2.25 Residential 2 – 1.8 / 1.2 Residential 3 – 0.3
Transit Oriented Zone •
Common DCRs
RAH – 2.7 Transit Oriented - 4 Central Business District – 5.4
Increasing FSI along Transit Corridors (BRTS and MRTS)
Commercial and Logistics – 2.7 / 2.25 Industrial General – 1 Industrial Special – 1
SEOUL
• The provisions for FSI remains unchanged for any city
• However, gives a common ground of regulating development by other aspects according to categories of cities
General Agriculture – As Applicable Prime Agriculture – As Applicable
5.4 FSI in CBD areas Simplified Volumetric DCR for Special Areas
INTRODUCTION
• 47 over all Zones
Knowledge Zone – 1.8
Central Business District • •
• Classified Authorities into 9 categories
Special Planned Area Development – As Applicable TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
55
28
METHODS OF LAND MANAGEMENT TOWN PLANNING SCHEMES •
Mainly through Urban Development Projects (Land Readjustment)
•
Appropriation of portion of land from original land
•
The proportion of land for appropriation depends upon objective of the development, size of the area, and requirement of space for public uses
•
Providing regular shaped plots with proper access
Initiator
Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority / Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation SEWSH – 10%, Transportation – 15%, Green and Open
Reservations
Spaces – 5%, Social Infrastructure – 5%, Land for Sale – 15%
Land Contribution Ratio Cost Recovery Mechanisms INTRODUCTION
Based on the total area of reservation Betterment Charges, Development Fees, etc. SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
Some of the implications of adopting a TPs Mechanism in Ahmedabad are: 1.
Lands for Public Purposes
2.
Land for Social Housing
3.
Higher Road Density
4.
Selling lands for infrastructure financing
5.
Development of city level infrastructure and open spaces
SUMMARY
56
SUMMARY TOKYO
SEOUL •
Conceptual Development plan as a guiding principle – actually giving flexibility for lower order plans.
•
Influence of National Level Zoning
•
A Comprehensive master plan which includes policies for development and redevelopment of urban areas making it statutory
•
Integration of Economic Development with Sustainable Planning Practices
•
Continuous focus on development of public transport
•
Development of Land Use - Transport Integration Planning
•
Continuously integrating modes of transport, making them more accessible
•
Presence of rail integrated communities – mixed use, Pedestrian Friendly Development
•
Development of Urban Landscape and Open Spaces
•
Monitoring Implementation of Development Plan
•
A strong hold upon the capital city by framing of national policies for development of the Seoul
•
Integration of land readjustment projects with city planning
•
The formula of Plan – Implement – Evaluate
•
Integrated Functioning of Authorities
•
Flexible building development guidelines for private realm
•
Continuous and efficient revision of plans
•
Mechanisms of District Unit Plans to develop urban forms for specific areas of importance
•
Integrations of considerations of natural topography, Geography, Environment, Economic growth and City Residents,
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
57
RECOMMENDATIONS TOKYO
SEOUL •
Conceptual Development plan as a guiding principle – actually giving flexibility for lower order plans.
•
Influence of National Level Zoning
•
A Comprehensive master plan which includes policies for development and redevelopment of urban areas making it statutory
•
Integration of Economic Development with Sustainable Planning Practices
•
Continuous focus on development of public transport
•
Development of Land Use - Transport Integration Planning
•
Continuously integrating modes of transport, making them more accessible
•
Presence of rail integrated communities – mixed use, Pedestrian Friendly Development
•
Development of Urban Landscape and Open Spaces
•
Monitoring Implementation of Development Plan
•
A strong hold upon the capital city by framing of national policies for development of the Seoul
•
Integration of land readjustment projects with city planning
•
The formula of Plan – Implement – Evaluate
•
Integrated Functioning of Authorities
•
Flexible building development guidelines for private realm
•
Continuous and efficient revision of plans
•
Mechanisms of District Unit Plans to develop urban forms for specific areas of importance
•
Integrations of considerations of natural topography, Geography, Environment, Economic growth and City Residents,
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
58
DEVELOPMENT PLAN MONITORING Seoul
Ahmedabad
The formula of Plan – Implement – Evaluate from 2006
Resource Cell, 2013
Monitoring Mechanism: A yearly monitoring of progress in the sectoral proposals of Basic Urban Area Plan
Measuring Hierarchy: Goal – Strategies – Sub Strategies – Monitoring Indicator
Monitoring Indicators: 1. Seoul City public transport Transportation share ratio 2. Metropolitan area Urban railway Total length 3. In Seoul Urban railway Congestion rate 4. Seoul City Urban railway station elevator, escalator Installation rate 5. Seoul City Highway Total length 6. Metropolitan highway Total extension 7. Highway Real-time signal system Installation rate 8. Number of Traffic Accidents 9. pedestrian Traffic accident rate 10. Bicycle Means share 11. On the whole road Walk to pedestrians Ratio 12. Seoul City Housing Parking Lot Securing rate INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
59
DEVELOPMENT PLAN MONITORING Tokyo
land ownership, consumption of floor space area by different uses, changes in land prices, changes in land use
Published by TMG
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
60
DEVELOPMENT PLAN MONITORING Proposal
Sector
What
Assessment indicator
How
Densification of existing zoned areas
By Incentivizing Payable FSI
• Percent of Utilized FSI in the identified Zone
By Local Area Plan Development of Central Business
By Local Area Plan
district
Through Purchasable FSI
Development of TOD
By Local Area Plan Through Purchasable FSI
Development around existing zoned
By Zoning Measures
areas to incentivize affordable housing Through reduction in costs of Purchasable FSI
Zoning and Development
• Percent of Usage of Extra Provided FSI in the overall area • Percent of Usage of Extra Provided FSI in the overall area • Percent of Land being constructed as Affordable Housing Scheme • Total amount collected through purchasable FSI for Affordable Housing Scheme
Development in growth centers
Through preparation of Development Plan for the Growth Regions By developing SEZs and SIRs in the Growth Regions
• The changes in share of Industries in SEZs and SIRs in the Growth Centers • The changes in share of residential buildings in the Growth Centers • The actual share of land developed as compared to Development Plan
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
61
IMPROVEMENTS IN LAND MANAGEMENT Seoul Initiator
Local
Govt.,
Land
construction,
owner,
Tokyo Ministry
National
Ahmedabad
of Local Government, Land Owner’s Association
Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority
government
development Corporations Reservations
Varies depending on the project
Reservations
for
Public
Purposes
and SEWSH – 10%, Transportation – 15%, Green
Reservations to fund the project based on the and Open Spaces – 5%, Social Infrastructure – Proposed public areas and Project Finances
5%, Land for Sale – 15% Based on the total area of reservation
Land Contribution Ratio
Cost Equivalent Land Contribution
Based on Proportion Ratio
Cost Recovery
Cost Equivalent Land Contribution
Based on ratio of reserved land carved out Betterment Charges
Mechanisms
from the entire project
Land Valuation 1.
