Graduate Thesis Programming Book

cornerstonefamily worshipdesign

sarah.swaim programming kendra.ordia

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

project introduction page 4 problem+context page 10 design theories+trends page 38 precedent studies page 50 design considerations page 72 literature reviews page 108 spatial requirements page 122 conclusion+references page 162

01 project introduction

So then you are no longer strangers and aliens, but you are fellow citizens with the saints, and are of God’s household, having been built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Christ Jesus Himself being the corner stone, in whom the whole building, being fitted together, is growing into a holy temple in the Lord...

-Ephesians 2:19-22

1.1 executive statement 1.2 goals + objectives pg 6

pg 8

projectintroduction5

the problem: executive statement “It just doesn’t feel like home.....”

-Pastor Ron Swaim on the current Cornerstone building

mission

project intentions

Cornerstone Family Worship’s new church building

The interiors and rebranding of the church is a great

will be a community hub for worship, learning,

opportunity for revitalization of the growing, family-

fellowship, and involvement to support the needs

focused congregation as well as for the community

and growth of Tonganoxie’s families, young and old.

of Tonganoxie. In a town with very little new construction and close proximity to thriving, bustling

background

cities, the city of Tonganoxie needs a well-designed space that reflected the character and charm of its inhabitants. In addition, the church members

This small town church in Tonganoxie, KS, had the

currently lack a sense of spatial ownership since they

opportunity to expand out of their small building

are currently renting rooms from the Tonganoxie

into a new one designed just for them. After buying a

High School.

prime real-estate spot in town off Highway 24-40, the leaders met with an architect about a metal building

The intent of this project is to provide a cohesive

for their future home. With a small budget and a

interior

need to move in as soon as possible, Cornerstone

for Cornerstone’s interiors of the new church to

Family Worship accounted for the church shell

represent its missions and goals while exploring

with no attention to the interiors aside from a basic

the complexities of church design: the mixture of

space plan, missing a key opportunity to enhance the

performance-based design, education, corporate,

spatial experience for worship and fellowship.

restaurant design, and more, using a minimal budget

design,

furniture,

and

branding

plan

to accomplish the needs of a community. Spaces must be multi-functional as the needs of the church change on a daily basis, whether it be to serve hundreds of people for a banquet or for a small leadership meeting of ten.

projectintroduction7

the goals

01

brand the church to reflect its missions and goals

02

provide technology and spaces relevant to all generations

a. develop new color scheme b. propose new logo and graphic design standards to be incorporated in all bulletins, flyers, etc. c. reveal mission statement to visitors (in the design or in the promotional material)

a. explore cutting-edge technology for millenials but keep it optional for the gen x’ers b. design classrooms specifically for its users while allowing for flexibility c. a design that does not celebrate technology, but can efficiently utilize it

03

make smart furniture, fixtures, and equipment specifications to achieve durability, functionality, and cost efficiency

04

design spaces to be used by the community monday through friday

a. explore ways to use inexpensive materials in creative applications b. use contract grade materials/furnishings only as necessary due to cost

a. plan for outdoor spaces that can be utilized by the high school across the street b. provide a variety of seating/task areas for an after-school program c. secure unused portions of the building during the week

projectintroduction9

02 problem + context

For no one can lay a foundation other than that which is laid, which is Jesus Christ. -1 Corinthians 3:11

2.1 context 2.2 tonganoxie demographics 2.3 site + site analysis 2.4 building information 2.5 existing facilities pg 12

pg 16

pg 22

pg 28

pg 34

problem+context11

context: Leavenworth County, KS Leavenworth, Lansing, Basehor, + Tonganoxie

Leavenworth County, KS A county directly in between some of the most prominent cities in Kansas, Leavenworth has seen a great increase in population in the last 15 years.

Its cities are full of history and tradition, providing

nebraska

a small town charm in a bustling, thriving area.

Families are moving to this area because of:

higher average income lower cost of living new schools

kansas

rich history sense of community pride close proximity to KCI Airport proximity to major highways and interstates (24-40, I-70)

[figure 1]

missouri

+ + + + + + +

Kansas City

Topeka [figure 2]

problem+context13

context: Tonganoxie The town of Tonganoxie is known for its small town charm, parks and trails, country lifestyle, city involvement, low crime, and high quality schools. The city has grown to 5100+ people in 2014 from 2728 people in 2000. This growth is largely due to the town’s proximity to large surrounding cities (Lawrence, Kansas City, Topeka) and access to I-70.

The Tonganoxie community is very family-oriented which is evident during weekly high school football games, the Leavenworth County Fair & Parade, St. Patrick’s Day festivities, and much more.

While the city is growing in population, the downtown district is struggling to survive. The Legends area of Kansas City, Kansas, is undergoing a tremendous boom of activity, with new stadia, restaurants, retail, offices, and more. This bustling region is only a 10-15 minute drive from Tonganoxie which is hurting local business. So while the population is growing, businesses are closing. The town might become known as a “bedroom community,” which is essentially a small city in which people live and sleep but a majojrity of them work in another city.

This shift is effecting the economy and community of Tonganoxie.

+ water park

+ boutique hotel [source 6]

[source 6]

+ local entertainment

+ community traditions [source 6]

[source 6]

+ tonganoxie pride

+ downtown district [source 6]

[source 6]

[source 6]

problem+context15

Tonganoxie demographics

2728

5100+

[2000]

[2014]

population

Tonganoxie has a rapidly growing population, mostly due to the booming adjacent cities and affordable housing.

Most of this population are young families moving away from a larger city. The town has little diversity of ethnic groups. With a large number of churches in the city, only about one third of the population affiliates themselves with a religious congregation.

1% american indian

32%

0-19 20-34

65+

3% other 95% white

22%

35-49 50-64

1% african american

19% 15% 12% age

race

29%

71%

households

32% population affiliated with a religious concregation [sources 7+8]

problem+context17

context: Tonganoxie churches new church

1.3 miles

congregational church

tonganoxie methodist church

cornerstone existing space

west haven baptist church

^N [figure 3]

sacred heart church

tonganoxie christian church

problem+context19

context: Tonganoxie

0.5 miles

new church

^N [figure 3]

problem+context21

site 205 HWY 24, Tonganoxie, KS 66086

existing

The site is currently adjacent to residential homes on the west and small commercial buildings to the east with a large grove of trees to the north. There

Cornerstone Family Worship purchased the 205

is plenty of space in between these different zones,

Hwy 24 plot of land in the summer of 2014. This

allowing for future development.

piece of real estate is on the curve of Highway 2440, the main road running east/west through the city of Tonganoxie. Located on the road in proximity to

potential

the site are retail stores, city government buildings,

The new building has potential to be a kickstarter

restaurants, and the city’s high school, providing

for new construction or renovations throughout

great opportunity for Cornerstone Family Worship.

the city. It is in Tonganoxie’s “Business Incentives and 2020 Plan” to boost the local economy with

An old, run-down hotel sat on the site when

new businesses and developments with an effort to

Cornerstone purchased the land in 2014. The motel

“brand” Tonganoxie due to its current mix-matched

was demolished in September of 2014 (Linenberger

styles, eras, and language (Business Incentives and

2014) to prepare for the church to be built. Ron Swaim,

2020 Plan N.D.). By providing well-designed and

head pastor of Cornerstone Family Worship, would

thought out spaces, visitors will develop a sense of

like construction of the church shell to begin in the

pride in their church home which could in turn instill

spring of 2015, with an interiors development after

the need for similar spaces throughout Tonganoxie.

the shell’s completion. However, the construction will not begin until the church has funded about half of its total building fund.

existing motel on site

excavated site

excavated site

excavated site

problem+context23

site analysis

residential proposed church

smiley rd

commercial

state ave 24-40

^N

zoning The proposed location of the new church lies directly between commercial buildings and a residential zone. This could provide opportunities for the church to become a buffer zone in between these functions.

^N

landscape Tonganoxie zones are typically very grassy compared to many cities with overdevelopment. The zone of the new church has an abundance of grass and trees, especially to the north side of the site. Trees will be added around the parking lot to break up the concrete and provide a buffer between the church and the homes to the west.

problem+context25

site analysis

smiley rd

proposed parking lot

state ave 24-40

^N

circulation Main vehicular circulation will be coming from State Avenue as that is the main street that connects all of Tonganoxie. Secondary circulation will be entering from Smiley Road which connects to State Avenue and other residential streets to the north. Entry into the building will come from the main entrance to the south. A secondary entrance would be on the west side which leads to the youth rooms and classrooms (most likely used during the week for specific events).

smiley rd state ave 24-40

^N

views Shown above are the main views that travelers will see from State Avenue and the high school across the street.

Trees block some of these views as well as the commercial buildings on the east side of the parking lot. The most common viewed areas show the darkest and could be potential areas for signage or community spaces because they are seen most often.

problem+context27

building information provided by Hernly Associates

rendering of proposed new building

proposed new site plan

problem+context29

building information provided by Hernly & Associates

problem+context31

building architect Hernly & Associates in Lawrence, KS

Hernly & Associates is a multi-disciplinary firm

The grant administration portion of Hernly has

with a wide variety of expertise and knowledge of

recently been added to assist with the grant acquisition

architecture, environmental consulting, and grant

process for a variety of housing, non-profit, and

administration.

include

historical preservation projects. “The amalgamation

commercial, residential, institutional, industrial,

of these three diverse fields have come together to

and preservation. Hernly’s environmental services

make Hernly the firm of choice for architecture,

provide testing for many hazardous construction

environmental, and grant related services. Whether

materials including lead, asbestos, radon, mold, and

seperately or combined, the services we provide can

more.

help our clients meet their goals for their projects”

Architectural

projects

(Hernly & Associates 2010).

“hernly was founded with the belief that quality architecture can be achieved by listening carefully to clients and transforming their words into buildings.”

[all images and information from source 10]

building construction Strickland Construction Company in Olathe, KS

mission statement +

Deliver a product that reflects value-added design, quality workmanship and

+

Develop and maintain relationships with customers, employees, subcontractors,

+

Operate with honesty and integrity in an environment that rewards creativity and

+

Perform all work in a manner that assures the safety and health of every individual

responsive service

suppliers, and even competitors that are based on professional respect and trust

insists on quality

on our projects

Strickland Construction is a company specializing in value engineering and design build for industrial and commercial projects known for simplifying the design process to ensure projects are finished on time and within budget. Project types include offices, retail, warehouse, institutional, manufacturing, recreational, churches, self storage, hardware/farm, auto, mechanical, and more.

problem+context33

existing sunday meeting space Tonganoxie High School Auditorium

foyer

entry

signage

make-shift signage/ wayfinding unusable display case (for the high school only)

technology

movable curtains/ lighting

acoustic panels

auditorium ceiling

stage

auditorium seating

carpet tiles

concrete floors beneath seats, carpet tiles for aisles

color as branding tool (for the high school)

problem+context35

church demographics from 2013

+371

members

[those that call CFW their church home]

0-5 6-12

7% 6% 16%

13-17 18-24 25-34

6% 14% 16%

35-49

24%

50-64 65+

11% ages of members

2% hispanic 2% african american

2% other 94% white

race of members

45% male

55% female

gender of members

problem+context37

03 design theories + trends

Planted in the house of the LORD, they will flourish in the courts of our God. -Psalm 92:13

3.1 the third place 3.2 repurpose/urban renewal 3.3 multi-purpose 3.4 seeker sensitive 3.5 home-based churches pg 40 pg 42

pg 44 pg 46

pg 48

designtheories +trends39

trend: the third place What is a “third place”?

Where we spend our time when we’re not working or at home.

Today, we define the concept of place as a combination of: meaningful employment, comfortable housing, and a third place (which differs with each individual). Some of these third places could be a retirement center, the beach, ski slopes, etc. Each of these things are non-negotiable: if one is not present, this place is simply not going to work.

so how do we create a “third place”?

the creation of place design team suggests five characteristics:

+

Third Places represent a personal experience

+

Third Places fulfill an individual need

+

Third Places take us away from home and work, yet they are as important as either of those for defining who we are and what we do

+

Third Places are personally functional to us

+

Third Places are there when we need them

01

02

03

so how can the church fulfill these needs? + + + + +

Provide a welcoming worship environment Provide home groups and small meetings for people to learn, to share experiences, and to meet others Develop a sense of community to be friend groups joining together throughout the week Be an avenue for meaningful conversations, for others to ask and share their thoughts, concerns, and experiences Be available throughout the week for fellowship, prayer, and counseling

designtheories +trends41

trend: repurpose/urban renewal

[figure 4]

“I think many Christians fear the city.

I like the city. I like how it’s beautiful and broken. It invites learning and conversation. It allows me to be proximate to people I wouldn’t otherwise be proximate to.” -Kevin Cawley

There has been a recent trend of repurposing existing buildings to be the home of a new church.

With sustainability at the forefront of design, bigbox buildings must be reused. Large warehouses, commercial buildings, and institutional buildings are among the kinds of uses these buildings previously had with spaces and shells desirable for churches.

