New Challenges

New Challenges The Possibility and Worth of Renovating Heritage to Commercial Districts

Shuaizheng Zhao 19032263@stu.mmu.ac.uk MA Architecture and Urbanism Supervised by: Eamonn Canniffe

Copyright © 2021 Manchester, United Kingdom ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Manchester School of Architecture Manchester Metropolitan University (Student ID: 19032263) University of Manchester Copyright reserved by Shuaizheng Zhao MA Architecture and Urbanism I

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express the deepest appreciation for my professor Eamonn Canniffe Principal Lecturer of the MA Architecture and Urbanism Course at Manchester School of Architecture. Thank you for a wanderful and exciting year, for all your guidance and persistent help throughout this coures.You recommended books for me and pushed me to the best I can be.

None of this would have been possible without his passionate and highly experienced teaching team.

Special thanks to David Chandler, Mazin Al-Saffar and Youcao Ren whose feedback and guidance was always welcomed and without all this accomplishment would not have been possible.

Finally, to my family and friends for providing me with continuous suppport, reassurance and encouragement throughout this year.

-Shuaizheng Zhao

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CONTENTS...

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT II ABSTRACT 2 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Some Issues of Conservation and High Street 1.2 Heritage 1.3 Challenge and Customer space 1.4 Brands 1.5 New Technologies

2. CONSERVATION AND RENOVATION 2.1 Heritage Conservation Laws 2.2 Development Trend Analysis of Conserving Heritages 2.3 The Ship of Theseus 2.4 The Intimate Relationship between Heritage, Intangible Heritage and Authenticity

3. NEW CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES 3.1 Unexpected Shock - COVID19 3.2 The Shock of Economy III

4 4 7 7 8 8

12 12 17 26 28

36 36 40

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3.3 Constantly Changing High-tech: E-commerce & Internet 3.4 Opportunities

42 43

4. INTERESTING CUSTOMERS AND EYE-CATCHING SPACE 48 4.1 The Unique Element - Heritage 4.2 Convenient Traffic Plan and Comfortable Spatial Scale 4.3 Eye-catching Spaces 4.4 The Basic principles of High Street Design 4.5 The Power of Brands: Confidence and Self-identity 4.6 Prada with its heritages

48 51 54 59 60 63

5. CONCLUSION

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6. APPENDIX

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7. FIGURE CREDITS

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8. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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IV

Fig: The birdview of Superblock Barcelona

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ABSTRACT Experienced the world changes, high streets were impacted by new techniques and pandemics.

How to save the high street? How to activate the lonesome streets? The dissertation will discuss this issue. According to the literature review, heritage has the potential to be the key element in commercial districts. The author will use some examples from all over the world to illustrate the importance of heritage. On the other hand, how to maintain the authenticity of heritages will be discussed in the dissertation.

New buildings are built every moment. Old buildings also are abandoned every moment. The dissertation will talk about how to rescue the commerical districts and heritages.

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INTRODUCTION

1.Some Issues of Conservation and High Street With the bloated construction sector, the governments are addicted to the growth of the national GDP. With old buildings being destroyed and new ones become erected, untold amounts of money are flowing into the account of real estate tycoons, neglecting that non-renewable materials such as concrete and sand were being pumped out rapidly. The importance of old buildings also was overlooked.

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New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate Built heritage is significant, especially the specific ones that are references for authenticity and truth. (Darlington, J. 2020) What happens when the past - or more specifically heritage - is fabricated? Authenticity and truth are lost.The thread of history is broken and the lessons it can teach us become meaningless, or worse, twisted to tell a different story - a lie. It is crucial to be able to discern the difference, especially now, when the increase in our ability to communicate is counterbalanced by the equally exponential growth in the likelihood of being deceived.

At the same time, due to the rapid development of cities, especially in developing counties, old buildings were deemed as rubbish that occupied precious urban land. The inhabitants living in the city center were systematically moved out to planned residental districts. Then the traditional residences had been destroyed. Usually, the shopping mall and other commercial spaces will use this vacant site. What’s more, city gardens, squares and other public places also may be established in these spaces.

New challenges should be considered whatever commercial districts occupying old urban areas operate appropriately? Unfortunately, public space and customer space are confronted with a severe challenge.

New technologies changed the business pattern of high streets. Many

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years ago, Richard Rees and other urban designers discovered the new business strategy - the brand new authentic retail experience was profoundly affecting the architecture forms at an alarming rate.

New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate The rise of the Global Brand is one of the most significant cultural phenomena related to retail success...

The further implication is that the shopper does not read a street as a series of shops or buildings so much as head for a brand destination and experience other brands on the way.The power and reach of brands are such that the street has difficulty in distracting the shopper from this shopping pattern. (Moor, M. and Rowland, J. 2006) In 2015, when the book was published, Rees optimistically considered that e-tailing would not replace the high street because the shopping experience still is very different. When customers are sauntering in high streets or pedestrian streets, they may have the opportunities to enjoy a social experience, not only the shopping experience. For e-tailing, it is tough to compete with traditional high streets in this aspect.

Fig1.1 Notre Dame de Paris in the fire

Rees points out that a successful high street, especially that staying successful, usually has unique advantages, staying flexible and keeping vibrant. It also should give customers extra social and physical experiences.

When some dramatic events happen, new issues will be mentioned, and new challenges will emerge. For example, due to the fire of Notre-Dame De Paris (April 2019), people recalled the destroyed Bamiyan Buddhas (in March 2001). With the project of rebuilding Notre-Dame De Paris, the controversy about the authenticity of heritage has been widely debated.

In addition, the global pandemic accelerated the depression of high

Fig1.2 The destroyed Bamiyan Buddhas (in March 2001)

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New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate street. This dissertation will show some viewpoints to talk about the heritages renovation projects.

2.Heritage

Fig1.3 The lonesome street in Wuhan during pandemic

The dissertation will give a brief introduction to the development of conserving heritage, with discussing the controversy of authenticity and art. In this part, risks and lessons facing history will be mentioned.

Due to the limit of the author, Chinese examples and some oriental elements may show many times. Additionally, the reasons for opposing fake heritages will be given. The standpoint of why heritages are ideal buildings to renovate to commercial districts will be present.

3.Challenge and Customer space The dissertation will state some challenges and opportunities met by customer spaces. The impact of COVID-19 on the high street is apparent, which motivates the encroachment of e-retailing to entity shops. In this chapter, some reports and many experts’ opinions will be present to illustrate the current situation of customers spaces, which may demonstrate an unexpected current situation of application. Then some crucial elements that create the unique strengths, maintain flexibility and keep the vibrancy of the high street will be discussed.

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New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate For creating unique strengths, heritage could play a significant role in customer spaces. Heritage as a kind of characteristic element, to some extent, is hard to replace by other factors. Some buildings like that in the list of ‘Monuments Historiques Inserite’ have the potential to be reused. It not only reduces the waste of non-renewable resources but also preserves precious heritage.

4.Brands The dissertation will discuss the power of brands. Many brands become super symbols that illustrate generalized pursuits of customers like lifestyle, health, wealth and status, with the commercialization process (Moor, M. and Rowland, J. 2006). Some examples present how super brands use their power to create a unique and magnetic high street with heritage.

5.New Technologies Technology brings progress but also risks and problems. Technology helps architects and archaeologists to rebuild the part of the (Darlington, J. 2020). The replica exhibits surfaces, decorative reliefs, pediments of the original, wind-blown erosion, the nicks, the pocks, even the patina experiencing 2000 years. The technologies also will be used by fakers, which will result in a more expensive cost in identification.

Fig1.4 Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II

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On the other hand, the Internet has made it convenient for inhabitants to shop. They are used to shopping on the Internet and reduce the frequency of going to the high streets. They do not consume in the shopping mall and only try the goods to ensure the goods fit. The high street, pedestrian street and stores, especially cafe shops, act as social spaces instead of commercial spaces.

Overall, the dissertation has two core content. The first one is the impact of fake heritages, like John Darlingtons’ warning: Welcome to the world of mock ruins, sham castles and false Adams...Welcome to the Palaeo-ironic Era (Moor, M. and Rowland, J. 2006). Another one is reminding urban designers to review the connotation of ‘High street’. Mood and Rowland believe that High means ‘Great in amount, size, value or intensity; Great in rank or status, culturally superior’, and street means ‘A public road in the heart of a city, town or village’. In the end, the dissertation will try to create a subtle link between heritages and commercial spaces via renovating the old buildings to arouse public interest in the high street.

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Fig1.5 The Replica of The Arch of Palmyra

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CONSERVATION AND RENOVATION

1.Heritage Conservation Laws Why did we want to conserve heritages and reusing old buildings?

Because ‘the past is important.’ (Darlington, J. 2020) Confucius, the Chinese philosopher, believes that ‘Study the past if you would define the future.’ Because of the importance, history must be viewed critically.

When history is counterfeit, losing its authenticity and truth, experience and lessons studied by it are meaningless, even worse. On the other hand, for modern architectures, reinforced concrete as a non-renewable material is the primary material used in those architecture activities.

When the buildings are destroyed, new problems should be considered in dealing with the construction wastes.

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New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate After 1931, laws on the conserving heritage based on the Athens Charter have been issued in various countries. Most governments agree on the rational use and protection of existing heritages, although each national law shows different priorities for the preservation and use of monuments.

China In 1982, the Chinese government published the list of the first historical cities and relative laws. From the first law to now, China still improves law, which helps China protect historical buildings in cities and towns. In 2008, the Regulations on protecting historical famous towns and villages were published. Those regulations guide local governments to make policies that can suit different conditions.

Those regulations led to controversies that almost all city government’ officials showed great enthusiasm to exploit and reconstruct historical districts. Because developing historical shantytowns, to some extent, could improve the livelihood of inhabitants who live in shantytowns, develop local service industries, promote urban transformation, and protect historical heritages. In the first few years, the projects of historical district reconstruction were like a competition between cities blindly following headlong actions.

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It cannot be denied that some projects have been remarkably successful, like Pingyao ancient city (refer Appendix). This characteristic town creates unique cultural competitiveness, which

New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate improves local tourism industries and creates comprehensive urbanism.

