Unit 2 human settlement planning

AR6702 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING Lecture and compiling

by Ar.A.Sivaraman, M.Arch, MCA, AIIA.

AR6702

HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING Syllabus

UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9 Elements of Human Settlements – human beings and settlements – nature shells& Net work – their functions and Linkages – Anatomy & classification of Human settlements – Locational, Resource based, Population size & Occupational structure.

UNIT II FORMS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS 9 Structure and form of Human settlements – Linear, non-linear and circular – Combinations – reasons for development – advantages and disadvantages – case studies – factors influencing the growth and decay of human settlements.

UNIT III PLANNING CONCEPTS 9 Planning concepts and their relevance to Indian Planning practice in respect of Ebenezer Howard – Garden city concepts and contents – Patrick Geddes – Conservative surgery – case study – C.A. Perry – Neighborhood concept Le Corbusier – concept and case studies.

UNIT IV URBAN PLANNING AND URBAN RENEWAL 9 Scope and Content of Master plan – planning area, land use plan and Zoning regulations – zonal plan – need, linkage to master plan and land use plan – planned unit development (PUD) – need, applicability and development regulations - Urban Renewal Plan – Meaning,Redevelopment, Rehabilitation and Conservation – JNNURM – case studies.

UNIT V ISSUES IN CONTEMPORARY URBAN PLANNING IN INDIA 9 Globalization and its impact on cities – Urbanisation, emergence of new forms of developments – self sustained communities – SEZ – transit development – integrated townships – case studies.

CITY FORM IN THE CONTEXT OF DEVELOPED AND developing COUNTRIES

Structure | • Introduction • city • city forms

• Types of city forms • The Radio centric city • The gridiron city • The linear city

• City growth • Ecological models of urban land use model • Concentric Model • Sector Model • Multi nuclei Model

Introduction|

 A city is a group of people and a number of permanent structures within a limited geographical area, so organized as to facilitate the interchange of goods and services among its residents and with the outside world.  The settlements grew into villages, villages transformed into cities.  Cities created when large number of people live together, in a specific geographic location leading to the Creation of urban areas.  Cities exist for many reasons, and the diversity of urban forms depends on the complex functions that cities perform.

What is meant by cities?

Introduction|  Urban Form refers to the• physical layout and design of the city • spatial imprint of an urban transport system • adjacent physical infrastructures.

Jointly, they confer a level of spatial arrangement to cities.  Urban form or city form defined as‘ the spatial pattern of human activities at a certain point in time’.

What is urban form ?

Factors influencing city form|

geography

Period of development

Trade practiced

Impact of natural environment

Social , political and economic forces

What is meant by factors ?

Types of city form| The Radio centric (concentric) city • • • • • • •

Geographical possibilities of spreading in all directions.

Radio centric - Radiate outward from a common centre.

Inner Outer ring roads linked by radiating roads.

Core has business area.

Industrial area interspersed within the residential.

Periphery has green belts.

Example : Washington DC, Pre-industrial Baghdad in Iraq.

Advantages-

Disadvantages-

• A direct line of travel for centrally directed flows,

• Central congestion ,

• economics of a single- centralised terminal or origin point.

• difficult building sites

• local flow problems ,

What is concentric?

| CASE STUDY

Types of city form| The Radio centric (concentric) city- MASCOW Moscow, the world biggest

Megapolis (Russian Moskva) is the capital of Russia.

The city grew in a pattern of rings and radials that marked Moscow's growth from ancient time to modern layout.

The center of all rings is Moscow Kremlin and famous Red Square.

Moscow, 1893

What is case study ?

| CASE STUDY

Types of city form| The Radio centric (concentric) city- MASCOW •

Successive epochs of

development are traced by the •

The Boulevard Ring and

•

The Garden Ring,

•

The Moscow Little Ring Railway,

•

And the Moscow Ring Road.

Moscow, at present

What is case study ?

Types of city form| The Grid iron city • It is composed of straight streets crossing at right angles to create many regular city blocks.

• This form is typical of cities built after the industrial revolution – because only then did cities place such importance on economic activity.

• A city grid iron plan facilitates the movement of people and product throughout the city.

Advantages

Disadvantages

• High accessibility,

• Requires flow hierarchies,

• minimum disruption of flow,

• limited in its adaptability to the terrain,

• expansion flexibility,

• potentially monotonous

• excellent psychological orientation, adaptability to level or moderately rolling terrain.

What is grid iron ?

| CASE STUDY-1

Types of city form| The Grid iron city - chandigarh  The primary module of city’s design

is

a

Sector,

a

neighbourhood unit of size 800 m X1200 m.  It is a self-sufficient unit having shops, school, health centres and places of recreations .

 The population of a sector

varies between 3000-20000 depending upon sizes of plots and topography of the area.  The shopping street of each sector

is

linked

to

the

adjoining sectors thus forming one long, continuous ribbon .  The central green of each Sector also stretches to the

CHANDIGARH

green of the next sector

What is case study ?

| CASE STUDY-2

Types of city form| The Grid iron city - San Francisco San Francisco was designed to accommodate outrageous number of people that came to the city during the Gold Rush. It was laid out in a grid pattern imposed on a city of hills built on the end of a peninsula. Both grids and irregular forms can be seen in San Francisco.

 Downtown San Francisco is extremely dense.  The planning commission split downtown into four separate zones with different purposes.  Office District  Retail District  General Commercial District

 Support District

San Francisco

What is case study ?

Types of city form| The linear city

What is linear ?

Types of city form| The linear city  Initially proposed by Soria Y Mata.  Expand the city along the spine of transport  The Linear City concept is a Conscious Form Of Urban Development with Housing And Industry Growing Along The Highway Between existing cities and contained by the continuous open space of the rural countryside.

