technologies have revolutionized mining blast planning and execution, yet safety remains a
Bagus Zaqqie Khadafi, Terence Jordaan, and Ricardo Valls.
Cybersecurity in Mining
The High-Stakes Challenge of Securing Digital Frontiers. The mining industry, historically reliant on heavy machinery and labor-intensive processes, is undergoing a significant transformation toward digitization. While this shift offers unparalleled efficiencies, it also introduces a critical vulnerability: cybersecurity threats.
Indicators
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Metso extends hydrometallurgy offering
Metso is extending its hydrometallurgy offering with the launch of OKTOP® BIOX® Reactor. The reactor is ideal for the pre-treatment of refractory gold concentrate and base metal leaching.
It is part of the Metso Plus offering and enables enhancing oxygen mass transfer to improve energy efficiency and process performance during the leaching process.
“The OKTOP BIOX Reactor provides increased operational efficiency with the most energy-efficient agitator design available for the BIOX process,” stated Waldemar Olivier, Senior Process
Engineer, Gold, at Metso. “The reactor features a dual-pumping agitator that
maximises surface aeration, increasing oxygen mass transfer and enhances foam entrainment back into the slurry using a novel surface aeration ring. Thanks to its innovative design, it delivers more than 20% energy savings on agitation power, lowering operational costs.”
Metso provides comprehensive support from design to service for OKTOP BIOX Reactor deliveries. This includes, for example, full process design, mechanical guarantees, and test work capabilities. To support steady operational efficiency, Metso’s in-house engineering team offers accurate monitoring and optimisation services.
VR Resources Wraps Up Geophysical Surveys in Ontario
VR Resources Ltd. has announced the completion of two advanced DCIP geophysical surveys at its Empire and Silverback assets in northwestern Ontario, with inversions ongoing, preliminary data being reviewed, and drill planning started.
The surveys were performed as intended, on schedule, and under budget, as specified in NR-24–26 beginning November 12th, 2024. Data quality for both surveys is high, with negligible EM coupling at the surface, low noise, and a strong correlation to conductivity in previously acquired airborne EM data. Details include:
Empire Project: Approximately 7 km of 2D DCIP readings were taken along three lines across the Westwood target, a 3 km long magnetic anomaly, with a survey depth penetration of 500 m
Silverback Project: A 4×4 km 3D-array DCIP grid was constructed, resulting in 90,000 distinct dipoles and 500 m depth penetration. |The grid is centered on a shear zone with 9.5g/t gold, 5.6% copper, and 52 g/t silver, and it encompasses the recently announced gold-enriched porphyry intrusion, as well as quartz vein stockworks found in outcrop during the survey, near a 6-channel EM anomaly from an OGS survey in 1980.
In disseminated sulfide, surface mineralization at the Westwood target, close to the Trans Canada highway, averages 0.2% Cu, 0.54 g/t Pt+Pd, and 0.14 g/t Au. During the survey, a fresh outcrop of ultra-mafic rock tinged with iron and containing vein and disseminated sulfide was found.
China Gold Deposit Unearthed
World’s Largest Find Shakes Up Global Markets
A groundbreaking discovery in China’s Hunan Province has unveiled the world’s largest China gold deposit, valued at an astounding US$83 billion. The find, located in Pingjiang County, is estimated to contain 1,000 metric tons of gold, surpassing all previously known reserves.
The Geological Bureau of Hunan Province confirmed the discovery following months of intensive exploration. Advanced 3D modeling revealed a network of 40 gold veins extending to depths of 2 kilometers, with projections suggesting a reach of 3 kilometers. The deposit’s average grade of 138 grams per metric ton far surpasses the global standard for high-quality ore. Chen Rulin, a senior prospector, remarked on the deposit’s exceptional quality, noting many drilled cores revealed visible gold. The China gold deposit is hailed as transformative for the mining industry.
Implications for Global Markets
China, a global leader in gold production, stands to solidify its position further with this discovery. Despite holding over 2,000 metric tons of reserves and producing 10% of global output, domestic consumption outpaces production, requiring significant imports. The Hunan deposit may reduce reliance on imports but would satisfy domestic demand for only 1.4 years at current rates. Analysts predict the find will stabilize China’s gold market in the short term and enhance its influence on global pricing and supply dynamics.
Gold prices, already near record highs of US$2,700 per ounce, surged after the announcement, reflecting investor demand amid economic uncertainty. The Pingjiang deposit eclipses South Africa’s South Deep mine and surpasses reserves in Australia and England, bolstering China’s leadership in gold mining innovation.
This discovery coincides with breakthroughs in understanding gold formation, including seismic activity’s role in creating deposits. Advanced exploration technologies enabled the find. Simultaneously, researchers are innovating, synthesizing “goldene,” a two-dimensional gold with unique properties, broadening exploration possibilities. The Pingjiang deposit challenges the notion of “peak gold” while highlighting finite resources. Technological advances continue to redefine mining’s potential. This historic discovery underscores gold’s enduring value, marking a new chapter for mining, exploration, and global economic impact.
Hot Rolled Coil (HRC): Key to Europe’s Industrial Transformation
HOT ROLLED COIL (HRC) DEMAND
surges as Europe’s green steel strategy and U.S. tariff policies reshape the global steel market for investors and manufacturers.
Hot rolled coil (HRC) is at the forefront of a dramatic shift in the global steel industry. The European Union’s €800 billion industrial strategy, championed by former Italian Prime Minister Mario Draghi, seeks to position the EU as a leader in green steel production.
Across the Atlantic, Donald Trump’s re-election has raised the specter of aggressive trade policies, including substantial tariffs on Chinese steel imports, which could profoundly alter supply chains. These developments have major implications for investors and manufacturers, who must navigate a complex landscape defined by sustainability goals and geopolitical tensions.
Hot rolled coil (HRC) is an essential product in construction, automotive manufacturing, and pipe production. Its versatility and relative cost-efficiency make it a cornerstone of industrial activity. With downstream products like cold rolled coil commanding a premium of €100 ($105) per metric ton, HRC often serves as the starting point for high-value manufacturing.
In Europe, HRC demand is set to soar as the EU’s industrial strategy begins rolling out in 2025. The plan includes major investments in infrastructure and a transition to sustainable steel production processes. As a key material for building projects and renewable energy
installations, HRC’s role in this green transformation cannot be overstated. “This plan could increase hot rolled coil (HRC) consumption significantly, provided the green transition doesn’t overly strain costs,” said Anna Müller, a senior analyst at EuroSteel Research. “The focus on sustainability presents both an opportunity and a challenge for manufacturers.”
Green Steel and the EU’s Industrial Strategy
The European Commission’s strategy includes funding for low-carbon steel production technologies such as hydrogen-based steelmaking and electric arc furnaces. These methods aim to drastically reduce carbon emissions, aligning the bloc with its net-zero goals by 2050. The strategy’s €800 billion price tag will be allocated over five years, with a significant portion dedicated to modernizing steel infrastructure.
For hot rolled coil (HRC), this shift could translate into steady demand growth. The construction of wind farms, solar installations, and electric vehicle charging networks—cornerstones of Europe’s green agenda—relies heavily on steel products. While this is good news for manufacturers, the cost of transitioning to green technologies remains a sticking point.
Iron ore prices, a key input for HRC production, have been volatile. As of November 21, the benchmark 62% Fe
iron ore traded at $101.95 per metric ton, an 11.62% increase since September. Rising raw material costs could create short-term challenges for steelmakers, particularly those investing in costly low-carbon technologies.
Trump’s Tariffs: A Wild Card for HRC Prices
Meanwhile, the U.S. steel industry faces potential upheaval under Donald Trump’s leadership. Trump, who secured a second term after defeating Kamala Harris in the November election, has renewed his focus on trade protectionism. Industry insiders anticipate tariffs on Chinese steel imports as high as 60-100%, reigniting fears of a global trade war.
For hot rolled coil (HRC), the implications are profound. If Chinese steel is redirected to Europe, manufacturers in the EU could face intensified competition, even as they invest heavily in green production. On the other hand, U.S. producers might benefit from reduced import competition, though higher input costs could erode margins.
“Trump’s policies are likely to have a ripple effect,” said John Simmons, a trade expert at GlobalSteel Insights. “Hot rolled coil (HRC) prices might stabilize in Europe but rise in the U.S., forcing investors to reallocate resources strategically.”
U.S. manufacturers reliant on HRC could face higher costs, particularly if tariffs
extend to raw materials like iron ore. This could strain sectors such as construction and automotive, both of which are already grappling with inflationary pressures.
HRC and the Global Supply Chain
The interplay between Europe’s green ambitions and U.S. trade policies will have lasting implications for global steel markets. In the short term, rising input costs and logistical bottlenecks could disrupt pricing. For example, the construction sector—one of the largest consumers of hot rolled coil (HRC)—is sensitive to both material costs and project delays.