These existing buildings are likely in a downtown or urban setting within a context of other commercial buildings. This provides a great opportunity to reach to people that may not be otherwise inclined to attend a church. “America is by and large returning to its cities, and in doing so, it’s looking for a culture that’s more than an inch deep or a decade old. I think that’s the primary reason urban renewal is on the rise, is a desire to be connected to history and culture” (Hudnall 2014).

designtheories +trends43

trend: multi-purpose

This growing trend mainly began due to the tight budgets that churches typically work with. Because the church needs to serve a variety of functions that may change day-to-day, an effort is being made to make multi-purpose rooms that can easily be transformed due to the need. Even sanctuaries have been designed to be multi-functional so that when there are not large services being held, furniture can be taken out to make the space a large gym or banquet hall.

“The most rapidly growing congregations are less inclined to have spaces that are used for only one purpose.� - Robert Foreman

This trend, however, does effect the furnishings and materials that go into the space. Pews in sanctuaries are becoming movable chairs to support this need of flexibility. Flooring must be suitable for the occasional movement of furniture and the possibility of food and drinks in the space.

designtheories +trends45

trend: “seeker sensitive�

The phrase “seeker sensitive” refers to the belief that a more traditional church environment (with pews, stained glass, large steeples, etc) may be intimidating or confusing for visitors that are not Christians. This recent trend is to make the spaces more modern and relevant to design that is being done across the nation. The hope is that the spaces would become more attractive and less overwhelming for the nonchurched to visit. This trend has some controversy, of course, as “some pastors feel that unbelievers are more likely to be influenced by the behavior of Christians than by the appearance of their buildings” (Foreman).

“...leaders feel that departing from traditional ‘churchy’ buildings allows their facility to be more appealing to the unchurched or the unbeliever...” -Robert C. Foreman

designtheories +trends47

trend: home-based churches

[figure 7]

Home-based

churches

are

a

common

trend

throughout many congregations. This trend may be a response to the contemporary mega-church trend (Foreman), when thousands of people meet together in one large church. House churches may have began with the first century believers, found in the Bible in Acts 2:46-47

“They broke bread in their homes and ate together with glad and sincere hearts, praising God and enjoying the favor of all the people.�

This form of church focuses more on a small, tightknit community of people holding each other accountable for their day-to-day lives, which can easily get lost in large congregations (like that of a mega-church).

designtheories +trends49

04 precedent studies

“The design of our space should exist as a backdrop for redemption, restoration, and renewal, preaching that god is big and we are small in light of him.� -Andy Stanley

4.1 overview of selections entry/lobby designs 4.2 4.3 coffee bar designs 4.4 lounge/community spaces 4.5 corridors/circulation 4.6 sanctuary design kids spaces 4.7 4.8 wayfinding 4.9 branding 4.10 support spaces pg 52

pg 54 pg 56

pg 58 pg 60 pg 62

pg 64 pg 66

pg 68 pg 70

precedentstudies51

[source 1]

heartland community church olathe, ks 360 architecture

[source 2]

redeemer fellowship

kansas city, mo 360 architecture

An old furniture warehouse was transformed to become

A first phase for Redeemer’s historical building

the new home of Heartland Community Church in 2009.

renovation was completed in 2013 to include the main

The goal was to design a “church for the unchurched,”

entry spaces, focusing mainly on circulation between

for a congregation demographic of young families. A

the first and second level sanctuary entrances and

large unbuilt space provides growth for the future.

its adjacent spaces. Desired words to describe the

Main concept words were “simplicity, transparency,

renovation include “welcoming, warm, authentic,

and sustainability,” which support Heartland’s four

intuitive, inspiring, light, relaxing, open, and fluid.”

core values: hospitality, developing excellence, honesty, and having fun.

[source 3]

mars hill church bellevue, wa jpc architects

[source 5]

passion city church

atlanta, ga wakefield beasley & associates

The Bellevue Mars Hill church took over an abandoned

An old Home Depot warehouse is transformed to

old downtown movie theater for their new space. Their

become the new building for Passion City Church.

other campuses tend to have a more masculine feel,

The overall design is modern and edgy to respond to

but the intent is to have this location be more family-

the church’s demographics as well as to respond to

friendly with a touch of femininity. The design needs

the surrounding neighborhoods. The interiors break

to reflect the “Seattle urban hip� vibe that is consistent

down the stereotypical church feel, becoming more of

through every Mars Hill location.

a concert venue atmosphere.

precedentstudies53

entry/lobby designs “The building should welcome, disarm, and encourage all who come through its doors”

custom drum fixtures from local shop open-air atrium “living room” hubs heartland

[source 1]

reclaimed walnut wall welcome center, centralized information heartland The atrium space is designed to be 1.5x the size of the sanctuary to encourage people to mingle before and after services in the lobby. “Living room” spaces make visitors feel more at home. A welcome center sits near the entry, which is always accompanied by two or more members, to be available for questions and information. An open-air atrium in the middle allows for more daylighting.

heartland

An information desk at the entry is available for welcoming visitors and answering any questions.

Redeemer’s mission statement is on the back wall to be seen upon entry. A large stair accompanied by signage and wayfinding in the middle of the lobby guides visitors to the upper level of the sanctuary without confusion. A simple, minimalist scheme is used as a juxtaposition to the historic sanctuary that a visitor is about to enter into.

[source 2]

redeemer

[source 2]

redeemer

mission statement stair to 2nd level sanctuary welcome center

“much like a public square, it should be open and ready for public use, inspiring a dialogue with the community� -jacob littrell

corridor gallery resources soft seating [source 4]

passion city

precedentstudies55

coffee bar designs “We are a coffee culture... an educated culture...�

-Ryan Heckman on Heartland members

heartland

heartland

hidden storage overhead lighting

standing room flexible space

A coffee bar or cafe in a church is becoming an increasingly

popular

amenity,

particularly

to

the younger generation. This space is generally adjacent to a bookstore or retail space, if provided.

Circulation throughout needs to be spacious to accomodate

visitors

approaching

and

leaving

the bar. Materiality needs to be highly durable, especially to hide or easily clean spilled coffee.

heartland

mars hill

[source 3]

mars hill

[source 3]

dark flooring display/retail

wall graphics movable surfaces

varied seating heights easy to clean flooring

precedentstudies57

lounge/community spaces “Churches are huge, public spaces that take lots of abuse: it’s like a gigantic mall every single Sunday.”

-Rebecca Durr, JPC Architects, on wearability of materials and furnishings

soft flooring

mix of daylighting + artificial sofa + lounge local artwork

residential quality

heartland

redeemer

[source 2]

wall graphic

proximity to coffee bar

soft + hard seating

mars hill

use of branding color scheme

floor + ceiling lighting

[source 3]

passion city

[source 5]

Lounge spaces are becoming more and more necessary for today’s modern church. In an effort to be more inviting and to encourage visitors to stay longer, these lounge groups begin to feel more like a living room within a large public building. These groups tend to be in the lobby/entry area of the church outside of the sanctuary as well as youth/meeting rooms. It is best to prepare for them to be moved around as needed.

precedentstudies59

corridors/circulation “I didn’t know a church could or would look like this...”

-Ryan Heckman on first time Heartland visitors

varying ceiling height

intimate implied wall height focal point opportunity

high performance flooring

change in flooring heartland

heartland

heartland

focal lighting changable artwork signage destination/ pop of color proportions of width to height

redeemer

[source 2]

passion city

[source 4]

passion city

[source 4]

precedentstudies61

sanctuary design “I didn’t know a church could or would look like this...”

-Ryan Heckman on first time Heartland visitors

heartland acoustic panels curtains for acoustics projector screens

flexible stage design

custom drum fixtures

neutrally upholstered seating wood with air barrier to trap sound

mars hill

carpet tiles

[source 3]

passion city

[source 5]

dispersed lighting speaker placement centralized sound board

precedentstudies63

kids spaces “Our demographic tends to follow that of the pastor... thus, Heartland has an abundance of young families�

-Ryan Heckman

safety: only one entrance into space

safe play simple building materials

signage

heartland

[source 1]

playful materials: reflections

color differentiation

technology driven safe check-in

redeemer

[source 2]

passion city

safe play

[source 4]

[source 1]

flexible space/ furnishings

“artwork�

fun shapes soft flooring

precedentstudies65

branding: wayfinding “I didn’t know a church could or would look like this...”

-Ryan Heckman on first time Heartland visitors

peeling back architecture branded color scheme and font vinyl decals

color contrast heartland

heartland

heartland

focal lighting scale of text becomes wall graphic life size typography mix of icons and words

passion city

[source 4]

passion city

[source 4]

precedentstudies67

branding material “I didn’t know a church could or would look like this...�

-Ryan Heckman on first time Heartland visitors

brochures and offering box

promotional material

information station

banner with signage

logo

graphic for phones/ desktops/tablets

graphic for specific series

logo

brochures, maps

connection card

movable poster, series specific

mission statement graphic

mission statement graphic

logo

precedentstudies69

support spaces “Make sure you get plenty of storage spaces. You can never have too much. Your janitors will love you.�

-Ryan Heckman

Heartland is switching its sinks to be just like the one below: a continuous, concrete trough sink that minimizes mess in between the washing and drying process.

heartland

The workroom for kid’s church helpers: a necessity for storing crafts, food, and even for cleaning toys.

The center table was custom made to use tiles that the children painted.

heartland

The small kitchenette at Heartland is mainly used for storing coffee supplies and is located directly off the lobby/atrium space. Simple materials are used with minimal furnishings.

heartland

Storage behind the stage walls house electrical equipment, extra chairs, and assorted storage.

heartland

Mars Hill incorporated restrooms that are as designed as their lobby space. Fun colors and textures add to the urban nature of the space while remaining fully functional.

mars hill

precedentstudies71

05 design considerations

“The standard with which one measures the success of religious buildings is not likely to be worker productivity or global concepts of satisfaction, but, rather, being able to focus on spiritual activities such as meditiation or prayer.� - Shin + Miller

5.1 5.2 lighting acoustics 5.3 5.4 materials 5.5 branding 5.6 signage/wayfinding 5.7 generations furniture + equipment 5.8 5.9 proxemics anthropometrics 5.10 color psychology pg 74 pg 76

pg 78

pg 80

pg 84 pg 88 pg 92

pg 94

pg 100 pg 102

designconsiderations73

[green] relaxed, growth, renewal, eternal life

[yellow] cheerful, sun, wisdom, happiness, hope

[orange] warmth, brightness, strength

[green] relaxed, growth, renewal, eternal life

[purple] bravery, mystery, royalty

color psychology

[blue] Calm, comfortable, relaxing, clean, security

[pink] feminine, sweet, delicate, passion

[red] courage, excitement, love, passion

[source 6]

designconsiderations75

lighting A Church Lighting Guide from Manning Lighting Selecting the proper lighting for your place of worship is one of the most important decisions of any building or remodeling project. Your lighting should not only provide adequate illumination, it should also complement the architecture, be energy efficient, and be easy to maintain.

location Proper location of each fixture and electrical box is important not only to ensure a uniform level of illumination, but also to fit into the architectural

fig. a

design and seating layout of your space. No matter how seating is arranged, fixtures should be positioned over these areas, as well as the main aisle if possible, to ensure enough light for comfortable reading.

Spacing between fixtures should be based not only on the light coverage desired, but also on the spacing of windows, ceiling beams and other architectural elements (Fig. A). Different Manning hangers and ceiling canopies are available to accommodate sloped ceilings as well as cover both recessed and exposed

fig. b

outlet boxes for best appearance.

mounting height The mounting height of each fixture should be based on the lighting level desired, the appearance of the fixtures in relation to architectural elements, and uniform distribution of light. Manning pendants should be suspended so that the distance from floor to bottom of fixture is approximately 1.2 times the distance between fixtures longitudinally (Fig. B).

fig. c

fig. d

Deduct this amount from the total ceiling height to get

fixtures combine both indirect and direct lighting for

the overall length of fixture including stem or chain.

the advantages of both. The proportion and size of

Generally, the higher a fixture is mounted, the more

the design selected will depend on the proportions of

even the light distribution will be below. However,

the interior, spacing between outlets, and the height

the higher a fixture is mounted the more the wattage

at which fixtures will be suspended. In an interior

of the downlight must be increased to compensate

where the height is greater than the width (Fig. C),

for the higher mounting height. Care must also be

fixtures of similar proportions are more compatible.

taken to not place indirect lighting fixtures too close

A good rule of thumb to follow is to choose a unit

to the ceiling to avoid “hot spots” above the fixture.

about one-inch diameter to each foot of spacing between units longitudinally. In interiors where the

lighting other areas Since the altar or chancel is the focal point of most churches, it is recommended that the light levels be two to three times greater than above the pews.

