Skillings Mining Review November2024

Volume: 113. Issue.11. November 2024

Global Coal Consumption Trends

Gold Prices Surge Amid ECB Rate Cuts 38 South African Coal Industry Faces Pressure to Cut Prices

Countries Driving Growth & Decline

As the world shifts focus towards cleaner energy sources, coal consumption remains a polarizing issue. While some countries continue to rely heavily on coal for energy, others are making significant strides in reducing their dependence.

A Game-Changer for Safety: Automation in Mining

The mining industry, long known for its physically demanding and hazardous working conditions, is undergoing a significant transformation. 16 EV Supply Chain: Rio Tinto’s Strategic Acquisition of Arcadium Lithium

26 Coal Output to 2030 Impacted by Phase-Outs from Top Miners

Mike Mcdowell, Cory Schwarzschild & Gilberto Velasquez, Jr.

A Discussion on Leadership, Work-Life Balance, & Environmental Responsibility

Fire Protection & Safety

Primary Fire Hazards for Mining Operations. Mining activities, whether surface or underground, present a number of fire hazards that can have disastrous results if not managed effectively. Primary fire threats in mining include flammable minerals, electrical systems, mechanical equipment, and the presence of combustible gasses.

40 UK-Brazil Critical Minerals Seminar

Whitehaven Coal Sees Upside in Metallurgical Coal

Türkiye Strengthens Global Mining Footprint 20 Copper Plate Prices Drop in Key Markets: Amid Weak Demand and Surging Supply

21 Rio Tinto Reports Steady Growth

36 Self-cleaning technology: NonBlinding Aggregate Screens Can Enhance Mining Efficiency

38 South African Coal Industry Faces Pressure to Cut Prices

39 Grindex Bravo 500 Pumps: South African Gold Mine Reprocesses Slurry

41 Kenya’s Bold Move to Restrict Raw Mineral Exports

42 Nokia Bell Labs & Vale Launch Mining Monitoring Network

43 SA’s R400-Million Exploration Fund

44 Golden Lake Exploration Expands Drilling Program to Sterling Mine

Skillings Mining Review of CFX Network LLC, publishes comprehensive information on global mining, iron ore markets and critical industry issues via Skillings Mining Review Monthly Magazine and weekly. SMR Americas, Global Skillings and Skilling Equipment Gear newsletters.

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Gold Mining Sparks Community Resistance in North Leitrim

AS GOLD PROSPECTING INTENSIFIES IN NORTH LEITRIM, THE COMMUNITY organization Treasure Leitrim is mobilizing residents against what it describes as a significant threat to the region’s landscape and heritage. At a recent meeting, the group emphasized the crucial role local landowners play in preventing mining companies like Flintridge Resources from advancing their activities.

Treasure Leitrim’s Chairperson, Cllr. James Gilmartin, highlighted that landowners possess the critical authority to deny access to their properties—an action that could significantly hinder the prospecting process and potentially halt future mining operations.

“This is the only stage in the mining process where communities have a real say,” Gilmartin stated. “If landowners refuse access, it stops mining companies from progressing to the next stages.” Gilmartin underscored the importance of vigilance, explaining that while pros-

pecting licenses permit preliminary exploration, they are merely the first step towards securing full-scale mining permits. Flintridge Resources, which was granted prospecting licenses for 47 townlands in April 2022 by the Irish Minister for the Environment, is now moving into its second two-year phase of exploration.

Prospecting Licenses: The Initial Stage

The licenses cover an initial six-year period, divided into three distinct twoyear intervals. The first phase, now com-

plete, allowed Flintridge Resources to use historical geological data funded by the Irish government and analyze environmental samples from local streams and rocks. This information will form the basis for their upcoming mining license applications.

The company is now beginning its second phase, which involves more detailed sampling of river sediment, soil, and rock. This stage will require access to private land for deeper exploration, including drilling trial holes and potentially excavating trenches. According to

Campaigners and concerned citizens at Manorhamilton Castle, Co Leitrim, who oppose plans to prospect for gold and silver locally.

Photograph: James Connolly. credit: irishtimes.com

Treasure Leitrim, this represents an escalation that demands a decisive response from landowners.

Stopping Mining in Its Tracks

Madeline Kelly, vice-chairperson of Treasure Leitrim, outlined the group’s strategy to prevent further advancement of mining activities. She emphasized that landowners possess substantial power in resisting Flintridge Resources.

“Where landowners refuse permission for the company or its agents to sample soils, sediment, or rock on their land, it greatly inhibits the mining company’s progress,” Kelly said. “This is where you, the landowners, are at your strongest. If they can’t get in, they can’t proceed.”

Kelly stressed that landowners have no legal obligation to grant access, reaffirming their absolute right to deny entry for prospecting purposes. “As the guardian of the land, you have the power to protect it for future generations against the numerous dangers associated with this unnecessary process,” she added.

Support from Local Authorities

Treasure Leitrim’s campaign has garnered support from local politicians. All councillors from the Manorhamilton Municipal District have expressed their backing for a national ban on gold mining activities, arguing that such a measure is essential to safeguard the environmental integrity of North Leitrim.

In addition to meetings, Treasure Leitrim provides resources for landowners, including signs available at Killasnett Co-op in Manorhamilton, which can be used to display opposition to mining activities.

Community Meetings to Intensify Efforts

The group hosts regular meetings to strategize and mobilize further action. Their next gathering is scheduled for Monday, October 28, at the Manorhamilton Community Centre. All are encouraged to attend.

“We want to ensure that every landowner knows their rights and understands the power they hold,” Gilmartin said. “It’s essential to stand united to protect our land from exploitation.”

Whitehaven Coal Sees Upside in Metallurgical Coal Prices

Whitehaven Coal Ltd (ASX), Australia’s largest independent coal miner, forecasted further gains in metallurgical coal prices, citing global supply constraints and rising seaborne demand, especially from India.

THIS OPTIMISTIC OUTLOOK, ALONG WITH STRONGERthan-expected production figures for the recent quarter, pushed the miner’s shares up by nearly 8% to AUD 6.92, marking its strongest session since August.

Despite a global shift toward renewable energy, Whitehaven remains bullish on metallurgical coal prices, pointing to limited global production capacity and increased demand in markets like India and Southeast Asia. The company’s acquisition of two metallurgical coal mines from BHP for AUD 4.1 billion last year has expanded its presence in key Asian markets. This acquisition positions Whitehaven to benefit from tightening supply conditions, which CEO Paul Flynn suggests are unlikely to ease soon.

Tim Waterer, a market analyst at KCM Trade, echoed Whitehaven’s optimism: “There have been some ongoing questions about coal demand given the global focus on other energy sources, but for now, the numbers from Whitehaven today provided near-term comfort to investors.”

Whitehaven’s managed run-of-mine (ROM) production reached 9.7 million metric tons for the quarter ending in

September, exceeding analysts’ expectations of 9.1 million tons and marking an 83% increase over the same period last year. Queensland operations, including the mines acquired from BHP, contributed significantly, producing 5.3 million tons—a 11% rise from the previous quarter.

“In Queensland, we are seeing productivity gains and cost improvements,” Flynn stated, underscoring the segment’s role in supporting Whitehaven’s expansion into the Asian steelmaking market.

Meanwhile, production at Whitehaven’s New South Wales operations declined by 18%. The company expects both output and sales from this region to rebound in the second half of the fiscal year.

Whitehaven realized an average coal price of AUD 238 (USD 157.89) per ton for the quarter, up slightly from AUD 224 a year earlier, reflecting steady demand despite volatile global energy markets.

iTech Minerals Expands at Reynolds Range

iTech Minerals (ASX: ITM) has made significant progress in its Reynolds Range project in Australia’s Northern Territory, with rock chip sampling revealing high-grade occurrences of gold, silver, and antimony.

Ongoing fieldwork has expanded the exploration horizon, and iTech’s findings at the Sabre, Falchion, and Lander 1 prospects underscore the potential for further valuable discoveries. Recent assays from rock chip samples have produced impressive results. One sample returned 11.4g/t gold, 735g/t silver, and 2.5% antimony. Another notable assay recorded 3.4g/t gold, 130g/t silver, and 1.1% antimony, highlighting the project’s diverse mineralization potential.

The exploration efforts have focused on the Lander Rock Formation, where iTech has identified a 2.6-kilometer strike length rich in gold-silver-antimony mineralization. Historical lag soil sampling has also revealed a broader anomaly stretching over 6.3km by 2.5km, enhancing the project’s overall scale and prospectivity.

iTech’s ongoing fieldwork at Reynolds Range has provided valuable insights into the district’s mineralization controls. Managing Director Mike Schwarz emphasized the project’s diversity, stating, “Our ongoing mapping and sampling programs have identified numerous occurrences of high-grade gold, silver, and antimony mineralization.”

The company is now shifting its focus to geophysical surveys and drill target generation, particularly at the Scimitar prospect, where copper and gold anomalies have been identified.

Rio Tinto’s Strategic Acquisition of Arcadium Lithium

Rio Tinto, the world’s second-largest miner, has acquired Arcadium Lithium, a US-based lithium producer, in a $6.7 billion deal.

By acquiring this asset, Rio Tinto is not merely investing in lithium production; it is also gaining influence in a vital component of the electric vehicle (EV) supply chain, aligning with the global shift toward sustainable energy solutions.

Why Arcadium Lithium and Why Now?

Arcadium’s rapidly growing operations and focus on low-cost, efficient pro-

Though some automakers, like Toyota, Ford, and Volvo, are delaying EV production due to market uncertainties, the global shift toward electric vehicles and sustainable energy is accelerating.

verse extraction techniques—hardrock mining, brine recovery, and direct lithium extraction—provide a versatile production capability adaptable to various resource locations and extraction challenges.

With an existing production capacity of 75,000 tonnes of lithium carbonate equivalent annually, Arcadium operates across several key regions, including Argentina, Australia, Canada, and China, enabling Rio Tinto to establish a global footprint in the lithium market.