In Europe, the focus on sustainability is expected to drive long-term demand for HRC. The EU’s commitment to decarbonizing its industrial base aligns
with broader global trends, such as the Paris Agreement, which have prioritized environmentally friendly practices. However, achieving these goals requires significant investment in technology and infrastructure, which could strain smaller manufacturers.
In the U.S., Trump’s policies are likely to exacerbate volatility. If tariffs are enacted, they could trigger retaliatory measures from trading partners, further complicating global supply chains. For investors, understanding the interplay between these forces will be key to identifying opportunities in the steel sector.
Investment Opportunities in Hot Rolled Coil (HRC)
Despite the uncertainties, hot rolled coil (HRC) remains a compelling investment
target. Europe’s industrial strategy could create growth opportunities for companies aligned with green technologies, such as those producing hydrogen-based steel. Investors should also monitor emerging markets like India, which could benefit from shifting trade dynamics.
Manufacturers investing in low-carbon technologies stand to gain from government incentives and increased demand for sustainable products. However, those operating in the U.S. must prepare for potential disruptions from tariffs and higher raw material costs.
Iron ore volatility also warrants attention. With prices fluctuating amid supply chain disruptions and geopolitical tensions, securing stable input sources will be critical for maintaining profitability.
Greenland Mining Investment: Biden Administration Makes Final Push
AS PRESIDENT JOE BIDEN PREPARES TO LEAVE OFFICE, HIS ADMINISTRATION IS making an eleventh-hour effort to galvanize Greenland mining investment in the island’s untapped mineral wealth. The move is a calculated step to secure the United States’ critical minerals supply chain while setting the stage for Western-led energy transition initiatives.
Jose Fernandez, the State Department’s undersecretary for economic growth, energy, and the environment, is leading the charge with a high-profile visit to Nuuk, Greenland’s capital. During his four-day trip, Fernandez engaged with officials from Greenland’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Mineral Resources Authority.
The outreach culminated in an eighthour virtual conference that connected Greenlandic leaders with over 70 potential investors from the U.S., Europe, and Japan, along with diplomatic representatives from Australia and the EU.
Greenland: A Critical Mineral Frontier
Greenland, a semi-autonomous territory of Denmark, is strategically significant due to its vast reserves of minerals critical for technologies like electric vehicles, renewable energy systems, and advanced manufacturing. The island hosts substantial deposits of rare earth elements, nickel, and molybdenum— resources the U.S. Geological Survey deems essential.
“Greenland wants to become the next mining frontier,” Fernandez remarked in an interview. “My visit aimed to pro-
vide investors a glimpse of these opportunities.”
The Biden administration’s efforts align with broader Western strategies to counter China’s dominance in the critical minerals market. Beijing currently controls a significant portion of the global rare earth supply chain, raising concerns about supply security amid escalating geopolitical tensions.
Greenland officials share this vision. “In Greenland, we see the development of critical minerals as a shared global responsibility, where our country can
take on a leading role,” said Naaja Nathanielsen, Greenland’s minister for industry, trade, minerals, and justice.
Incentives for Greenland Mining Investment
To attract investment in Greenland’s mining sector, the U.S. has offered Greenland technical assistance in areas like permitting, resource mapping, and regulatory development. Additionally, the State Department has played a crucial role in drafting a mining investment law that promotes sustainable development with environmental and labor standards surpassing those of Chinese-backed projects.
“Yes, we want to get their critical minerals and use them in our economy,” Fernandez emphasized, “but we don’t want to do that at their expense.” At the recent conference, seven key projects were highlighted. These included Neo Performance Materials’ rare earth initiative, Anglo American’s nickel project, and Greenland Resources’ molybdenum venture. Financial institutions such as the U.S. Export-Import Bank and the European Investment Bank also joined discussions to explore funding opportunities.
Legacy and Transition Challenges
Biden’s push for Greenland mining investment underscores the administration’s broader strategy to bolster the West’s critical mineral supply chains. This initiative is part of a flurry of actions aimed at cementing Biden’s energy and foreign policy legacy, which includes increased aid to Ukraine and expedited permitting for U.S.-based mining projects.
However, uncertainty surrounds the incoming Trump administration. During his first presidency, Trump unsuccessfully attempted to purchase Greenland, citing its strategic location and resource potential. Fernandez declined to comment on potential policy shifts, noting, “I cannot forecast what the next administration will do, but the business case will not change. The demand for critical minerals worldwide is increasing exponentially.”
Greenland’s mineral reserves offer both economic growth opportunities and geopolitical leverage. As Western nations accelerate their decarbonization goals, securing sustainable and ethically sourced critical minerals remains a top priority.
Botswana to establish an export certification point for rough diamonds
Botswana, the world’s second-largest diamond producer, is partnering with the G7 to establish an export certification hub for rough diamonds, a move aimed at enhancing traceability and ensuring that Russian-mined diamonds are excluded from G7 markets.
FOR BOTSWANA, THE CERTIFICATION NODE COULD prove transformative. The country relies heavily on diamonds, which account for 70% of its export revenue and 30% of its GDP.
This collaboration follows a G7 ban on Russian-origin diamonds imposed in January 2024, later expanded to include diamonds processed in third countries.
In March, the European Union established a certification node to enforce compliance, and Botswana’s forthcoming certification point represents a significant step in reinforcing integrity in the diamond trade as the G7 tightens enforcement mechanisms.
A joint statement from Botswana and the G7 technical team emphasized the critical need for transparency and traceability, underscoring the global urgency to restrict the flow of Russian diamonds into prohibited markets.
President Duma Boko has positioned Botswana as a leader in ethical diamond mining, stating: “Botswana is deeply committed to ethical and sustainable
diamond production. By pioneering traceability solutions, we are ensuring that our diamonds symbolize integrity and responsible stewardship.” Botswana conducted a gap analysis of its certification processes with G7 assistance, informing a roadmap for the certification node’s operationalization in 2025.
Industry observers believe this initiative will bolster Botswana’s credibility as a source of ethically mined diamonds and attract investors.
The G7 plans to engage other African diamond producers, including Namibia and Angola, to establish similar certification nodes. Experts note that this aligns with growing consumer demand for responsibly sourced diamonds, with Botswana setting a benchmark for ethical practices. The G7’s focus on traceability positions participants as trusted partners in the global diamond trade, reshaping industry dynamics.
Carnaby teams up with Glencore
Carnaby Resources is set to acquire the high-grade Trekelano copper-gold deposit in Queensland, which includes a binding tolling and offtake agreement with Glencore.
The company has entered a binding asset sale agreement with Chinova Resources Osborne to acquire Trekelano, which boasts a JORC inferred mineral resource estimate (MRE) of 5.2 million tonnes (Mt) at 1.6 per cent copper equivalent (CuEq) for 85,000 tonnes (t).
Located within 20km of Carnaby’s Greater Duchess deposits, Trekelano is expected to significantly bolster production capacity. “The Trekelano acquisition is a rare opportunity to bolt on high-grade critical mass to the Greater Duchess copper-gold project, resulting in a pro-forma mineral resources increase of 27 per cent to 400,300 CuEq tonnes at 1.5 per cent CuEq,” Carnaby managing director Rob Watkins said.
“We have also secured a start-up processing solution through our partnership with Glencore which involves an equity investment of $3.4 million. “High-quality institutional investor support of the raise to facilitate the acquisition, pre-feasibility study and ongoing exploration is a further endorsement of the company’s strategy.”
Key highlights include impressive drill results beneath the inheritance open pit, including 93m at 5.2 per cent copper and 1.2 grams per tonne (g/t) gold, which were historically un-mined due to lease constraints.
The acquisition is expected to increase Greater Duchess’ annual production target to 20,000–25,000t CuEq per annum.
A PERIOD OF UNCERTAINTY AND TRANSFORMATION
Trump’s Tariff Plans Could Reshape the Industrial Metals Market
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT AND PROTECTIONIST
trade policies set to spur volatility, opportunities in 2025
As President-elect Donald Trump prepares to take office in January 2025, the industrial metals market enters a period of uncertainty and transformation. His proposed policies, including significant tariffs and ambitious infrastructure projects, promise to reshape the sector, driving volatility while creating new opportunities for domestic producers.
Trump’s proposed tariffs of 60% to 100% on Chinese goods, along with a 10% to 20% levy on imports from other nations, aim to bolster domestic manufacturing and reduce reliance on foreign suppliers. These measures are expected to raise production costs for industries reliant on imported metals but could encourage substantial investment in U.S. production facilities.
“Higher tariffs make domestic metals more competitive,” says Robert Caldwell, a metals procurement strategist. “But scaling capacity to meet demand will require time and capital.” Currently, U.S. steel mills operate at 80% capacity utilization, according to the American Iron and Steel Institute. Should tariffs make imports less viable, utilization could exceed 90%, necessitating significant upgrades to meet demand.
Trump’s commitment to revitalizing infrastructure could further drive demand for industrial metals, with projects focused on roads, bridges, and water
systems. “Big infrastructure plans could turbocharge metal demand in the short term,” says Elena Perez, a commodity markets analyst. However, the success of these initiatives depends on timely funding and efficient implementation. Delays could temper the expected demand surge.