Lighting for this area should be concealed from the congregation to avoid distractions and provide an

width is greater than the height (Fig. D), two inches in fixture diameter for each foot of spacing should be figured. Care should be taken that the size selected has sufficient wattage capacity to produce desired lighting results.

light levels

unobstructed view. Manning adjustable spot and flood lighting units mounted behind an arch or beam

The light level in your church depends largely on

can be used to light the general area and spotlight

the architecture, the denomination, and the tastes

the altar, pulpit, or other areas. Lighting the pulpit

of the congregation. Light levels are measured in

or lectern is best accomplished by two units to

units called “footcandles” with a level of 20 to 40

minimize shadows. Light on the speaker should be

footcandles generally recommended for comfortable

directed from an angle of 30° to 45° forward from

reading. This translates to anywhere from less than

the speaker, and spaced so that the angle is 45° or

one to five watts per square foot, though this figure

more above where the speaker stands. Areas above

will vary depending on the fixture selected and the

and below balconies should be lit with smaller

light source chosen. (Note that energy codes in many

fixtures that match the units in the main area. Each

states restrict the wattage per square foot, typically

Manning fixture is available in several sizes and

to 1.5 w/sqft. or less). As important as the overall

styles, including ceiling mounted fixtures for under

light levels, is the distribution of light in the space. A

balconies. Foyer and hallway lighting should be

uniform amount of light, without bright spots under

selected by room proportions, using 11/2” fixture

fixtures or shadows between them, is the goal.

diameter to 1’of room width as a guide to proportions.

Most churches want the ability to control the lighting

fixture selection Manning offers two basic ways to light your church.

Direct fixtures use sophisticated reflector systems

levels to suit different parts of the service or for special occasions or programs. A wide variety of dimming controls are available, from sophisticated theatrical systems to simple wall dimmers.

or reflector flood bulbs to light the seating areas from above. Indirect fixtures bounce light up off the ceiling to light the area. Direct fixtures are better suited for churches with dark interiors and high ceilings. Indirect fixtures work best for white or light wood interiors and lower ceilings. Many Manning

designconsiderations77

[source 15] [source 15]

acoustics Merriam Webster defines acoustics as “the qualities

The placement of loudspeakers can be vital to a room

of a room (such as its shape or size) that make

design, especially in spaces larger than a volume

it easy or difficult for people inside to hear

of 50,000 ft3. The ideal place is above the speaker,

sounds clearly.” These qualities are largely affected

slightly in front of him. We must also think of the

by designers, which is why it is so important to

reverberation and the acoustic materials to prevent

understand the need and market for acoustics.

it. “So that the central portion of the ceiling may be utilized for reflective purposes, half of the ceiling

where it all began

area should be treated with an acoustic material of .6 absorptivity by applying it in the form of a U, with the open end over the lecture table.”

Older churches, such as St Peter’s in Rome, paid no attention to acoustics and noise control, as all of the

Rettinger also suggests that side walls carry a similar

spaces are hard and just bounce the sound around

acoustic treatment on their upper section. A carpet of

the room. In order to counteract this, composers of

.27 absorptivity will add to the total absorption, which

that era had to write music to be at such a slow pace

will definitely reach the required reverberation of .7

to counteract the reverberation. Today, however, we

seconds for instructional spaces.

know more about the necessary precautions and steps to take towards a successful sanctuary design.

acoustic panels

all about acoustics

There are a variety of manufacturers that design

In Acoustics: Room Design and Noise Control,

becoming more and more an integral part of the

Rettinger details the necessary absorptive materials

design, as seen in the images to the left. These panels

and its value for successful acoustic design. This is

are from Sancal, a furniture manufacturer. The

something that cannot be overlooked, especially in

hexagon panels are simply made: 5mm MDF boards

spaces that need a clear sound, such as churches,

covered with upholstery, then joined on top of a

concert halls, theaters, and recording studios. It is

15mm MDF board .

a wide array of acoustic panels. The panels are

also important in everyday spaces to decrease noise levels where there may be a high volume of people, such as restaurants, hospitals, high-rise buildings, etc. Rettinger gives examples for room design for each of the above mentioned.

designconsiderations79

materials Materiality in a space determines a number of

In order to ensure the safety and well-being of

qualities: acoustics, aesthetics, durability, and more.

future generations, selections should be made that

The specifications that designers make largely impact

are environmentally friendly. The LEED checklist

the usability of a space. This brief overview will give

for materials will give the project points toward its

the designer a guide as specifications are made.

certification in the following ways:

+ materials reuse - furniture

sustainability Although Cornerstone Family Worship will not applying for LEED certification, it is still important to make environmentally conscious specifications.

LEED certification includes its own requirements for materials, which can largely contribute to the overall sustainability of the project. This is becoming an important aspect of design as some materials that are currently being made are not recyclable and will end up in land fills in the future.

and furnishings (1 point)

+ recycled content (1-2 points) + regional materials (1-2 points) + rapidly renewable materials (1 point)

planks + carpet [interface]

flooring + cork [capri cork]

[source 17]

[figure 19]

Cork has become a more widely used product

flooring Typical

flooring

due to its sustainable qualities and durability. It is materials

for

commercial

installations vary greatly depending on function and location.

comfortable to walk on due to its compressability and recovery but is vulnerable to women’s pointy heels.

It is an acoustically smart choice because it reduces noise and vibration. It can be ideal for childrens’ play

Concrete can be a very inexpensive option and can include a variety of finishes and stains. It is typically poured and leveled and must have a sealer for interior applications. Color can be added to the mix or can be applied as a stain after its installation.

Linoleum is a sustainable product that is extremely durable with foot traffic or heavy loads. It is typically sold in large rolls and can easily be cut to create a flooring pattern with different patterns or colorways.

areas due to its anti-microbial properties. To clean cork, you simply sweep and mop with water and vinegar regularly (Fullmer).

Carpet generally comes in two different forms: broadloom and tiles. Broadloom carpet is created in a very large loom and is ideal for large spaces. It can also be customized to match a specific color, logo, or pattern. Carpet tiles have become a recent trend in design, as they are easily changed out if one becomes ruined. Most manufacturers sell both types of carpet.

+ broadloom carpet [shaw]

tiles + carpet [interface]

[source 18]

[source 18]

designconsiderations81

they are 1/2� thick due to weight. The boards must be

ceilings In

religious

finished after installation, typically with paint. buildings,

especially

in

the

sanctuaries, ceilings can play a large part in the acoustics, reverberation, and design of the space.

Acoustic Ceiling Tiles (ACT) are an affordable option for ceilings while keeping the necessary acoustical properties for a space. The tiles can be a variety of sizes or materials and fit into a t-grid or suspension system. These are a great option for easy access to

Baffles are common ceiling types used for large auditorium or worship spaces. Baffles are acoustic panels that are hung vertically or horizontally to a ceiling for sound absorption. Lighting may be integrated into the baffles or may be suspended to shine light between the different panels. They are typically made of fiberglass but can also be metal or wood.

the plenum above for any lighting or maintenance issues. The tiles can be easiliy cleaned or replaced.

Gypsum Board is another common option for ceilings but are a bit more expensive than ACT. The boards are similar to the ones used for walls except

fiberglass + act, [armstrong]

wood + act, [armstrong]

[source 19]

[source 19]

+ [armstrong]

+ [armstrong]

+ [armstrong]

+ [armstrong]

designconsiderations83

branding To begin, we must define what a logo and/or brand can do for a company. “The sum total of the brand experience is ‘Visual Personality.’ A successful visual personality captures the emotional attributes of a brand and becomes its personality.

Just like someone you know and love” (Hodgson 2010). This visual personality can include signature colors, buzz words, people or things, or a combination of these. But how do designers come up with these personalities for a brand?

Spring, an advertising and design agency, came up with a four-step process:

+ Define the goals

What’s happening with the client that makes a new logo necessary?

+ market study

Who are the customers? Who are the competitors? What are they doing?

+ Articulate the personality If the product were a person, what would it be like?

+ develop the identity

main branding terms [according to Hodgson]

logo, mark, or symbol [a graphic that wholly stands for the company or its product]

color palette specific to the company

identity system [the strategically based order of how that identity gets visually represented in any way]

visual personality [explained on page 78]

logotype [a lettering system designed specifically for a company or its product that can be freestanding or stand beside the logo]

identity [the sum of all visual elements]

branding [the art and science of constructing brand personality]

[all images from source 13]

designconsiderations85

[all images from source 12]

branding newspring church a branding case study

“Everything we do at NewSpring started 2,000 years ago when one man lived a perfect life and died for our sins.

Then He walked out of His tomb and changed everything.

We always celebrate what God is doing through our church.

But as we get closer to our 15th anniversary, we’re putting the reason why we celebrate right at the center of our new logo. When you see NewSpring, you see the empty tomb.”

designconsiderations87

[figure 16]

signage/wayfinding Romedi Passini, the author of Wayfinding in Architecture, defines wayfinding as “the cognitive and behavioral abilities associated with purposefully reaching a desired physical destination.” Tools are often used to assist us in this navigation; namely, signs. Signs generally relay information to the user by means of words, symbols, or images.

Designers have seen these necessary tools for wayfinding as an opportunity to further brand an area, city, company, etc.

“Design consistency in signage technology is an important aspect of guidance and wayfinding systems because it enables users readily to identify what forms part of the particular system” (Meuser & Pogade 2010).

designconsiderations89

[all images from source 14]

wayfinding westerdals a wayfinding case study

“The building is charaterized by its industrial and rough expression, which became an importaint factor in the design process. By using the buildings existing surroundings and surfaces, the design maintaines the roughness and industrial touch of the building.

The wayfinding unites the identity of Westerdals with the architecture of the new building, by using elements from the schools identity, together with the colors used in the buildings.�

designconsiderations91

generations

baby boomers

born between 1946-1964 current ages: 50-68

generation x’ers

born between 1965-1977 current ages: 37-49

In general, Baby Boomers were intially driven by

The Generation X is a large mix of Millennials

values instead of money. However, the unemployment

and Boomers. They have grown up seeing a lot of

rate was very high when they began to enter the work

government scandal, massive layoffs, and come from

force, instilling a level of competition and desire for

broken families. Because both of their parents most

money and prestige. The current baby boomers are

likely had a job, this generation has become largely

now the main leaders in large companies and believe

independent and self-reliant. They grew up with more

that younger generations need to “pay their dues” and

technology than Boomers, including computers, remote

work their way up the corporate ladder.

controls, and cd’s (Mayhew).

Preferred Communication: call me on my cell

Preferred Communication: send me an email

Motivators: salary

Motivators: security

Mentoring: does not handle negative feedback well

Mentoring: not necessary to receive feedback

millennials [generation y]

generation z’ers

born between 1978-1996 current ages: 18-36

born between 1997-late 2000’s current ages: 0-17

The Millennial generation has a reputation of being the

Generation Z is still largely unknown because they

most difficult to manage (Mayhew). This generation

are still so young. From what is known, the Z’ers

is

and

will be closely similar to the Millennials. Because

achievement-oriented. They have grown up in a more

of the technology boom in the last few decades, this

diverse cultural setting and have a need for variety

generation has grown up with the internet, iPhones,

and challenge in an everyday environment. They are

facebook, etc and will probably be the most “worldly”

typically closer to their parents than past generations,

of all generations mentioned (Mayhew).

very

inter-connected,

well-networked,

and technology has aided their communication.

Preferred Communication: text me

Preferred Communication: facebook / tweet at me

Motivators: maintain personal life

Motivators: maintain personal life

Mentoring: constant feedback needed

Mentoring: constant feedback needed

designconsiderations93

furniture + equipment - lobby Cost Efficient, Functional, + Durable

“Use more benches than sofas or chairs... they can be against a wall or in the middle of the room and people can sit on either side� - Rebecca Durr, JPC Architects, on lobby furniture specs

Crate + Barrel, $699

[figure 8]

West Elm, $499

[figure 9]

West Elm Lounge Chairs

[figure 12]

$799

$399

$399

$399

designconsiderations95

furniture + equipment - offices Cost Efficient, Functional, + Durable

west elm, $399

[figure 13]

crate + barrel, $599

[figure 15]

crate + barrel, $399

[figure 14]

ikea, $29.99

ikea, $299

ikea, $189

ikea, $99

ikea, $59.99

[figure 11]

ikea, $29.99

ikea, $119 ikea, $159

[figure 10]

designconsiderations97

furniture + equipment - sanctuary Cost Efficient, Functional, + Durable

#400 Style Church Chair 19” Wide - 34” Tall - 2.5” Seat Pad Includes free card pocket & under-seat bookrack Stacks 8 high #100 Style Church Chair 21” Wide - 34” Tall - 3” Seat Pad - 1.5” Back Includes free card pocket & under-seat bookrack 20 Year Frame Warranty #500 Style Church Chair 21” wide 3” Padded Seat 1600 Pound Capacity Meets Cal 117 Fire Codes

++all from Discount Church Chairs++

furniture + equipment - kitchen Cost Efficient, Functional, + Durable

Whirlpool 33-inches wide bottom-freezer refrigerator $1499 22 cubic ft.