Furthermore, Arcadium’s plans to double its production capacity by 2028 align with Rio Tinto’s long-term strategy. This acquisition allows Rio Tinto to leverage Arcadium’s established markets and expertise, particularly as demand for lithium continues to rise across industries such as electric vehicles, electronics, and energy storage solutions.

Market Timing: Strategic Moves Amidst Shifting Trends

Despite recent declines in lithium prices due to oversupply from China and a slowdown in EV demand, Rio Tinto’s move is a calculated bet on long-term market growth. The acquisition price of

duction methods make it an attractive acquisition target. The company’s di-

USD $5.85 per share, representing a 90% premium over Arcadium’s recent closing price, reflects Rio Tinto’s confidence in the strategic value of this transaction. While some auto manufacturers, like Toyota, Ford, and Volvo, are postponing their EV production timelines due to market uncertainties, the overall trend is clear: the global transition towards electric vehicles and sustainable energy is accelerating.

Leveraging Market Opportunities

For Rio Tinto, acquiring Arcadium is not solely about entering lithium mining; it’s about securing a diversified, scalable production capability to serve various industries. With Arcadium’s

expertise and Rio Tinto’s resources, the combined entity has the potential to lead in developing new lithium extraction technologies and expanding production capacity. This would help Rio Tinto navigate market fluctuations and solidify its position as a key supplier to the growing battery and electronics sectors.

Industry Trends: Mining Companies and Mergers

This acquisition mirrors a broader trend in the mining sector, where companies are merging to consolidate their positions during a transformative period in the global economy. The accelerating energy transition and the critical role of lithium in EV batteries make such

acquisitions essential for mining companies aiming to secure their future in supply chains. Amid a surge in mergers in 2024, Rio Tinto’s acquisition of Arcadium appears to be a strategic response to increasing demand and competition in the sector.

Rio Tinto’s acquisition of Arcadium Lithium PLC demonstrates the company’s proactive approach to securing longterm growth and adapting to evolving market dynamics. By expanding its presence in the lithium market, Rio Tinto positions itself as a key player in the global shift towards sustainable energy solutions, despite the short-term challenges of market fluctuations and changes in the EV industry.

BHP Mitsubishi Alliance Reaches Agreement with BBAC

The BHP Mitsubishi Alliance (BMA) has entered into a native title project agreement with the Barada Barna Aboriginal Corporation (BBAC), marking a significant step in its relationship with the Traditional Owners of Central Queensland.

This partnership will pave the way for economic, social, and cultural benefits for the Barada Barna People, the Native Title holders of over 3,000 square kilometers of land where BMA operates several key steelmaking coal mines.

The agreement covers BMA’s mining operations at the Broadmeadow, Caval Ridge, Goonyella Riverside, Peak Downs, and Saraji coal mines. These mines are located on lands recognized as belonging to the Barada Barna People, whose historical and cultural connections to the area span generations. Under the terms of the agreement, BMA has committed to delivering a wide range of economic and employment opportunities for the Barada Barna community. The deal focuses on sustainable, long-term benefits by prioritizing contracting, business development, and employment initiatives, along with education and training programs designed to boost the participation of the Barada Barna People in BMA’s operations.

A key aspect of the agreement is the provision of funding for community projects that will allow the Barada Barna People to live and work on their ancestral lands. The initiative seeks to return the community to their country, ensuring intergenerational prosperity.

Türkiye Strengthens Global Mining Footprint

How Türkiye is expanding its global mining footprint with key agreements in China and Africa, focusing on rare earth elements and critical minerals.

At the International Mining Conference in Tianjin, China, Türkiye’s Energy Minister Alparslan Bayraktar announced the discovery of the world’s second-largest rare earth element (REE) reserve in Eskişehir, Türkiye. The country plans to establish an industrial facility to purify 570,000 tons of REEs annually, which could shift global mining footprints for these critical minerals.

Expanding Ties with Africa

Türkiye is strengthening its presence in Africa’s mining sector with a new partnership with Niger. On October 22, Bayraktar and Niger’s Mines Minister Abarchi Ousmane signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) in Istanbul to deepen cooperation in mineral exploration. This agreement highlights Türkiye’s interest in tapping into Niger’s rich but underdeveloped mineral resources, particularly uranium, while supporting Niger’s mining development through public and private investments.

Strengthening Ties with China

Bayraktar’s visit to China resulted in an agreement with China’s Minister of Natural Resources, Wang Guanghua, to collaborate on critical minerals, with a focus on rare earth elements. Türkiye’s strategic location and partnership with China could accelerate its mining projects and boost its position in global supply chains for critical materials. Talks with the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Tajikistan explored additional opportunities for cooperation in mining.

The discovery of Türkiye’s massive rare earth element reserve positions the country as a major player in global mining. With plans to process 570,000 tons of REEs annually, Türkiye is set to become a key supplier, reducing reliance on China’s dominance in the sector. Strategic international deals in Africa and Asia are enhancing Türkiye’s access to critical minerals, supporting its broader goals of mining innovation and sustainability.

Gold Prices Surge Amid ECB Rate Cuts

The European Central Bank (ECB) delivered a widely expected 25-basis-point rate cut today, sending ripples through financial markets.

Gold, already at record highs against the euro, surged further. Across the Atlantic, the precious metal flirted with $2,700 per ounce, buoyed by the latest U.S. jobless claims data. The rally underscores broader investor sentiment that gold remains a critical hedge in today’s volatile economic climate.

These developments follow the 2024 London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) Conference in Miami, where attendees expressed optimism about gold and silver. Despite gold trading sideways recently, market watchers and LBMA members are confident in its long-term prospects.

A Case for Gold: Why $3,000 Isn’t Far Off

While some investors may question gold’s recent sideways movement, many experts at the LBMA Conference view the current price action as a brief pause before the next rally. Several market strategists predict gold could hit $3,000 by year’s end, citing several tailwinds: central bank easing, geopolitical tensions, and inflationary pressures.

According to Michael Widmer, Head of Metals Research at Bank of America, the continued dovish stance of global central banks, including today’s ECB decision, strengthens the gold case. “With real yields likely to stay suppressed, gold should benefit as investors seek out safe havens,” Widmer remarked during the conference.

Copper Plate Prices Drop in Key Markets

Amid Weak Demand and Surging Supply

Copper plate prices saw a notable decline across major markets, including China and the U.S., in the week ending October 18. This dip was driven by a combination of overproduction, waning demand, and global economic pressures. Prices fell by 0.8%, reflecting broader trends in the industrial metals market.

In China, the world’s largest consumer of industrial metals, copper plate prices declined due to overproduction and falling raw material costs. The country’s construction sector—a key driver of copper demand—has struggled amid skepticism regarding recent government efforts to stabilize the real estate market. These reforms have not sparked the expected rebound in construction activity, leading to subdued demand for copper and other essential materials.

Investor confidence in China’s construction outlook remains low, especially as price drops in other industrial materials, such as iron ore, compound the issue. Additionally, global supply-side developments are adding pressure to the market. Mining companies, including Brazil’s Vale SA, have reported record-high copper production, while Australia’s BHP has reached full production capacity at its South Flank mine. The increased global supply, combined with weak demand, has created a surplus, further weighing on copper prices in China.

In the U.S., copper plate prices also trended downward, influenced by both domestic and international market conditions. Weaker demand from the manufacturing and construction sectors has contributed to the price decline. Seasonally, copper plate trade slows as winter approaches, with construction projects and other industrial activities winding down. A significant factor in the price drop has been the sharp decline in freight rates. Sea freight costs, especially on Trans-Pacific routes, have plummeted from their previous highs, easing supply chain pressures. This reduction in logistics costs has helped mitigate the price decline but has not been enough to offset weak demand.

Additionally, the U.S. dollar has strengthened, driven by recent non-farm payroll data that dampened expectations of major interest rate cuts by the Federal Reserve. A stronger dollar makes U.S. exports, including copper plates, less competitive on the global market, further suppressing prices.

Rio Tinto Reports Steady Growth

Global mining giant Rio Tinto has maintained consistent output at its Australian Pilbara operations, reporting a modest 1% increase in third-quarter iron ore production to 84.1 million tonnes.

Rio Tinto’s CEO, Jakob Stausholm, credits the company’s Safe Production System for productivity gains that have offset rising costs and ore depletion, maintaining 2023 output targets. Iron ore production in the Pilbara remains strong, with annual shipments expected between 323-338 million tonnes. However, inflationary pressures have pushed cash costs to the upper range of $21.75/t-$23.50/t.

Bauxite production has been a highlight, with forecasts at the upper range of 53-56 million tonnes for the year. Aluminium and alumina outputs are also steady,

positioning Rio Tinto to capitalize on global demand for lighter materials amid the energy transition.

Copper output, however, faced setbacks due to highwall movement at Kennecott in the U.S., reducing access to high-grade ore. The disruption is expected to impact copper production into 2024, with mined copper likely hitting the lower end of the 660,000-720,000 tonnes guidance.

Expansion efforts are ongoing, with first lithium production from Argentina’s Rincon plant expected soon, and the

Simandou iron ore mine in Guinea set to begin in 2025. The Oyu Tolgoi copper mine in Mongolia is ramping up, enhancing Rio Tinto’s copper capacity.

Rio Tinto’s diversified strategy positions it to adapt to China’s shift towards advanced manufacturing and electric vehicles, driving future demand for aluminium, copper, and lithium.

Despite inflation and operational challenges, the company remains focused on growth and resilience.

As the world shifts focus towards cleaner energy sources, coal consumption remains a polarizing issue. While some countries continue to rely heavily on coal for energy, others are making significant strides in reducing their dependence.

Asia remains at the forefront of coal consumption growth, primarily led by China and India. China, the world's largest coal consumer, is expanding its coal-fired power plants to meet its industrial and energy demands.

Despite pledges for carbon neutrality by 2060, China has not slowed coal production and consumption, with several new coal mines opening in 2024.

India, another major coal consumer, is also expanding its coal-based power generation to support its growing population and developing economy. The Indian government has announced several coal mining projects as part of its energy security strategy, aiming to increase domestic production and reduce reliance on imports.