Proposed tariffs may also escalate global trade tensions, particularly with China, a leading supplier of industrial metals and raw materials. Beijing has signaled readiness to retaliate by targeting U.S. exports or limiting the supply of critical materials like rare earth elements. “Retaliation is a wildcard,” warns Joseph Lin, head of trade policy at the International Economic Institute. Such disruptions could trigger price volatility, challenging procurement managers to secure stable pricing.
Higher production costs and rising metal demand could contribute to inflation, with manufacturers likely passing these costs onto consumers. During the last major tariff implementation in 2018, the Producer Price Index for metals rose 12%, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Analysts expect similar trends if Trump’s policies take effect.
For industry players, Trump’s policies represent both opportunities and risks. While domestic producers may benefit from a protected market, they face challenges scaling operations and addressing potential shortages. Meanwhile, global trade disruptions could force companies to rethink supply chains and sourcing strategies.
“Trump’s policies could reshape the metals landscape,” concludes Caldwell. “Industries must remain agile to capitalize on these changes.”
Copper Supply Gap Fuels M&A Frenzy in Mining Sector Amid Energy Transition
Copper supply concerns are reshaping the mining sector, driving a surge in mergers and acquisitions (M&A) as companies secure resources vital for renewable energy and electric vehicles. With copper demand expected to double by 2040, firms like BHP and Anglo American are vying for key assets to meet renewable energy needs.
BHP’s $39 billion bid for Anglo American highlights this urgency, targeting Anglo’s copper mines in Chile and Peru. However, Anglo executives argue the offer undervalues their portfolio, reflecting fierce competition for high-quality copper resources. In 2024, 358 mining M&A
deals worth $10.4 billion were recorded globally, underscoring the strategic push to alleviate supply gaps.
Smaller firms like Solaris Resources are prime targets, with high-grade discoveries expanding their resource base.
These acquisitions offer larger companies faster production capacity boosts. For example, BHP’s acquisition of OZ Minerals strengthened its energy transition metals portfolio.
However, critics warn that consolidation could stifle innovation and investment, worsening supply challenges. Regulatory scrutiny and valuation disputes further complicate deals like the potential BHP-Anglo merger. As demand grows, balancing strategic acquisitions with market sustainability remains critical. The industry's adaptability will shape its role in enabling a sustainable, electrified future.
WIRED FOR SUCCESS
How Technology is Making Mining Blasting Smarter
Blasting, a cornerstone of mining operations, has undergone a remarkable transformation in recent years, driven by the dual imperatives of innovation and sustainability.
Advances in wireless initiation systems, digital optimization tools, and autonomous drilling have redefined how materials are extracted from the Earth, emphasizing precision, safety, and efficiency. From reducing environmental impact to enhancing ore recovery and minimizing community disturbances, modern blasting technologies are shaping a more responsible and productive mining industry. As companies navigate a rapidly evolving
Digital technologies have revolutionized mining blast planning and execution, yet safety remains a top priority in modern blasting operations despite these advancements.
ward-thinking strategies is not just a competitive advantage—it’s a necessity for long-term success.
In the ever-evolving mining industry, advancements in blasting technology are pivotal for enhancing operational efficiency, safety, and environmental stewardship. Recent innovations have introduced wireless initiation systems, digital blast optimization tools, and autonomous drilling techniques, collectively transforming traditional blasting practices.
Wireless Initiation Systems: A Paradigm Shift
Traditional blasting methods often involve complex wiring, which can be cumbersome and pose safety risks. The advent of wireless initiation systems, such as Orica's WebGen™ technology, marks a significant leap forward. WebGen ™ eliminates the need for physical connections by utilizing wireless primers comprising a battery/receiver, booster, and detonator integrated into a single unit.
This system enables precise timing and sequencing of blasts, enhancing safety and efficiency. The recent release of WebGen™ 200 has further advanced this
technological landscape, the integration of cutting-edge solutions and for-
technology, offering variants tailored for surface and underground applications, thereby broadening its applicability across various mining environments.
Digital Blast Optimization: Harnessing Data for Precision
The integration of digital technologies into blasting operations has revolutionized the planning and execution of blasts. Platforms like BlastIQ™ provide real-time data analytics, allowing for meticulous design and monitoring of blasting activities.
By analyzing rock properties, explosive performance, and blast outcomes, these systems facilitate continuous improve-
ment in blasting strategies. The synergy between digital tools and wireless initiation systems enables mining operations to achieve optimal fragmentation, reduce environmental impact, and enhance overall productivity.
Autonomous Drilling: Enhancing Safety and Efficiency
Autonomous drilling technologies have gained traction, driven by the dual imperatives of safety and productivity.
Automated drill rigs, equipped with advanced sensors and control systems, can operate with minimal human intervention, reducing exposure to hazardous conditions. These systems ensure
consistent drilling patterns, which are crucial for effective blasting. The integration of autonomous drilling with digital blast design tools allows for seamless coordination between drilling and blasting processes, further optimizing mining operations.
Despite technological advancements, safety remains a paramount concern in blasting operations. Incidents involving flyrock, misfires, and toxic fumes continue to pose risks. For instance, a recent unplanned explosion at the Mt Arthur South coal mine in New South Wales was attributed to live explosives
left from a misfire three months earlier. A bulldozer conducting routine work inadvertently set off these explosives, creating a significant crater and causing equipment damage, though fortunately, no injuries were reported.
To mitigate such risks, regulatory bodies like the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) emphasize strict adherence to safety protocols, including thorough inspection of blast sites, proper handling and storage of explosives, and comprehensive training for personnel. The integration of advanced technologies, while beneficial, must be complemented by robust safety management practices to prevent accidents.
Environmental Impact: Striving for Sustainability
Modern blasting technologies also focus on minimizing environmental impact. Precision in blasting reduces overbreak and excessive vibration, thereby lessening the disturbance to surrounding ecosystems. Digital tools enable accurate prediction and control of blast-induced effects, facilitating compliance with environmental regulations. The use of stable, less sensitive emulsion explosives enhances safety and promotes eco-friendly blasting practices.
Case Studies: Innovation in Action
Rio Tinto's Koodaideri Mine – A Digital Frontier
Rio Tinto's Koodaideri iron ore mine in Western Australia exemplifies how digital and autonomous systems are shaping the future of blasting. Equipped with integrated data systems and predictive analytics, Koodaideri employs advanced blast monitoring to achieve optimal fragmentation.
The mine uses real-time feedback from sensors embedded in drill holes to adjust blasting parameters dynamically, ensuring precision while reducing waste and energy consumption. This approach aligns with Rio Tinto's broader commitment to sustainability and operational efficiency.
Anglo American's Quellaveco Project – Emulsion Explosives for Efficiency
In Peru, Anglo American's Quellaveco copper project has adopted bulk emulsion explosives to enhance blasting outcomes. The use of emulsions not only reduces the risk of accidental detonation but also offers superior energy distribution for more consistent rock fragmentation. The project also incorporates advanced stemming materials to further reduce dust and vibration. These measures illustrate how innovations in blasting contribute to sustainable mining practices.
Technological Synergies: Combining Innovations for Impact
The real power of these advancements lies in their combination. Mines like BHP's Pilbara operations integrate autonomous drills with wireless initiation systems and digital analytics to create a cohesive blasting ecosystem. This integration allows for seamless communication between equipment, enabling precise execution of blasting plans and minimizing downtime.
Future Trends: What Lies Ahead?
Green Explosives
With the global push towards decarbonization, research is intensifying into environmentally friendly explosives. Green alternatives, such as those made with bio-based materials or reduced nitrogen compounds, aim to lower greenhouse gas emissions associated with blasting. Early trials show promise, particularly in open-pit mining, where emissions from traditional explosives can be significant.
AI-Powered Blast Optimization
Artificial intelligence is poised to play a larger role in blasting design and execution. Machine learning algorithms can analyze vast datasets from previous blasts to predict outcomes and optimize parameters in real time. This capability is expected to make blasting even more precise and cost-effective, with reduced environmental and operational risks.
Regulatory Push for Sustainability and Safety
Governments and industry regulators are increasingly mandating the adoption of advanced technologies to meet stricter safety and environmental standards. In 2024, new guidelines from the International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM) emphasized using data-driven tools to minimize blasting's environmental footprint while enhancing worker safety.
Blasting and Community Relations: Reducing Social Impacts
As mining operations expand closer to populated areas, managing the social impacts of blasting has become a significant focus. Advanced technologies aim to minimize community disturbances, including noise, vibration, and dust from blasting operations.
Key Developments:
Vibration Monitoring Tools: Modern vibration sensors, such as those developed by Dyno Nobel, are deployed near communities to measure and mitigate the effects of seismic waves from blasts. Adjustments to blast timing and charge sizes help reduce disturbances.