Glass shelves Temp Management Whirlpool Dishwasher with AccuSense Soil Sensor $429 1-Hour wash cycle Energy Star Qualified

Whirlpool Double Oven Electric Range $1299 6.7 total cubic ft.

AccuBake Temperature Management System Rapid Preheat [source 20]

designconsiderations99

proxemics Proxemics is the study of the relationship between humans in a particular culture and their use and perception of space.

Because the evidence of proxemics in everyday spaces give us a clue on defining relationships between others, spaces can be organized to encourage human interaction.

The amount of space we put between ourselves and others or objects affects our behaviors.

crowding

personal space zones There are limits of proximity to others that we often deem “too close” in certain scenarios, but are welcomed to others. Kopec reveals hall’s four “Personal Space Zones” that the average person experiences and is comfortable with.

The first is the intimate zone (0-18”), which most often involves two people that have a strong connection (family, lovers). Touch and smell are the senses most used in this zone because of the close proximity.

The second zone is personal (18”-4’), which typically

In community spaces, designers must be aware

involves a few friends or close coworkers. This is the

of the psychological and social needs associated

zone where normal conversations occur, when sight

with crowds. Crowds are large, temporary groups

and sound are most important.

of people that can easily become emotional due to the proxemic situation. Feelings of anonymity and

The social zone (4’-12’) includes a group of

unpredictability can radically change the behavior of

acquaintances usually in a more formal setting.

the occupants, based on a variety of factors including belief systems, personalities, circumstances, etc. This

The last zone is public (12’-25’) which generally

concept of crowding may only happen infrequently

happens in spaces with a large number of strangers,

in a church setting (such as right after the dismissal

when contact and proximity is not welcomed and

of a service), but designers should be prepared for

little detail is involved (Kopec 2012).

these high-density situations.

These zones can influence design decisions and how spaces are planned due to the functions that our environments need to service.

intimate zone (0-18”) personal zone (18”-4’) social zone (4’-12’) public zone (12’-25’)

personal space zones

designconsiderations101

anthropometrics Human Factors [Panero & Zelnik]

3-year old measurements + + +

Cannot make sudden turns or stops Can walk up the stairs without help Can jump a distance of 15-24�

4-year old measurements + + +

More control of stops, starts, and turns Can descend long staircase if supported Can jump a distance of 24-33�

7-year old measurements + + +

Can balance on one foot without looking Can jump accurately into small shapes

8-year old measurements + +

Grip strength is steady at 12-lb pressure Girls can throw a small ball 40 feet

Can accurately perform a jumping jack

designconsiderations103

anthropometrics Human Factors [Panero & Zelnik]

protruding objects

chairbound anthropometrics

toe clearance designconsiderations105

anthropometrics Human Factors [Panero & Zelnik]

basic pew clearances - elevation

basic pew clearances - plan

designconsiderations107

06 literature reviews “The audio-visual environment, which has been identified as a weakness of green buildings, is, in fact, one of the most important issues in the design of religious buildings.�

-Shin + Miller

6.1 environmental psychology 6.2 the brand 6.3 is it relevant 6.4 color 6.5 technical information pg 110 pg 112

pg 116

pg 120 pg 121

literaturereviews109

Environmental Psychology Environmental Psychology for Design looks at how

Legibility theory is that there are five qualities of a

we interact and are affected by our environments in

city or space that improve its legibility to the average

everyday situations. Spaces around us impact our

person: paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks

thoughts, growth, and health beginning at a very

(Kopec 2012).

early age. Kopec explains developmental patterns for each age, ranging from a one week old baby to

“Paths are channels that people use as they travel

an elder with dementia. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

from one area to another; examples include

pyramid illustrates the fundamental needs of every

walkways, roads, and transit lines. Edges, such as

human (and animal for that matter) and which needs

shorelines and fences, preclude travel and appear

must be met in order to fulfill others. The base of the

to be boundaries. Districts, the largest elements, are

pyramid includes food, water, sleep (physiological

regions having a particular character that people

needs), which if met can lead to the needs of safety

can readily identify: commercial, residential, artistic,

(security of body, family, health). As we move up

and so on. Nodes are well-known points within the

Maslow’s pyramid, we see needs of love/belonging,

environment to and from which people travel; they

esteem, and self-actualization (Kopec 2012). These

are often places where paths converge, such as a

needs are important to understand because, as

bank of elevators, information desk, or an airport.

designing, certain needs must be met for a user to

Landmarks, easily seen and singular components

feel safe instead of vulnerable, for example.

within an environment, are used for location orientation and are often found within districts and nodes, such as clock towers, large statues, or church

theories

steeples.”

Kopec provides a variety of theories which support the

necessity

of

understood

environmental

psychology. These theories can assist designers for specific spaces or functions to better serve the user and his/her needs. For example, Lynch’s Elements of

self-actualization esteem belonging safety physiological

maslow’s hierarchy of needs

literaturereviews111

[source 12]

the brand A topic of discussion at the center of many churches today is the attempt to be relevant to our youth and attracting hip, new people by modernizing everything that can draw others in (while hoping to maintain some of the integrity that has existed for thousands of years). One of the main draws is the environment and branding of the church itself. This can have a drastic impact on its visitors, leaving countless impressions before even speaking to anyone.

the trending brand

Chris Haw, in his article “Has Church Gone Corporate”

First, we will discuss the current trend within church

writes about a large issue of the modern church:

branding by observing the past and present instances.

Catholic churches typically brand themselves by

are we branding ourselves like we are a retail chain instead of leading people to Christ?

the priest that serves there (St. Peter, St. Paul, etc).

However, a majority of protestant churches have followed the branding trend for large companies of today: a sort of obfuscation in the logo or graphics.

“Given the trend in distancing religion from religious tradition, are these abstract church logos and websites – composed of scribbles, dots, or lines– an attempt (even if a subconscious one) to avoid seeming ‘too religious’?” (Haw 2011). The hope, by doing branding such as this, is that the church will appear modern and fresh. However, is this sending a message that is counteracting the message of the gospel? By having a logo/brand that is attractive to people but isn’t supposed to actually mean anything, are we in turn giving the message that our church doesn’t mean anything?

literaturereviews113

[figure 17]

the brand of the past In order to effectively brand the church, we must think about the brand of Christianity. “The crucifix is the most sober logo yet depicted. It declares that, even if God were among us, we would respond with torture and murder. But, on the other hand, the crucifix literally douses on the faith, hope, and love, inferring that sacrificing for love in a terrible world is actually worth doing. The crucifix relies not on pretty designs, a beatific version of heaven or a metaphysical God, but centers upon a human and what humans did to Him. The crucifix depicts torture and sacrifice so that both might stop” (Haw 2011).

In the past, we have built memorials or inscribed on graves to recognize the wrong-doing that has

Haw addresses this issue directly: “This is the confusing

status

we

put

ourselves

in

when

we engage in obscurantist image-making: our pretty brands, which imply

distance from

stuffy old religion, disable us from being able to speak with definitive clarity about what actually matters. In other words, our efforts to make our message a little more attractive, a little more sexy, a little more marketable may result in a message that doesn’t mean anything at all” (2011). This contradicts everything the church stands for. An important aspect to remember when thinking of a new brand for the church is thinking of the goals and purpose of the church and making its visual personality relate directly. If the goal is to bring people to Christ, include all means necessary to point others directly to Him, not to the flashy lights and attractive t-shirts.

occurred with the hope that it will not happen again in the future. If this is exactly what the cross symbolizes for Christians, why is the symbol of the cross rapidly changing to become more visually appealing or trendy? Many mega-churches of today are not even showing a cross in their building. Why? An elder of Willow Creek, a non-denominational church in Illinois, answered: “it is too confusing of an image, loaded with religious meaning and baggage.”

literaturereviews115

is it relevant?

So what does it actually mean to be relevant? What is this buzz word that is so commonly heard among the young Christian generation, and how does it even apply to the church? Building God’s Way (an organization which designs and builds churches) gives suggestions on church design for the 21st century. The BGW team has done much research on the millennial generation, which consists of those born between 1980-2000, making up over 80 million of the current world population. “Research indicates that about 70% of this generation considers church to be irrelevant in their lives. The result is a 40% drop in church attendance between teen and early adult years” (2014). This is an issue that churches of today need to be aware of and work to make a church that is more relevant for this generation. According to Building God’s Way:

what does relevant look like? + relevant facilities exteriors

create exteriors that are “not your parent’s church” and consider architecture that is relevant and welcoming

+ relevant worship experience

offer a stimulating, concise message and provide energetic environments with visuals (1/3 of millennials say church is boring)

+ relevant social experience maintain environments to connect with others and support small groups rather than large classrooms by offering third places and cafes

+ encourage digitally connected environments implement cell phones and social media in ministry (94% of milennials have cell phones and 83% use social media)

+ family friendly experience offer children and youth spaces that are equal or better than at home (being a parent is first priority for 53% of millennials)

+ implement flexible/adaptable spaces design spaces for growth and other uses

80 70 40 33

million millennials

percent believe church is irrelevant

percent drop in church attendance

percent say church is boring

literaturereviews117

“the first thing god did in time was create an appealing environment tailored for his first prize creation.”

-Andy Stanley

Andy Stanley, in his book Deep & Wide, also presents

so familiar with their surroundings and can’t view

relevant information on how to “create churches that

them with objectivity. Stanley refers to this as: time

unchurched people love to attend.” A typical main goal

in erodes awareness of. “The longer you serve in

for a church is to reach out to unbelievers (unless a

a particular ministry environment, the less aware

church wants to only be a church for “church people”).

of it you become” (2012). Then he begins to discuss

But what does the church as a whole do to bring these

the importance of making sure that the church

people in? Most of these people have likely been

spaces are doing what they are designed to do. Three

hurt by the church before, or have seen hypocritical

“ingredients” for an irresistible environment are:

Christians and refuse to be a part of something that is anything less than life-changing. Stanley suggests that it is more than just a hearty sermon to attract those new to the church to Christianity.

Many suggestions are given on how to “create irresistible environments” that unchurched people are attracted to. A first step is to become aware of anything that may be offensive to outsiders. Church members may overlook such things because they are

+ is the setting appealing + is the presentation engaging + is the content helpful

how do i know if it is relevant?

“A way to determine if your church setting is appealing is to look into who your target audience is.

Is this a space that is irresistible to them? Can they be comfortable in this environment for hours? Stanley even goes as far as to say that “the very first thing God did in time was to create an appealing environment tailored

for

his

first

prize

creation”

(2012).

“If you create an appealing setting for my middle school student, I will have a much easier time believing that you will present content that is relevant to his stage of life.”

The spaces at North Point Community Church are designed to be like a living room rather than a stingy classroom: they wanted to put their money where their mission is.

impressions Something to think about is the many impressions that the church will make on its visitors. While many churches boast about their extremely engaging worship or thought-provoking sermon, a visitor has multiple impressions before they even reach the sanctuary. What these impressions are going to be can be largely affected by the designed environment.

“Clean and tidy communicates that you are expecting someone... Dirty says ‘you weren’t worth cleaning up for’, and organized communicates that you take what you do seriously and that there is something important going on here” (Stanley 2012).

Stanley believes that design and attention to detail convey the message that you understand your target audience and that you want to make them feel at home.

literaturereviews119

color Color is a critical element during the entire design process for commercial and residential spaces.

When thinking about choosing colors to use in a space, designers must be able to make an informed decision on color theory, proportion, balance, and much more.

An important aspect to consider when choosing a color scheme is the perception that we have of individual colors. Red can cause excitement and increases appetite, although, it is associated with anger, debt, and embarrassment. Blue is linked with water, therefore it has a calming effect and its various shades can be coupled with reflection or authority. Its negative effects include introversion and gloominess. Green can symbolize new life or youthfulness, but can also be associated with envy or sickness. Yellow makes us think of the sun and can be cheerful, but can also be related to caution or nervousness. Orange conveys warmth and strength while we also associate it with danger and inexpensive items.

Little do we know, our neutrals also say a lot about our space. Black screams sophistication and power while also being associated with death and bad luck. White is pure and clean but can easily become clinical. Gray makes us think of technology and silver/platinum while showing lack of confidence and old age. Browns relate to the comfort of home and is “best when combined with hues red, yellow, orange” (Reed 2010) but can be melancholy and appears self-centered.

how to use the color Once a color scheme has been comprised, designers must choose how to use the palette. “The use of values in your color palette will add dimension to the space, create visual interest, and elicit positive emotions. The use of pure color without value change or contrast can be overpowering” (Reed 2010). There are suggestions on how to decide when to do a focal point in color. Reed also gives examples on how to use color to distort scale. For instance, “a long corridor will seem shorter if the end wall is painted or covered in a warm color, just as a small space will seem larger if all surfaces are painted the same white or neutral color. Washing the walls with light adds to this perception” (Reed 2010).

Another important aspect unity of color, and that it is important to break what seems to be a “simple and safe” color scheme. The same can be said about the opposite: with a design over-using a color, it can become overwhelming and depressing.