In Southeast Asia, countries like Indonesia and Vietnam are also increasing coal consumption. Indonesia, a major coal exporter, continues to build coal-fired power plants to support its rapidly growing economy. Vietnam has similarly leaned on coal to fuel its industrial growth, despite international pressure to transition to cleaner energy.

Countries Showing Decline in Coal Use

Conversely, Europe and North America are seeing significant declines in coal consumption. The United States has gradually reduced its reliance on coal as natural gas and renewable energy become more affordable and policies favor cleaner energy sources. In Germany, the government has accelerated its coal phase-out, setting a target to close all coal plants by 2038, with significant shutdowns already underway.

IN CONTRAST, NORTH AMERICA and Europe experienced declines.

The United States continued its shift away from coal, with several mines closing as the market favors natural gas and renewables.

The United Kingdom has also shown a sharp decline, as coalfired plants are being replaced with renewable alternatives like wind and solar power. Other countries, including Canada and France, have similarly committed to phasing out coal as part of their climate action plans.

Global Coal Production in 2024: Trends and Future Projections

Global coal production in 2024 has shown a dynamic landscape, reflecting both rising demand in developing economies and efforts to transition to cleaner energy in advanced markets. Despite increasing emphasis on renewable energy, coal remains a critical energy source, particularly in Asia.

2024 Trends in Coal Production

In 2024, coal production grew notably in key regions like Asia and Africa, driven by economic expansion and energy demands. China, the world's largest coal producer, increased its production output significantly to meet its domestic industrial needs. This comes despite international pressure and the country’s long-term carbon neutrality goals. New mines were opened, and existing operations were ramped up, illustrating China’s commitment to maintaining coal as a backbone for its energy mix.

India, another major player, saw a surge in coal production as part of its energy security strategy. The Indian government has invested heavily in expanding domestic coal mining capabilities to reduce reliance on imports and support its growing power sector. Meanwhile, Indonesia and other Southeast Asian nations also ramped up production to meet local and regional demands.

In contrast, North America and Europe experienced declines. The United States continued its shift away from coal, with several mines closing as the market favors natural gas and renewables. Similarly, in Germany and Poland, coal production faced setbacks due to policies promoting a green energy transition and stricter environmental regulations.

Future Projections

Looking ahead, global coal production is expected to see a bifurcation. In Asia and parts of Africa, coal production will likely grow or remain stable in the short term, as these regions prioritize energy security and economic growth over immediate decarbonization. However, in Europe and North America, production is projected to decline further as governments push for clean energy targets and more coal plants shut down.

The global coal sector's future will hinge on balancing economic growth with climate commitments, with developing economies holding the key to coal’s continued role in global energy production.

Impact of China’s Lifting of the Ban on Australian Coal Imports: Shifts in Global Trade Patterns

The lifting of China’s ban on Australian coal imports in 2024 has sent ripples through global coal trade patterns, reshaping supply chains and influencing market dynamics. This significant policy reversal has re-established one of the world’s most vital coal trade routes, benefiting both countries economically.

Re-establishing Trade Ties

China had imposed a ban on Australian coal imports in late 2020 as diplomatic tensions escalated, forcing Chinese buyers to seek alternatives from Indonesia, Russia, and Mongolia.

pliers to China, providing much-needed relief after years of seeking alternative markets in India and Japan.

Shift in Trade Patterns

The reintroduction of Australian coal into the Chinese market has reshaped regional trade flows. Chinese buyers have started to reduce imports from other countries like Indonesia, diverting some of their orders back to Australian suppliers due to the quality and proximity advantage. This shift has caused Indonesian coal exports to China to decline slightly, prompting Indonesia to explore new markets, such as South Asia and Southeast Asia, to maintain its export levels.

Future Outlook

While China’s coal demand may eventually peak as its renewable capacity grows, 2024 has not marked that turning point. The global market remains closely tied to China’s energy decisions, and coal is expected to remain a cornerstone of its energy mix in the short term.

However, with the ban lifted, China has resumed importing Australian coal, primarily coking coal, which is essential for its steel industry. The reinstatement of these trade ties has provided China with a stable and high-quality coal supply, vital for its construction and manufacturing sectors. For Australia, the return of Chinese buyers has revitalized its coal industry. Australian producers, particularly in Queensland and New South Wales, have seen an uptick in demand, boosting prices and exports.

The reopening of this key market has allowed Australian mining companies to regain their position as major sup-

The resumption of Australian coal imports by China is expected to stabilize trade flows in the Asia-Pacific region. However, geopolitical uncertainties and China's long-term commitment to renewable energy still pose potential risks. For now, the re established trade between China and Australia appears poised to strengthen, benefiting both economies and shaping the broader coal market dynamics in the region.

Progress in Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) for Coal-Fired Power Plants

As global demand for energy remains high, coal-fired power plants continue to play a critical role in electricity generation, especially in developing economies.

However, to align with climate goals and reduce emissions, significant advancements in Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) technologies have been made in recent years, offering a path to cleaner coal energy.

Technological Developments and Implementation

In 2024, several coal-fired power plants have integrated cutting-edge CCUS technologies aimed at capturing up to 90% of carbon emissions. One such example is the Petra Nova project in the United States, which successfully demonstrated how large-scale carbon capture could be retrofitted onto existing power plants. The technology, using an amine-based

solvent, captures CO₂ directly from flue gas and transports it for utilization or storage.

In Asia, where coal remains a dominant energy source, countries like China are rapidly advancing their CCUS capabilities. China has launched multiple pilot projects, including the Guangdong CCUS Hub, aiming to capture millions of tonnes of CO₂ annually.

The project integrates cutting-edge carbon capture technologies with enhanced oil recovery (EOR), effectively utilizing the captured carbon for boosting oil production, thus creating economic value while reducing emissions.

Utilization and Storage Innovations

Utilization of captured carbon has become a focus area, with innovative solutions transforming CO₂ into building materials, synthetic fuels, and even chemicals. Companies are partnering with tech firms to explore how CO₂ can be repurposed as a feedstock for new products, thus creating a circular carbon economy.

In terms of storage, advancements in geological sequestration are enhancing the long-term storage capacity of CO₂. Projects like Norway’s Northern Lights, an initiative under the North Sea, are exploring safe, large-scale underground storage options that provide a model for other regions.

With CCUS technologies evolving and becoming more cost-effective, coal-fired power plants can continue to operate while significantly reducing their carbon footprint. However, scaling these technologies remains a challenge, requiring further investment, supportive policy frameworks, and international collaboration to make widespread adoption feasible.

India's Push to Boost Domestic Coal Production: Progress and Challenges

India, one of the world's largest coal consumers, has launched an aggressive campaign to boost domestic coal production and reduce its reliance on imports. The government’s efforts, aimed at enhancing energy security and reducing trade deficits, have yielded mixed results in 2024, with both successes and ongoing challenges shaping the landscape.

Progress in Domestic Coal Production

India’s government, under its Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-Reliant India) initiative, has implemented several measures to ramp up coal output. These include opening new mining blocks, investing in advanced mining technology, and

China's Coal Demand in 2024: Has It Peaked and What Does It Mean for the Global Market?

China, the world's largest coal consumer, has long been the focal point of global coal markets. In 2024, experts speculated that China’s coal demand might peak as the nation shifts its energy strategy toward renewables and cleaner alternatives. However, the reality has proven to be more complex, with mixed signals emerging from China’s coal sector.

Has China’s Coal Demand Peaked?

Despite aggressive renewable energy targets and investments in green technology, China’s coal demand has not shown a definitive peak in 2024. While the country has scaled up its renewable energy capacity— adding significant wind and solar power plants—coal remains crucial for its energy security. The Chinese government has even approved new coal-fired power plants in response to economic growth demands and concerns about energy stability, particularly during periods of high electricity consumption and extreme weather events.

The construction and operation of these new coal plants suggest that while China is diversifying its energy sources, it is not ready to abandon coal in the near term. Moreover, the country’s steel and manufacturing industries, which heavily rely on coal, are continuing to expand, further driving coal consumption.

Global Implications

China’s sustained coal demand has several implications for the global market. For coal-exporting nations such as Australia, Indonesia, and Russia, this provides an opportunity to maintain or increase exports, supporting their mining sectors. Australia, in particular, has benefited since China lifted its ban on Australian coal imports, with trade volumes quickly rebounding.

However, the continued reliance on coal also raises concerns about global emission targets and the feasibility of meeting international climate commitments. If China’s coal demand remains high, it could complicate global efforts to reduce carbon emissions, potentially leading to policy adjustments and increased pressure from international bodies.

Coal Output to 2030 Impacted by Phase-Outs from Top Miners

Global coal production is expected to increase to 8,917.3 million tonnes (mt) in 2023, a growth of 1.9% over 2022, with China and India contributing to the growth. China, India, Indonesia, the US and Australia are the top five coal-producing countries, together accounting for more than 80% of global coal production. China is the largest coal-producing country accounting for about 50% of the world’s total coal production in 2022. According to GlobalData,

the growth rate in 2023 is expected to be lower than in 2022 (11.4% in 2022 versus 2.2% in 2023), primarily due to tightened safety measures, which have hampered production. Meanwhile, production in India and Indonesia, the second-largest and third-largest producers, is expected to increase by 6.2% and 1.8% respectively, due to the respective government’s plans to increase coal output in order to satisfy domestic needs thereby reducing dependency on imports.

Coal India Ltd, China Shenhua Energy Co Ltd (CSEK), China National Coal Group Corp, Peabody Energy Corp, Glencore plc, Yanzhou Coal Mining Co Ltd, Arch Resources Inc, PT Bumi Resources Tbk, Singareni Collieries Co Ltd and PT Adaro Energy Tbk are the top ten coal-producing companies in the world, together accounting for 1,655.9mt, or 18.9%, of the global coal production in 2022.