(Wang,Y. 2014) Since Pingyao ancient city was awarded as world cultural heritage, the city economy sustainable grown between 20 years. In 2019, the Pingyao scenic spot received 17.65 million tourists, earning 20.9 RMB billion annual tourism income. ( 平遥县 2019 年国民经济和社会发

Fig2.1 The data of traffic and tourist industry of Pingyao ancient city.

展统计公报 , 2019)

But more renovation projects failed. In China, some local governments do not have enough budget to finish the heritage renovation project.

Those projects likely transfer to private companies for increasing fiscal revenue. As an enterprise, pursuing profit is the instinct. So shoddy fake heritages were built in many cities. For example, Datong city launched the ancient city reconstruction plan in 2008. The government demolished almost all heritages except for temples and drum towers.

City walls, courtyards and landmark buildings were rebuilt at the same time. An ancient palace was rebuilt and did not maintain any heritage.

Liaocheng city is similar to Datong city. Ancient buildings were razed. The government built archaistic walls, courtyards, offices and examination institutes.(Li, Deng and Ye, 2013) Japan After the second world war, Japan legislated the Ancient Capital Protection Act (1966), which plays a critical role in protecting historic buildings and landscapes. The Japanese government strictly controls the overdevelopment of historical districts, preserving historic buildings and relics. In Japan, cultural heritages were called cultural properties, which

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New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate illustrates that the Japanese government attaches great importance to protecting the cultural connotation and inheriting ethnic culture.

Europe In 19 century, Paris urban renovation project led by Haussmann damaged the city’s ancient fabric, streets structure even landscape aesthetics,. He invented a ‘percée’ system that via separating heritage with its surroundings, and creating a visual relation between each heritages to represent the value of them.(Castex, J. et cl. 1997) Therefore, France instituted the first Commission Des Monuments Historiques containing ancient remains, medieval religious, and palace buildings. During this period, the concept of urban continuity has not yet been formed.

John Ruskin believed that city fabric means a city’s existence and makes a city into a heritage object which should be protected unconditionally. (Choay, F. 2001) But Gustavo Giovannoni, an Italian architect and engineer, invents the term ‘urban heritage’ that draws people’s attention to ‘minor architecture,’ urban heritage conservation was opened a new area. (Rodwell, D. 2007) For legislation, Monuments and Historic Buildings Act that was published the by Netherlands in 1961 is the earliest one. Next year, Franch

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published the French Loi Malraux. Five years later, the UK and Italian published their relative laws that is Civic Amenities Act and Urban Planning Act, respectively.

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The French Loi Malraux is a critical law representing that French urban heritage protection which has changed from protecting historical monuments to protecting the memory of ordinary citizens’ daily living space. In the following chapters, this law will be described in detail.

In 1975, the European Charter of the Architectural Heritage, also named the Declaration of Amsterdam was published, initially defining the term of ‘architectural heritage’. Then the Convention for the Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe (The Granada Convention) was legislated by the European Council in March, 1985. In this issue, monuments, groups of buildings and sites were included in the term of ‘architectural heritage’. Some concept of the Granada Convention has been inherited by the Charter on the Built Vernacular Heritage that was published by ICOMOS in 1999.

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2.Development Trend Analysis of Conserving Heritages Athens Charter In the early 18th, the term ‘restoration’ was the mainstream of the new Conservation Movement. The impact of this term performs for to authenticity as any factory or steam railway did for the industrial revolution. In 1840, the world's first government agency dedicated to preserving historic buildings was set up in France. Then Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc first proposed that before restoring, the definite time and characters of each part of the building should be scientifically defined to make a restoration plan. In 1844, he proposed the principle of Restauration Stylistique. He believes that compared with preserving a construction, rebuilding it, repairing it, or restoring it is to re-instate the integrity of a condition that may never have existed in history. The consequence may be not an authentic old substance but an abstract ideal historical reality to satisfy the national demand. (Glendinning, M. 2013) Notably, Restauration Stlistique is a restoration that fully emphasizes stylistic unity and artistic aesthetics. So a few scholars consider that, in the restoration process, the building returns to the same historical style neatly and uniformly, which to some extent eliminates the diversity and historical traces of the building itself. (Wang,Y. 2014) In Franch,Viollet-Ie-Duc, a remarkable architect, systematically 17

New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate developed the philosophy of restoration in 19 century. His work Dictionary defined present architectural aesthetics and the unified authenticity. In his career, many distinguished cathedrals were repaired

by Viollet, like Notre-Dame. He believes that architects could have more ‘pictorial freedom’ when they are restoring secular constructions. His idea has illustrated in the restoring project of Carcassonne.

Fig2.2 External view of the Carcassonne.

Carcassonne was an ancient complex that was consisted of the 13-14 century with two rings of fortifications, like Marienburg. The military function of the complex was abandoned in 1804 and filled with messy manual workshops. In 1853,Viollet was beginning to restore the Porte Narbonnaise. After he died, Boeswillwald tore down the infill houses and exhaustively rebuilt the ravaged ruin to an idealized medieval citadel that regards 13th-century architecture with fairytale pointed roofs. The project is not so much restoration as a grand operation of ‘isolement or degagement.’ (Glendinning, M. 2013) The project does not rebuild one construction but an entire old town.

Viollet-Ie-Duc’s concepts were recognized by Napoleon III who commissioned Viollet to take charge of a series of set-piece projects such as Pierrefonds’ castle. His works and architectural philosophy impacted many architects to follow in his footsteps. For example, his student, Eugene Millet, was commissioned by Napoleon III to restore St Germain en Laye to a museum of Celtic and Gallo-Roman antiquities.

This work has the same architectural philosophy as Viollet-Ie-Duc’s works.

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Fig2.3 External view of a museum of Celtic and Gallo-Roman antiquities

At the end of the 19th century, the Anti-Scrape movement, a new ethically charged formula of conservation, emerged in the private heritage culture of England. In this movement, discussing authenticity is meaningless because it depended on a sharp contrast between old and new, rather than specific qualities. The critic John Ruskin illustrates the architectural rhetoric of good versus evil, showing his rabid hatred of ‘restoration’. He believes that authenticity or truth rested in the material instead of the form. For the Ruskin movement, any restoration destroyed history and authenticity. He disagreed with the restoration theory of historical heritages that preserves all the historical information and traces of ancient buildings. He rejected any restoration activities for saving the life of historical heritages, only approved daily maintenance. (Glendinning, M. 2013) Because the use of heritages is decided by owners, many heritages have been restored as much as possible. For example, the House built in the 1800s was one great ducal palace of England. Experiencing financial depression, the second duke sold the contents of the house because of his extravagant lifestyle. The palace became a private school that maintains the State Dining Room as the school dining room. The decorations, a part of furniture and sculptures came back.

But for the statues of Roman gods, not one is original. (Darlington, J. 2020) ‘Clearly, these are not fakes...’ Darlington believes that it should be an excellent example response British neoclassical architecture.

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Then Camillo Boito, Italy’s most significant theorist, cautiously changed the theories of the Ruskinian and Anti-Scrape to adapt to Italian

New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate conditions, objecting to an uncritical adoption of either. He believes that the principle of ‘critical restoration’ (restaurocritico) (Glendinning, M. 2013) that recognizes the values and prejudices of contemporary society must be the basis of any interaction was the basis of conservation work.

The value of this philosophy was integrating historical heritage into the architectural and social reality of daily life and creating a hierarchic intervention to accommodate complicated conservation work. He endorsed the opinion of Ruskin and argued that buildings were reified literature of human achievement that could be read via a critical philological approach that distinguishes different layers of intervention.

But an old method was abandoned, which was highlighting monuments via clearing vast spaces around them. His theory was called Restauro Filologico and written into the Carta italiano del restauro. This book indicated a principle that a distinctive restoration style was essential

Fig2.4 External view of a private school came from the House.

when restoring the heritages. (Glendinning, M. 2013) Camillo Boito suggested respecting any changes and additions of buildings throughout history and emphasizing the authenticity of the existence of historical architectural forms. He argued that the principle of intervention proposed respecting the historical traces of the building and protecting the environment around the historical heritages instead of changing the realistic situation. His theory, Restauro Filologico, to a certain extent, was the theoretical and logical basis for the theory of historical heritage conservation. The concept of ‘age-value’ and series of heritage values systems proposed by Camillo Boito was agreed upon by peers.

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Fig2.5 The modle of the Ville Radieuse

Gustavo Giovannoni, a planner and academic, developed the theory of Boito. He advocated scientific and study-based conservation of historic areas to protect not only grand but also humble buildings. He also advocated preserving all the historical information incorporated itself, including its surroundings, all modifications, and additions. He considered that the restoration of historic buildings should reflect the urban context between the city and objects. Based on the theories of Boito and Giovannoni, Italian scholars established a scientific and relatively perfect theoretical system of urban conservation. The system has objective evaluation criteria, scientific safeguard procedures and flexible classified regulation, so it becomes an example in the protection and restoration of heritage in Europe. The principle of authenticity also becomes the core principle of conservating heritages.

The Athens Charter was published in 1932 by CIAM. It was developed from Giovannoni’s paper Carta Italiana del restauro (1932, updating an 1883 original) and Paul Leo’s lecture.(Glendinning, M. 2013) The charter discussed the theme of restoration and authenticity and responded to an institutionalized Ruskinian standpoint that was aspected, echoing the Italian formula that ‘repair-only.’ The charter proposes respecting all periods’ architectural styles and suggests using modern technology and construction. It also points out that although restoration seeming is inevitable, the characteristic of any given period must be reserved to respect the historic and artistic work. The Charter of Athens emphasizes the term ‘authenticity’ that conserves all information of any given period.

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New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate The Hierarchy System of French Heritages French colleagues classified the historical heritages into different classes.