Color has a tremendous impact on the perception, dimension, and psychology of any space. It is important to identify what kind of qualities and experience each space should have and explore how color can impact these areas of a design.

technical information While they may be overlooked by everyday visitors, a variety of technical schemes are set in place for church services. This may include lighting, sound, visuals, and much more. These aspects must be carefully designed to properly support service functions.

audio Building God’s Way offers solutions to audio, lighting, and video that help designers and churches as they think about technology for a new space. For audio, it is suggested to use a line array loudspeaker system (specifically of vertical orientation). This is a cluster

reverberation “Reverberation in a room can be reduced by the application of ‘acoustic,’ (sound-absorbent) material on the boundaries of the enclosure. Whenever a sound wave strikes the material, part of its energy is absorbed and part of it is reflected” (Rettinger 1968).

Reverberation may not always be desired for a space, therefore we have to consider acoustic materials to decrease the reverberation period in a room. For room acoustics, Rettinger suggests a number of materials for different volumes of spaces. For a space less than 50,000 ft3, thin wood panels can be used to “prevent boominess while preserving the higher frequencies for intelligibility and musical tone definition” (Rettinger 1968).

of speakers in an array to have “superior directivity control, greater coverage distance, and consistent sound distribution, ideal for highly reverberant spaces and large auditoriums, allowing sound to be directed to the audience and not reflective surfaces” (2014). It is explained that they are a very reasonably priced solution, even for small churches.

lighting For lighting solutions, BGW suggest using LEDs in new projects. LEDs will save money for the church over the long run in energy, installation, and upkeep costs. This is possible because LEDs last (on average) about 11 years of continuous use, or 22 years at 50% usage. Dimmers are not needed, and virtually any color can be made with this newer technology lighting system.

literaturereviews121

07 spatial requirements

This stone, which I have set up as a pillar, will be God’s house. -Genesis 28:22

7.1 typical programmatic requirements 7.2 codes pg 124 pg 126

spatialrequirements123

typical programmatic requirements from LifeWay Architecture

lobby/vestibule 15-25% minimum of the worship center area

worship center 12-24 sq ft per person (for above 300 capacity) Pulpit Platform: Front to back depth: 7 feet minimum Distance from platform to front pew: 7 feet minimum Band/Orchestra Area: 20-25 sq ft per instrument Video Projection Screens: Height equal to about .12 times the distance to the farthest seat in the congregation Congregational Seating: Row spacing: 34 inches minimum, 36 inches or more recommended back-to-back Row lengths and seating: Average minimum space per person, 20 inches width; more realistic, 24 inches; 13 or 14 persons maximum on each row Baptistry: Water depth: Between 3 feet 3 inches and 3 feet 6 inches Inside pool dimensions: 3 feet by 6 feet minimum, plus internal steps; larger sizes are recommended

classrooms Preschool: Space per child: 35 square feet recommended Room size: 320 square feet recommended minimum; no walls less than 16 feet long Windowsills: 18 to 24 inches from floor Children: Space per child: 25 square feet recommended Room proportions: approximately 1 1/2 times as long as it is wide Windowsills: 18 to 30 inches from floor Adult/Youth: Classrooms: 12-15 square feet per person recommended Multi-use classrooms/department rooms: 18 to 22 square feet per person recommended Corridors: Secondary corridors: minimum width, 6 feet 4 inches; recommended width, 8 feet Primary corridors: minimum width, 8 feet; recommended, 10 feet to 20 feet

additional facilities Administrative: Pastor’s Study: 250 to 325 square feet recommended; 140 square feet minimum Staff Offices: 150 to 200 square feet recommended; 120 square feet minimum Custodial Closets: Provide one closet for each approximate 15,000 square feet of building

Typical Budget Allowances Building Project Budget (Percent of Construction Cost): Architect and other fees: 6 to 12 percent Furnishings: 5 to 15 percent Landscaping: 5 to 7 percent Contingency: 5 to 10 percent Construction loan financing: varies

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codes from the 2012 International Building Code (IBC)

Chapter 5 - General Building Heights and Areas Section 505: MEZZANINES AND EQUIPMENT PLATFORMS 505.3 Equipment platforms.

Equipment platforms in buildings shall not be considered as a portion of the floor below. Such equipment platforms shall not contribute to either the building area or the number of stories as regulated by Section 503.1. The area of the equipment platform shall not be included in determining the fire area in accordance with Section 903. Equipment platforms shall not be a part of any mezzanine and such platforms and the walkways, stairs, alternating tread devices and ladders providing access to an equipment platform shall not serve as a part of the means of egress from the building.

505.3.1 Area limitation.

The aggregate area of all equipment platforms within a room shall be not greater than twothirds of the area of the room in which they are located. Where an equipment platform is located in the same room as a mezzanine, the area of the mezzanine shall be determined by Section 505.2.1 and the combined aggregate area of the equipment platforms and mezzanines shall be not greater than two-thirds of the room in which they are located.

505.3.2 Automatic sprinkler system.

Where located in a building that is required to be protected by an automatic sprinkler system, equipment platforms shall be fully protected by sprinklers above and below the platform, where required by the standards referenced in Section 903.3.

505.3.3 Guards.

Equipment platforms shall have guards where required by Section 1013.2.

Chapter 6 - Types of Construction Section 601: General

Table 601 FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING ELEMENTS (HOURS) For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm. a. Roof supports: Fire-resistance ratings of primary structural frame and bearing walls are permitted to be reduced by 1 hour where supporting a roof only. b. Except in Group F-1, H, M and S-1 occupancies, fire protection of structural members shall not be required, including protection of roof framing and decking where every part of the roof construction is 20 feet or more above any floor immediately below. Fire-retardant-treated wood members shall be allowed to be used for such unprotected members. c. In all occupancies, heavy timber shall be allowed where a 1-hour or less fire-resistance rating is required. d. An approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 shall be allowed to be substituted for 1-hour fire-resistance-rated construction, provided such system is not otherwise required by other provisions of the code or used for an allowable area increase in accordance with Section 506.3 or an allowable height increase in accordance with Section 504.2. The 1-hour substitution for the fire resistance of exterior walls shall not be permitted. e. Not less than the fire-resistance rating required by other sections of this code. f. Not less than the fire-resistance rating based on fire separation distance (see Table 602). g. Not less than the fire-resistance rating as referenced in Section 704.10

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Section 602: Construction Classification

Table 602 FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING REQUIREMENTS FOR EXTERIOR WALLS BASED ON FIRE SEPARATION DISTANCEa, e, h For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm. a. Load-bearing exterior walls shall also comply with the fire-resistance rating requirements of Table 601. b. For special requirements for Group U occupancies, see Section 406.3. c. See Section 706.1.1 for party walls. d. Open parking garages complying with Section 406 shall not be required to have a fireresistance rating. e. The fire-resistance rating of an exterior wall is determined based upon the fire separation distance of the exterior wall and the story in which the wall is located. f. For special requirements for Group H occupancies, see Section 415.5. g. For special requirements for Group S aircraft hangars, see Section 412.4.1. h. Where Table 705.8 permits nonbearing exterior walls with unlimited area of unprotected openings, the required fire-resistance rating for the exterior walls is 0 hours.

602.1 General.

Buildings and structures erected or to be erected, altered or extended in height or area shall be classified in one of the five construction types defined in Sections 602.2 through 602.5. The building elements shall have a fire-resistance rating not less than that specified in Table 601 and exterior walls shall have a fire-resistance rating not less than that specified in Table 602. Where required to have a fire-resistance rating by Table 601, building elements shall comply with the applicable provisions of Section 703.2. The protection of openings, ducts and air transfer openings in building elements shall not be required unless required by other provisions of this code.

602.1.1 Minimum requirements.

A building or portion thereof shall not be required to conform to the details of a type of construction higher than that type which meets the minimum requirements based on occupancy even though certain features of such a building actually conform to a higher type of construction.

602.2 Types I and II. Types I and II construction are those types of construction in which the building elements listed in Table 601 are of noncombustible materials, except as permitted in Section 603 and elsewhere in this code.

602.3 Type III. Type III construction is that type of construction in which the exterior walls are of noncombustible materials and the interior building elements are of any material permitted by this code. Fireretardant-treated wood framing complying with Section 2303.2 shall be permitted within exterior wall assemblies of a 2-hour rating or less.

602.5 Type V. Type V construction is that type of construction in which the structural elements, exterior walls and interior walls are of any materials permitted by this code.

Section 603: COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL IN TYPE I AND II CONSTRUCTION 603.1 Allowable Materials Combustible materials shall be permitted in buildings of Type I or II construction in the following applications and in accordance with Sections 603.1.1 through 603.1.3: 1. Fire-retardant-treated wood shall be permitted in: 1.1. Nonbearing partitions where the required fire-resistance rating is 2 hours or less.

1.2. Nonbearing exterior walls where fire-resistance rated construction is not required.

1.3. Roof construction, including girders, trusses, framing and decking.

Exception: In buildings of Type IA construction exceeding two stories above grade plane, fireretardant-treated wood is not permitted in roof construction where the vertical distance from the upper floor to the roof is less than 20 feet (6096 mm).

2. Thermal and acoustical insulation, other than foam plastics, having a flame spread index of not more than 25.

Exceptions: 1. Insulation placed between two layers of noncombustible materials without an intervening airspace shall be allowed to have a flame spread index of not more than 100.

2. Insulation installed between a finished floor and solid decking without intervening airspace shall be allowed to have a flame spread index of not more than 200.

3. Foam plastics in accordance with Chapter 26.

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4. Roof coverings that have an A, B or C classification.

5. Interior floor finish and floor covering materials installed in accordance with Section 804.

6. Millwork such as doors, door frames, window sashes and frames.

7. Interior wall and ceiling finishes installed in accordance with Sections 801 and 803.

8. Trim installed in accordance with Section 806.

9. Where not installed greater than 15 feet (4572 mm) above grade, show windows, nailing or furring strips and wooden bulkheads below show windows, including their frames, aprons and show cases.

10. Finish flooring installed in accordance with Section 805.

11. Partitions dividing portions of stores, offices or similar places occupied by one tenant only and that do not establish a corridor serving an occupant load of 30 or more shall be permitted to be constructed of fire-retardant-treated wood, 1-hour fire-resistance-rated construction or of wood panels or similar light construction up to 6 feet (1829 mm) in height.

12. Stages and platforms constructed in accordance with Sections 410.3 and 410.4, respectively.

13. Combustible exterior wall coverings, balconies and similar projections and bay or oriel windows in accordance with Chapter 14.

14. Blocking such as for handrails, millwork, cabinets and window and door frames.

15. Light-transmitting plastics as permitted by Chapter 26.

16. Mastics and caulking materials applied to provide flexible seals between components of exterior wall construction.

17. Exterior plastic veneer installed in accordance with Section 2605.2.

18. Nailing or furring strips as permitted by Section 803.4.

19. Heavy timber as permitted by Note c to Table 601 and Sections 602.4.7 and 1406.3.

20. Aggregates, component materials and admixtures as permitted by Section 703.2.2.

21. Sprayed fire-resistant materials and intumescent and mastic fire-resistant coatings, determined on the basis of fire-resistance tests in accordance with Section 703.2 and installed in accordance with Sections 1705.13 and 1705.14, respectively.

22. Materials used to protect penetrations in fire-resistance-rated assemblies in accordance with Section 714.

23. Materials used to protect joints in fire-resistance-rated assemblies in accordance with Section 715.

24. Materials allowed in the concealed spaces of buildings of Types I and II construction in accordance with Section 718.5.

25. Materials exposed within plenums complying with Section 602 of the International Mechanical Code.

Chapter 8 - interior finishes Section 803: WALL AND CEILING FINISHES 803.1 General.

Interior wall and ceiling finish materials shall be classified for fire performance and smoke development in accordance with Section 803.1.1 or 803.1.2, except as shown in Sections 803.2 through 803.13. Materials tested in accordance with Section 803.1.2 shall not be required to be tested in accordance with Section 803.1.1.

803.1.1 Interior wall and ceiling finish materials.

Interior wall and ceiling finish materials shall be classified in accordance with ASTM E 84 or UL 723. Such interior finish materials shall be grouped in the following classes in accordance with their flame spread and smoke-developed indexes.

Class A:=Flame spread index 0-25; smoke-developed index 0-450.

Class B:=Flame spread index 26-75; smoke-developed index 0-450.

Class C:=Flame spread index 76-200; smoke-developed index 0-450.

Exception: Materials tested in accordance with Section 803.1.2.

803.2 Thickness exemption.

Materials having a thickness less than 0.036 inch (0.9 mm) applied directly to the surface of walls or ceilings shall not be required to be tested.

803.3 Heavy timber exemption.

Exposed portions of structural members complying with the requirements for buildings of Type IV construction in Section 602.4 shall not be subject to interior finish requirements.

803.4 Foam plastics.

Foam plastics shall not be used as interior finish except as provided in Section 2603.10. This section shall apply both to exposed foam plastics and to foam plastics used in conjunction with a textile or vinyl facing or cover.