Global coal production is expected to remain flat at a CAGR of 0.7% over the forecast period to reach 9,369.9mt in 2030. The flat growth will be due to competition from renewable sources, as well as issues with China’s lower quality coal reserves, which will lead to rising production costs. In addition, closure of several mines in Indonesia and the US, will further curtail production during the forecast period. In contrast, India’s coal production is expected to post a CAGR of 4.9% to reach over 1.3 billion tonnes by 2030.

streamlining regulatory processes to attract private sector participation. State-run Coal India Ltd (CIL), the largest coal producer in the country, has scaled up operations, setting ambitious production targets. In 2024, CIL reported a year-on-year production increase, exceeding 700 million tonnes for the first time. Moreover, private coal miners have begun playing a more significant role, thanks to policy changes that allow 100% foreign direct investment (FDI) in commercial coal mining. This shift has resulted in several private companies entering the sector, boosting overall output and creating a more competitive market environment.

Challenges and the Role of Imports

Despite these efforts, India still faces hurdles in meeting its growing coal demand domestically. Infrastructure bottlenecks, including transportation and logistics issues, have hampered the efficient delivery of coal from mines to power plants. Additionally, unpredictable weather patterns and operational delays have led to periodic shortages, compelling power producers to rely on imported coal to fill the gap.

In 2024, India’s coal imports, particularly from Indonesia, Australia, and South Africa, remained substantial.

While imports have slightly decreased compared to previous years, they still account for a significant portion of India’s total coal consumption, particularly for high-grade coking coal used in the steel industry, which is not abundantly available domestically.

India’s efforts to increase domestic coal production have shown progress, but the country continues to face challenges in fully weaning itself off imports. Continued investment in infrastructure, policy reforms, and sustainable mining practices will be crucial for India to achieve its goal of becoming self-reliant in coal production.

DESPITE GOVERNMENT STIMULUS

China’s Steel Industry Faces Grim Forecast

CHINA’S ECONOMY, ONCE A BEACON OF RAPID growth, is facing an alarming deceleration. No matter the extent of government interventions, the anticipated economic recovery remains elusive.

This sluggishness is particularly pronounced in China’s beleaguered steel industry, which continues to suffer from weak demand despite significant efforts by Beijing to stimulate growth. Even after the People’s Bank of China lowered interest rates in late September and benchmark lending rates were slashed, the expected boost has failed to materialize.

Steel Demand Slump: WSA’s Grim Forecast

The World Steel Association (WSA) has recently revised its 2024 steel demand forecast downward, particularly for China, where the situation is most striking. Continued weakness in manufacturing activities and consumer reluctance to buy new real estate have driven a sharp decline in steel demand. The WSA now projects that China’s steel consumption in 2024 will be less than half of global consumption—a level not seen in six years.

China’s steel demand is forecasted to fall by 3% next year, compared to a slight drop of 1% for the global market. The downturn in real estate, a major driver of steel demand, has been one of the most significant contributing factors. Real estate construction, which traditionally consumes a large share of steel, has plummeted as homebuyer confidence and investment dwindle.

Can More Stimulus Save the Steel Industry?

The WSA’s report doesn’t entirely rule out the potential for a rebound in Chinese steel demand, provided the government continues to pump more stimulus into the economy. Already, China’s housing ministry has expanded the “whitelist” of real estate projects and introduced new measures to speed up financing for incomplete housing developments. Additionally, about 50 cities across China have implemented policies to stimulate the real estate market, including relaxing home-buying restrictions and offering incentives to non-local buyers.

However, these efforts have so far yielded limited results. Economists argue that China’s attempts to revive its real estate sector are being thwarted by deeper economic challenges. The country is grappling with significant internal issues, such as high youth unemployment and

declining consumer confidence, as well as external pressures like weaker global demand for exports and mounting geopolitical tensions.

Why China’s Recovery Plan is Faltering

China’s post-COVID economic recovery has faced numerous obstacles, chief among them a faltering real estate market and subdued domestic demand. Government efforts to jumpstart the economy have so far proven insufficient. While the lowering of interest rates was expected to ease financing pressures, it has failed to reverse the broader economic malaise.

Consumer confidence remains weak, exacerbated by widespread joblessness among the nation’s youth and uncertainty surrounding the global economic outlook. As domestic consumption dwindles, China’s steel exports have also faced growing resistance.

Many countries, particularly in Asia, have imposed tariffs to protect their domestic industries from being undercut by cheaper Chinese steel.

A GAME-CHANGER FOR SAFETY

Automation in Mining

The mining industry, long known for its physically demanding and hazardous working conditions, is undergoing a significant transformation.

Arecent review published in Machines provides a comprehensive analysis of how automation technologies are reshaping mining operations. From autonomous haul trucks to AI-powered decision-making systems, these innovations promise to revolutionize the industry by enhancing efficiency, boosting productivity, and improving safety standards.

Evolution of Automation in Mining

Historically, mining has relied on labor-intensive processes, often requiring

manual work in harsh and dangerous environments. However, over the past few decades, the sector has seen a gradual shift toward mechanization and automation.

Early advancements focused on machinery for excavation and transportation, but today’s automation solutions go beyond mere mechanization. They include sophisticated technologies such as robotic systems, artificial intelligence (AI), and advanced data analytics that optimize every aspect of the mining process.

One key benefit of automation is its ability to reduce reliance on human labor for hazardous tasks. Automated systems can operate continuously and with greater precision, minimizing the risks of human error and accidents. Moreover, these systems can function in environments that would be unsafe or inaccessible for human workers, enabling mining companies to extract resources more efficiently and safely.

Key Technologies Driving Automation

The review highlights several critical technologies currently in use or under development in the mining sector. Among these, Automated Haul Truck Systems (AHS) stand out as a game-changer for surface mining. These trucks, equipped with advanced navigation systems, can autonomously transport materials across a mine site, optimizing haulage routes and reducing fuel consumption. By eliminating the need for human drivers, AHS can lower operational costs and enhance overall productivity.

Robotic systems are also becoming integral to underground mining operations, where the risks of collapse, poor ventilation, and limited communication pose serious challenges. Autonomous robots equipped with sensors and AI algorithms can navigate complex underground environments, collect data, perform inspections, and even carry out mining tasks. The review cites studies demonstrating how these robots enhance safety by reducing the need for human workers in dangerous underground settings.

Another area of focus is the role of AI and machine learning in predictive maintenance and real-time monitoring. AI systems can analyze vast amounts of operational data to identify patterns

and predict equipment failures before they occur. This capability not only reduces costly downtime but also improves the longevity of machinery, making mining operations more cost-effective.

Addressing Safety and Human Factors

While automation has the potential to dramatically improve safety in mining, the review stresses the importance of considering the human factors involved in the transition to automated systems. As automated technologies are integrated into mine operations, workers must be retrained and familiarized with new workflows. Failure to adequately address these human factors could lead to resistance, safety oversights, and inefficiencies.

The review also calls for the establishment of industry-specific safety protocols to ensure that human workers can coexist with automated systems. While formal safety standards for robotics have already been established in industries such as automotive manufacturing, mining presents unique challenges due to its dynamic and hazardous nature. For example, underground environments often have limited communication infrastructure, making coordination between humans and machines particularly challenging.

Overcoming Challenges in Underground Automation

Underground mining poses unique challenges for automation, particularly in terms of navigation and communication. In these environments, radio signals can be blocked by dense rock formations, limiting the effectiveness of traditional GPS systems. The review highlights promising research into localization technologies such as radio frequency identification (RFID) and sensor-based systems that enable more precise tracking of equipment and workers underground.

The development of collaborative robots, or cobots, offers another promising avenue. These robots are designed to work alongside human operators in shared spaces without the need for physical barriers, enhancing productivity while maintaining safety. Cobots could be especially useful in underground mining, where human-robot collaboration could mitigate some of the risks associated with working in confined and hazardous spaces.

The Path Forward for Mining Automation

The review concludes by emphasizing the need for continued innovation and research to address the current limitations of mining automation. While significant progress has been

made, particularly in surface mining, underground automation still faces numerous technical challenges, especially in communication and localization.

Collaboration between technology developers, mining companies, and regulators will be crucial in overcoming these obstacles. The authors advocate for a multidisciplinary approach that considers both technological advancements and the human factors that will ultimately determine the success of automation in mining.

Automation is set to revolutionize the mining industry, offering a path toward safer and more efficient operations. As the review in Machines highlights, the integration of technologies like robotic systems, AI, and advanced data analytics holds the potential to transform mining from a labor-intensive, high-risk industry into a more streamlined, technology-driven one. However, the path to full automation will require careful consideration of both the technical and human factors involved, as well as the development of safety standards tailored to the unique challenges of mining.

With continued innovation and collaboration, the future of mining automation looks promising. The next phase of this transformation could not only improve safety and efficiency but also contribute to the industry’s sustainability goals, ensuring that the sector can meet the growing global demand for raw materials while minimizing its environmental footprint.

SKILLINGS MINING INDUSTRY DIALOGUE

MIKE MCDOWELL DIRECTOR, OUTLIERS MINING SOLUTIONS, CANADA

Mike McDowell is an asset management professional with over 30 years in the mining industry. He is a mechanical engineer with extensive operational experience in base and precious metals as well as potash. Mike has also held technical and customer support roles with a major mining equipment supplier.

CORY SCHWARZSCHILD

BUSINESS PERFORMANCE ADVISOR, INSPERITY, USA

Cory Schwarzschild is a Business Performance Advisor / Growth & Profit Strategist / Risk Management Labor Cost Containment. He is a Business Performance Advisor in Insperity, a team of HR experts specializing in solutions for small to medi-um-sized businesses that make a real impact and will drive businesses forward.

GILBERTO VELASQUEZ

SENIOR MARKETING, COMMUNICATIONS

SPECIALIST

Gilberto Velasquez, Jr. is the CEO of Gilberto Velasquez a Associates - a native Texan and a graduate of Texas A&M University, Mr. Velasquez enjoys the diversity and economic opportunities available in the Lone Star State. An award-winning marketing professional with over 15 years experience.

Interview with Industry Leaders A Discussion on Leadership, Work-Life Balance, & Environmental Responsibility

Interview/Discussion with Three Experienced Mining Professionals: Mike Mcdowell, Cory Schwarzschild and Gilberto Velasquez,

Jr.