Dust Suppression Strategies: Mines are increasingly using water-infused stemming materials and pre-blast wetting techniques to limit airborne dust, ensuring compliance with environmental regulations and improving air quality in nearby areas.
Case Example:
At the Cerro Verde mine in Peru, collaboration with local communities and the adoption of these technologies have significantly reduced complaints related to blasting activities.
Community engagement and transparent communication further strengthen mining companies' social licenses to operate.
Training and Workforce Development in Blasting Technology
The rapid evolution of blasting technologies has created a demand for skilled operators proficient in using advanced systems.
Workforce Trends:
Training Programs: Companies like Orica and Sandvik are investing in virtual reality (VR) training tools that simulate blasting scenarios. These programs offer hands-on experience in a controlled, risk-free environment, allowing workers to practice safety protocols and optimize blasting techniques.
Blasting Academies: Universities and mining institutions are collaborating
with industry leaders to establish specialized courses on digital blasting tools, wireless systems, and AI applications in mining.
Cross-Disciplinary Expertise: Engineers and technicians are increasingly required to understand geology, data analytics, and software programming to work with integrated systems effectively.
Notable Initiative:
South Africa’s Wits Mining Institute launched a program in 2023 focusing on digital transformation in blasting, equipping students with skills in handling wireless initiation systems and interpreting data from advanced analytics platforms.
Advanced blasting technologies are also proving economically beneficial, providing substantial returns on investment by enhancing efficiency and reducing waste.
Cost-Saving Mechanisms:
Reduced Energy Costs: Precise blasting results in better fragmentation, minimizing the energy required for crushing and grinding downstream. Studies indicate that well-optimized blasts can lower energy costs by 10-15%.
Resource Maximization: Digital tools ensure accurate blast patterns, leading to improved ore recovery rates and reducing waste rock extraction.
Maintenance Reduction: Autonomous and precise drilling and blasting reduce wear and tear on equipment, lowering maintenance costs and extending machinery lifespan.
Industry Success:
A 2024 report from McKinsey highlighted that a South American copper mine saw a 20% increase in ore throughput and a 12% decrease in energy costs after implementing AI-powered blasting solutions.
Global Adoption of Blasting Technologies
Different regions are adopting these technologies at varying rates, influenced by factors like resource type, regulatory requirements, and technological infrastructure.
Regional Highlights:
• Australia: Leading in wireless and autonomous systems, with widespread adoption driven by stringent safety and environmental regulations.
• North America: Focused on digital optimization tools and environmental compliance, with mines in Canada pioneering the use of AI in blast design.
• Africa: Emerging as a testing ground for cost-effective, scalable technologies, with local innovation centers exploring ways to adapt global systems to regional needs.
A Global Trend:
The International Society of Explosives Engineers (ISEE) reports that by 2026, 60% of global mining operations are expected to adopt digital blasting solutions, a significant increase from the current 35%.
Blasting Innovations in Space Mining: Preparing for the Future
While still in its infancy, the concept of space mining is beginning to influence blasting technology development.
Adaptations
for Zero Gravity:
• Non-explosive rock fragmentation techniques, such as laser ablation and water jetting, are being tested for use on asteroids and the Moon.
• Controlled micro-blasts, which minimize debris, are being explored to address the unique challenges of operating in a vacuum environment.
Current Progress:
NASA and private companies like SpaceX have initiated collaborations to develop blasting techniques that could one day facilitate the extraction of rare earth metals from extraterrestrial sources. These innovations may eventually inform new approaches to blasting on Earth, particularly in sensitive environments.
Paving the Way Forward
Mining blasting improvements are reshaping the industry on multiple fronts, from enhancing operational efficiency to ensuring environmental and social responsibility.
The integration of cutting-edge technologies, robust training programs, and innovative community engagement practices sets a promising path forward.
The story of blasting innovations is a testament to how the industry continues to adapt and thrive, aligning economic success with safety and sustainability. As new challenges and opportunities emerge, the relentless drive for improvement ensures that mining will remain at the forefront of technological and environmental progress.
Development &
IN THE MINING
Technological innovation, sustainability imperatives, and shifting geopolitical dynamics are reshaping how mines operate and the types of jobs they offer. From automated machinery to renewable energy initiatives, the sector is not only addressing ageold challenges but also creating new opportunities in response to evolving market demands. Today’s mining workforce must adapt to a landscape where traditional skills intersect with cutting-edge technologies, environmental stewardship, and social responsibility.
The mining industry, a cornerstone of global economic development, is experiencing a dynamic shift in its employment landscape. As of November 2024, the sector is navigating a complex interplay of technological advancements, environmental considerations, and evolving market demands, all of which are reshaping job opportunities and workforce requirements.
Tech Integration & Workforce Evolution
The integration of advanced technologies, such as automation, artificial intelligence (AI), and data analytics, is revolutionizing mining operations. Companies are increasingly adopting automated machinery and AI-driven systems to enhance efficiency and safety.
This technological shift necessitates a workforce proficient in operating and maintaining sophisticated equipment, as well as analyzing complex data sets. Consequently, there is a growing demand for professionals with expertise in mechatronics, robotics, and data science within the mining sector.
Environmental sustainability has become a pivotal focus for the mining industry. Companies are striving to minimize their ecological footprint and adhere to stringent environmental regulations. This commitment has led to the creation of roles centered on environmental management, sustainability reporting, and compliance. Professionals specializing in environmental science, sustainable resource management, and regulatory affairs are increasingly sought after to ensure that mining operations align with global sustainability standards.
Market Dynamics and Commodity Demand
Fluctuations in commodity prices and shifting market demands significantly influence employment trends in the mining industry. For instance, the rising demand for critical minerals essential for renewable energy technologies has spurred exploration and production activities.
This surge has generated job opportunities in exploration geology, mineral processing, and project management. Conversely, sectors experiencing declining demand may face workforce reductions or a reallocation of resources.
Regional Employment Trends
Employment opportunities in the mining sector vary across regions, influenced by local resource availability, regulatory environments, and economic conditions. In the United States, states like Nevada and Arizona continue to be hubs for mining activities, offering numerous job prospects. However, regions with declining resource deposits or stringent environmental regulations may witness a contraction in mining-related employment.
Skill Development and Workforce Training
To adapt to the evolving demands of the mining industry, there is an emphasis on workforce training and skill development. Educational institutions and industry organizations are collaborating to offer specialized programs that equip individuals with the necessary skills in technology integration, environmental management, and safety protocols. Continuous professional development is becoming essential for career advancement in this dynamic sector.
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
in the mining sector vary across regions, influenced by local resource availability, regulatory environments, and economic conditions.
Future Outlook: Job Creation in Green Mining
The push toward decarbonization is expected to generate significant employment opportunities in "green mining." This includes roles in renewable energy-powered operations, carbon capture and storage, and recycling of mining waste. Companies investing in these initiatives will need environmental engineers, sustainability consultants, and energy transition specialists.
Policy and Industry Collaboration
Governments and industry leaders are recognizing the importance of collaboration to address workforce challenges. Initiatives like the "Skills for the Future of Mining" partnership between the International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM) and leading global mining firms are aimed at fostering innovation, inclusivity, and sustainable growth in mining employment.
The Human Element in an Automated Era
As the industry moves toward automation, retaining a human-centered approach remains crucial. Roles that emphasize creativity, critical thinking, and interpersonal skills, such as project leadership and community engagement, will continue to play a vital role in the industry's success.
The Role of Diversity and Inclusion
As the mining industry evolves, diversity and inclusion are becoming critical priorities. Historically male-dominated, the sector is actively working to attract women and underrepresented groups. Initiatives like Women in Mining (WIM) and partnerships with Indigenous communities aim to diversify the workforce and make mining more inclusive.
Women in Mining: Organizations such as the International Women in Mining (IWiM) advocate for greater female participation in leadership and technical roles. Companies are implementing mentorship programs, offering flexible work arrangements, and addressing gender pay gaps to attract and retain female talent.
Challenges and Opportunities for Job Seekers
While the evolution of mining jobs presents opportunities, it also introduces challenges:
The Skills Gap
Many regions face a skills gap as the industry pivots toward technol-
ogy-driven roles. Workers with traditional mining experience may require retraining to remain competitive. Initiatives such as government-sponsored programs and private sector partnerships are stepping in to bridge this gap.
Global Talent Competition
The global demand for skilled professionals in mining and related fields has intensified competition for talent. Countries like Canada and Australia are attracting international professionals with favorable immigration policies and robust mining sectors.
Safety and Working Conditions
Despite advancements in automation and safety protocols, mining remains a physically demanding and potentially hazardous occupation. Companies are investing in advanced monitoring technologies and wearable devices to ensure worker safety, which also creates jobs in safety technology and risk management.
Indigenous Workforce Development:
Mining companies operating in regions with significant Indigenous populations are investing in community engagement and workforce development programs. These efforts not only provide employment opportunities but also promote cultural respect and benefit-sharing agreements.