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803.5 Textile wall coverings.

Where used as interior wall finish materials, textile wall coverings, including materials having woven or nonwoven, napped, tufted, looped or similar surface and carpet and similar textile materials, shall be tested in the manner intended for use, using the product mounting system, including adhesive, and shall comply with the requirements of Section 803.1.2, 803.1.3 or 803.1.4.

803.7 Expanded vinyl wall coverings.

Where used as interior wall finish materials, expanded vinyl wall coverings shall be tested in the manner intended for use, using the product mounting system, including adhesive, and shall comply with the requirements of Section 803.1.2, 803.1.3 or 803.1.4.

803.9 Interior finish requirements based on group.

Interior wall and ceiling finish shall have a flame spread index not greater than that specified in Table 803.9 for the group and location designated. Interior wall and ceiling finish materials tested in accordance with NFPA 286 and meeting the acceptance criteria of Section 803.1.2.1, shall be permitted to be used where a Class A classification in accordance with ASTM E 84 or UL 723 is required.

Table 803.9 INTERIOR WALL AND CEILING FINISH REQUIREMENTS BY OCCUPANCYk

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 square foot = 0.0929m2. a. Class C interior finish materials shall be permitted for wainscotting or paneling of not more than 1,000 square feet of applied surface area in the grade lobby where applied directly to a noncombustible base or over furring strips applied to a noncombustible base and fireblocked as required by Section 803.11.1. b. In other than Group I-2 occupanicies in buildings less than three stories above grade plane of other than Group I-3, Class B interior finish for nonsprinklered buildings and Class

C interior finish for sprinklered buildings shall be permitted in interior exit stairways and ramps. c. Requirements for rooms and enclosed spaces shall be based upon spaces enclosed by partitions. Where a fire-resistance rating is required for structural elements, the enclosing partitions shall extend from the floor to the ceiling. Partitions that do not comply with this shall be considered enclosing spaces and the rooms or spaces on both sides shall be considered one. In determining the applicable requirements for rooms and enclosed spaces, the specific occupancy thereof shall be the governing factor regardless of the group classification of the building or structure. d. Lobby areas in Group A-1, A-2 and A-3 occupancies shall not be less than Class B materials. e. Class C interior finish materials shall be permitted in places of assembly with an occupant load of 300 persons or less. f. For places of religious worship, wood used for ornamental purposes, trusses, paneling or chancel furnishing shall be permitted. g. Class B material is required where the building exceeds two stories. h. Class C interior finish materials shall be permitted in administrative spaces. i. Class C interior finish materials shall be permitted in rooms with a capacity of four persons or less. j. Class B materials shall be permitted as wainscotting extending not more than 48 inches above the finished floor in corridors and exit access stairways and ramps. k. Finish materials as provided for in other sections of this code. l. Applies when protected by an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2.

803.11 Application of interior finish materials to fire-resistance-rated or noncombustible building elements.

Where interior finish materials are applied on walls, ceilings or structural elements required to have a fire-resistance rating or to be of noncombustible construction, they shall comply with the provisions of this section.

803.11.1 Direct attachment and furred construction.

Where walls and ceilings are required by any provision in this code to be of fire-resistancerated or noncombustible construction, the interior finish material shall be applied directly against such construction or to furring strips not exceeding 13/4 inches (44 mm), applied directly against such surfaces.

803.11.4 Materials.

An interior wall or ceiling finish material that is not more than 1/4 inch (6.4 mm) thick shall be applied directly onto the wall, ceiling or structural element without the use of furring strips and shall not be suspended away from the building element to which it is applied.

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Exceptions: 1. Noncombustible interior finish materials.

2. Materials that meet the requirements of Class A materials in accordance with Section 803.1.1 or 803.1.2 where the qualifying tests were made with the material furred out from the noncombustible backing shall be permitted to be used with furring strips.

3. Materials that meet the requirements of Class A materials in accordance with Section 803.1.1 or 803.1.2 where the qualifying tests were made with the material suspended away from the noncombustible backing shall be permitted to be used suspended away from the building element.

Section 804: INTERIOR FLOOR FINISH 804.3 Testing and identification.

Interior floor finish and floor covering materials shall be tested by an agency in accordance with NFPA 253 and identified by a hang tag or other suitable method so as to identify the manufacturer or supplier and style, and shall indicate the interior floor finish or floor covering classification according to Section 804.2. Carpet-type floor coverings shall be tested as proposed for use, including underlayment. Test reports confirming the information provided in the manufacturer’s product identification shall be furnished to the building official upon request.

804.4 Interior floor finish requirements.

Interior floor covering materials shall comply with Sections 804.4.1 and 804.4.2 and interior floor finish materials shall comply with Section 804.4.2.

804.4.1 Test requirement.

In all occupancies, interior floor covering materials shall comply with the requirements of the DOC FF-1 “pill test” (CPSC 16 CFR Part 1630) or with ASTM D 2859.

804.4.2 Minimum critical radiant flux.

In all occupancies, interior floor finish and floor covering materials in enclosures for stairways and ramps, exit passageways, corridors and rooms or spaces not separated from corridors by partitions extending from the floor to the underside of the ceiling shall withstand a minimum critical radiant flux. The minimum critical radiant flux shall not be less than Class I in Groups I-1, I-2 and I-3 and not less than Class II in Groups A, B, E, H, I- 4, M, R-1, R-2 and S.

Section 805: COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS IN TYPES I AND II CONSTRUCTION 805.1 Application.

Combustible materials installed on or embedded in floors of buildings of Type I or II construction shall comply with Sections 805.1.1 through 805.1.3.

Exception: Stages and platforms constructed in accordance with Sections 410.3 and 410.4, respectively.

805.1.1 Subfloor construction.

Floor sleepers, bucks and nailing blocks shall not be constructed of combustible materials, unless the space between the fire-resistance-rated floor assembly and the flooring is either solidly filled with noncombustible materials or fireblocked in accordance with Section 718, and provided that such open spaces shall not extend under or through permanent partitions or walls.

805.1.2 Wood finish flooring.

Wood finish flooring is permitted to be attached directly to the embedded or fireblocked wood sleepers and shall be permitted where cemented directly to the top surface of fire-resistancerated floor assemblies or directly to a wood subfloor attached to sleepers as provided for in Section 805.1.1.

805.1.3 Insulating boards.

Combustible insulating boards not more than 1/2 inch (12.7 mm) thick and covered with finish flooring are permitted where attached directly to a noncombustible floor assembly or to wood subflooring attached to sleepers as provided for in Section 805.1.1.

Section 806: DECORATIVE MATERIALS AND TRIM [F] 806.1 General requirements.

In occupancies in Groups A, E, I and R-1 and dormitories in Group R-2, curtains, draperies, hangings and other decorative materials suspended from walls or ceilings shall meet the flame propagation performance criteria of NFPA 701 in accordance with Section 806.2 or be noncombustible.

Exceptions: 1. Curtains, draperies, hangings and other decorative materials suspended from walls of sleeping units and dwelling units in dormitories in Group R-2 protected by an approved

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automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1 and such materials are limited to not more than 50 percent of the aggregate area of walls.

2. Decorative materials, including, but not limited to, photographs and paintings in dormitories in Group R-2 where such materials are of limited quantities such that a hazard of fire development or spread is not present.

In Groups I-1 and I-2, combustible decorative materials shall meet the flame propagation criteria of NFPA 701 unless the decorative materials, including, but not limited to, photographs and paintings, are of such limited quantities that a hazard of fire development or spread is not present. In Group I-3, combustible decorative materials are prohibited.

Fixed or movable walls and partitions, paneling, wall pads and crash pads applied structurally or for decoration, acoustical correction, surface insulation or other purposes shall be considered interior finish if they cover 10 percent or more of the wall or of the ceiling area, and shall not be considered decorative materials or furnishings.

In Group B and M occupancies, fabric partitions suspended from the ceiling and not supported by the floor shall meet the flame propagation performance criteria in accordance with Section 806.2 and NFPA 701 or shall be noncombustible.

[F] 806.5 Interior trim.

Material, other than foam plastic used as interior trim, shall have a minimum Class C flame spread and smoke-developed index when tested in accordance with ASTM E 84 or UL 723, as described in Section 803.1.1. Combustible trim, excluding handrails and guardrails, shall not exceed 10 percent of the specific wall or ceiling area in which it is attached.

[F] 806.6 Interior floor-wall base.

Interior floor-wall base that is 6 inches (152 mm) or less in height shall be tested in accordance with Section 804.2 and shall not be less than Class II. Where a Class I floor finish is required, the floor-wall base shall be Class I. Exception: Interior trim materials that comply with Section 806.5.

Section 808: ACOUSTICAL CEILING SYSTEMS 808.1 Acoustical ceiling systems.

The quality, design, fabrication and erection of metal suspension systems for acoustical tile and lay-in panel ceilings in buildings or structures shall conform with generally accepted engineering practice, the provisions of this chapter and other applicable requirements of this code.

808.1.1 Materials and installation.

Acoustical materials complying with the interior finish requirements of Section 803 shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations and applicable provisions for applying interior finish.

808.1.1.1 Suspended acoustical ceilings.

Suspended acoustical ceiling systems shall be installed in accordance with the provisions of ASTM C 635 and ASTM C 636.

808.1.1.2 Fire-resistance-rated construction.

Acoustical ceiling systems that are part of fire-resistance-rated construction shall be installed in the same manner used in the assembly tested and shall comply with the provisions of Chapter 7.

Chapter 10 - means of egress Section 1003: GENERAL MEANS OF EGRESS 1003.2 Ceiling height.

The means of egress shall have a ceiling height of not less than 7 feet 6 inches (2286 mm).

Exceptions: 1. Sloped ceilings in accordance with Section 1208.2.

2. Ceilings of dwelling units and sleeping units within residential occupancies in accordance with Section 1208.2.

3. Allowable projections in accordance with Section 1003.3.

4. Stair headroom in accordance with Section 1009.5.

5. Door height in accordance with Section 1008.1.1.

6. Ramp headroom in accordance with Section 1010.6.2.

7. The clear height of floor levels in vehicular and pedestrian traffic areas in parking garages in accordance with Section 406.4.1.

8. Areas above and below mezzanine floors in accordance with Section 505.2.

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1003.3 Protruding objects.

Protruding objects shall comply with the requirements of Sections 1003.3.1 through 1003.3.4.

1003.3.1 Headroom.

Protruding objects are permitted to extend below the minimum ceiling height required by Section 1003.2 provided a minimum headroom of 80 inches (2032 mm) shall be provided for any walking surface, including walks, corridors, aisles and passageways. Not more than 50 percent of the ceiling area of a means of egress shall be reduced in height by protruding objects.

Exception: Door closers and stops shall not reduce headroom to less than 78 inches (1981 mm).

A barrier shall be provided where the vertical clearance is less than 80 inches (2032 mm) high.

The leading edge of such a barrier shall be located 27 inches (686 mm) maximum above the floor.

1003.3.2 Post-mounted objects.

A free-standing object mounted on a post or pylon shall not overhang that post or pylon more than 4 inches (102 mm) where the lowest point of the leading edge is more than 27 inches (686 mm) and less than 80 inches (2032 mm) above the walking surface. Where a sign or other obstruction is mounted between posts or pylons and the clear distance between the posts or pylons is greater than 12 inches (305 mm), the lowest edge of such sign or obstruction shall be 27 inches (686 mm) maximum or 80 inches (2032 mm) minimum above the finished floor or ground.

Exception: These requirements shall not apply to sloping portions of handrails between the top and bottom riser of stairs and above the ramp run.

1003.3.3 Horizontal projections.

Structural elements, fixtures or furnishings shall not project horizontally from either side more than 4 inches (102 mm) over any walking surface between the heights of 27 inches (686 mm) and 80 inches (2032 mm) above the walking surface.

Exception: Handrails are permitted to protrude 41/2 inches (114 mm) from the wall.

1003.3.4 Clear width.

Protruding objects shall not reduce the minimum clear width of accessible routes.

1003.4 Floor surface.

Walking surfaces of the means of egress shall have a slip-resistant surface and be securely attached.

1003.5 Elevation change.

Where changes in elevation of less than 12 inches (305 mm) exist in the means of egress, sloped surfaces shall be used. Where the slope is greater than one unit vertical in 20 units horizontal (5-percent slope), ramps complying with Section 1010 shall be used. Where the difference in elevation is 6 inches (152 mm) or less, the ramp shall be equipped with either handrails or floor finish materials that contrast with adjacent floor finish materials.

Exceptions: 1. A single step with a maximum riser height of 7 inches (178 mm) is permitted for buildings with occupancies in Groups F, H, R-2, R-3, S and U at exterior doors not required to be accessible

by Chapter 11.

2. A stair with a single riser or with two risers and a tread is permitted at locations not required to be accessible by Chapter 11, provided that the risers and treads comply with Section 1009.7, the minimum depth of the tread is 13 inches (330 mm) and at least one handrail complying with Section 1012 is provided within 30 inches (762 mm) of the centerline of the normal path of egress travel on the stair.