The core of this system is automatic state subsidy that monuments were able to have 50% allowance and 50–100% tax exemptions(Catoni, M. L. 2007). France’s ‘intensive’ designation system stimulated many counties congeneric systems, such as Danish, Norwegian and Swedish governments. For example, the Danish Ministry of Education in 1918 formulated ‘a highly selective listing programme’. This country published a Building Preservation Act, in 1996. In addition, France’s financial support system also stimulated Italy. The Ministry of Education Fine Arts Department published in 1978 stipulated ‘all entitled to substantial grant support.’

(Dale, A. and Stipe, R. E. 1986, M F Sorlin, 1968 and Catoni M L. 2007) In1960’s, Lawrence Halprin proposed the theory of building re-use that results in extensive discussion. With the many practices, this theory rapidly developed. Then many countries published relevant essays, which encouraged scholars to argue the technical and finical issues of building re-use.

Inspiration from the original - Japanese efforts ( Nara ancient city and Nara Document)

Nara, the Japanese historical capital, was honored with Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara by the UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1998. There are eight precious heritages, which are five Buddhist temples, one Shinto shrine, one Palace and one primeval forest.

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New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate Especially the five Buddhist temples all were built in the early 8th century. For conserving the heritages, the Japanese enacted many acts.

The Ancient Capital Protection Act ( 古都における歴史的風土の保存 に関する特別措置法 ) that published in 1966 is the most famous one. Then Asuka Act ( 明日香村における歴史的風土の保存及び生 活環境の整備等に関する特別措置法 ) that designed to rectify the

Fig2.6 The cover of the Ancient Capital Protection Act

city's infrastructure, was promulgated in 1980. In 2008, the Heritage City Construction Act ( 地域における歴史的風致の維持及び向上に 関する法律 ) was published. As of 2014, there are more than 40 cities were certified as heritage cities. Nara, as an excellent ancient city with original heritages, attracted many scholars to research and study.

In the research of Nara, (Boccardi, G. 2019) scholars believe that a wide gap existed in the approach of conserving cultural heritage in European and non-European. (UNESCO, 2017). Giovanni Boccardi (2019) points that the ‘continuity’ of culture and the ‘pristine natural places’ associated with beliefs and rituals were ignored by Eurocentric cultural heritage conservation.

Boccardi considers that the ‘authenticity’ of heritage property is difficult to define and vague to determine. It depends on complex subjective judgment instead of a simple definition. In this field, the construction and materials could be regarded as many independent objects which illustrate respective information to define the

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Fig2.7 The cover of Asuka Act

authenticity of cultural heritage. For determining the authenticity of heritages, the statement of the building component should be legible and accurate. The western history of heritage conservation

New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate showed this problem. For example, Carcassonne where was thoroughly reconstructed by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc lacks authenticity and frequently misleads visitors as an excellent medieval town with perfect preservation (Boccardi, G. 2019).

Chinese exploration - Still developing with exploration William J.Murtagh, an American expert in the conservation movement, comments that the conservation movement has received more attention than ever before because it is becoming more sensitive in his work Keeping Time: the History and Theory of Preservation in America (Murtagh, W. J. 2005). But he criticized that the essential concept of heritage conservation is still widely misunderstood.

Fig2.8 The cover of the BUILT HERITAGE

Similarly, in China, the scene reappears. Heritage conservation seems to have attracted unprecedented attention, which also did not receive widespread recognition of the concept and protection methods. In April 2017, China’s first English language academic journal in the field of built heritage. Establishing means that the Chinese academic circles clearly illustrated the term of ‘built heritage’. It reflected the emphasis of the academic on heritage conservation.

There are some practices did by architects. For example, MAD, China’s cutting-edge architectural design office, completed an arts center located in Zhuhai, a city in Guangdong province.Yansong Ma, the originator of MAD, tried a new method to conserve and renew a traditional village.

He believes that:

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Architecture is closely linked to human behavior; it carries emotions and memories.Without ‘people’, there can be no continuation of culture and civilization. Architecture should not convey cultural values that lack human feelings or respect for history. Massive demolition and construction risks erasing historical traces, replacing them with vast squares, and buildings without roots or soul.We should focus our attention back on history, and the extension of our existing cultures.

We must avoid the cultural fault lines, so that people, nature, the past, and the future can coexist in a harmonious world. (Stouhi, D. 2021) The project respected local buildings, lifestyles, and inhabitants. To reflect the strong sense of emotion and memory, architects use an especial dome to maintain the original village instead of rebuilding the run-down buildings. The project refurbishment of the old buildings to react to the public space, which also weakened the sense of history lost much additional information. But, for some historic buildings, creating new functions is an effective means to react to the ruins.

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Fig2.9 The rendering of arts center located in Zhuhai

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3.The Ship of Theseus This is an interesting philosophical story that may give scholars some inspiration. Plutarch (2008) recorded that: The ship wherein Theseus and the youth of Athens returned from Crete had thirty oars, and was preserved by the Athenians down even to the time of Demetrius Phalereus, for they took away the old planks as they decayed, putting in new and stronger timber in their places, insomuch that this ship became a standing example among the philosophers, for the logical question of things that grow; one side holding that the ship remained the same, and the other contending that it was not the same.

For example, Lance Hosey (2018) raised the question that the core thought is the same as the ship of Theseus. Barcelona Pavilion is a modern building that was built in 1929 and dismantled in 1930. The government rebuilt the building with strict structure and details on the original site in 1986. Hosey asked that ‘ is it the same building?’

Juan Pablo Bonta (1979) responded this issue that if the building cannot be identified as the original ones because some physical structure have been replaced. ‘we should stop restoring architectural masterpieces-a patently absurd conclusion.’

Lost authenticity is hard to recover. If the building lost the original components, the new one merely might present that modern techniques

Fig2.10 Opposite page: Barcelona Pavilion, 1929 and 1986.Viewed from the northeast. The German tricolor flag flew over the 1929 pavilion; the flag of Barcelona flies over the current structure.

Fig2.11 Opposite page, North courtyard with George Kolbe sculpture, Alba (“Dawn”). The original cast was plaster; the current cast is bronze.

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New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate can duplicate the same units, to a certain extent, original components having additional information lost. If contemporary artisans can restore the copy components with traditional materials and techniques inherited from ‘Master Craftsmen’, cultural traditions and heritage values, to a certain extent, can convey. (Glendinning, M. 2013) Conclusion, although the two Barcelona pavilions have same physical artifacts, they illustrates different history. The American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works points out that the essential target of conserving heritages is ‘to prolong the existence of cultural property.’ It should be emphasized that reconstruction may not certainly delegitimize and damage the authenticity of heritages, if the form, material, and meaning could be kept a clear link.

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4.The Intimate Relationship between Heritage, Intangible Heritage and Authenticity

Interactive Links between form, matter, origin and purpose Many pieces of literature on heritage emphasize that heritages are animate, vibrant, numinous, and performative.(Byrne, D 2014, 3; Karlström 2005, and Gao, Q,2016) ‘Form, matter, origin and purpose’ are four fundamental ‘causes’ that decide the identity of any object.

(Aristotle and Ackrill, J. L. 1987) Why do so many experts and scholars devote themselves to conserve heritages? It is not merely to maintain substantial existence but also to save the built environment and cultural heritage.

Fig2.12 The image of Buddhist heritage in Baodingshan, Chongqing.

Each heritage has a unique value for aesthetics and history. For example, the Barcelona Pavilion built in 1929 illustrated the German society at that time. Then that one rebuilt in 1986 exhibited Spain’s history, ‘A museum of itself ’, which was an introduction from Martin Filler (2016).

Another example from China illustrates the special intimate relationship between the four ‘causes’. Dazu rock carvings (refer Appendix) are Buddhist heritages in Chongqing. (Chen, 2009) From July 2008, Chinese experts decided to rescue the site. One issue put to experts is that the sculpture has repaired with other material in the Guangxu period. The repairing material masked the original that, 28

New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate Location Shanghai Chengdu Nanjin Kunming Beijing Ningbo Guangzhou Wuhan Qingdao Wuzhen Nanjing Changzhou

Project Xintiandi Historic District Kuanzhai Xiangzi Historic District Minguo Period Street Civilization Historical District Houhai Historical and Tourism Street Lao Waitan Historical District Shamian Historical District Yongqing Historical District Zhongshan Road Historical District Xishan Historical District Lao Dongmen Historical and Cultural Street Qing'guo Historical and Cultural Street

Fig2.13 The table shows part of China heritage renovation project.

exhibiting different stone engraving styles. The experts repaired Buddha sculpture with 3D printing technology and rebuilt the cladding material with traditional gold-plated skill restored Song Dynasty technique. The project was received by scholars and residents. The inhabitants believe that the Buddha sculpture should be dignified and untarnished. Repaired Buddist shrine still kept the original form and purpose and illustrated the link between heritage and its environment.

The same example shows in Darlington’s book (2020), the Great Pagoda in Suzhou illustrates Chinese unique comprehend for heritages, especially religious buildings, that ‘eternity inhabits their builder not the building. The Great Pagoda was restored at least 7 times, which is difficult to count it for an authentic antiquity. Suzhou residents deemed it to be the ‘glory’ of Suzhou.

On the other hand, when four fundamental ‘causes’ were arbitrarily changed, the authenticity will die out. There are some reports taht criticized this phenomenon, Chinese commercial development after the ‘Reform and opening up’, emerged unthinkable damage for heritages. ‘Constructive destruction’ (Wang,Y. 2014) means that to develop the city, extensive heritage and historical sites were demolished. The majority of 109 historic cities were experienced ‘constructive destruction’. Those heritage sites was disappeared, which does not have any means to discuss the authenticity.

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Chinese other disastrous projects are rebuilding fake heritages. From the 1980s, the Beijing Liuli area decided to ‘demolish the heritage

New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate sites and rebuild fake heritages’ (Wang,Y. 2014), many similar projects emerged all over China. There are a few projects that real maintain and repair the damaged heritages, with adequate research, original planning and traditional crafts. But the major fake heritage sites only built fake heritages without research and tradition due to driving to economic advantage. Customers who visit the fake heritages do not know it, but nobody cares about it. They are only there for shopping.