The Impact of Geopolitics on Mining Employment
Geopolitical factors also shape job opportunities in mining. Trade policies, resource nationalism, and supply chain disruptions can influence investment decisions and workforce needs.
As the mining industry evolves, diversity and inclusion are becoming critical priorities. Historically maledominated, the sector is actively working to attract women & underrepresented groups.
Critical Minerals and Strategic Reserves: Governments worldwide are prioritizing the development of domestic critical mineral industries to reduce dependence on imports. For example, the U.S. has introduced incentives for domestic mining and processing of lithium, cobalt, and
rare earth elements, creating jobs in exploration, processing, and logistics.
Global Supply Chain Challenges: Mining companies face disruptions due to geopolitical tensions and logistical constraints.
This has spurred a demand for supply chain experts, procurement managers, and risk analysts to ensure resource security.
The Digital Workplace: Remote Mining Operations
Advances in connectivity and remote monitoring have enabled the rise of remote mining operations, where sites are controlled from centralized hubs.
This shift not only reduces the need for on-site personnel but also opens opportunities for urban-based professionals in areas like operations management, data analysis, and equipment maintenance.
Examples: BHP’s remote operations center in Perth, Australia, manages multiple mines across vast distances, showcasing how remote technology is transforming workforce dynamics.
Small-Scale Mining & Artisanal Sector Jobs
While large-scale industrial mining dominates the global market, artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) remains a critical source of employment, especially in developing countries. According to recent estimates, over 40 million people work in the ASM sector globally.
Challenges in ASM Employment: Workers in this sector often face poor working conditions, safety risks, and limited access to formal markets. However, initiatives by organizations such as the Alliance for Responsible Mining (ARM) are helping to formalize the sector, improve safety, and promote fair trade practices.
Technological Assistance: Innovative tools like portable mining equipment and blockchain-based traceability solutions are being introduced to support ASM workers and improve transparency in the supply chain.
Emerging Roles in the ESG Era
The rising importance of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria in corporate strategy is creating new job roles within mining. Positions such as ESG analysts, corporate social responsibility (CSR) managers, and climate risk advisors are becoming essential to meet investor and stakeholder expectations.
Data-Driven Decision Making: ESG reporting is increasingly reliant on real-time data, which is driving demand for data scientists and specialists in sustainability analytics.
Navigating a Complex Industry
For professionals in or aspiring to join the mining industry, the current landscape offers both challenges and opportunities. Upskilling, adaptability, and a proactive approach to engaging with new technologies and sustainability practices are critical for career growth. As the industry continues to adapt to external pressures and internal innovation, mining jobs will not only reflect these shifts but also drive them, creating a workforce that is as dynamic as the industry itself.
Case Studies: Companies Leading Workforce Transformation
Several mining companies are at the forefront of reshaping the industry's workforce, reflecting broader trends and challenges.
Rio Tinto's Automation Drive
Rio Tinto, one of the largest mining companies globally, has been pioneering automation across its operations. In its Pilbara iron ore mines in Western Australia, the company operates a fleet of autonomous trucks and trains. This innovation reduces operational costs and enhances safety but has also shifted the workforce structure. While traditional roles such as heavy machinery operators have declined, there’s a surge in demand for software engineers, remote operation technicians, and data analysts.
Freeport-McMoRan's Focus on Sustainability
Freeport-McMoRan, a leading producer of copper and gold, has embraced sustainability in its operations, particularly in Arizona. The company has increased hiring in roles focused on water management, environmental impact assessments, and community relations. These positions are vital to ensuring compliance with environmental regulations and maintaining local support for mining operations.
Glencore's Push into Renewable Energy Materials
With the growing emphasis on renewable energy technologies, Glencore has expanded its focus on mining critical minerals like cobalt and nickel. These minerals are essential for battery manufacturing in electric vehicles and renewable energy storage. The company is investing heavily in training programs for geologists and metallurgists specializing in rare earth elements.
SKILLINGS MINING INDUSTRY DIALOGUE
Bagus Zaqqie Khadafi
GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING ENTHUSIAST, INDONESIA
Bagus Zaqqie Khadafi, a geological engineering enthusiast with mining exploration and development expertise, specializes in resource assessment and project management. He focuses on innovative techniques, contributing to exploration initiatives that enhance resource identification and align with sustainable mining practices.
Terence Jordaan
CEO, TERRA GROUP, SOUTH AFRICA
Ricardo Valls
Terence Jordaan, CEO of Terra Group, specializes in strategic leadership and business growth. With vast experience in mining and sustainability, he focuses on innovative solutions, risk management, and operational efficiency to drive success and create a positive global impact.
Interview with Industry Leaders
A Discussion on Leadership, Work-Life Balance, & Environmental Responsibility
Interview/Discussion with Three Experienced Mining Professionals: Bagus Zaqqie Khadafi, Terence Jordaan, and Ricardo Valls.
The mining industry thrives on the insights of its professionals, whose diverse experiences and perspectives shape its future. Leaders like Bagus Zaqqie Khadafi, Terence Jordaan, and Ricardo Valls offer valuable lessons on leadership, career progression, and innovation, emphasizing the critical need for adaptability, technical expertise, and sustainability in this evolving sector.
SENIOR GEOLOGIST, VALLS GEOCONSULTANT, CANADA
Ricardo Valls is a senior geologist with over 30 years of experience in mining. Specializing in geological and geochemical analysis, he has led diverse exploration projects worldwide, focusing on resource evaluation, mineral deposits, and sustainable practices to support efficient and environmentally responsible mining operations.
Leadership emerged as a cornerstone of career success among mining professionals, with Bagus Zaqqie Khadafi, Terence Jordaan, and Ricardo Valls highlighting its multifaceted role in shaping teams, improving operations, and achieving long-term goals. Bagus emphasized trust as the foundation of leadership, particularly in industries like mining that depend heavily on teamwork and collaboration. He remarked, “Trust forms the backbone of any successful operation—without it, progress stalls.”
Terence, drawing from his experience as CEO of Terra Group, stressed that leadership involves creating a vision and aligning the team to achieve it. “Leadership isn't just about directing—it’s about inspiring,” he noted.
Ricardo, with his extensive global mining experience, underscored the importance of leading by example and empowering teams with the right tools and knowledge. He stated, “A strong leader is someone who builds others’ confidence and guides them through complex challenges.”
The debate around formal education versus real-world experience revealed differing perspectives. Bagus acknowledged the importance of his geological engineering degree, stating it provided him with foundational knowledge, but stressed that fieldwork honed his skills.
Ricardo shared a similar sentiment, crediting his advanced degrees for broadening his understanding while emphasizing the irreplaceable value of on-the-job learning. Conversely, Terence argued that practical experience often outweighs theoretical knowledge in leadership roles. “While education is critical, the ability to adapt to real-world scenarios defines success,” he explained.
Commitment was universally acknowledged as essential for effective management. Bagus emphasized that commitment builds trust, creating a more cohesive work environment.
“A committed leader inspires their team to stay motivated,” he added.
Navigating career progression in the mining industry revealed diverse paths and strategies. Bagus described the early stages of his career as “unfocused,” comparing it to a “headless rooster,” but emphasized the importance of defining clear goals over time.
Terence shared that his progression relied heavily on setting measurable objectives, while Ricardo highlighted the role of mentorship in guiding young professionals. “Mentors help navigate the complexities of mining operations and accelerate learning,” Ricardo noted.
The trio also shared insights on promotions and managerial roles. While Bagus valued trustworthiness as the primary criterion, Terence leaned toward a balanced mix of technical expertise and managerial skills. Ricardo echoed this sentiment, noting that promotions should reward individuals who demonstrate both operational knowledge and people management abilities.
Strong leadership, sustainable practices, and innovation are vital for the mining industry's future. Emphasizing trust, adaptability, and collaboration, these insights offer a blueprint for navigating challenges and driving progress in this evolving global sector.
Terence highlighted its role in maintaining organizational focus, while Ricardo viewed commitment as the link between management and operational success.
Work-life balance emerged as a priority for all three professionals. Bagus stressed its significance in ensuring longterm productivity, labeling it as “integral to personal and professional success.”
Terence advocated designing a work-life balance tailored to individual needs, while Ricardo highlighted the importance of taking deliberate breaks to avoid burnout. “Balance is crucial—it allows you to recharge and approach challenges with clarity,” he said.
Improving the mining industry’s public image was another critical topic. Ricardo suggested proactive media engagement to highlight the sector’s contributions to society.
Bagus advocated for transparency, particularly around environmental practices, while Terence emphasized partnerships with educational institutions to attract young talent. “Engagement with communities and educational organizations can bridge gaps in perception and reality,” he remarked.
The professionals also explored challenges and opportunities for innovation within the industry. Ricardo emphasized the need for sustainable practices, particularly in exploration and resource management, while Bagus highlighted the role of emerging technologies in optimizing processes.
Terence, on the other hand, pointed out that innovation must be coupled with strong leadership to drive adoption.