In the dynamic and challenging world of mining, experience and innovation are key to navigating the complexities of the industry. Today, we have the privilege of speaking with two esteemed professionals who have made significant contributions to the field: The panel consisted of Mike Mcdowell -Director, Outliers Mining Solutions, Canada, Gilberto Velasquez - Senior Marketing, Communications Specialist, USA. and Cory Schwarzschild - Business Performance Advisor, Insperity, USA. They share their career insights, the importance of leadership, and their visions for the future of mining. This interview delves into their professional journeys, highlighting the critical role of technology, the necessity of continuous learning, and the steps needed to enhance the industry's sustainability and public perception.

Leadership emerged as a critical aspect of career success, with Gilberto emphasizing the importance of staying ahead of technical curves and fostering growth in others. Mike stressed that strong leadership is essential, particularly in remote and harsh conditions, while Cory ranked it a 9 out of 10 in importance.

All participants agreed that their formal education served to widen their career preparation, but practical hands-on experience was crucial for growth.

Gilberto Velasquez emphasized the importance of leadership skills, saying they become “more important as the years go on.” He also highlighted the need to stay with or ahead of technical curves. Mike McDowell agreed on the importance of leadership, adding that it’s “absolutely critical” for new employees to fit into company culture.

Engendering commitment and creating a safe working environment were identified as important for successful management. Participants agreed that while goals have become more defined over the years, the current era of technology and innovation demands a clearer understanding of these goals.

A balance between technical and managerial skills was deemed essential for promoting managers. Cory highlighted that great management is more important than technical skills, while Cory advocated for a focus on soft skills.

Work-life balance was viewed as vital by all participants, with Mike reminding professionals that family comes first and Gilberto emphasizing its importance in maintaining job performance and peer respect.

The participants shared several suggestions to improve the industry’s image and attract younger professionals. Gilberto proposed more involvement at the college level, Mike suggested educating the public about mining’s role in their lives, and Cory recommended proactive engagement on social media and with young thought leaders.

On the subject of engendering commitment, most respondents agreed it is important, with Mike Mcdowell adding that providing a safe working environment is essential. When asked about the promotion of managers, opinions varied; Gilberto Velasquez stated that managers should be promoted based on their ability to foster growth in others, while Cory Schwarzschild believed being a great manager is more important than technical skills.

The seasoned professionals emphasized the importance of strong leadership, lifelong learning, and work-life balance

for success in the mining industry. Their insights and advice serve as valuable guidance for young professionals entering the field. Moving forward, the mining industry faces numerous challenges and opportunities. As the professional group pointed out, staying ahead of technical advances and embracing innovation are essential for continued success. This includes investing in more sustainable practices, leveraging automation and digitalization, and developing new technologies to improve efficiency and reduce environmental impact.

Another critical aspect is addressing the industry’s talent gap. Attracting and retaining skilled workers will require a combination of approaches, such as offering competitive compensation packages, providing ongoing training and development opportunities, and creating a positive work environment that fosters growth and collaboration.

Moreover, the professionals stressed the importance of mentorship and knowledge transfer to prepare the next generation of mining leaders. Encouraging experienced workers to play an active role in guiding and mentoring younger employees can ensure a seamless transition and continued success in the industry.

Diversity and inclusion are other areas where the mining sector can make significant strides. As Terry mentioned, merit-based organizations should focus on performance and peer respect rather than personal characteristics. Fostering a diverse and inclusive workforce will lead to more innovative solutions, better decision-making, and a stronger industry overall.

The industry must actively work on improving its public image. This involves transparent communication about mining’s impact on society, the environment, and the economy. Engaging with communities, partnering with educational institutions, and collaborating with stakeholders can help change public perception and showcase the industry’s commitment to sustainability and social responsibility.

The future of the mining industry hinges on its ability to adapt, innovate, and embrace a diverse and inclusive workforce. By focusing on strong leadership, professional development, and work-life balance, the industry can continue to thrive and contribute to global progress.

As the mining industry continues to evolve, it will need to address the growing demand for resources while minimizing its environmental footprint. This will involve a shift towards more sustainable mining practices and innovative technologies to optimize processes and reduce waste.

Fire Protection & Safety

Primary Fire Hazards for Mining Operations

Mining activities, whether surface or underground, present a number of fire hazards that can have disastrous results if not managed effectively. Primary fire threats in mining include flammable minerals, electrical systems, mechanical equipment, and the presence of combustible gasses.

One major risk element is the accumulation of combustible compounds used in machinery maintenance, such as coal dust, oil, grease, and other hydrocarbons. Coal dust is particularly dangerous in coal mines because it can easily ignite and spread through explosions if not properly controlled. Proper dust suppression systems and ventilation are critical for reducing these concerns.

Electrical systems are also a major fire threat in mining. Faulty wiring, overloaded circuits, and electrical equipment faults can cause sparks to ignite flammable substances. Methane gas collection in underground mines, particularly in coal mines, creates an extra risk. Methane is very explosive and can be ignited by electrical sparks or other ignition sources if the mine's ventilation system fails to appropriately manage gas concentrations.

Mechanical equipment such as drilling rigs, transport trucks, and conveyor belts can also cause fires. Overheat-

ing, friction, or mechanical failure can cause sparks or excess heat to ignite surrounding flammable items. Regular maintenance and the installation of fire suppression devices on equipment are critical for mitigating these dangers.

Finally, welding and cutting operations, which are widespread in mining for maintenance and building, present the risk of sparks and hot surfaces coming into contact with flammable materials. Implementing tight safety practices, such as wearing flame-resistant covers and keeping a dedicated fire watch, can help to mitigate this danger.

Addressing these fire threats necessitates a proactive approach that includes frequent safety inspections, personnel training, and investment in cutting-edge fire detection and suppression technology.

Understanding and controlling these key fire threats allows mining operations to greatly reduce the likelihood of fire events, safeguarding both personnel

and assets. Determine the Appropriate Fire Suppression Systems for Different Areas of a Mine.

Choosing the best fire suppression system for different parts of a mine necessitates a detailed risk assessment and an awareness of the particular circumstances and risks prevalent in each location. Mines, whether underground or open-pit, have a wide range of settings, each with unique fire dangers that necessitate bespoke solutions for effective suppression.

1. Underground roads and tunnels

Underground mining's roadways and tunnels are prone to flames caused by flammable gasses, machinery, and electrical systems.

In these regions, water-based suppression devices such as sprinklers and deluge systems are frequently the best option. These devices are good at swiftly cooling fires and reducing heat build-up. Foam systems can also

To limit the risk of fires in mining operations, several critical preventive measures can be implemented.

These procedures are aimed at reducing fire threats, maintaining equipment, ensuring adequate ventilation, and training staff.

1. Effective Ventilation Systems

Install effective ventilation systems, particularly in underground mines, to handle flammable gasses such as methane. Proper ventilation lowers the risk of gas collection and explosion. Monitor gas levels with methane detectors and other sensors to detect and respond to dangerous quantities.

2.

Dust-Control Measures

Implement dust suppression devices to reduce the amount of combustible dust, such as coal dust, in the mine. This can include water sprays, dust collectors, and wet drilling methods. Clean mining areas on a regular basis to avoid dust buildup, which can serve as a fuel source for flames.

3. Proper Maintenance Of Equipment

Regularly examine and maintain machinery and equipment to prevent overheating, friction, and flammable fluid leaks such as oil and grease. To respond promptly to fires, equip machinery with automatic fire suppression devices, such as dry chemical or foam-based extinguishers.

4. Electric Safety Protocols

Install explosion-proof electrical systems and employ inherently safe equipment, particularly in high-risk regions containing flammable gasses. Regularly inspect and maintain electrical wiring, connectors, and panels to avoid short circuits and sparks.

5. Fire Safety Training and Emergency Preparedness

Employees should be trained in fire prevention, emergency protocols, and how to operate firefighting equipment safely. Conduct regular fire drills to ensure that all personnel are aware of evacuation routes and emergency procedures.

6. Application of Flame-Resistant Materials and Barriers

Apply flame-resistant coverings and barriers to flammable items and equipment. Combustible substances such as fuel, chemicals, and lubricants should be stored in designated fireproof locations.

7. Safe Hot Work Practices

Create protocols for hot work operations like welding and cutting, such as fire watch assignments and the use of non-combustible barriers to keep sparks contained. Permit mechanisms and sufficient supervision ensure that hot work is only done under safe, regulated settings.

8. Installation of fire detection and suppression systems.

Install fire detectors in crucial areas, including smoke and thermal sensors, to provide early detection. Make that mines have suitable fire suppression equipment, such as sprinklers or fixed firefighting systems, so that they can respond quickly to fire outbreaks.

be utilized in tunnels for the storage or transportation of combustible liquids such as oil. Foam is good for putting out liquid flames by forming a barrier between the fuel and oxygen.

2. Machinery and Heavy Equipment

Mining machinery, such as haul trucks and drilling rigs, frequently runs at high

temperatures and burns flammable fuels. Dry chemical systems are ideal for these environments because they can swiftly extinguish flames caused by electrical or mechanical failures, preventing fire spread.

3. Fuel Storage Areas

Fuel storage and refueling stations are high-risk areas that require strong fire suppression systems. Foam suppression devices are often employed here because they are good at putting out flames involving flammable liquids.

Automatic fire suppression systems with sensors on mobile equipment can detect flames in their early stages and deploy suppressant chemicals instantly, reducing damage and downtime.

These systems frequently contain automatic detection and activation methods to enable rapid reaction times in the event of a fire outbreak.

4. Electrical rooms and control centers

Electrical control rooms require suppression systems that do not harm sensitive equipment. Gaseous suppression systems with clean agents (e.g., FM-200 or CO₂) are appropriate for these regions. They quickly put out fires without leaving residue or causing damage to electronic components.

How Climate Change Affects Fire Risks in Mining Operations, and How the Industry Can Prepare

Climate change is having a greater impact on the mining industry, not only in terms of regulatory and environmental concerns, but also by increasing fire dangers in mining operations. Rising global temperatures, extended droughts, and

altered weather patterns have made mines more susceptible to fires, both on the surface and beneath. As these hazards grow, mining companies must adapt their fire prevention measures to ensure worker safety, asset protection, and operational continuity.