The street coefficient -
2.
The accessibility coefficient - accessibility
street conditions
of plot to various public amenities and facilities.
3.
Land coefficient - kind
of development permissible on the parcel of land, the installed infrastructure, etc.
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
Land Contribution Area of plot after deduction = (Pr*Ai*ai / ei) Based on proportion ratio Proportion Ratio = (Total value of all the land parcels before the project / Total Value of all the land parcels after the project)
Price Contribution r = R *e/ ΔV r – the coefficient of contribution by land owners R – Share of land reserved for financing the scheme e – unit price of land after completion of the project ΔV – Increase in the price of land (only the private lands left after deduction and reserved land)
Pr – Proportion Ratio Ai – Area of plot Before deduction ai – Unit land price before deduction ei – Unit land price after deduction
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
62
DEVELOPMENT OF OPEN SPACES Seoul
1960 – 1970
Haphazard expansion of city Increasing population in the 1960s The concern of sustainability and creating public open spaces Continuous focus in the master plan as well as strengthened policy for it
1980 – 1990
•
Park Act
•
Revision in Urban planning
•
act •
•
Distinguishing urban parks and green spaces
•
1990 – 2010
Urban Park act and Natural Park •
Transformation of old sites into
act
park areas
Preservation
of
natural •
environment •
Parks and green spaces plan
Efforts to develop urban parks as ecological sites
National efforts for building parks across the nation
•
Han river park basic plan
•
Parks as cultural, leisure and
welfare facility
Ahmedabad Identification of issues of open space in the first plan Plan to obtain the land through TP schemes. Some parcels of the land remained un developed due to lack of details on how to develop these land parcels Success of which is still a question!!
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
63
DEVELOPMENT OF OPEN SPACES CHONGGYECHEON RESTORATION PROJECT
In the year 2002 Demolition of highway for making room for open space Chonggyecheon Restoration Master Plan Reviving the natural ecology of the stream, develop human – oriented public spaces, restoration of the historical assets Financed by the resources allocated for renovation of the highway and by cutting down from the projects that are not urgent and city budget.
Planning Measures Acts and
Initiative by Government bodies
Adaptive use of historical landmarks
National Efforts Introduction of Green Belt Policy
Policies Plan
Designation of Scenic district in city plans with Conversion of old landfill sites into open spaces separate regulations
Short Term
Rezoning the unusable spaces and public buildings
By adapting changes into streetscapes
Specific projects by Landscape division of SMG
By Government sponsored contest of developing
Initiatives
open spaces as a concept of Seoul Village Squares Olympics – development of Green Streets, Parks, Han
River Park, etc. through development plan projects.
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
64
ADMINISTRATION SEOUL
TOKYO Citizens of Seoul
Governor
Mayor
Vice Governor
Vice Mayor Governer’s Bureau Urban Space Improvement Bureau Bureau of Urban Development Urban Planning Bureau • • • • • •
Urban Planning Division Strategic Planning Division Urban Management & Design Division Facility Planning Division Land Management Division Urban Light Pollution Policy Division
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
Other bureaus for implementing the proposals of basic urban plan
AHMEDABAD
• Formulation of total urban development policies and housing policies • Construction of roads, railways and other urban infrastructure • Improvement of built-up areas through land readjustment and urban redevelopment projects • Provision of guidance for housing land development and architectural structures • Construction and management of metropolitan housing • Measures for US military facilities
SUMMARY
Other bureaus for planning for Metropolitan area
65
ADMINISTRATION Major Functions of a Development Authority • • • • • •
Preparation of Development Plan Preparation of Town Planning Schemes Background work for preparing a development plan Guide and Assist Local Authority in urban development planning Control development activities according to DP Execute city level infrastructure works
A framework for INTEGRATED FUNCTIONING OF ELECTED AND DESIGNATED AUTHORITIES for city planning can be beneficial for the development of the city
INTRODUCTION
SEOUL
TOKYO
AHMEDABAD
SUMMARY
66
BY SHRUJAL PATEL (PP0006017) UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF PROF. RUTOOL SHARMA MASTER’S IN URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING (LANDUSE) MAY 2019 | CEPT UNIVERSITY AHMEDABAD