3. A step is permitted in aisles serving seating that has a difference in elevation less than 12 inches (305 mm) at locations not required to be accessible by Chapter 11, provided that the risers and treads comply with Section 1028.11 and the aisle is provided with a handrail complying with Section 1028.13.

Throughout a story in a Group I-2 occupancy, any change in elevation in portions of the means of egress that serve nonambulatory persons shall be by means of a ramp or sloped walkway.

1003.6 Means of egress continuity.

The path of egress travel along a means of egress shall not be interrupted by any building element other than a means of egress component as specified in this chapter. Obstructions shall not be placed in the required width of a means of egress except projections permitted by this chapter. The required capacity of a means of egress system shall not be diminished along the path of egress travel.

Section 1004: OCCUPANT LOAD 1004.1 Design occupant load.

In determining means of egress requirements, the number of occupants for whom means of egress facilities shall be provided shall be determined in accordance with this section.

1004.1.1 Cumulative occupant loads.

Where the path of egress travel includes intervening rooms, areas or spaces, cumulative occupant loads shall be determined in accordance with this section.

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1004.1.1.1 Intervening spaces.

Where occupants egress from one room, area or space through another, the design occupant load shall be based on the cumulative occupant loads of all rooms, areas or spaces to that point along the path of egress travel.

1004.1.1.2 Adjacent levels.

The occupant load of a mezzanine or story with egress through a room, area or space on an adjacent level shall be added to the occupant load of that room, area or space.

1004.1.2 Areas without fixed seating.

The number of occupants shall be computed at the rate of one occupant per unit of area as prescribed in Table 1004.1.2. For areas without fixed seating, the occupant load shall not be less than that number determined by dividing the floor area under consideration by the occupant load factor assigned to the function of the space as set forth in Table 1004.1.2. Where an intended function is not listed in Table 1004.1.2, the building official shall establish a function based on a listed function that most nearly resembles the intended function.

Exception: Where approved by the building official, the actual number of occupants for whom each occupied space, floor or building is designed, although less than those determined by calculation, shall be permitted to be used in the determination of the design occupant load.

1004.2 Increased occupant load.

The occupant load permitted in any building, or portion thereof, is permitted to be increased from that number established for the occupancies in Table 1004.1.2, provided that all other requirements of the code are also met based on such modified number and the occupant load does not exceed one occupant per 7 square feet (0.65 m2) of occupiable floor space. Where required by the building official, an approved aisle, seating or fixed equipment diagram substantiating any increase in occupant load shall be submitted. Where required by the building official, such diagram shall be posted.

1004.3 Posting of occupant load.

Every room or space that is an assembly occupancy shall have the occupant load of the room or space posted in a conspicuous place, near the main exit or exit access doorway from the room or space. Posted signs shall be of an approved legible permanent design and shall be maintained by the owner or authorized agent.

Section 1005: MEANS OF EGRESS SIZING 1005.2 Minimum width based on component.

The minimum width, in inches (mm), of any means of egress components shall not be less than that specified for such component, elsewhere in this code.

1005.3 Required capacity based on occupant load.

The required capacity, in inches (mm), of the means of egress for any room, area, space or story shall not be less than that determined in accordance with Sections 1005.3.1 and 1005.3.2:

1005.3.1 Stairways.

The capacity, in inches (mm), of means of egress stairways shall be calculated by multiplying the occupant load served by such stairway by a means of egress capacity factor of 0.3 inch (7.6 mm) per occupant. Where stairways serve more than one story, only the occupant load of each story considered individually shall be used in calculating the required capacity of the stairways serving that story.

Exception: For other than Group H and I-2 occupancies, the capacity, in inches (mm), of means of egress stairways shall be calculated by multiplying the occupant load served by such stairway by a means of egress capacity factor of 0.2 inch (5.1 mm) per occupant in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2 and an emergency voice/alarm communication system in accordance with Section 907.5.2.2.

1005.3.2 Other egress components.

The capacity, in inches (mm), of means of egress components other than stairways shall be calculated by multiplying the occupant load served by such component by a means of egress capacity factor of 0.2 inch (5.1 mm) per occupant.

Exception: For other than Group H and I-2 occupancies, the capacity, in inches (mm), of means of egress components other than stairways shall be calculated by multiplying the occupant load served by such component by a means of egress capacity factor of 0.15 inch (3.8 mm) per occupant in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2 and an emergency voice/alarm communication system in accordance with Section 907.5.2.2.

1005.4 Continuity.

The capacity of the means of egress required from any story of a building shall not be reduced along the path of egress travel until arrival at the public way.

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1005.5. Distribution of egress capacity.

Where more than one exit, or access to more than one exit, is required, the means of egress shall be configured such that the loss of any one exit, or access to one exit, shall not reduce the available capacity to less than 50 percent of the required capacity.

1005.6 Egress convergence.

Where the means of egress from stories above and below converge at an intermediate level, the capacity of the means of egress from the point of convergence shall not be less than the sum of the required capacities for the two adjacent stories.

1005.7 Encroachment.

Encroachments into the required means of egress width shall be in accordance with the provisions of this section.

1005.7.1 Doors.

Doors, when fully opened, shall not reduce the required width by more than 7 inches (178 mm). Doors in any position shall not reduce the required width by more than one-half.

Exceptions: 1. Surface-mounted latch release hardware shall be exempt from inclusion in the 7-inch maximum (178 mm) encroachment where: 1.1. The hardware is mounted to the side of the door facing away from the adjacent wall where the door is in the open position; and 1.2. The hardware is mounted not less than 34 inches (865 mm) nor more than 48 inches (1219 mm) above the finished floor.

2. The restrictions on door swing shall not apply to doors within individual dwelling units and sleeping units of Group R-2 occupancies and dwelling units of Group R-3 occupancies.

Section 1007: ACCESSIBLE MEANS OF EGRESS 1007.1 Accessible means of egress required.

Accessible means of egress shall comply with this section. Accessible spaces shall be provided with not less than one accessible means of egress. Where more than one means of egress are required by Section 1015.1 or 1021.1 from any accessible space, each accessible portion of the space shall be served by not less than two accessible means of egress.

Exceptions: 1. Accessible means of egress are not required in alterations to existing buildings.

2. One accessible means of egress is required from an accessible mezzanine level in accordance

with Section 1007.3, 1007.4 or 1007.5.

3. In assembly areas with sloped or stepped aisles, one accessible means of egress is permitted where the common path of travel is accessible and meets the requirements in Section 1028.8.

1007.2 Continuity and components.

Each required accessible means of egress shall be continuous to a public way and shall consist of one or more of the following components: 1. Accessible routes complying with Section 1104.

2. Interior exit stairways complying with Sections 1007.3 and 1022.

3. Interior exit access stairways complying with Sections 1007.3 and 1009.3.

4. Exterior exit stairways complying with Sections 1007.3 and 1026 and serving levels other than the level of exit discharge.

5. Elevators complying with Section 1007.4.

6. Platform lifts complying with Section 1007.5.

7. Horizontal exits complying with Section 1025.

8. Ramps complying with Section 1010.

9. Areas of refuge complying with Section 1007.6.

10. Exterior area for assisted rescue complying with Section 1007.7.

1007.3 Stairways.

In order to be considered part of an accessible means of egress, a stairway between stories shall have a clear width of 48 inches (1219 mm) minimum between handrails and shall either incorporate an area of refuge within an enlarged floor-level landing or shall be accessed from either an area of refuge complying with Section 1007.6 or a horizontal exit. Exit access stairways that connect levels in the same story are not permitted as part an accessible means of egress.

Exceptions: 1. The clear width of 48 inches (1219 mm) between handrails is not required in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2.

2. Areas of refuge are not required at stairways in buildings equipped throughout by an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2.

3. The clear width of 48 inches (1219 mm) between handrails is not required for stairways accessed from a horizontal exit.

4. Areas of refuge are not required at stairways serving open parking garages.

5. Areas of refuge are not required for smoke protected seating areas complying with Section 1028.6.2.

6. The areas of refuge are not required in Group R-2 occupancies.

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1007.6 Areas of refuge.

Every required area of refuge shall be accessible from the space it serves by an accessible means of egress. The maximum travel distance from any accessible space to an area of refuge shall not exceed the travel distance permitted for the occupancy in accordance with Section 1016.1. Every required area of refuge shall have direct access to a stairway complying with Sections 1007.3 or an elevator complying with Section 1007.4. Where an elevator lobby is used as an area of refuge, the shaft and lobby shall comply with Section 1022.10 for smokeproof enclosures except where the elevators are in an area of refuge formed by a horizontal exit or smoke barrier.

1007.6.1 Size.

Each area of refuge shall be sized to accommodate one wheelchair space of 30 inches by 48 inches (762 mm by 1219 mm) for each 200 occupants or portion thereof, based on the occupant load of the area of refuge and areas served by the area of refuge. Such wheelchair spaces shall not reduce the required means of egress width. Access to any of the required wheelchair spaces in an area of refuge shall not be obstructed by more than one adjoining wheelchair space.

1007.6.2 Separation.

Each area of refuge shall be separated from the remainder of the story by a smoke barrier complying with Section 709 or a horizontal exit complying with Section 1025. Each area of refuge shall be designed to minimize the intrusion of smoke.

Exception: Areas of refuge located within an enclosure for exit access stairways or interior exit stairways.

1007.6.3 Two-way communication.

Areas of refuge shall be provided with a two-way communication system complying with Sections 1007.8.1 and 1007.8.2.

1007.7 Exterior area for assisted rescue.

Exterior areas for assisted rescue shall be accessed by an accessible route from the area served.

Exterior areas for assisted rescue shall be permitted in accordance with Section 1007.7.1 or 1007.7.2.

1007.7.1 Level of exit discharge.

Where the exit discharge does not include an accessible route from an exit located on a level of exit discharge to a public way, an exterior area of assisted rescue shall be provided on the exterior landing in accordance with Sections 1007.7.3 through 1007.7.6.

1007.7.2 Outdoor facilities.

Where exit access from the area serving outdoor facilities is essentially open to the outside, an exterior area of assisted rescue is permitted as an alternative to an area of refuge. Every required exterior area of assisted recue shall have direct access to an interior exit stairway, exterior stairway, or elevator serving as an accessible means of egress component. The exterior area of assisted rescue shall comply with Sections 1007.7.3 through 1007.7.6 and shall be provided with a two-way communication system complying with Sections 1007.8.1 and 1007.8.2.

1007.7.3 Size.

Each exterior area for assisted rescue shall be sized to accommodate wheelchair spaces in accordance with Section 1007.6.1.

1007.7.4 Separation.

Exterior walls separating the exterior area of assisted rescue from the interior of the building shall have a minimum fire-resistance rating of 1 hour, rated for exposure to fire from the inside.

The fire-resistance-rated exterior wall construction shall extend horizontally 10 feet (3048 mm) beyond the landing on either side of the landing or equivalent fire-resistance-rated construction is permitted to extend out perpendicular to the exterior wall 4 feet (1219 mm) minimum on the side of the landing. The fire-resistance-rated construction shall extend vertically from the ground to a point 10 feet (3048 mm) above the floor level of the area for assisted rescue or to the roof line, whichever is lower. Openings within such fire-resistance-rated exterior walls shall be protected in accordance with Section 716.

1007.7.5 Openness.

The exterior area for assisted rescue shall be open to the outside air. The sides other than the separation walls shall be at least 50 percent open, and the open area shall be distributed so as to minimize the accumulation of smoke or toxic gases.

1007.7.6 Stairway.

Stairways that are part of the means of egress for the exterior area for assisted rescue shall provide a clear width of 48 inches (1219 mm) between handrails.

Exception: The clear width of 48 inches (1219 mm) between handrails is not required at stairways serving buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2.

1007.9 Signage.

Signage indicating special accessibility provisions shall be provided as shown: 1. Each door providing access to an area of refuge from an adjacent floor area shall be identified

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by a sign stating: AREA OF REFUGE. 2. Each door providing access to an exterior area for assisted rescue shall be identified by a sign stating: EXTERIOR AREA FOR ASSISTED RESCUE. Signage shall comply with the ICC A117.1 requirements for visual characters and include the International Symbol of Accessibility. Where exit sign illumination is required by Section 1011.3, the signs shall be illuminated. Additionally, raised character and Braille signage complying with ICC A117.1 shall be located at each door to an area of refuge and exterior area for assisted rescue in accordance with Section 1011.4.

1007.10 Directional signage.

Direction signage indicating the location of the other means of egress and which are accessible means of egress shall be provided at the following: 1. At exits serving a required accessible space but not providing an approved accessible means of egress.

2. At elevator landings.

3. Within areas of refuge.

1007.11 Instructions.

In areas of refuge and exterior areas for assisted rescue, instructions on the use of the area under emergency conditions shall be posted. The instructions shall include all of the following: 1. Persons able to use the exit stairway do so as soon as possible, unless they are assisting others.