Nara, as an ancient in Japan, is a representative positive case. The Japanese government prohibits commercial development in heritage cities. This case indicates one method that protects the historical landscapes. It could learn how to balance protecting historical buildings and relics, and the commercial development and renovation, via Japanese heritage cities. In Nara, the tourists aer attracted by the allure of architecture that the Tang dynasty’s architectural style.( 奈良六大寺大 観刊行会編 and 奈良六大寺大観刊行会 , 1968) In Nara, residents kept traditional conventions, living in Japanese architecture. During the festive time, the Japanese are dressed in conventional costumes, enjoying temper celebration. These traditional activities attract tourists from all over the world. Although the tourists only focus on heritage, the temples and traditional buildings are significant reasons attracting them. Heritage, its environment and the unique lifestyle affected by heritage make other potential links

Location Beijing

Issues Except a few Buildings in the Conserving list, the mojority of

Dazhalan HS Beijing

Beijing quadrangles were demolished Only 22 of 181 beijing quadrangles were retained and only

Nanchizi Beijing

maintained 6000 m2 of 30000 m2 Heritages In 2002, less than 50 million m2 beijing quadrangles were

Old District Fuzhou

conserved with only 1600 Hotongs.

Three heritage sites were lost in ‘rebuilding project’. Guangyu

SanfangQIxiang Xuzhou

Fang and Jibi Xiang were reconstracted by road.

Only a few well-preserved buildings were retained, others all

Hubu Mountain Qunming

were demolished.

Amost all historical style were demolished.

Qingyun Street Anyang

A road acrossed the Ancient City. The city pattern were

Yinshang City Taigu

demolised.

The large area were demolished and rebuilt by fake old

Ancient City

buildings. Precious folk garden and traditional landscape were

Huangshan

demolished.

All ancient city were demolished and built the tourists service

Tangkou Street center Shenyang In the end of last centure, the old city center were demolished Old City Yangzhou

and cannot feel any historical style.

The original Ming & Qing Ancient city area (5.09 km2) only

Ancient City

retained 1.76 km2 with choatic city culture.

Fig2.14 The table shows some issues happened in the process of renovation project.

illustrating the authenticity.

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New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate Potential Links between Heritage, Spirit and Authenticity Fig 2.15 The Sifang street in Dayan ancient city, (photographed 1923 by Joseph Charles Francis Rock)

Fig 2.16 The Dashi bridge at the northeast corner of Sifang Street. (photographed 1980s)

Fig 2.17 The overview of Dayan ancient city (photographed 2002)

Fig 2.18 The wellmaintained tradational yard of ancient city (photographed 2014)

Fig 2.19 The image from Lijiang tourism ads (photographed 2020) 31

Dayan ancient city locating Lijiang, is the symbol of the heritage site in Yunnan Province (refer Appendix). The ancient city admirably preserved the original city pattern and physical spaces since it was honored with the historical and the cultural cities in 1987. When the Chinese experienced a period that the government was wild about destroying old buildings and rebuilding new ones, Lijiang conserved the ancient city and built a new city area. In 1997, Dayan city was listed in UNESCO World Heritage Site, which encourages itself to research a new schema suiting local culture and background. (Wang, Y. 2014) Dayan city maintained the original architectural style as an excellent condition. Due to overcommercialized tourism, the Dayan ancient city pattern and culture were confronted with some threats.

According to Wang’s literature research (2014), from 1990 to 2000, a commercial district was formed for tourists. Some shops along the ancient street have extensively transformed into retail stores, restaurants, and tearooms. At the end of the 1990s, the commercial facilities only occupied 8.38% ancient city area and 13.98% construction land. In 2008, 1350 stores were placed in 5970 meters street, which meant that all the stores were located along streets. In addition, the majority of proprietors of stores were outsiders that occupied more than 70%. But, when Wang researched Dayan city in 2014, the rate of stores opening to tourists increased to 84.5%, only 4.2% of stores served to local inhabitants. It is an important reason leading to the emigration of the aboriginal residents.

New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate It is not a single example that happened in China. Xintiandi-for Tour&Shopping, Beijing Houhai, and many heritage sites were developed by real estate developers via the ‘conservation and protection’ method.

This method conducts of emigrating of all aboriginal residents and ‘repairing old as before’ about the buildings. (Wang, 2014) Then the heritages, its environment and other physical objects are kept in the former address, but the ‘core’, as origin and purpose, of the heritage sites were disappeared.

The residents, companies even the government know these phenomena happened in the renovation projects but no thing can do. There are three main reasons frequently witnessed in different heritage sites.

1) With the lifestyle change, the traditional buildings and interior spaces were outdated, which is tough to use, transform and upgrade. On the other hand, aboriginal residents may not have the adequate budget and technologies to renewal their houses.

After 2003, the government asked residents to repair their living buildings in an official document, which increased the life expenditure of residents. The origin of traditional buildings has been disappeared.

Fig2.20 Opposite page: Guangyue tower, in Liaocheng City in1957 and 2018.Viewed from the East street. The arch bridge is the part of ancient city wall. The street was extended and the stores were demolished.

2) Insufficient budget is not only an issue for residents but local government. Developing heritage sites needs to appropriate a mount of fiscal revenue of the local government, so the government wants to explore the heritage with real estate companies. Then the buildings are transformed into stores along

32

New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate the streets. The purpose of the building has been changed.

3)Experiencing the total transformation, the traditional things, including lifestyle, local arts, artwork and cultural events, are disappeared. Residences are transformed into stores like snack bars, handicraft stores, even gastro pubs. Except for buildings that are ‘fake old,’ everything does not have differences. People cannot feel any original ‘causes’ from the new heritage sites.

Fig2.21 The crowed Taikoo Li spuare where is the bigest shopping mall in Chengdu

‘... authenticity is not simply a case of physical likeness, but of people’s perception.’ (Darlington, J. 2020) Tourists, not to mention experts, do not think that this kind of Chinese transformed heritage site has any spirit inheritance with conventional that. One other scholar also shows a similar view that there must be some difference between the sense of space and the spirit of place. (Kopec, D, and Bliss, A. 2020). In 1992, Brown and Perkins illustrate these issues with another aspect.

They point out that it has a high probability to result in heritage sites’ disappeared if inhabitants remove out from a place of residence, particularly in minority areas. It means that the original heritage sites and buildings lose their origin and purpose.

In addition, as Darlington (2020) points that due to the new technologies, the fakers have the ability to copy heritages just like the experts rebuilt Triumphal Arch. The new technologies are cheaper, more sophisticated and more detailed, which means only experts could distinguish the fake ones.

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New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate There is an interesting question that do customers really focus on the heritage buildings and the authenticity of heritage sites? To some extent, they only want to have one destination which is different from their usual environment.

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03

NEW CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

1.Unexpected Shock - COVID19 Major global events such as plague, economic depression and war have affected people’s social changes and daily life. For example, after the September 11 incident, people aware that the response of physical space to terrorism heavily influenced people’s behavior.

The city lockdown caused by COVID-19 forced children and all those who could work from home to stay at home and not go out. It has had a significant negative impact on urban mobility, especially in commercial districts and pedestrian malls.

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New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate

Fig 3.1 The lonesome Changjiang Street. Changjiang street usually is busy street, but in pandemic, there is no tourists and vehicle.

According to some research in the Nordic cities, the total population of visitors who walk to the pedestrian streets in Horsens AC sharply dropped approximately 96%, with a marked reduction of the amount of pedestrians on every main road (60%) . It is surprising that compared with before the epidemic period, people prefer to do more outdoor activities. The public space in Svendborg, especially waterfront spaces, attracted many residents. The percentage of residents who exercise or play in the harbour from almost zero in 2008 to 17% in 2020. As a result, in the epidemic period, the number of outdoor activities and population keep stabilization, but the content of outdoor activities had dramatic changes compared with before epidemic. The original public space became more popular than before, especially on weekends. The data presented popular public spaces like Superkinen, Enghave Plads had more usage rates. (Public Space, Public Life & COVID 19, 2020) On the other hand, in successful public places, keeping a safe distance is difficult. When people focus on one event, they could quickly forget the caution of safet distance, retaining to the ordinary condition before the epidemic. For example, when people shopping, neglecting social distance is unconscious behavior. Due to unendurable lockdown, inhabitants have never been more hungry for public activities, outdoor activities, and interaction with the environment. Although experiencing an epidemic, spaces that carry a great experience and excellent

Fig 3.2 The exercise person in Gammel Torv, 2020 (Public Space, Public Life & COVID 19, 2020) 37

weather environment still are the most popular. So new purposes created for users, pedestrians became roller skating streets, municipal squares became concert halls, and the park became the cycling tracks

New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate and training rooms.(Public Space, Public Life & COVID 19, 2020) The city center witnessed a positive change in users. Compared with before the epidemic, more children and old inhabitants went to public space, enjoying the weekend. The uses of public spaces became multiple.(Public Space, Public Life & COVID 19, 2020) On the other side of the world, scholars researched the service condition of public spaces in America. More than a third of interviewees expressed that they decided to stay at home because of the crowded sidewalk that results in an impossible social distance.

Some issues were reported by interviewees who answered ‘Yes’ to a series of follow-up questions based on their experiences. (O’Connor, 2021) The majority of interviewees use public spaces, especially neighborhood streets and pedestrian streets. Then essential errands like stores and garbage are the main spaces used by inhabitants.

Community parks and yards also are significant public spaces.

According to American research, the experience of crowding in neighborhood public spaces was extra high in denser, more urban geographies. Due to the limited travel and public transit that only is allowed to take people to large open areas, this indicates the significance of developing regional public space networks. (O’Connor, 2021) Meanwhile, respondents, especially those most vulnerable to

Fig 3.3 The pie chart shows the proportion of people who used public space during the pandemic (made

by O’Connor, 2021)

Fig 3.4 The bar chart shows the popular public space and users feeling about the spaces. (made by O’Connor, 2021) 38

New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate COVID-19, need to go outside for activities that benefit their physical and mental health. The most common reasons people use public spaces are exercise and relaxation - both key activities for maintaining physical and psychic health. The data illustrates the vital role of safely designed and managed public spaces, particularly for the most vulnerable who need to access them more than ever.