Their collective insights demonstrate a unified vision for the mining industry: a sector that values leadership, embraces education and experience, fosters trust, and prioritizes sustainability. By addressing these key areas, the industry can continue to thrive while meeting global demands.
Australian Mining
BHP Warns of Rising Low-Cost Competition
Australia’s mining industry is under mounting pressure as lower-cost international competitors make significant inroads.
AUSTRALIA’S MINING INDUSTRY IS UNDER MOUNTING pressure as lower-cost international competitors make significant inroads. Speaking in Brisbane, BHP Group’s Australia President, Geraldine Slattery, warned that the nation is ill-equipped to contend with these growing threats, particularly from regions like Indonesia and South America.
Slattery's remarks underscored the urgent need for strategic reforms to ensure Australia retains its position as a global mining powerhouse. She emphasized that Australia’s mining sector has long thrived on China’s industrial boom. However, this growth has plateaued, leaving major players like BHP and Rio Tinto grappling with reduced demand for Chinese steel—a cornerstone of Australia’s iron ore exports.
“The surge in demand from China’s industrialisation has passed its peak,” Slattery stated, highlighting the sector’s vulnerability to shifting global dynamics. At the same time, competition from low-
cost producers, particularly Indonesia, has intensified. Indonesia’s government has invested heavily in mining infrastructure, while China has bolstered this growth by financing nickel processing plants across the region, further eroding Australia’s competitive edge.
Nickel’s Plunge Reflects Broader Trends
Nickel, a critical component in electric vehicles and energy technologies, has experienced a sharp price drop.
Since early 2024, prices have fallen by over 5%, a stark contrast to the 2007 peak of $54,050 per metric tonne.
BHP has already responded to these market shifts by suspending its Western Australia nickel operations. This decision reflects the dominance of Indonesian producers, who have benefited from streamlined production methods and cost-efficient policies.
“The nickel market is a prime example of how competitors are outpacing us,” Slattery noted. “Indonesia’s rise as a nickel powerhouse should serve as a wake-up call for Australia’s policymakers.”
Australia Faces Cost Disadvantages
Slattery also pointed out that Australia’s high operational costs and rigid royalty structures limit its ability to compete globally. Queensland’s recent decision to raise coal royalties typifies this issue. While the increase may boost short-term state revenues, it risks discouraging long-term investments in the sector.
“Short-term revenue gains from increased royalties won’t benefit the state if they drive investment away,” Slattery cautioned. Labour costs compound the problem.
Australian mining companies face relentless pressure from unions advocating higher wages, further inflating operational expenses. “Australian operations face mounting costs, whereas international competitors can produce at a fraction of the expense,” Slattery explained.
Policy Reform and Strategic Investments Needed
To address these challenges, Slattery urged policymakers to enhance the sector’s competitiveness through tax reform, streamlined regulations, and investments in advanced technologies.
“In this shifting world, many competitors are aggressive in their pursuit of market share and the technology that unlocks a lower cost of supply,” she said. Without decisive action, Australia risks losing its mining dominance to more agile rivals.
Implications for the Industry
BHP’s warning comes at a critical juncture for Australia’s resource-dependent economy. As global markets gravitate toward cheaper suppliers and advanced processing technologies, Australia’s traditional mining advantages are being steadily undermined. The country must strike a balance between securing immediate revenue and fostering sustainable, long-term growth.
Failure to adapt could result in Australia’s diminished influence in the mining sector—a pillar of the nation’s economy for decades. Industry leaders and policymakers must act boldly to safeguard its future.
BHP’s cautionary remarks highlight the pressing need for action within Australia’s mining sector. With low-cost competitors gaining ground and traditional markets evolving, the nation’s policymakers face a crucial choice: implement reforms or risk relinquishing Australia’s global mining leadership.
The years ahead will determine whether Australia can rise to the challenge and maintain its dominance in this increasingly competitive landscape.
Deep-Sea Mining Risks Over $560 Billion in Export Earnings, Report Warns
Deep-sea mining could jeopardize more than $560 billion in annual export revenues from terrestrial mining, a new report from financial think tank Planet Tracker argues.
Deep-sea mining could jeopardize more than $560 billion in annual terrestrial mining export revenues, according to Planet Tracker’s report Race to the Bottom. The study highlights the economic and environmental risks of extracting minerals from the ocean floor, warning that such operations may undermine demand for terrestrial resources critical to many economies.
Even under favorable conditions, annual corporate tax revenue from deep-sea mining is projected to reach just $6.25 million globally, a negligible figure compared to land-based mining revenues. Emma Amadi, an investment analyst at Planet Tracker, stated, “Deep-sea mining offers minimal financial returns to ISA member states, triggering a race to the bottom in corporate tax rates.” Royalties, another revenue source, could range from $42,000 to $1.1 million annually—amounts insignificant for most nations.
Environmental concerns compound these issues. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has warned that over 40% of coral species face extinction due to activities like deep-sea mining. Polymetallic nodules, rich in minerals such as nickel and cobalt, are abundant in areas like the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, where companies like The Metals Company hold contracts. Advocates argue these nodules are essential for green technologies, but Planet Tracker stresses the environmental damage outweighs the benefits.
The International Seabed Authority (ISA) is finalizing its Mining Code, with growing calls for a moratorium on deep-sea mining until comprehensive studies assess its impacts. The report urges governments and investors to improve sustainable terrestrial mining practices, emphasizing that short-term economic gains from deep-sea mining could have catastrophic long-term consequences.
SMARTER DESIGN & RESOURCE OPTIMIZATION
Rethinking Mining Operations
In an era defined by rapid technological advancement and an urgent call for sustainability, the mining industry is undergoing a transformative shift in how mines are designed and planned.
Once driven solely by resource extraction, today’s mine planning encompasses a complex interplay of cutting-edge technologies, environmental stewardship, community engagement, and economic considerations. From leveraging artificial intelligence for precise resource mapping to integrating renewable energy systems and fostering circular economy practices, modern mining design is reshaping the industry’s footprint on the planet.
As global demand for critical minerals accelerates, the imperative to innovate responsibly is not just a challenge but a defining opportunity for the mining sector to lead the way into a sustainable and efficient future.
Technological Advancements in Mine Planning
The adoption of digital tools has revolutionized mine planning processes. Geographical Information Systems
(GIS) and 3D modeling software enable precise mapping and visualization of geological data, facilitating informed decision-making. These technologies allow for the creation of detailed mine layouts, optimizing resource extraction while mitigating risks.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is also making significant inroads into mine planning. Companies like KoBold Metals are leveraging AI to identify potential mineral deposits, enhancing exploration efficiency. By analyzing vast datasets, AI algorithms can predict mineral locations with greater accuracy, reducing the time and cost associated with traditional exploration methods.
Sustainability and Environmental Considerations
Modern mine design increasingly prioritizes sustainability. The integration of environmental management systems ensures that mining operations comply with regulatory standards and minimize ecological footprints. For instance, the Central Mine Planning and Design Institute (CMPDI) in India provides consultancy services focused on environmental engineering, emphasizing the importance of sustainable practices in mining.
In Australia, environmental concerns have led to significant regulatory actions. The High Court's decision to block a new coal mine in Cumbria underscores the growing emphasis on environmental considerations in mine planning.
This ruling reflects a broader trend towards scrutinizing the environmental impact of mining projects, compelling companies to adopt more sustainable practices.
Innovations in Mine Design
The concept of designing mines from the "inside out" focuses on understanding the ore body first and then developing the mine plan and infrastructure around it. This approach ensures that the mining method, recovery sequence, and infrastructure are tailored to the specific characteristics of the mineral deposit, optimizing efficiency and safety.
Additionally, the use of stochastic optimization in mine planning allows for the assessment of various scenarios, helping to identify value drivers and bottlenecks in the mineral value chain. This method enables more flexible and responsive planning, accommodating uncertainties inherent in mining operations.
Regulatory and Community Engagement
Effective mine planning now necessitates proactive engagement with regulatory bodies and local communities. In New South Wales, Australia, the approval process for mining projects has become more stringent, with increased scrutiny on environmental and cultural impacts. The recent challenges faced by the Cadia goldmine, where local farmers and residents opposed the construction of a new tailings dam due to environmental and health concerns, highlight the importance of community involvement in mine planning.
Industry Collaborations and Best Practices
Collaboration among industry players, academic institutions, and technology providers is becoming a cornerstone of modern mine design and planning. Industry consortia like the Global Mining Guidelines Group (GMG) foster innovation by sharing best practices and developing standardized approaches to complex challenges such as tailings management and automation integration.
For example, a recent GMG initiative on underground mine electrification has spurred the adoption of battery-powered mining equipment, reducing the reliance on diesel and minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. These efforts underscore the role of collaborative frameworks in driving systemic improvements across the sector. (gmggroup.org)
Resilient Supply Chains and Geopolitical Factors
The geopolitical landscape also influences mine planning. The rising demand for critical minerals like lithium, cobalt, and rare earths has prompted mining companies to reassess their strategies to secure supply chains and reduce dependencies on politically volatile regions. This shift is evident in
the U.S. Inflation Reduction Act, which incentivizes domestic mineral production and processing to support green energy initiatives.