1. Increased Surface Fire Risks

Climate change is amplifying wildfire risks in regions with extensive mining activities, such as Australia, the U.S., and Africa. Prolonged heat and minimal rainfall create dry, combustible landscapes around surface mines, especially near vegetation. Mines in arid zones face higher risks, as vegetation becomes highly flammable, and equipment overheating further increases fire hazards.

2. Underground Fire Hazards and Heat Stress

Rising surface temperatures elevate subsurface heat levels, raising risks of spontaneous combustion in coal mines and

Key components of an effective emergency response plan for a mine fire

A good emergency response plan for a mine fire is critical for crew safety, damage minimization, and operational continuity. Given the dangers of mining operations, a thorough plan must be in place, including preparation, training, and defined protocols. Here are the main components:

1. Risk Assessment and Hazard Identification

The first step is to undertake a detailed risk assessment to determine which portions of the mine are most susceptible to flames. Understanding the specific threats, such as combustible materials, machinery, or gas pockets, allows for the development of more targeted fire prevention and response measures.

2. Clear Communication Systems

Effective communication is critical during a fire emergency. Mines should have reliable underground communication systems, such as radios and public address systems. This guarantees that all personnel receive prompt instructions and updates, which reduces fear and confusion during evacuations.

3.

Evacuation & Escape Routes

Escape routes must be well designated and maintained on a regular basis.

Mines should have clearly marked primary and secondary evacuation paths to ensure a safe exit if one route is blocked. Regular exercises must be carried out to acquaint workers with these routes and processes.

Furthermore, the creation of refuge chambers can provide miners with safe havens if evacuation is not possible right away, providing breathable air and safety until rescue crews arrive.

4. Emergency Equipment and Firefighting Resources

Firefighting equipment, including extinguishers, water hoses, and automatic suppression systems, should be strategically placed throughout the mine. Proper maintenance and inspection routines are critical to ensuring that they work when needed.

All workers must have access to personal protective equipment (PPE), such as respirators and flame-re -

sistant clothes, in order to protect themselves against smoke inhalation and burns.

5. Training and Drills

Regular training and fire drills are essential in preparing all personnel for emergencies. These training sessions should address fire prevention, firefighting equipment operation, communication protocols, and evacuation procedures. Simulated scenarios assist workers improve their response skills and confidence in real-world situations.

6.

Coordination with the Rescue Teams

Coordination between on-site and external rescue teams is important. A comprehensive rescue plan should be created, including the roles and duties of internal reaction teams as well as how external services, such as fire departments or mine rescue units, will be integrated during an emergency.

increasing the likelihood of flammable gases accumulating. Cooling and ventilation systems struggle under severe heat, posing risks of system failures that may result in fires.

3. Adapting Fire Prevention Strategies

To mitigate these challenges, the mining industry is adopting advanced fire prevention measures. Enhanced detection systems, using sensors and AI-driven analytics, allow real-time monitoring of temperature, humidity, and gas levels to spot early fire indicators.

Additionally, surface mine operators are implementing wildfire management plans, including firebreaks and vegetation control. Rapid-response firefighting equipment, such as mobile water tanks, is crucial to protecting infrastructure from spreading wildfires.

4. Invest in Climate-Resilient Infrastructure

Mines are investing in climate-resilient infrastructure to reduce fire risks. Heat-resistant equipment, improved ventilation, and advanced fire suppression systems—like foam and automated sprinklers—help mitigate risks.

Collaboration with local authorities for early weather alerts and taking preventative measures, such as operational pauses during extreme heat, further aid preparedness.

5. Employee Training and Emergency Preparedness

Training staff to handle fire risks in a warming climate is essential. Regular fire drills should simulate wildfire and high-heat scenarios, emphasizing safety protocols. Providing flame-resistant clothing and specialized PPE can significantly enhance worker safety and preparedness.

The primary regulatory standards govern fire safety in the mining industry

Fire safety is an important component of mining operations, and regulatory agencies around the world have developed through regulations to reduce fire risks and safeguard workers. These standards address everything from fire prevention and suppression systems to emergency response protocols. Compliance with these criteria is critical for mining firms to conduct business lawfully and safely.

1. Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) regulations

In the United States, the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) establishes the fundamental fire safety regulations for the mining industry under the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), specifically 30 CFR Parts 56, 57, and 75. These requirements require the installation of fire suppression systems, ventilation controls, and the use of flame-resistant materials in both underground and surface mines.

MSHA mandates the installation of automatic fire suppression systems on equipment such as haul trucks and conveyor belts, and emphasizes the significance of routine inspection and maintenance of firefighting equipment. It also sets ventilation criteria to avoid the accumulation of flammable gasses like methane.

2. International standards (ISO)

Globally, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) provides frameworks for fire risk assessment and prevention through standards such as ISO 16732 and ISO 19353, respectively. These standards provide guidance for recognizing fire threats, implementing control measures, and designing effective response methods for mining sites. Mines that adhere to these criteria can apply best practices that are consistent with international standards, which is critical for multinational mining corporations operating in multiple jurisdictions.

3. European Union Directives

In the European Union, the ATEX Directive (2014/34/EU) governs equipment used in explosive environments, including mine sites. This regulation assures that electrical and mechanical equipment in mines satisfies high safety standards in order to reduce ignite risks. The EU Directive 92/104/ EEC, generally known as the Mines Directive, specifies fire safety criteria for underground mining activities, such as the installation of fire detection systems and the provision of emergency exit routes and refuge chambers.

4. Other National Standards

In Australia, the Work Health and Safety (Mines and Petroleum Sites) Regulation 2022 outlines fire risk management, equipment inspection, and emergency planning. In South Africa, the Mine Health and Safety Act (MHSA) imposes comparable rules, requiring complete fire prevention and response plans in both surface and underground mines.

SELF-CLEANING TECHNOLOGY

Non-Blinding Aggregate Screens Can Enhance Mining Efficiency

Mining operations continually seek ways to optimize productivity and minimize costly downtimes. One of the industry’s most persistent challenges is screen blinding, where debris clogs the mesh openings in screens used for material processing.

Compass Wire Cloth, a leading North American manufacturer of screening and sifting solutions, is at the forefront of this innovation. Their NonBlinding Aggregate Screens, designed with advanced self-cleaning technology, are poised to significantly enhance the efficiency of material processing in mining operations.

Tackling the Screen Blinding Challenge

Screen blinding is a critical issue for mining operations that process materials such as coal, ore, and aggregates. When mesh screens become clogged, they require frequent cleaning or replacement, leading to significant downtime. This problem is especially prevalent when processing wet or sticky materials, which can severely reduce the effectiveness of traditional screening equipment.

Non-Blinding Aggregate Screens provide a compelling solution. Each wire in the

mesh vibrates independently, preventing clogging by allowing materials to pass through without sticking. The self-cleaning function is particularly beneficial for operations dealing with high-moisture or heavy, sticky materials. As a result, productivity remains consistent without the need for frequent maintenance interventions.

Enhanced Durability and Productivity

A key feature of Compass Wire Cloth’s Non-Blinding Aggregate Screens is their robust construction. Available in stainless steel or high-carbon steel, these screens are built to endure the harsh environments often encountered in mining operations.

From extreme temperatures to abrasive materials, the screens maintain their integrity over extended periods of use, offering a durable solution that significantly extends their service life.

Unlike conventional screening solutions, Non-Blinding Aggregate Screens feature a high percentage of open area, allowing for increased throughput.

The precision and accuracy of material sizing and screening are unparalleled, enabling mining companies to maintain consistent product quality. This not only boosts overall productivity but also reduces material waste—a critical concern for cost-conscious operations.

Reducing Downtime and Maintenance Costs

One of the most significant advantages of Non-Blinding Aggregate Screens is their impact on operational costs. Downtime is a common challenge in mining, especially when screens need to be replaced or cleaned.

With traditional screens, this can be a frequent and labor-intensive task. However, the self-cleaning feature of Compass

Wire Cloth’s screens drastically reduces the need for such interventions.

The single-panel design of these screens further simplifies maintenance. Screen changes are quicker and less frequent, leading to a notable reduction in labor costs and downtime. As a result, mining operations can allocate resources more efficiently, resulting in significant cost savings.

Versatility and Customization for Mining Applications

Mining processes vary greatly depending on the type of material being processed, environmental conditions, and the specific equipment in use. Recognizing this, Compass Wire Cloth has designed its Non-Blinding Aggregate Screens to be highly versatile. They are compatible with both mobile and static plants and adapt seamlessly to all Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) machinery.

Available in three distinct styles, the screens can also be customized to meet the specific needs of different mining operations. This flexibility ensures optimal

performance across diverse applications, whether in aggregate production, mineral processing, or coal screening.

Conclusion: A Game-Changer for the Mining Industry

Compass Wire Cloth’s Non-Blinding Aggregate Screens represent a significant advancement in material processing for the mining industry.

By addressing the long-standing issue of screen blinding, these screens offer mining companies a reliable, durable, and cost-effective solution that enhances operational efficiency. With their self-cleaning technology, extended service life, and ability to reduce downtime, they are poised to play a crucial role in the future of mining.

A-Style Aggregate Screens: B-Style Aggregate Screens: C-Style Aggregate Screens:

• Alternating straight and formed wires vibrate at different speeds, cleaning the screening surface.

• Have a triangular shaped opening

• Are resiliant to damage from over sized material

• Are most accurate screen for sizing

• Have diamond shaped openings.

• Accurately size dry or damp material

• Also available in High Carbon Wire.

• Have a herringbone weave pattern.

• Prevent roots, grass, and other desbris from clogging the screening surface.

• Are used where the gradation from raw to finished is not great.

All non-blinding screens are available in oil-tempered and stainless steel wire, and can be hooked with any edge style to fit all screening equipment.

Compass Wire Cloth offers three types of Aggregate Screens

South African Coal Industry Faces Pressure to Cut Prices

South Africa’s coal industry faces pressure to reduce prices in response to a proposed 36.15% electricity tariff hike by Eskom. Energy adviser Silas Zimu urges coal suppliers to temporarily lower prices to mitigate rising costs.