Fig 3.5 The people waiting for testing and staff with strict protection.

Fig 3.6 The community in a strict lockdown policy 39

In Wuhan, the eye of the storm, although life has returned to normal, the trauma of the outbreak will not be forgotten. In the severest period, all activities in the city halted, public transport was limited to doctors commuting. The infected persons were sent to hospitals by polices and volunteers who were experiencing critical risks. In China, maybe because the memory that SARS killed many people in 2003, still kept in citizens’ minds, they positively responded to the government policies - staying at home, obtaining daily necessities via volunteers.

For some particular visitors like returnees and close contacts, they must be isolated in hotels. As a kind of public space, the hotel and its service staff are adapted to new rules, protecting themselves. It is a hypothesis that installing distinctive pressure isolation rooms in hotels. These special inpatient wards usually are only built in infectious hospitals.

New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate

2.The Shock of Economy For Luxury Stores In 2020, a large number of luxury companies were impacted by the epidemic. Burberry, the British luxury company, has warned investors that first-quarter sales were expected to fall by as much as 50%.

Ferragamo, the Italian luxury company, also recently reported a 30.6 percent year-on-year drop in consolidated sales for the first quarter.

In January 2020, Bain & Company and Altagamma, the Italian luxury industry organization, pointed out that the glory days of the luxury industry was in the past, with the global luxury market, growing by 4% to 281 billion euros in 2019 only. (D'Arpizio and Levato, 2020) Philip Kotler (2005) points out that delivering value is as important as the process of creating it. So, for saving themselves, luxury goods companies have embraced e-commerce channels they had previously scorned. French luxury brand Dior released a new video shot by its brand ambassador, Angelababy, directly using the newly coined term ‘cloud shopping’ on Twitter. Coincidentally, CHANEL and GUCCI also changed its attitude to living broadcasting, using the direct broadcasting room to launch its new productions.

For Brick-and-mortar Stores Brick-and-mortar stores also were impacted by coronavirus-19, experiencing lockdown, closing bars and stores. The global economy is

Fig 3.7 The direct broadcasting room of GUCCI 40

New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate going through a recession, and China is no exception. According to the data from a professional website named Qichacha, more than 3 million business licenses have been revoked, including about 1 million brick-and-mortar stores, which results in heavy pressure for the government. (Liu, F. 2021) The most significant reason that gave rise to the phenomenon is the capital chain rupture of companies. Another reason is the competition from an e-commerce platform, like Meituan and Jingdong Mall.

Looking like the challenge faced in the SARS period, coronavirus-19 is also a ‘dangerous’ opportunity for e-commerce. In 2003, Taobao and Jingdong Mall established the rudiments of their business giants.

People, especially those who are living in closing cities, realized the convenience of online shopping. Nowadays, coronavirus-19 accelerates new business models. It took only two years for the freshman (Alibaba. s fresh delivery supermarket), and other same business methods are acceptable for the customers.

Although coronavirus-19 harmed e-commerce as much as it did the real economy, e-commerce has more resilience because the demand for the necessities will not disappear. If the city locks down, almost all agglomerated consumption will disappear. It is hard to be replaced by online alternatives, but the demand for food and necessities could be satisfied by online shopping. The goods could distribute by Cainiao

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Yizhan (community and campus-oriented logistics service platform), which means that this kind of commercial strategy may attract capital and accelerate the development of the new business model.

New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate

3.Constantly Changing High-tech: E-commerce and Internet

More than ten years ago, some scholars described that online shopping impacted the prosperity of high streets. (Millington, S. and Ntounis, N. 2017 and Mood, M. and Rowland, J. 2006) In this business report, approximately half of customers prefer online shopping because they believe they can enjoy a better service on the online brand’s site than on the high street.

But according to the literature, three-quarters of customers consider that seeing, touching and trying physical products is significant for them before shopping (Hubbard P. 2017). Ress (2006) believes that there is a synergy between bricks and mortar retailers and e-tailing. The balance in the future may be a mixture of both methods, keeping brand awareness in both the high street and on the net. He considers that high streets have to create unique characteristics, staying flexible and keeping vibrant to maintain the prosperity of high streets.

Then, the enterprise of the internet industries certified this conclusion.

Before the epidemic, many leaders from different famous companies discussed how to meet the rapidly growing business needs of e-commerce enterprises in 2018. Binping Yu, the CTO of Meituan online, considers that the essence of e-retail is to upgrade consumers’ consumption by giving a better experience. He agrees with Ress’s view that online shopping and the high street will be a mixture to create a

Fig 3.8 Consumers spent $146.47 billion online in the United States, up 14.5 percent from the same period last year

Fig 3.9 The research of online shopping in France

Fig 3.10 Products with skyrocketing sales of online shopping in America 42

New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate new business model.

The only thing which could attract people away from their digital products is the excellent experience. (Mood, M. and Rowland, J. 2006) Could heritage sites support this unique experience? It really could.

Opportunities

Taikoo Li (refer Appendix) - New-old buildings and Daci temple

Fig 3.11 The neight view of Taikoo Li

Daci Temple building in the Wei-Jin Dynasties was located in the city of Chengdu. It has more than 1600 years of history. Daci temple reached its peak in the Tang Dynasty with magnificent complex and precious murals. Then it was destroyed at the end of the Ming Dynasty and then restored at Qing Dynasty. But the temple downsized and did not repair into walls. Although the restoration and expansion continued with the end of the Qing Dynasty, it failed to reproduce the scale of the Tang Dynasty.

From 2000, the old blocks and buildings were beginning to be demolished, including Monk street, Bitieshi Street, and Majia street.

Because many cities were rebuilding fake heritages all around China in the same period, areas surrounding the Daci temple did not have enough competitiveness and were re-demolished. Modern buildings

43

New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate with Chinese traditional building components were constructed. The city’s administrators are overconfident believing that the strategy of ‘demolishing the heritage sites and rebuilding fake heritages’ are beneficial for conserving heritages (Wang, D. 2019) This temple was restored many times, hardly feeling the signs of time.

The developer claimed that all buildings were rebuilt in the original sites, having the same traditional structure.(Wang, D. 2019) Nowadays, the precious heritage is enclosed by noisy Taikoo Li. Crowded tourists visit here because they admire its fame.

How many proportions of tourists having a big interest in Daci Temple instead of shopping on Taikoo Li? The majority of tourists decide their trip by the reputation of the destination. Heritage, an excellent element for the high street, could be opportunities to compete with the

Fig 3.12Tthe gate of Daci temple, the picture shows an exhibition of Dunhuang frescoes.

e-commerce method, like Daci temple (refer Appendix).

In Chengdu, another example shows the charm of heritages. Monk street and Chongde Li are run-down blocks. This area maintained 60 meters old streets and three courtyards. The architect Hi Wang produced the restoration project of the street. He objects to the traditional schema of destroying down all old buildings and constructing new buildings.

He believes that the method of ‘demolishing the heritage sites and rebuilding fake heritages’ will destroy the character and inheritance of historic cities. (Wang, D. 2019) The new district attracted many tourists. Then stores opened along the

44

New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate streets. The stores serve not only tourists but also focus on residents, conserving local buildings and the environment. Although the buildings restored the timberwork with new timber, the repair traces were honestly shown to visitors, keeping the authenticity of heritage.

Darlington (2020) states that ‘of course, repair and maintenance of heritage must be a part of the story.’

Many buildings for different purposes could be counted as heritage, but the heritage having high value only occupy a small part. The heritages could be distinguished into three different categories. There are residences, temples and palaces, and other heritages. To what extent can the heritage be used for commercial purposes? What kind of heritages have more attraction for tourists?

Fig 3.13 Mao Zedong's Former Residence

Fig 3.14 Rong House conserving by Roberto Baciocchi ( sponsored by Prada) 45

1)Residence can be distinguished to individual house and historical communities. Individual house are usually located in historical areas having high passenger flow volume, which only has limited effect for this area. There is a remote possibility of attracting tourists to visit these sites. But independent houses, especially these far away from the city center, cannot support the expectation of tourists. Almost no one wants to cost several hours on the road, then to visit a shabby house.

On the other hand, historical communities have more potency to be transformed into commercial districts. There are many successful and failed lessons, such as Italian Rivera, German Heidelberg and French Menton. One of the most important things is how to keep the authenticity of heritages. Many examples show that the heritage may

New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate lose its authenticity and integrity if its owners or developers change it.

(Darlington, J. 2020) It also is an issue for other kinds of heritages.

2)Temples and palaces always have great value by themselves, which also are great resources for tourism and commerce. The most precious heritages are conserved with many different strategies. Thanks to hightech, many destroyed heritages could be replicated by 3D technology.

Some heritage located in the city center usually are surrounded by the commercial district. Many reasons result in this phenomenon. The core reason is that commercial enterprise is and still will capture the urban center. Adriaan Geuze noticed that: (2006) These beautiful urban centres were captured by commercial enterprise, stripped of their public qualities ... where the street level no longer welcomed the free spirit but instead gave itself over to the consumer.

3)For others, heritage near the residences has more potential to be transformed than one far away. Time cost may have a strong influence on the choice of customers. That one having suitable size and space has more potential than that oversized or undersized. Architecture on a grand size usually has a particular use, which should be maintained to guarantee the authenticity of heritages. Having a tiny space cannot satisfy the functional diversity and customers’ curiosity, which may not attract enough customers, the one having sufficient funds and a high reputation having more potential than one that does not. Capital will be attracted by a positive reputation, offering sufficient funds to conserve and transform heritage.

Fig 3.15 The Lan Kwai Fong in Hong Kong where exhibit conventional community life.

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04

INTERESTING CUSTOMERS AND EYE-CATCHING SPACE

1.The Unique Element - Heritage Many fake heritages are designed for entertainment. Scaling heritages and duplicating them to different places were frequently used all over the world. These heritages also had fascination for the public. One of the most famous ones may is the Eiffel Tower. (Darlington, J. 2020) There are many replicas of the Eiffel Tower. Blackpool Tower, where only was finished five years after the real one, is the first tower inspiring by the Eiffel tower.