One notable development is the Thacker Pass lithium mine in Nevada, where mine design and planning have been heavily focused on integrating environmentally sensitive practices to meet the expectations of both policymakers and local communities. (reuters.com)
Automation and Workforce Transformation
Automation is rapidly reshaping how mines are designed and operated. Autonomous vehicles, drones, and robotic equipment are enabling companies to operate in previously inaccessible areas, improving safety and efficiency. Rio Tinto’s Gudai-Darri mine in Western Australia, often referred to as “the world’s most technologically advanced mine,” exemplifies this trend. The mine’s design incorporates fully automated haul trucks, drilling systems, and real-time data analytics, showcasing how technology can be seamlessly integrated into mine planning. (riotinto.com)
However, this shift necessitates a transformation in workforce skill sets. Mining companies are increasingly partnering with educational institutions to train the next generation of mining professionals in disciplines like data science, AI, and robotics. Initiatives such as these not only address workforce gaps but also ensure the mining industry remains competitive in a rapidly changing world.
EMERGING Technologies in Exploration and Planning
Breakthroughs in remote sensing and exploration technology are further revolutionizing the early stages of mine planning. Technologies like hyperspectral imaging and satellite-based remote sensing provide detailed mineralogical data without the need for invasive exploration techniques. These methods are particularly valuable in areas with fragile ecosystems or stringent environmental regulations.
Moreover, blockchain is emerging as a tool for ensuring transparency in mine planning and execution. By tracking the provenance of minerals, blockchain can provide stakeholders with verifiable data on the ethical and sustainable practices involved in resource extraction. This technology is increasingly being adopted by companies aiming to enhance their ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) credentials. (forbes.com)
CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN MINE PLANNING
Climate change is an increasingly critical factor in mine design and planning. Mining companies are now incorporating climate resilience into their strategies to protect operations from extreme weather events, such as floods, wildfires, and heatwaves. For instance:
Tailings Storage and Water Management: Designing tailings dams and water systems that can withstand extreme rainfall and seismic activity is now a priority. Recent tailings dam failures, such as the Brumadinho disaster in Brazil, have pushed companies to adopt stricter design standards and continuous monitoring using IoT-enabled sensors.
Energy Transition in Mine Operations: Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, are being integrated into mine designs to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Anglo American’s hydrogen-powered haul trucks at its Mogalakwena platinum mine in South Africa exemplify the shift toward cleaner energy in mining.
COMMUNITY-CENTERED MINE DESIGN
Modern mine planning increasingly involves stakeholders such as local communities and indigenous groups, ensuring that their needs and concerns are addressed. Community-centered mine design includes:
Co-Design Initiatives: Collaborative approaches that involve local populations in decision-making, ensuring that infrastructure and development benefits are shared. For instance, companies operating in Canada’s Arctic region work closely with indigenous communities to design mining projects that respect cultural heritage while delivering economic benefits.
Resettlement Planning: In cases where mining operations displace communities, ethical and transparent resettlement plans are critical. The International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM) provides guidelines to help companies ensure equitable treatment and long-term support for displaced populations.
CIRCULAR MINING PRACTICES
The push toward a circular economy is influencing mine design and planning. Companies are exploring ways to minimize waste and recycle materials, reducing the overall environmental footprint of mining operations. Examples include:
Mine Waste Valorization: Transforming mining waste into valuable products, such as using tailings for construction materials or extracting secondary metals from waste streams.
Mine Closure and Rehabilitation: Planning for mine closure is now integrated into initial design phases. Companies are designing mines with post-closure land uses in mind, such as converting depleted mines into renewable energy sites, water reservoirs, or ecological preserves.
DECARBONIZATION THROUGH SMARTER
Mine Layouts
Optimizing mine layouts to minimize transportation distances, reduce energy consumption, and streamline material flow is becoming a key strategy in decarbonization efforts. For example:
In-Pit Crushing and Conveying (IPCC): This technology replaces traditional truck hauling with conveyor belts, significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions and fuel costs. IPCC systems are being adopted at large-scale mines such as the Grasberg mine in Indonesia.
Underground Mining Innovations: Underground mines are increasingly being designed with modular systems that allow for better airflow, reduced energy consumption, and the potential for automation-friendly layouts.
ETHICAL SOURCING and Supply Chain Transparency
As consumers and investors demand greater transparency, companies are embedding traceability and ethical sourcing mechanisms into their mine design strategies. Technologies include:
Digital Twins: Creating digital replicas of mining operations allows stakeholders to monitor and verify sustainability practices in real-time, ensuring compliance with global standards.
Blockchain for Responsible Mining: As highlighted earlier, blockchain is being used to trace the journey of minerals from mine to market, providing verifiable data on their origins.
GLOBAL TRENDS DRIVING Innovation in Mine Planning
Several global trends are forcing mining companies to innovate:
Critical Minerals Boom: The surging demand for minerals essential to green technologies, such as lithium, cobalt, and rare earths, has led to exploration in previously untapped regions. This requires adaptive mine planning techniques tailored to challenging environments.
Urban Mining: Recycling materials from urban waste (e.g., e-waste) is emerging as a viable alternative to traditional mining. Companies are incorporating urban mining into their strategies as part of a broader sustainability agenda.
Artificial Intelligence and Predictive Analytics: Predictive tools are not only improving resource estimation but also helping to anticipate market shifts and optimize supply chains, making mine planning more dynamic and responsive.
As global demand for critical minerals accelerates, the imperative to innovate responsibly is not just a challenge but a defining opportunity for the mining sector to lead the way into a sustainable and efficient future.
FUTURE POSSIBILITIES: AUTOMATED and Autonomous Mining
As mining shifts toward Industry 4.0, fully autonomous mines are on the horizon. Autonomous mines would involve:
Robotic Drilling and Excavation: Robots handling drilling and blasting operations to reduce human exposure to hazardous conditions.
Autonomous Logistics Systems: Trucks, loaders, and trains that operate without human drivers, integrated with real-time data systems for precise coordination.
Smart Maintenance: AI-enabled predictive maintenance systems ensuring equipment is serviced before failures occur, improving efficiency and reducing downtime.
Case studies like the Syama Underground Mine in Mali, operated by Resolute Mining, provide a glimpse into this future, with fully automated systems already in place.
The field of mining design and planning continues to evolve in response to technological advancements, societal expectations, and environmental challenges. Companies that prioritize innovation, transparency, and sustainability will not only thrive but also set new standards for the mining industry of tomorrow.
Challenges and Opportunities Ahead
While the mining industry has made significant strides, challenges remain. Balancing economic viability with sustainability goals is an ongoing struggle,
ATLANTIC MINING NOVA SCOTIA,
A
SUBSIDIARY
OF Australia’s St Barbara (SBM), is grappling with regulatory hurdles as it faces a looming deadline to post the remaining $38.7 million bond for the cleanup of the Touquoy gold mine, located 175 km west of Halifax.
particularly as deposits in remote or politically unstable regions become increasingly important. Additionally, the escalating complexity of regulatory frameworks across jurisdictions requires mining companies to invest in compliance and stakeholder engagement.
Opportunities, however, abound. The transition to renewable energy and electric vehicles has created unprecedented demand for metals like copper and nickel, driving investment in mine expansion and modernization. Companies that innovate in mine design and planning—emphasizing sustainability, efficiency, and community collabora-
tion—are well-positioned to lead the industry into a resilient and responsible future.
Future Outlook
The future of mine design and planning lies in the continued integration of advanced technologies and sustainable practices. The development of new tools, such as Micromine's upcoming mine planning solution for underground operations, indicates a trend towards more sophisticated and efficient planning methodologies. These innovations aim to enhance productivity while reducing environmental impact, aligning with the industry's commitment to responsible mining.
BEYOND EXPERTISE
Barr has assisted national and international mining and minerals processing clients with complex, large-scale projects for more than 60 years. We offer drill-to-mill optimization services—and assistance with everything that comes before and after.
By integrating engineering and environmental expertise, we can provide a streamlined approach to your project—one that improves efficiency, communication, and understanding of both the small details and the big picture.
Cybersecurity in Mining
The High-Stakes Challenge of Securing Digital Frontiers
The mining industry, historically reliant on heavy machinery and laborintensive processes, is undergoing a significant transformation toward digitization. While this shift offers unparalleled efficiencies, it also introduces a critical vulnerability: cybersecurity threats.
From ransomware attacks that disrupt operations to risks of environmental disasters, cyber breaches pose an existential threat to mining companies’ safety, functionality, and reputation. Modern mining’s increasing reliance on advanced technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) enhances operational efficiency but also expands vulnerabilities.
Successful cyberattacks can lead to financial losses, threats to human safety, supply chain disruptions, and reputational damage to an industry already under scrutiny for its environmental impact.