Advantages • High accessibility • adaptability to linear growth • useful along the limited edge.

Disadvantages • Very sensitive to blockage requires control of growth • lacks focus, • The choice of connection or of direction of movement are much less.

What is linear ?

| CASE STUDY-1

Types of city form| The linear city – Navi Mumbai The growth of Mumbai city is constrained by sea at south, east and west. As a result total land area available for development of Mumbai is limited.

The cost of real estate and housing in Navi Mumbai is much less than costs in Mumbai and sub-urban areas.

As a result a large population of service class and middle class

shifted to

population Navi Mumbai.

Many government and corporate offices have been shifted from Mumbai to Navi Mumbai . the Taloja and Thane Belapur Industrial Belt of Navi Mumbai offer job opportunities of every conceivable kind - from engineers to mechanics to clerks to peons.

Navi Mumbai ( an alternative to Navi Mumbai )

What is case study ?

| CASE STUDY – Copenhagen city

Types of city form| Radial City, Finger City, The Urban Star

| CASE STUDY Map of the fortress in the 17th century

Types of city form| Radial City, Finger City, The Urban Star

| CASE STUDY Tokyo with two Loop structure

Types of city form| Lobe structure

| CASE STUDY Ebenezer Howard’s GARDEN CITY

Types of city form| decentralized concentration

Satellite city

| STUDY

Types of city form| Land Use Pattern-Shapes

Linear Usually the result of natural topography which restricts growth; may also be a transportation spine.

Branch A linear span with connecting arms.

Sheet A vast urban area with little or no articulation.

Articulated sheet A sheet accented by one or more central clusters and several subclusters.

Constellation A series of nearly equal sized cities in close proximity Satellite Constellation of cities around a main cluster

City growth| Growth  According to urbanist HANS BLUMENFELD, cities can grow in any of three ways: Outward (expanding horizontally) Upward (expanding vertically) Toward greater density (expanding interstitially)  As long as intra city traffic moved only by foot or hoof, possibilities of horizontal and vertical expansion were strictly limited.  Growth was mainly interstitial, filling up every square yard of vacant land left between buildings.  With the advent of the elevator and the steel frame, the vertical growth of skyscrapers began.  Suburbs spread out horizontally along streetcar and bus lines and around suburban railroad stations, surrounded by wide-open spaces.

What is growth ?

Ecological urban land-use Model| Concentric zone model Developed in 1925 by Ernest w. Burgess.  Cities grow radially outward away from a single centre.  Different land uses are distributed like concentric rings around the city centre.  They are: CBD, zone in transition, low-class residential zone, middle-class residential zone, high-class residential zone.

 Criticisms about concentric zone theory • Physical features - land may restrict growth of certain sectors • Commuter villages defy the theory, being in the commuter zone but located far from the city • Decentralization of shops, manufacturing industry, and entertainment • It assumes an isotropic plain - an even, unchanging landscape

What is model ?

Ecological urban land-use Model| Concentric zone model

What is model ?

Ecological urban land-use Model| Sector model  Developed in 1939 by Homer Hoyt ,states that a city develops in sectors, not rings  All land uses except the CBD form sectors around the city centre.  The land use zones are influenced by radial transport routes.  High-rental and low-rental areas repel one another.

 Criticisms about sector model  Applies well to Chicago.  Low cost housing is near industry and transportation proving Hoyt’s model

 Theory based on 20th century and does not take into account cars which make commerce easier  With cars, people can live anywhere and further from the city and still travel to the CBD using their car. Not only do high-class residents have cars, but also middle and lower class people may have cars.

What is model ?

Ecological urban land-use Model| Sector model

What is model ?

| CASE STUDY-1

Ecological urban land-use Model| Sector model- Gandhinagar • GANDHINAGAR is planned to function mainly as administrative center for the state. 

The sectors are numbered from 1 to 30 and they are formed by seven roads running in each direction and cutting each other perpendicularly.



They are planned on the neighborhood concept in two phases: First Phase - The basic amenities were constructed.

Second phase constructions of capital complex, sports complex, town halls, research institution, cinemas, cultural centers, residential bungalows etc.

What is model ?

Ecological urban land-use Model| Multiple nuclei model  A model of urban land use in which a city grows from several independent points rather than from one central business district.  Apart from the CBD, there are several separated, secondary centres.  Certain functions require specialised facilities or sites, e.g. a port district needs a suitable waterfront.

 Similar functions may group together for agglomeration economies.

Criticisms about the Multiple nuclei model  Negligence of height of buildings.  Non-existence of abrupt divisions between zones.  No consideration of influence of physical relief and government policy.  The concepts may not be totally applicable to oriental cities with different cultural, economic and political backgrounds.

What is model ?

Ecological urban land-use Model| Multiple nuclei model

What is model ?

Ecological urban land-use Model| Multiple nuclei model

Advantages

• Optional locations for focal activities and system terminals , • good psychological orientation

• adaptability to existing conditions

Disadvantages

• Depends on stability to key points, • potential accessibility problems • tendency to dilute focal activities

What is model ?

Ecological urban land-use Model| Radial to multi-nuclei or polycentric city form Delhi

References| Website and books

Cities and Urban Life – By John J. Macionis And Vincent N. Parrillo Good City Form – Kelvin Lynch www.urbanform.org www.cityform.mit.edu www.ocw.mit.edu › Courses › Architecture www.urbanmodel.com www.cs.toronto.edu/~mes/russia/moscow/description.html www.sf-planning.org jnnurm.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/CDP_Delhi.pdf chandigarh.gov.in/knowchd_gen_plan.htm www.cidco.maharashtra.gov.in/NM_Developmentplan.aspx