48

New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate

Fig 4.1 &2 Opposite page, the night view of Eiffel Tower in Paris and Blackpool Tower in England.

New Brighton Tower, Cheshire, Wirral and others followed the real one. Recently, Cedar Fair in America, Tianducheng in China and Tokyo in Japan all have replicas of the Eiffel Tower. These towers receive a large number of tourists every year. ‘No one pretends such structures are real...designed to extract as much money as possible from people’s curiosity’.(Darlington, J. 2020) To decongest the Chinese financial center, Shanghai planned to create a dispersion model of the future city. To satisfy the requirement of the middle classes of Shanghai, ten ‘new town center’ (Darlington, J. 2020) inspired by Chinese, European and North American’ models were constructed. To some extent, these replica buildings were widely criticized, but ‘the borrowed and duplicated heritages is used both as an aspirant symbol for those marketing them and as a motif for a better quality of life.’ (Darlington, J. 2020) Heritage, especially real heritage, could be landmark for high streets.

There may three main cases for heritages’ commercial districts.

1)Real heritages: it has immeasurable value, especially those that have a long history and did not be arbitrarily changed, could be taken advantage of to develop tourism and commerce, such as Pingyao ancient city.

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2)Fake heritages for entertainment: the value of replicating heritages is improving residents’ life and developing the local economy. No one cares about the heritages’ authenticity because no one will believe

New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate that it is true. The replicating heritages just are deemed as ‘an aspirant symbol’ and ‘a motif for a better quality of life’. (Darlington, J. 2020) 3)Demolish the heritage sites and rebuild fake heritages: there are some successful examples showing the power the rebuilding commercial districts, like Taikoo Li in Chengdu and Xintiandi in Shanghai. All the buildings are rebuilt, only using the traditional form.

At the end, the uniqueness of heritage should be spread to the public, which is a high-efficiency method for attracting customers’ interest.

Narrating Interesting historical stories and myth and legend is a feasible publicity strategy. Announcing the authenticity could attract tourists who want to explore heritage. Speaking interest history and sincerely describing the heritage status are cores of creating an attractive and active commercial district. Darlington (2020) points out that ‘...where many initial impressions of reality have been created, where prominent events have been experienced.’

Fig 4.3 Temple of Pingyao ancient city, which is well example show the traditional town.

Fig 4.4 The replica of Effel tower in Chinese community for attracting home buyers

Fig 4.5 Xintiandi (refer Appendix) in Shanghai is a large-scale, masterplanned city-core redevelopment projec 50

New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate

2.Convenient Traffic Plan and Comfortable Spatial Scale

Fig 4.6 A person wearing a protective mask rides a scooter past a temporarily closed Starbucks coffee shop in the Brooklyn borough of New York

Fig 4.7 The popular coffee shop outdoor seating. Many people are seating in public space having fun time after pandemic.

The epidemic shocks all kinds of customer spaces, especially the coffee shops that may be stricken most heavily. Starbucks, the Seattlebased coffee and roasting chain, experienced a tough year. After Covid-19 restrictions disrupted commuter transactions and stopped serving indoor customers, it lost 41 million pounds in the UK last year. (Daily Telegraph, 2021) In Toronto, Starbucks reported the plan to close 300 coffee shops in Canada decided to finish by the end of March. And in 2020, its headquarters announced an accelerated fiveyear transformation strategy in response to changing consumer habits during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Even though the restrictions are dissolved, people still need to keep a safe distance when having dinner. Because of limited interior spaces, many shops have decided to open up outdoor spaces to appeal to people who have grown tired of staying at home. The traditional corner cafe has become popular again. In many European countries, people yearn to communicate with friends and finish their work out of doors, with sunshine and coffee. (Public Space, Public Life & COVID 19, 2020) Based on the project of ‘Superblocks’, scholars consider that rebuilding the function of the sidewalk may be a considerable method that could provide a more comfortable public space for customers because the project had demonstrated excellent improvement for commercial development. (O’Connor, 2021) On the other hand, it has to consider that most of the existing roads

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New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate are focused on vehicles. Remolding those roads is complex because it is not simply broadening the sidewalk but redesigning the traffic system.

When an area is both commercial and residential, how to balance the two lifestyles to ensure the quality of life of residents is a new challenge.

‘Superilles’ as a remarkable successful urban mobility plan usually translated to ‘superblocks’, which intends to reduce car use in the city center. This project used the traffic strategy to limited buses and big freight trucks, limiting the speed below 10 kilometers per hour.

In addition, in the superblock, the underground parking replaces the curbside parking. The superblock project stimulates commercial activities. More people walk and cycle slowly, often stopping to patronize businesses. Compact street planning is not only a European characteristic. Chinese ancient cities have the same planning. Those old blocks that have not been urbanized retain the walkable street width

Fig 4.8 Bustling streets of Superblock in Barcelona

with mixed commercial and residential blocks. Those conditions are natural advantages to absorb the experience of the superblock case. (Vox, 2016) Is there enough car parking? What is the policy for car parking? Car parking affects the decision of destination of shopping. More countries allowed the large-scale shopping mall project, designing out of or edge of town, because of the tension between public traffic, private vehicle, bicycle and pedestrian. (Mulley, C. and Ison, S. G. 2014) The phenomena illustrate the demand of customers that is comfortable traffic system not only vehicle but also pedestrian. Marco Dijk and Carlos Montalvo (2011) suggest that in some tourism and shopping cities, car parking and

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New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate rids should be emphasized than commute. The evidence that the free and lower parking fee could encourage more out-of-town shopping.

(Mulley, C. and Ison, S. G. 2014) It also illustrates that car parking, to some extent, affects customers’ decisions.

If heritage is located in the city center, the project only needs to compete with a near by high street. The high street located out of or edge of town has lower competitiveness because the city center has large pedestrianized areas with a better environment(Mulley, C. and Ison, S. G. 2014). On the other hand, the single heritage cannot give rise to a cluster effect, which is tough to capture the customers with the counterpart in the city center.

In my hometown, an artificial heritage site was built in Liaocheng's city center. The Dongchang ancient city was built in 1070 with many repaired. In 1947, the city wall was demolished, transforming to a ring road, because of military reasons. Apart from the damage to the authenticity of the original buildings, the developers' neglect of the road planning and car parking in the ancient city makes many tourists give up their intention to go shopping in the heritage site. There are almost no car parking in the site. Customers need to walk several kilometers for shopping, which is hard to understand. Even though the heritage site has Guangyue Tower and Shanshan Huiguan, national heritages, residents do not have the burning will to visit this artificial heritage site. This example straightforward illustrates the importance of road planning and car parking for high streets.

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New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate

3.Eye-catching Spaces As mentioned above, the term ‘public realm’ is broken through the ‘physical space’. Public space designers redefined the form and standard of public space and streets that are ‘generally friendly and pleasant streets.’ Due to the new criteria, the streets lose their characteristic.

Too many streets cannot represent the local culture and ‘city’s spirit’, which means the street spaces could be interchanged from two or more cities. (Moor, M. and Rowland, J. 2006)

Fig 4.9 The overviwe of Superblock in Barcelona

Fig 4.10 The plan and traffic strategy of Superblock

How to create a characteristic high street? Which function could attract the public attraction? It depends on the regions. Rees points out that in the UK, covered shopping streets are acclaimed because of horrible weather.Victor Gruen discovered that.

In providing a year-round climate of eternal spring through the skill of architects and engineers, the shopping center consciously pampers the shopper, who reacts gratefully by arriving from longer distances, visiting the center more frequently, staying longer, and in consequence contributing to higher sales figures. (Moor, M. and Rowland, J. 2006) When customers experience extreme weather or other inconveniences like long walking distances of parking and terrible traffic system, how do attract customers back? Successful customer spaces should offer the best balance of comfort and variety of experience.

Many new projects used a roof over the streets showing a big gap 54

New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate with the traditional interior environment. If the roof could provide other functions, it may have more benefits for the spaces. (Moor, M. and Rowland, J. 2006) There is some example like BDP’s Smaralind shopping center in Reykjavik and Clarke Quay in Singapore.

Clarke Quay

Fig 4.11 The fountain in the Clarke Quay not only for landscape but also for falling the temperature.

Clarke Quay is an excellent example of a commercial street that uses a fountain and cover. The project was designed to adapting to the specific environment of Singapore. The project requires not only to create a suitable indoor environment but also to provide a comfortable outdoor condition. Due to extreme weather conditions, high humidity and high temperatures, the pedestrians walking in the outdoor space are likely to experience a degree of discomfort. (Erell, E. et al. 2011) The project was going to be designed Singaporean riverside festival village. The architects decided to construct a passive microclimate via roof structure rather than using the traditional air conditioning. The roof structure also protected the heritage. The design elements came from forest and crown shape, which balanced daylight, shading view and breeze to relieve the uncomfortable feeling of humid tropical weather.

Fig 4.12 The night view and light show of Clarke Quay, which attracts may tourists.

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A fountain designed for reducing the temperature via evaporation was located in the central courtyard. The water flows and collects into the gully, absorbing excess heat and cooling the air and pavement.

New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate To the tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) roof and favorable fountain system, the environment had improved. In addition, the most comfortable working time increased two times before, from 41% to 80%.

Compared with the atrium covered by glass, the space in Clarke Quay is economical, which uses approximately ten times less energy than an equivalent air-conditioned atrium space. Higher economic costs cannot be ignored because the expense decides that this solution is tough to be applied by another project.(Erell, E. et al. 2011) On the other hand, the more initial investment could mitigate by the longterm maintenance and energy savings.

Water is also a popular element in high street projects. The water in landscape design could regulate microclimate like it did in the Clarke Quay. Creating a fountain is the usual landscape strategy to create micro water circulation systems, which could be funded in many commercial spaces. If the water is the local culture for the city, adding this element into the landscape may be received easily, such as Jinan in China and Robina in Australia.

Fig 4.13 The fountain of Fashion Lsland. It is a renovated regional shopping mall in Newport Beach.