SILAS ZIMU, SPECIAL ADVISER TO SOUTH AFRICA’S

Minister of Energy and Electricity, has urged local coal producers to temporarily reduce coal prices for Eskom, the state-owned power utility, to avert a steep rise in electricity prices. Zimu’s plea, delivered at the 2024 Middelburg Coal Conference on October 17, aims to counter a proposed 36.15% increase in electricity tariffs, which is largely attributed to the rising cost of coal.

Eskom’s planned tariff increase, set for April 2024, is currently under review by the National Energy Regulator of South Africa (NERSA). The proposed hike has triggered widespread concern, with Minister Kgosientsho Ramokgopa calling it “untenable.” According to Zimu, approximately 65% of this increase is driven by the price Eskom pays for coal.

“When I look at the 36% tariff increase, and 65% of operational costs come from coal prices… can’t you reduce it, just

for three years? Just give us a special price for three years,” Zimu urged coal suppliers during his speech.

A Delicate Balance

The call for price cuts puts the coal industry in a difficult position. On one hand, reducing prices could alleviate some of the financial strain on South African households and businesses, many of which are already grappling with economic instability. On the other hand, it challenges coal producers to

maintain their financial sustainability amidst rising operational costs.

While Zimu praised the coal sector for keeping Eskom’s power stations running, contributing to over 200 consecutive days without load shedding, he cautioned that public perception of coal suppliers could deteriorate if they are seen as a primary factor behind the tariff hikes. “If people realize that more than half of the tariff increase comes from you, I’m telling you, you’ll be answering for it every day,” he warned.

The Strategic Importance of Coal

Coal remains a cornerstone of South Africa’s energy mix, generating most of the country’s electricity. However, Eskom’s ongoing financial difficulties have intensified the need for the utility to secure more favorable supply deals. Eskom has long been troubled by inefficiencies, mismanagement, and corruption, leaving it heavily indebted and dependent on tariff increases to remain solvent.

A Question of Sustainability

Zimu’s appeal raises critical concerns for coal producers about long-term sustainability. The industry is already under pressure from the global shift toward renewable energy, threatening its viability. Offering temporary price cuts to Eskom may not be feasible for all suppliers, especially smaller companies with tighter profit margins.

Grindex Bravo 500 Pumps

South African Gold Mine Reprocesses Slurry

A South African gold mine optimized resource recovery by reprocessing gold-bearing slurry using Grindex Bravo 500 pumps. These heavy-duty pumps effectively handled highdensity slurries, ensuring efficient operation and mitigating cavitation risks, while sustaining production during underground maintenance.

ASouth African gold mining operation has leveraged Grindex Bravo 500 slurry pumps from Integrated Pump Technology to reprocess valuable gold-bearing slurry from a 12-year-old process water dam, maintaining production while the mine’s underground operations were temporarily on hold.

With the dam identified as a source of valuable materials, the Grindex Bravo 500 was selected for its ability to handle high-density slurries with a specific gravity of 1.38—perfectly suited for the dense slurry typically processed at the plant.

The Grindex Bravo 500, designed specifically for high-demand mining environments, demonstrated exceptional efficiency, achieving a flow rate of 480 m³/h with an 18-meter head. A total of three pumps were deployed, ensuring a continuous flow of slurry from the dam to the processing plant, and showcasing the pump’s ability to withstand the stresses of handling dense, high-viscosity materials over long distances. Key to the pump’s performance is its

robust engineering, including a durable impeller and liner that mitigate the risks of blockages, high head pressures, and cavitation.

This engineering not only prolongs the pump’s lifespan but also minimizes downtime risks associated with vapor bubble formation—a common issue in dense slurry pumping. Additionally, one Bravo 500 pump was used to transport clean water from the dam to the plant for washing residual material, further enhancing resource recovery.

By utilizing Grindex Bravo 500 pumps, the mining operation not only sustained production during maintenance but also effectively transformed a once-static process water dam into a productive resource.

The deployment highlighted how advanced pumping technology can support mining efficiency, improve resource recovery, and reduce operational waste, underscoring the Grindex Bravo 500’s valuable role in high-performance mining environments.

UK-Brazil Critical Minerals Seminar

Racing for Resources, Building Partnerships

At an October 3 seminar, British experts urged the UK to reconsider domestic mining, inspired by Brazil’s rising role in critical minerals. Hosted by the UK Department for Business & Trade and the Brazilian Embassy, the event stressed using local resources to stay competitive in the energy transition sector.

Brazil has established itself as a critical player in the global minerals market, leading in niobium production and significantly increasing its output of nickel, graphite, and rare earth elements (REEs)—materials essential for electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy. Dr. Kathryn Goodenough, principal geologist at the British Geological Survey, cited Brazil’s mining industry as a model for the UK, emphasizing the need for Britain to reassess its own domestic mining resources.

Vale, Brazil’s mining giant, has been pivotal in this progress, advancing sustainability through technology like robotics and artificial intelligence. Vale’s Vice President Rafael Bittar highlighted the company’s dedication to carbon neutrality and zero-residue mining, underscoring Brazil’s commitment to balancing mineral demand with environmental responsibility.

The UK, known as a financial hub for mining through institutions like the London Metal Exchange, has lagged behind in domestic mineral production despite its rich mining heritage, particularly in Cornwall, where companies like Cornish Lithium and British Lithium are leading new projects. In response, the UK’s Critical Minerals Strategy aims to revitalize local mining by accelerating domestic production, collaborating with international partners, and advancing research and skills for new mining technologies.

Reduction Act, which promotes allied mineral sources, and could benefit Brazil if a free trade agreement is secured with the US. Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) principles were another seminar focus, with Brazil’s Sigma Lithium exemplifying sustainable practices. Sigma’s CEO, Ligia Pinto, stressed the importance of environmentally responsible extraction, reflecting the broader shift toward ethical mining.

Brazil’s rapid ascent in the critical minerals market and its commitment to sustainable mining practices showcase a model the UK is urged to follow as it faces an urgent need to revitalize its own mining sector.

For the UK, the seminar underscored the urgency to expand its own mineral resources to remain competitive. Dr. Goodenough remarked that the energy transition will demand greater access to critical minerals, and that the UK must harness its own resources rather than rely solely on international imports.

The seminar also emphasized the increasing importance of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors in mining. “The success of critical minerals mining will depend not only on the resources we extract but on the way we extract them,” Pinto remarked, highlighting the balance between profitability and environmental responsibility.

Brazil’s graphite industry is also expanding, with Santa Cruz mine’s production expected to reach 12,000 tonnes annually, potentially increasing Brazil’s overall output to over 56,000 tonnes by 2028. This growth aligns with the US Inflation

In conclusion, as Brazil strengthens its position in critical minerals, the UK stands at a pivotal crossroads. With demand for critical minerals on the rise, particularly for green technologies, now is the time for the UK to leverage its heritage, prioritize sustainable mining practices, and reduce its dependence on external sources. The seminar highlighted that partnerships with countries like Brazil are valuable but must be complemented by robust domestic efforts to meet the growing global need for these essential materials.

Colorado Gold Mine Rescue: 12

Tourists saved, 1

Killed

Twelve tourists were rescued after a six-hour ordeal trapped 1,000 feet underground at the Mollie Kathleen Gold Mine in Colorado, following an elevator malfunction.

One person died during an elevator malfunction at an inactive gold mine in Colorado. Twelve tourists, including two children, were rescued after being trapped over 1,000 feet underground for six hours at the Mollie Kathleen Gold Mine in Colorado. The ordeal, which began with an elevator malfunction, ended safely on Thursday evening after crews repaired the elevator, local officials said.

The Mollie Kathleen Gold Mine accident occurred when the elevator, carrying 11 tourists and a guide, became stuck midway down the mine shaft. Another group had just exited when the malfunction happened. The Teller County Sheriff’s Office reported that the malfunction stranded 12 individuals deep underground while first responders and rescue teams worked to resolve the situation.

Emergency crews, including the Colorado Springs Fire Department, responded quickly, preparing for a potential harness rescue that would have required lifting individuals to the surface one by one. Repairs to the elevator were completed before the harness plan was needed.

Sheriff Jason Mikesell noted that the trapped group remained in good spirits throughout the ordeal. “They’re all in good spirits. We fed them pizza. That’s what they wanted,” Mikesell said.

Kenya’s Bold Move to Restrict Raw Mineral Exports

Kenya is banking on value addition to boost its economy and improve job creation, a strategy exemplified by the ongoing construction of a gold and granite processing plant valued at approximately Sh5.8 billion.

Kenya’s new mineral export policy, championed by Principal Secretary Elijah Mwangi, aims to boost government revenue by processing minerals domestically rather than exporting them in raw form. With newly completed gold and granite processing plants in Kakamega and Vihiga Counties, Kenya plans to add value to gold, gemstones, and granite, increasing profits and capturing a larger share in global markets.

Kenya follows other African nations like Ghana and Tanzania, which have restricted raw mineral exports to retain value within the continent. McKinsey projects that Africa could generate up to $2 billion in annual revenue and 3.8 million jobs by developing its mineral processing industry. Despite these prospects, local infrastructure remains a challenge. Previous bans in Africa sometimes led to bottlenecks due to limited processing facilities, potentially affecting Kenya’s new strategy.

A major step in Kenya’s plan, the Kakamega gold refinery—backed by private investors—will process gold from across the region, helping reduce dependency on raw exports and capture lost tax revenue. However, the policy’s success depends on infrastructure improvements and investor confidence. If Kenya can overcome these hurdles, it could position itself as a global player in green tech minerals while enhancing economic growth.

As global demand for minerals critical to green technologies continues to rise, Kenya’s move could also strengthen its geopolitical influence. By establishing itself as a reliable supplier of processed minerals essential for products like EV batteries and wind turbines, Kenya could attract strategic partnerships with international investors and technology companies.

Nokia Bell Labs & Vale Launch Mining Monitoring Network

Nokia’s research arm, Nokia Bell Labs, has partnered with Vale, the Brazil-based global mining giant, to implement a cutting-edge cognitive monitoring network aimed at enhancing the performance, reliability, and safety of mining operations.