A Sector Underprepared
The convergence of information technology (IT) and operational technology (OT) creates unique challenges for mining. IT focuses on safeguarding data, while OT secures critical physical processes like ore crushing and equipment control. Breaches in OT systems can disrupt production or cause
catastrophic damage. Brian Persaud, a cybersecurity manager specializing in mining, observes, “Many mining companies are still playing catch-up when it comes to securing their operational technology. This isn’t just an IT problem—it’s a question of physical safety.”
Building Cyber-Resilient Teams
Talent and leadership are critical in cybersecurity. However, mining companies face difficulties attracting professionals capable of navigating the complexities of IT and OT systems.
Jose Mendez, a seasoned mining executive, notes, “Cybersecurity expertise in OT systems is a niche skill set. We need specialists who understand not just technology but also the operational realities of mining.”
Strong leadership is equally crucial. Companies like BHP and Kinross Gold integrate cybersecurity into their operations, emphasizing risk assessments and employee training. This proactive
approach ensures cybersecurity initiatives receive adequate resources and alignment with business priorities.
Securing IT and OT Infrastructure
The integration of IT and OT systems enables real-time data sharing but also creates vulnerabilities. Lateral attacks, where hackers exploit IT weaknesses to breach OT systems, are a significant risk.
Persaud highlights the importance of network segmentation: “Critical controls like firewalls and secure data transfer protocols are non-negotiable. The cost of downtime from a breach can reach hundreds of thousands of dollars per hour.”
Legacy OT systems, often lacking builtin security features, exacerbate these challenges. Retrofitting them is costly, but the risks of inaction—operational disruptions and reputational damage— justify the investment.
Cyber breaches threaten mining companies' operations, safety, and reputation.
As mining becomes more tech-reliant, cybersecurity is vital. Proactive strategies, modernized systems, and strong governance are essential to protect assets and ensure sustainable operations in a digital age.
Path Forward: A Blueprint for Resilience
Mining companies can adopt a proactive approach to mitigate cybersecurity risks and ensure operational resilience by focusing on these key strategies:
Invest in Talent Development: Expand efforts to recruit IT specialists, cybersecurity analysts, and data scientists. Continuous training in emerging technologies like AI keeps teams agile and prepared.
Integrate IT and OT Security: Implement unified strategies that include network segmentation, multi-factor authentication, and AI-driven monitoring for real-time threat detection.
Governance and Risk Mitigation
Governance is fundamental to effective cybersecurity. Boards and audit committees must identify and protect “digital crown jewels.” The 2024 KPMG Global Metals and Mining Outlook revealed that 39% of executives consider cybersecurity a top challenge in implementing technology. John Heaton, Executive
Foster Leadership and Collaboration: Encourage cooperation between IT and OT teams under strong leadership to establish cohesive cybersecurity measures.
Promote a Culture of Transparency: Encourage employees to report vulnerabilities and suggest solutions without fear of reprisal, creating an open environment to preempt cybersecurity issues.
Director of Technology Risk Consulting, states, “Cybersecurity needs to be part of the boardroom discussion. This isn’t just an operational issue; it’s a strategic imperative.”
Securing the Future
As mining operations become increasingly interconnected, cybersecurity is a cornerstone of sustainability. By mod-
Embed Cybersecurity Early: Incorporate security measures into the earliest stages of project planning to ensure resilience from exploration to production.
ernizing systems, prioritizing talent, and embedding governance practices, companies can safeguard assets, protect reputations, and secure critical supply chains. Proactive approaches will ensure the industry thrives amid growing challenges.
2024 Annual Index
Skillings Mining Review
Perusing through our 100+ annual index will give the reader a good retrospective of 2024. New headings reflect trends unique to what has been an extremely interesting year. There is an increasing emphasis on sustainability - clean technologies, waste water management, re-vegetation and adherence to legislation.
FEBRUARY 2024
SEPTEMBER 2024
OCTOBER 2024
NOVEMBER
Russia-Ukraine Conflict’s Escalation Could Spark Record Gold Prices
The Russia-Ukraine war has already reshaped global geopolitics, but the tacit approval of long-range missile use by Western allies signals a perilous escalation. As Ukraine targets strategic sites within Russia using advanced munitions like ATACMS and Storm Shadow missiles, Moscow
stark warnings.
Potential retaliation could escalate the Russia-Ukraine conflict into a broader NATO confrontation, raising the specter of global war with profound financial repercussions. Such a scenario would likely elevate gold’s status as a “safe-haven” asset, driving prices to unprecedented levels due to surging investor demand, inflationary pressures, and disrupted global trade.
Historically, gold has served as a refuge during geopolitical crises, economic instability, and market downturns. An expanded conflict would likely trigger panic-driven investments in gold, as financial markets already strained by war and inflation concerns face sell-offs
in equities and other high-risk assets. “Geopolitical tensions like these inject profound uncertainty into markets,” says Daniel Briesemann, a commodities analyst at Commerzbank. “Gold tends to benefit as investors seek stability.”
War disrupts supply chains, and a NATO-Russia conflict would exacerbate shortages in energy and commodities. Sanctions on Russia could trigger dramatic price spikes in oil, gas, and agricultural products, intensifying inflation—a historical driver of rising gold prices. “If inflation accelerates during war, gold’s value as an inflation hedge becomes vital,” explains Ole Hansen, head of commodity strategy at Saxo Bank.
Energy markets and currency risks further complicate the scenario. A direct conflict could spike energy prices, fueling inflation globally. Simultaneously, central banks injecting liquidity to sustain wartime economies would weaken currencies like the U.S. dollar, enhancing gold’s appeal. “Energy and currency markets are the first dominoes to fall in crises,” says John Reade, chief strategist at the World Gold Council.
If the conflict escalates, analysts predict gold prices could surpass $3,000 per ounce. Amid geopolitical chaos, gold remains the ultimate hedge, shining as a stable store of value and beacon of financial security.
SEPTEMBER 2024 CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION
World crude steel production for the 71 countries reporting to the World Steel Association (worldsteel) was 152.1 million tonnes (Mt) in October 2024, a 1.0% increase compared to October 2023.
Africa produced 2.0 Mt in October 2024, down 0.4% on October 2023. Asia and Oceania produced 111.3 Mt, up 1.7%. The EU (27) produced 11.3 Mt, up 5.5%. Europe, Other produced 3.4 Mt, down 6.2%. The Middle East produced 5.0 Mt, up 5.4%. North America produced 8.8 Mt, down 3.6%. Russia & other CIS + Ukraine produced 6.7 Mt, down 12.2%. South America produced 3.8 Mt, up 7.2%. The 71 countries included in this table accounted for approximately 98% of total world crude steel production in 2023. Regions and countries covered by the table: Africa, Asia and Oceania, European Union (27), Europe,other, Middle East, North America, Russia & other CIS + Ukraine, South America.
Top 10 steel-producing countries
China produced 81.9 Mt in October 2024, up 2.9% on October 2023. India produced 12.5 Mt, up 1.7%. Japan produced 6.9 Mt, down 7.8%. The United States produced 6.6 Mt, down 2.0%. Russia is estimated
Table
to have produced 5.6 Mt, down 15.2%.
South Korea produced 5.4 Mt, down 1.8%. Germany produced 3.2 Mt, up 14.7%. Türkiye produced 3.0 Mt, up 0.7%. Brazil produced 3.1 Mt, up 16.2%. Iran produced 3.0 Mt, down 1.9%.
Top 10 steel-producing countries
The 71 countries included in this table accounted for approximately 98% of total world crude steel production in 2023. Regions and countries covered by the table:Africa: Egypt, Libya, South Africa, Tunisia Asia and Oceania: Australia, China, India, Japan, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Korea, Taiwan (China), Thailand, Viet Nam,European Union (27),Europe, Other: Macedonia, Norway, Serbia, Türkiye, United Kingdom,Middle East: Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates,North America: Canada, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, United States,Russia & other CIS + Ukraine: Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine,South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela
Table 1. Crude steel production by region
2.
2023 GLOBAL CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION TOTALS
Source – World Steel Association
e – annual figure estimated using partial data or non-worldsteel resources. * The world total production figure in this table includes estimates of other countries that only report annually.
Sustainability Indicators report 2024
The World Steel Association (worldsteel) today publishes its Sustainability Indicators 2024 report. worldsteel uses eight indicators to measure key aspects of the steel industry’s economic, environmental, and social sustainability performance on an annual basis. worldsteel members have been providing data for the eight indicators every year since
2004. A total of 93 steel companies and associations were included in this year’s data collection.
The 36 companies who provided data for all eight indicators are listed in the report here: https://worldsteel.org/media/ press-releases/2024/sustainability-indicators-2024/
The World Steel Association (worldsteel) is one of the largest and most dynamic industry associations in the world, with members in every major steel-producing country. worldsteel represents steel producers, national and regional steel industry associations, and steel research institutes. Members represent around 85% of global steel production.