Fashion Lsland(refer Appendix) Fashion Island has airy colonnades, sun-dappled paseos, fountains and mosaic paving with Spanish Colonial architecture style. The fountain is located in the center of the shopping town, which is an significant customer space.(Bradbury, R. and Jerde Partnership International 1999) It is worth noting that fountain may give rise to some issues.

After an outbreak of Legionella infections in Wisconsin in 2020,

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Fig 4.14 The light show of Kyiv.

research shows that the fountain that is a closed system stagnates recirculating water. Then legionella could adhere to the porous structures, such as the semi-porous foam bed, rapidly breeding and spreading with aerosols created by the fountain. New Guidelines for Design and Construction of Health Care Facilities warned that (Facility Guidelines Institute, 2010): Fountains and other open decorative water features may represent a reservoir for opportunistic human pathogens; thus they are not recommended for installation within any enclosed spaces in health environments.

Back to the example of Clarke Quay, the bright lights make the whole project more attractive. Many tourists visit this project at night, shopping for souvenirs, having dinner, or only watching the light

Fig 4.15 The light show of Clarke Quay.

show. In addition, in Kyiv, the unforgettable light show emerged to the world. Installing the large-scale light units is a possibility in the future, let alone the light show has exhibited in someplace as a fixed item.

In the heritage renovation project, both landscape lighting systems and indoor lighting systems should be considered. Light as a special material could give rise to both comfort or poignant responses.

(Brooker, G. and Stone, S. 2018) As another artistic form, installation arts, especially sculpture, have

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enormous potential to draw customers’ attention. Installations frequently are used in public spaces, customers spaces and interior spaces. For example, Delft university of technology renovated its

New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate covered courtyard of the School of Architecture, adding a threestory bright orange structure named ‘Why Factory.’ The installation is awarded the landmark of the college. Its exterior structure that looks like enormous steps is used for an auditorium. (Brooker, G. and Stone, S. 2018)

Fig 4.16 ‘ Why Factory’ in Delf University of Technology.

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4.The Basic principles of High Street Design The street with better design could bring merchants higher benefits and homeowners higher rent. Cities are conscious of the multiple attributes of streets. (Graud, D. 2016) A well-designed street needs designed complex lanes, including parking lanes, traffic lanes, and bike lanes, efficiency, safety, and convenience sidewalks, logical transit streets, including complex bus lanes and bus stops, and sustainable stormwater management system.

Urban furniture plays a crucial factor in street design. It could be comfortable, newfangled and beautiful or discordant, ugly and awkward. Seats are one of the most significant elements in the square design, which is as same as in customer spaces. Seating should be designed as cozy, abundant and well-designed as possible for providing rest and social places. Similarly, planting and trees have outstanding contributions to the square design, having the same function for customer space. When planners design the planting and trees, it should balance between ‘abundant, lush and generous planting’ and the sunny and open space. Lighting and electrical power will change the dim and foreboding street into a desirable amenity. Litter receptacles should not be ignored. It should be provided with suitable size and quantity for accommodating the need for space. If the street allows riding, bicycle parking will plan for cyclists and pedestrians, not only for safety but for attracting cyclists to consume. Providing clear, visible and characteristic signage and advertising board is essential for operational staff and customers. (Graud, D. 2016) 59

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5.The Power of Brands: Confidence and Self-identity Customers choose a brand not only because of its reputation but also because of the values it represents. Sun points out seven aspects that may have emotional resonance between customers and brands.

There are status, experience, preference, recall, passion, dream and belief. (Sun, R. 2005) The brands running in the high street may focus on experience, belief and status. Successful brands have their unique maxim. For example, Nike announces that it bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world. Nike transforms an existing large-scale shop into a characteristic ‘town’ which is the most successful store selling the highest business volume, in London.

Via the example of Niketown, Rees analyzes traditional commercial method of the high street, believing that: (Moor, M. and Rowland, J. 2006) The further implication is that the shopper does not read a street as a series of shops or buildings so much as head for a brand destination and experience other brands on the way.

Brands have unbelievable power for affecting customers’ actions. So if brands are paying their attention to online shopping, the high street may face a deadtime. Recent researches show that high streets are experiencing a long-term slow decline. (Chen,Y. 2015. Millington, S and Notunis, N. 2017) The report published by FreshMinds and Respondi indicated that, because of limited and similar goods, near half of the 60

New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate interviewees consider that high streets cannot provide the newfangled goods (46%), and 63% of interviewees express that high streets lost their attraction having before. (Chen,Y. 2015) A report analyzes the decline of UK high streets, discussing a homogenising trend of city centers and high streets. (Millington, S and Notunis, N. 2017) The phenomena happened because the designers and operators are following the same scripts. (New Economics Foundation, 2004 and Hubbard, P. 1996) To reply to the decline of the high street, Millington and Notunis (2017) propose a strategy of repositioning. It means that one place responds to one identification of unique or special attributes. (Ashworth, G. and Voogd, H. 1990, Kavaratzis, M. and Ashworth, G 2008,Yanchula, J. 2008)

Fig 4.17 The Niketown in Manila

If the city could be linked with heritage, tourism or local industry, or it could be labeled as a historic city, seaside resort or market town, it could establish a unique advantage, underpinning the city’s identity and belonging. (Dennis, C. et al., 2002) Millington and Notunis (2017) suggest that the new strategy should be more dynamic and evidence-based. For example, the renovation project should build or reinstate the status of the high street. It also could be the gateway to exploring all the area. Just like the MarketRasen: (MR BIG, 2013)

Fig 4.18 The Niketown in London 61

A lot of people drive by Market Rasen, but do not stop, and some of

New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate the activities that we are putting into place are giving people a reason to stop, shop, enjoy themselves, have a bite to eat and really experience all the things our town has to offer.

Heritage has the potential to be reactivated as a characteristic high street. The renovating heritage areas could provide an ideal environment to underpin the areas’ identity, attracting visitors for some activities. It is worth noting that unless the small towns and city centers have special historical attractions, they have little opportunity to draw international tourists. (Millington, S and Notunis, N. 2017) On the other hand, helping to conserve heritages could enhance brand value. The value of heritages will give feedback to the brands, showing the brands’ status and value. It will give customers an intense implication that using the brands’ goods could represent and improve the customers status and value.

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6.Prada with its heritages Miuccia Prada, a world-renowned luxury brand, benefit from conserving heritages. From last century, Prada renovated cooperated with many known architects and architectural studios to conserve heritages and renovate them into its exhibition sites and offices.

Fig 4.19 Miuccia Prada and Mario Prada

One of the most famous projects is the renovation of Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II. Prada, as the most crucial sponsor, participated in this project. The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II is one of the oldest high streets, which experienced starting business of Prada’s first store. Since 2014, Miuccia Prada has hired Roberto Baciocchi to voluntary renovate Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II. The project lasted for 13 months. The original aging and peeling walls of the 150-year-old corridor took on a new look. The floor tile pattern and the centuryold sculpture were strengthened and re-colored. The renovation project has greatly enhanced Prada’s international reputation, encouraging its determination to participate in architectural conservation projects.

The renovation of Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II is not Prada’s first heritage renovation project. Before this project, Prada had voluntarily renovated Ca’ Corner Della Regina. Now, the palace is one of the addresses of the Prada Foundation where is used to hold art exhibitions and is a venue of the Venice Biennale.

In June 2018, the Rong House (refer Appendix) using six year to

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New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate renovate by Prada appeared to public. The architect still is Roberto Baciocchi who is the Prada’s chief architect. Baciocchi used traditional techniques to renovate this special house that built by a German and changed by Rong Zongjing.

Miuccia Prada and Patrizio Bertelli believe that the parallel development and contrast of fashion design and architecture have been the core of Prada's brand for more than a century. The heritages renovated by Prada are artworks and excellent examples of conserving and renovating heritage sites.

Conserving heritages will be long-term planning, costing massive funds.

If brands, especially those that experienced that, can participate in the conservation project, the renovation team may have sufficient funds and experts to guarantee the quality of projects, conserving heritages.

The example of Prada illustrates the benefit for brands and heritages, which may be encouraged other capable brands. Many scholars believe that moderate commercialization is beneficial for conserving heritages, (Darlington, J. 2020, and Millington, S and Notunis, N. 2017) but there are many examples that show the damage caused by over-commercialization, too.

Fig 4.20 The exhibition hall of Rong House.

Fig 4.21 The atrium of Rong House where is the biggest exhibiton hall of Rong House.

The picture shows the exhibiton of ‘ What Was I’

Fig 4.20 The night view of Rong House.

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CONCLUSION

New buildings are built every moment. Old buildings also are abandoned every moment. Regenerating old buildings is popular in many countries recently. How to reuse the old buildings and blocks?

How to protect them with the commercialized progress? In fact, many projects are hard to call successful. Many heritage sites have not been adequately protected. For commercialization of heritages, arbitrary refitting often happened in the heritage scenic spots, non-professional workers changed the original architectural style, and modern material replaced the traditional techniques. Those phenomena damage the historical information and the authenticity of heritages.

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New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate Based on the literature review and case study, the dissertation discussed some prerequisite elements. They have the potential to be used for transforming the heritages into high streets. Additionally, a successful renovation project must guarantee the authenticity of heritages.

1)Authenticity is a significant role in conserving and renovating the heritages. The authenticity of heritages and their environment represents the uniqueness and value of brands and cities, which is a reason that could attract tourists.

2) Opportunities and challenges coexist in today’s world. High streets are experiencing a long-term decline. After the chronic shock of the Internet and online commercial method, COVID-19 dramatically impacted the real economy and accelerated the decline of high streets.

It gives opportunities for heritages that tourists pay their attention to heritages near their living. Heritages have time to renovate and conserve for transforming into high streets.

3) Customer space is a critical point for attracting customers in the high streets. The high street should have a unique element. Heritage has enormous potential to be one distinctive element. Heritage can be the gateway of the high streets and areas, which is the difference between commercial districts having heritage sites and homogeneous

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high streets. In addition, traffic strategy, including lanes, sidewalks, transit streets and bicycle lanes, and parking, including car parking and bicycle parking, are crucial for high streets. A successful traffic strategy

New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate could affect the will of customers, which may draw more customers’ attention and let them stop to shopping.