Nokia and Vale have expanded their partnership at the Carajás ironore mine in Brazil, the world’s largest open-pit iron ore mine, to implement an advanced cognitive monitoring network.

The technology leverages Nokia Bell Labs' NiX (Nokia Industrial eXperience) platform to create a system that senses, thinks, and acts proactively, enabling mission-critical communication in hazardous mining environments. By integrating real-time data from mine systems, such as autonomous trucks and drillers, with network KPIs, the partnership aims to optimize safety, efficiency, and performance.

A digital twin technology will create a virtual replica of Vale’s mining operations, enabling predictive maintenance and automated planning to reduce downtime and enhance processes. This collaboration marks a significant leap forward in mission-critical network technologies within mining, establishing a benchmark for future digital solutions.

Nokia and Vale aim to set a new standard for safe, efficient, and proactive mining operations, driving operational excellence and long-term value while reducing operational risks. As cognitive services become embedded in mining, the collaboration aims to set a new standard for how networks are designed and managed, driving operational excellence and longterm value generation.

Global Investor Commission 2030 Report

Investors Urged to Rethink Mining for Green Transition

As the world races to green transition , the demand for minerals and metals required for green technologies is soaring. According to a new report from the Global Investor Commission on Mining 2030, supported by institutions managing $15 trillion in assets, investors must rethink their approach to the mining sector to meet this surging demand responsibly.

The report outlines key strategies to align mining operations with environmental, social, and governance (ESG) standards while ensuring a sustainable supply of essential materials for the green transition.

The Vital Role of Mining in Powering the Green Transition

The Global Investor Commission on Mining 2030 report emphasizes the vital role mining plays in the green transition, particularly in supplying the critical minerals and metals needed for renewable energy technologies, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems. A typical electric vehicle requires six times more mineral input than a conventional car, highlighting the industry’s importance in achieving net-zero emissions by 2050.

Despite its critical role, the mining industry has long been criticized for environmental damage, labor issues, and governance challenges, which have made it a tough sell for ESG-focused investors. Adam Matthews, chair of the Commission and chief responsible investment officer at the Church of England Pensions Board, stated that while mining is essential, it has been historically underweighted in ESG portfolios due to past controversies.

Matthews argues that the current moment offers an opportunity for investors to engage more actively with the mining sector. “We’ve got to lean into the sector in a much more intentional way,” Matthews said, urging long-term patient capital to help transform the industry’s practices to meet future demand responsibly. The report advocates for strategic investor engagement, focusing on capital allocation, company dialogue, and clear environmental performance benchmarks.

Environmental and Social Responsibility in Mining:

The Global Investor Commission on Mining 2030 outlines six strategic objectives for investors, including the development of standardized expectations for environmental performance and advocacy for better ESG practices throughout the mining supply chain. These objectives are crucial as industries from automotive to renewable energy rely on a sustainable and ethical supply of minerals.

SA’s R400-Million Exploration Fund

More Investment Needed for Junior Miners

The R400-million exploration fund in South Africa aims to boost junior miners, but experts argue that significant challenges remain. Explore the key obstacles and potential opportunities for growth in the sector.

South Africa’s R400-million exploration fund, launched by the Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) and the Department of Mineral Resources and Energy (DMRE), is a positive step. However, experts caution it’s insufficient to address the country’s exploration funding gap. Heidi Sternberg, a mining specialist at Public Investment Corporation (PIC), emphasized the need for tax incentives similar to Canada’s approach, which grew its junior mining sector. With evolving exploration technologies, untapped regions in South Africa could unlock potential, but regulatory delays and infrastructure issues must be resolved.

Investor Hesitancy and Regulatory Challenges

Despite South Africa’s mining potential, investor hesitancy persists. Caroline Donally of Sprott Resource Streaming and Royalty highlighted the “chicken-and-egg” issue: investors want to see active exploration before committing funds. Inconsistent regulations and the absence of a cadastre system also deter foreign investment. Without visible progress, funds may shift elsewhere, making regulatory reform critical for attracting international interest.

Infrastructure: A Gateway to Growth

Logistics improvements, particularly in electricity and transport, are vital for the sector's growth. Sternberg

noted that neighboring countries, rich in lithium and rare earth elements, have become attractive hubs. To compete, South Africa must reduce electricity costs or allow companies to self-generate power.

Piet Viljoen of Merchant West Investments stressed that tangible improve-

ments, not just optimism, are necessary to secure larger-scale investments.

The R400-million fund is a start, but substantial reforms and investments are needed to position South Africa as a major player in global mining.

Jewel Ridge Nevada

Golden Lake Exploration Expands Drilling Program to Sterling Tunnel Mine

Golden Lake Exploration (CSE) has announced an expansion of its current drilling program at the Jewel Ridge property, now including the historic Sterling Tunnel mine.

LOCATED IN THE RENOWNED BATTLE MOUNTAIN-

Eureka gold belt in Eureka County, Nevada, this move adds to Golden Lake’s exploration efforts in one of the most prolific gold mining regions in the United States.

The addition of the Sterling Tunnel mine to the company’s drilling program could unlock further high-grade mineralization, building on promising exploration results already recorded in the area.

Sterling

Tunnel:

A Key Addition to Golden

Lake’s

Exploration Strategy

The Jewel Ridge property, which is located near critical infrastructure and significant exploration projects by North Peak Resources Ltd. and i-80 Gold Corp., remains a central focus for Golden Lake. The newly added Sterling Tunnel mine features extensive underground workings and surface pits that

have shown potential for high-grade carbonate replacement deposit (CRD) mineralization.

Golden Lake Exploration’s decision to include Sterling Tunnel in its expanded drilling program builds on earlier grab samples taken from the site, which yielded exceptional assay results. Some of the high-grade assays from the grab samples included:

29.49 g/t gold, 181.00 g/t silver, 0.89% lead, and 0.40% zinc, 11.69 g/t gold, 333.00 g/t silver, 4.00% lead, and 0.61% zinc, 7.95 g/t gold, 223.00 g/t silver, 0.92% lead, and 1.44% zinc

While grab samples do not necessarily represent the overall mineralization

across the property, these results highlight the potential for significant economic mineralization at Sterling Tunnel.

Promising Signs of HighGrade Mineralization

The Sterling Tunnel mine’s brecciated and altered dolomite hosts promising gold and silver mineralization, a feature that has drawn attention from Golden Lake’s exploration team. Structural features and the presence of gossan zones suggest the potential for fault zone replacement deposits, which are known to produce high concentrations of valuable minerals.

The expansion of the drill program marks the first time that the Sterling Tunnel mine will undergo diamond drilling. This new phase will help Golden Lake explore deeper into the promising mineralization zones and define the resource potential more accurately.

Drilling Program Details and Methodology

Golden Lake plans to initiate drilling at the Sterling Tunnel mine within the next week, with the program expected to last two to three days. The company’s analysis of the grab samples was performed at ALS Labs in Elko, Nevada, using industry-standard techniques. The fire assay method (Au-AA23) was used for gold, while the ME-MS61 method was employed for multi-element analysis.

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SEPTEMBER 2024 CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION

World crude steel production for the 71 countries reporting to the World Steel Association (worldsteel) was 143.6 million tonnes (Mt) in September 2024, a 4.7% decrease compared to September 2023.

Africa produced 1.9 Mt in September 2024, up 2.6% on September 2023. Asia and Oceania produced 105.3 Mt, down 5.0%. The EU (27) produced 10.5 Mt, up 0.3%. Europe, Other produced 3.6 Mt, up 4.1%. The Middle East produced 3.5 Mt, down 23.0%. North America produced 8.6 Mt, down 3.4%. Russia & other CIS + Ukraine produced 6.8 Mt, down 7.6%. South America produced 3.5 Mt, up 3.3%. The 71 countries included in this table accounted for approximately 98% of total world crude steel production in 2023. Regions and countries covered by the table: Africa, Asia and Oceania, European Union (27), Europe,other, Middle East, North America, Russia & other CIS + Ukraine, South America.

Top 10 steel-producing countries

China produced 77.1 Mt in September 2024, down 6.1% on September 2023. India produced 11.7 Mt, down 0.2%. Japan produced 6.6 Mt, down 5.8%. The United States produced 6.7 Mt, up 1.2%. Russia

is estimated to have produced 5.6 Mt, down 10.3%. South Korea produced 5.5 Mt, up 1.3%. Germany produced 3.0 Mt, up 4.3%. Türkiye produced 3.1 Mt, up 6.5%. Brazil produced 2.8 Mt, up 9.9%. Iran is estimated to have produced 1.5 Mt, down 41.2%.

Table 2. Top 10 steel-producing countries

The 71 countries included in this table accounted for approximately 98% of total world crude steel production in 2023. Regions and countries covered by the table:Africa: Egypt, Libya, South Africa, Tunisia Asia and Oceania: Australia, China, India, Japan, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Korea, Taiwan (China), Thailand, Viet Nam,European Union (27),Europe, Other: Macedonia, Norway, Serbia, Türkiye, United Kingdom,Middle East: Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates,North America: Canada, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, United States,Russia & other CIS + Ukraine: Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine,South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela

Table 1. Crude steel production by region

2023 GLOBAL CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION TOTALS

Source – World Steel Association

e – annual figure estimated using partial data or non-worldsteel resources. * The world total production figure in this table includes estimates of other countries that only report annually.

World Steel in Figures 2024 now available

The World Steel Association (worldsteel) has published the 2024 edition of World Steel in Figures.

Edwin Basson, Director General, worldsteel, said, ‘Steel is everywhere in our lives, and for good reason. It has built the modern world and will be equally indispensable to the world as it moves

forward. World Steel in Figures provides a fascinating snapshot of the dynamics of today’s steel industry, including everything from production and production processes, to demand, trade, safety and more.’

The World Steel Association (worldsteel) is one of the largest and most dynamic

industry associations in the world, with members in every major steel-producing country.

worldsteel represents steel producers, national and regional steel industry associations, and steel research institutes. Members represent around 85% of global steel production.