4) Eye-catching element is another key for catching customers’ attention.

It could be a roof, fountain, and installation. If additional elements could improve the environment, they could provide more novel experiences to customers.

5) Fundamental design principles must comply. Novel and characteristic elements should not damage the functionality of high streets. Urban furniture, seating, planting and trees, lighting, bicycle parking and many complicated lanes should comprehensively be considered.

Some issues had been witnessed. In the renovating process, amateurish administrators and restorers may damage the authenticity. For professional, faking heritages became easy. Some fake heritages are only made for entertainment, which gives no cause for much criticism. But some of them are built on the former address with rebuilding buildings that totally is fraud for the public. On the other hand, ancillary facilities are crucial for high streets. Unsuccessful traffic planning and incomplete base installations will hurt customers’ enthusiasm, like the example of Liaocheng ancient city. The phenomena reported by Millington and Notunis should be emphasized. How to use heritages to improve surrounding areas? How to avoid constantly building homogeneous high streets? Prada gave many precious plans, but not every enterprise is so professional and so passionate.

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New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate The dissertation used some examples to discuss the essential elements that support renovating heritages to high streets.

The representation of the development of the Athens Charter discussed the definition of authenticity. The hierarchy system created

by French scholars enlightens the renovation projects, reporting the feasibility of transforming heritages to commercial purposes.

Nara city is the best conserved ancient city in Japan, which gives an excellent example for the world how to conserve such a dimension heritage site. Japan’s conservation method, to some extent, abandons the business development of ancient cities, only develops local tourism. Japan attracted a large number of tourists without damage the precious heritages every year.

The Art center designed by MAD illustrates that Chinese scholars and architects are introspecting the previous conservation method, giving their solution for our time. The Chinese example of Dayan ancient city explained the damage of ‘demolish the heritage sites and rebuild fake heritages’. But the repair projects of Baodingshan and Great Pagoda show a unique Chinese understanding of heritages and their inheritance.

Fake Eiffel Towers, like Blackpool Tower, illustrate how famous

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heritages, even fake ones, improve certain areas’ attraction. Through the example of Eiffel Tower, fake these and Chinese characteristic town model, heritages are proved to have enormous potency to be

New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate transformed to commercial districts. It really could attract customers and improve local living quality.

Superblocks is an outstanding project located in Barcelona. This project represents three main points to renovate the heritage sites.

How to design the traffic system in the traditional blocks that have narrow streets? How to improve the percentage of pedestrian space?

And how to improve the local economy and consumption? Compared with this example, Liaocheng ancient city neglects traffic planning.

Terrible traffic system, particularly limited parking spots, impacts customers’ enthusiasm for shopping and strolling.

Clarke Quay and ‘Why Factory’ represent the eye-catching element.

It illustrates how to improve the environment and catch users’ attention. One of the significant reasons for renovating heritage is for creating a better environment. As mentioned above, creating a new function is an effective means to react to the ruins.

Prada and its operation of renovating heritages represent a typical case. Prada helps society to conserve heritages, improving its influence, status and value. Although these examples spent enormous cost, it shows the worth of combining between experienced brands and responsible local governments, and the possibility of promoting this successful method.

Renovating the Heritages to Commercial Districts is a complex issue that should discuss many aspects with different experts and

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New Chanlleages - Conservation and Activate perspectives. Through the literature review and many examples, some crucial elements can be summarized for renovating heritages. The prospect of renovating heritages to commercial districts is positive, and the successful possibility of these projects is very high. The dissertation wished to represent some enlightening perspectives for scholars and urban designers. Renovating heritages into commercial districts should focus on conserving heritages instead of earning money. It should be remembered every time. The projects wished to improve the local environment by improving living quality.

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Fig 5.1 The overview of Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan.

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APPENDIX

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Pingyao Ancient city: Pingyao ancient city is an exceptionally well-preserved example of a traditional Han Chinese city. (UNESCO) It is famed for its importance in Chinese economic history and well preserved Ming and Qing urban planning and architecture.

Dazu rock carvings: The Dazu rock carvings were built in the 9th century. It has many sculptures, including the Buddhist, Confucian and Taoist doctrines. The district contains 75 rock carving sites containing over 50,000 statues, but the best is considered to be at Baoding Hill. (UNESCO)

Dayan ancient city (Lijiang Old Town): Lijiang Old Town is a well-preserved Naxi ancient town, listed as UNESCO World Heritage site in 1997. It is one of the four bestpreserved ancient cities in China. (China Discovery)

Taikoo Li: It is an open shopping center in the traditional West Sichuan styled 75

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buildings, developed by Swire Properties and Sino Ocean Group.

Daci Temple: Daci Temple is located right next to Taikoo Li. It is special landmark for Taikoo Li. The temple was well know for master Monk Xuanzang once practiced here. Daci Temple was built between the 3rd and 4th century A.D.,with a history of more than 1,600 years. (China Discovery)

Fashion Island Fashion Island, an outmoded super-large scale shopping mall in Newport Beach, California, was renovated in 1989. After the renovation project, it became a ‘human-scale, landscaped village.’ (Bradbury, R. and Jerde Partnership International 1999)

Rong House Rong House is a heritage in Shanghai, built in 1908. It was a three-story garden villa formerly owned by German expatriates. Jingzong Rong bought this house in 1918. Experienced 6 years renovating, it opened to the public as Prada’s exhibition. (Rong Zhai - Wikipedia, 2021)

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FIGURE CREDITS

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Fig: The birdview of Superblock Barcelona Fig1.1 Notre Dame de Paris in the fire Fig1.2 the destroyed Bamiyan Buddhas (in March 2001) Fig1.3 The lonesome street in Wuhan during pandemic Fig1.4 Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II Fig1.5 The Replica of The Arch of Palmyra Fig2.1 The data of traffic and tourist industry of Pingyao ancient city.

Fig2.2 External view of the Carcassonne.

Fig2.3 External view of a museum of Celtic and Gallo-Roman antiquities Fig2.4 External view of a private school came from the House Fig2.5 The modle of the Ville Radieuse Fig2.6 The cover of the Ancient Capital Protection Act Fig2.7 The cover of Asuka Act Fig2.8 The cover of the BUILT HERITAGE Fig2.9 The rendering of arts center located in Zhuhai Fig2.10 Opposite page: Barcelona Pavilion, 1929 and 1986 Fig2.11 Opposite page, North courtyard, Barcelona Pavilion Fig2.12 The image of Buddhist heritage in Baodingshan, Chongqing.

Fig2.13 The table shows part of China heritage renovation project.

Fig2.14 The table shows some issues happened in the process of renovation project.

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6 11 11 12 13 14 19 23 24 25 26 28 28 29 30 31 31 33 34 35

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Fig2.15 The Sifang street in Dayan ancient city, (photographed 1923 by Joseph Charles Francis Rock) Fig2.16 The Dashi bridge at the northeast corner of Sifang Street. (photographed 1980s) Fig2.17 The overview of Dayan ancient city (photographed 2002) Fig2.18 The well-maintained tradational yard of ancient city (photographed 2014) Fig2.19 The image from Lijiang tourism ads (photographed 2020) Fig2.20 Opposite page: Guagnyue tower,1957 and 2018.

Fig2.21 The crowed Taikoo Li spuare where is the bigest shopping mall in Chengdu Fig3.1 The lonesome Changjiang Street.

Fig3.2 The exercise person in Gammel Torv, 2020 (Public Space, Public Life & COVID 19, 2020) Fig3.3 The pie chart shows the proportion of people who used public space during the pandemic (made by O’Connor, 2021) Fig3.4 The bar chart shows the popular public space and users feeling about the spaces. (made by O’Connor, 2021) Fig3.5 The people waiting for testing and staff with strict protection.

Fig3.6 The community in a strict lockdown policy Fig3.7 The direct broadcasting room of GUCCI Fig3.8 Consumers spent in online in the United States.

Fig3.9 The research of online shopping in France Fig3.10 Products with skyrocketing sales of online shopping in America Fig3.11 The neight view of Taikoo Li Fig3.12 The gate of Daci temple, the picture shows an exhibition of Dunhuang frescoes.

Fig3.13 Mao Zedong's Former Residence

36 36 36 36 36 37 38 42 42 43 43 44 44 45 47 47 47 48 49 50

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Fig3.14 Rong House conserving by Roberto Baciocchi ( sponsored by Prada) Fig3.15 The Lan Kwai Fong in Hong Kong where exhibit conventional community life.

Fig4.1 &2 Opposite page, the night view of Eiffel Tower in Paris and Blackpool Tower in England.

Fig4.3 Temple of Pingyao ancient city, which is well example show the traditional town.

Fig4.4 The replica of Effel tower in Chinese community for attracting home buyers Fig4.5 Xintiandi shopping mall in Shanghai which was fake old buildings Fig4.6 Closed Starbucks coffee shop in the Brooklyn borough of New York Fig4.7 The popular coffee shop outdoor seating. Many people are seating in public space having fun time after pandemic.

Fig4.8 Bustling streets of Superblock in Barcelona Fig4.9 The overviwe of Superblock in Barcelona Fig4.10 The plan and traffic strategy of Superblock Fig4.11 The fountain in the Clarke Quay not only for landscape but also for falling the temperature.

Fig4.12 The night view and light show of Clarke Quay, which attracts may tourists.

Fig4.13 The fountain of Fashion Lsland. It is a renovated regional shopping mall in Newport Beach.

Fig4.15 The light show of Clarke Quay.

Fig4.14 The light show of Kyiv.

Fig4.16 ‘ Why Factory’ in Delf University of Technology.

Fig4.17 The Niketown in Manila Fig4.18 The Niketown in London Fig4.19 Miuccia Prada and Mario Prada

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50 51 54 55 55 55 56 56 57 59 59 60 60 61 62 62 63 66 66 67

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Fig4.20 The exhibition hall of Rong House.

Fig4.21 The atrium of Rong House where is the biggest exhibiton hall of Rong House.

Fig4.20 The night view of Rong House.

Fig5.1 The overview of Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan.

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