2. Information on planned availability of assistance in the use of stairs or supervised operation of elevators and how to summon such assistance.

3. Directions for use of the two-way communications system where provided.

Section 1008: DOORS, GATES, AND TURNSTILES 1008.1 Doors.

Means of egress doors shall meet the requirements of this section. Doors serving a means of egress system shall meet the requirements of this section and Section 1020.2. Doors provided for egress purposes in numbers greater than required by this code shall meet the requirements of this section.

Means of egress doors shall be readily distinguishable from the adjacent construction and finishes such that the doors are easily recognizable as doors. Mirrors or similar reflecting materials shall not be used on means of egress doors. Means of egress doors shall not be concealed by curtains, drapes, decorations or similar materials.

1008.1.1 Size of doors.

The minimum width of each door opening shall be sufficient for the occupant load thereof and shall provide a clear width of 32 inches (813 mm). Clear openings of doorways with swinging doors shall be measured between the face of the door and the stop, with the door open 90 degrees (1.57 rad). Where this section requires a minimum clear width of 32 inches (813 mm) and a door opening includes two door leaves without a mullion, one leaf shall provide a clear opening width of 32 inches (813 mm). The maximum width of a swinging door leaf shall be 48 inches (1219 mm) nominal. Means of egress doors in a Group I-2 occupancy used for the movement of beds shall provide a clear width not less than 411/2 inches (1054 mm). The height of door openings shall not be less than 80 inches (2032 mm).

Exceptions: 1. The minimum and maximum width shall not apply to door openings that are not part of the required means of egress in Group R-2 and R-3 occupancies.

2. Door openings to resident sleeping units in Group I-3 occupancies shall have a clear width of not less than 28 inches (711 mm).

3. Door openings to storage closets less than 10 square feet (0.93 m2) in area shall not be limited by the minimum width.

4. Width of door leaves in revolving doors that comply with Section 1008.1.4.1 shall not be limited.

5. Door openings within a dwelling unit or sleeping unit shall not be less than 78 inches (1981 mm) in height.

6. Exterior door openings in dwelling units and sleeping units, other than the required exit door, shall not be less than 76 inches (1930 mm) in height.

7. In other than Group R-1 occupancies, the minimum widths shall not apply to interior egress doors within a dwelling unit or sleeping unit that is not required to be an Accessible unit, Type A unit or Type B unit.

8. Door openings required to be accessible within Type B units shall have a minimum clear width of 31.75 inches (806 mm).

1008.1.1.1 Projections into clear width.

There shall not be projections into the required clear width lower than 34 inches (864 mm) above the floor or ground. Projections into the clear opening width between 34 inches (864 mm) and 80 inches (2032 mm) above the floor or ground shall not exceed 4 inches (102 mm).

Exception: Door closers and door stops shall be permitted to be 78 inches (1980 mm) minimum above the floor.

1008.1.2 Door swing.

Egress doors shall be of the pivoted or side-hinged swinging type.

Exceptions: 1. Private garages, office areas, factory and storage areas with an occupant load of 10 or less.

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2. Group I-3 occupancies used as a place of detention.

3. Critical or intensive care patient rooms within suites of health care facilities.

4. Doors within or serving a single dwelling unit in Groups R-2 and R-3.

5. In other than Group H occupancies, revolving doors complying with Section 1008.1.4.1.

6. In other than Group H occupancies, horizontal sliding doors complying with Section 1008.1.4.3 are permitted in a means of egress.

7. Power-operated doors in accordance with Section 1008.1.4.2.

8. Doors serving a bathroom within an individual sleeping unit in Group R-1.

9. In other than Group H occupancies, manually operated horizontal sliding doors are permitted in a means of egress from spaces with an occupant load of 10 or less.

Doors shall swing in the direction of egress travel where serving a room or area containing an occupant load of 50 or more persons or a Group H occupancy.

1008.1.4.2 Power-operated doors.

Where means of egress doors are operated by power, such as doors with a photoelectricactuated mechanism to open the door upon the approach of a person, or doors with powerassisted manual operation, the design shall be such that in the event of power failure, the door is capable of being opened manually to permit means of egress travel or closed where necessary to safeguard means of egress. The forces required to open these doors manually shall not exceed those specified in Section 1008.1.3, except that the force to set the door in motion shall not exceed 50 pounds (220 N). The door shall be capable of swinging from any position to the full width of the opening in which such door is installed when a force is applied to the door on the side from which egress is made. Full-power-operated doors shall comply with BHMA A156.10. Power-assisted and low-energy doors shall comply with BHMA A156.19.

Exceptions: 1. Occupancies in Group I-3.

2. Horizontal sliding doors complying with Section 1008.1.4.3.

3. For a biparting door in the emergency breakout mode, a door leaf located within a multipleleaf opening shall be exempt from the minimum 32-inch (813 mm) single-leaf requirement of Section 1008.1.1, provided a minimum 32-inch (813 mm) clear opening is provided when the two biparting leaves meeting in the center are broken out.

1008.1.4.3 Horizontal sliding doors.

In other than Group H occupancies, horizontal sliding doors permitted to be a component of a means of egress in accordance with Exception 6 to Section 1008.1.2 shall comply with all of the following criteria: 1. The doors shall be power operated and shall be capable of being operated manually in the event of power failure.

2. The doors shall be openable by a simple method from both sides without special knowledge or effort.

3. The force required to operate the door shall not exceed 30 pounds (133 N) to set the door in

motion and 15 pounds (67 N) to close the door or open it to the minimum required width.

4. The door shall be openable with a force not to exceed 15 pounds (67 N) when a force of 250 pounds (1100 N) is applied perpendicular to the door adjacent to the operating device.

5. The door assembly shall comply with the applicable fire protection rating and, where rated, shall be self-closing or automatic closing by smoke detection in accordance with Section 716.5.9.3, shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 80 and shall comply with Section 716.

6. The door assembly shall have an integrated standby power supply.

7. The door assembly power supply shall be electrically supervised.

8. The door shall open to the minimum required width within 10 seconds after activation of the operating device.

1008.1.5 Floor elevation.

There shall be a floor or landing on each side of a door. Such floor or landing shall be at the same elevation on each side of the door. Landings shall be level except for exterior landings, which are permitted to have a slope not to exceed 0.25 unit vertical in 12 units horizontal (2-percent slope).

Exceptions: 1. Doors serving individual dwelling units in Groups R-2 and R-3 where the following apply: 1.1. A door is permitted to open at the top step of an interior flight of stairs, provided the door does not swing over the top step.

1.2. Screen doors and storm doors are permitted to swing over stairs or landings.

2. Exterior doors as provided for in Section 1003.5, Exception 1, and Section 1020.2, which are not on an accessible route.

3. In Group R-3 occupancies not required to be Accessible units, Type A units or Type B units, the landing at an exterior doorway shall not be more than 73/4 inches (197 mm) below the top of the threshold, provided the door, other than an exterior storm or screen door, does not swing over the landing.

4. Variations in elevation due to differences in finish materials, but not more than 1/2 inch (12.7 mm).

5. Exterior decks, patios or balconies that are part of Type B dwelling units, have impervious surfaces and that are not more than 4 inches (102 mm) below the finished floor level of the adjacent interior space of the dwelling unit.

1008.1.6 Landings at doors.

Landings shall have a width not less than the width of the stairway or the door, whichever is greater. Doors in the fully open position shall not reduce a required dimension by more than 7 inches (178 mm). When a landing serves an occupant load of 50 or more, doors in any position shall not reduce the landing to less than one-half its required width. Landings shall have a length measured in the direction of travel of not less than 44 inches (1118 mm).

Exception: Landing length in the direction of travel in Groups R-3 and U and within individual units of Group R-2 need not exceed 36 inches (914 mm).

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1008.1.7 Thresholds.

Thresholds at doorways shall not exceed 3/4 inch (19.1 mm) in height above the finished floor or landing for sliding doors serving dwelling units or 1/2 inch (12.7 mm) above the finished floor or landing for other doors. Raised thresholds and floor level changes greater than 1/4 inch (6.4 mm) at doorways shall be beveled with a slope not greater than one unit vertical in two units horizontal (50-percent slope).

Exception: In occupancy Group R-2 or R-3, threshold heights for sliding and side-hinged exterior doors shall be permitted to be up to 73/4 inches (197 mm) in height if all of the following apply: 1. The door is not part of the required means of egress.

2. The door is not part of an accessible route as required by Chapter 11.

3. The door is not part of an Accessible unit, Type A unit or Type B unit.

1008.1.9.3 Locks and latches.

Locks and latches shall be permitted to prevent operation of doors where any of the following exists: 1. Places of detention or restraint.

2. In buildings in occupancy Group A having an occupant load of 300 or less, Groups B, F, M and S, and in places of religious worship, the main exterior door or doors are permitted to be equipped with key-operated locking devices from the egress side provided: 2.1. The locking device is readily distinguishable as locked; 2.2. A readily visible durable sign is posted on the egress side on or adjacent to the door stating: THIS DOOR TO REMAIN UNLOCKED WHEN BUILDING IS OCCUPIED. The sign shall be in letters 1 inch (25 mm) high on a contrasting background; and 2.3. The use of the key-operated locking device is revokable by the building official for due cause.

3. Where egress doors are used in pairs, approved automatic flush bolts shall be permitted to be used, provided that the door leaf having the automatic flush bolts has no doorknob or surfacemounted hardware.

4. Doors from individual dwelling or sleeping units of Group R occupancies having an occupant load of 10 or less are permitted to be equipped with a night latch, dead bolt or security chain, provided such devices are openable from the inside without the use of a key or tool.

5. Fire doors after the minimum elevated temperature has disabled the unlatching mechanism in accordance with listed fire door test procedures.

Section 1009: STAIRWAYS 1009.2 Interior exit stairways.

Interior exit stairways shall lead directly to the exterior of the building or shall be extended to the exterior of the building with an exit passageway conforming to the requirements of Section 1023, except as permitted in Section 1027.1.

1009.2.1 Where required.

Interior exit stairways shall be included, as necessary, to meet one or more means of egress design requirements, such as required number of exits or exit access travel distance.

1009.4 Width.

The width of stairways shall be determined as specified in Section 1005.1, but such width shall not be less than 44 inches (1118 mm). See Section 1007.3 for accessible means of egress stairways.

Exceptions: 1. Stairways serving an occupant load of less than 50 shall have a width of not less than 36 inches (914 mm).

2. Spiral stairways as provided for in Section 1009.12.

3. Aisle stairs complying with Section 1028.

4. Where an incline platform lift or stairway chairlift is installed on stairways serving occupancies in Group R-3, or within dwelling units in occupancies in Group R-2, a clear passage width not less than 20 inches (508 mm) shall be provided. If the seat and platform can be folded when not in use, the distance shall be measured from the folded position.

1009.5 Headroom.

Stairways shall have a minimum headroom clearance of 80 inches (2032 mm) measured vertically from a line connecting the edge of the nosings. Such headroom shall be continuous above the stairway to the point where the line intersects the landing below, one tread depth beyond the bottom riser. The minimum clearance shall be maintained the full width of the stairway and landing.

Exceptions: 1. Spiral stairways complying with Section 1009.12 are permitted a 78-inch (1981 mm) headroom clearance.

2. In Group R-3 occupancies; within dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; and in Group U occupancies that are accessory to a Group R-3 occupancy or accessory to individual dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; where the nosings of treads at the side of a flight extend under the edge of a floor opening through which the stair passes, the floor opening shall be allowed to project horizontally into the required headroom a maximum of 43/4 inches (121 mm).

1009.6 Walkline.

The walkline across winder treads shall be concentric to the direction of travel through the turn and located 12 inches (305 mm) from the side where the winders are narrower. The 12-inch (305 mm) dimension shall be measured from the widest point of the clear stair width at the walking surface of the winder. If winders are adjacent within the flight, the point of the widest clear stair width of the adjacent winders shall be used.

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1009.7 Stair treads and risers.

Stair treads and risers shall comply with Sections 1009.7.1 through 1009.7.5.3.

1009.7.1 Dimension reference surfaces.

For the purpose of this section, all dimensions are exclusive of carpets, rugs or runners.

1009.7.2 Riser height and tread depth.

Stair riser heights shall be 7 inches (178 mm) maximum and 4 inches (102 mm) minimum. The riser height shall be measured vertically between the nosings of adjacent treads. Rectangular tread depths shall be 11 inches (279 mm) minimum measured horizontally between the vertical planes of the foremost projection of adjacent treads and at a right angle to the tread’s nosing.

Winder treads shall have a minimum tread depth of 11 inches (279 mm) between the vertical planes of the foremost projection of adjacent treads at the intersections with the walkline and a minimum tread depth of 10 inches (254 mm) within the clear width of the stair.

Exceptions: 1. Alternating tread devices in accordance with Section 1009.13.

2. Ship ladders in accordance with Section 1009.14.

3. Spiral stairways in accordance with Section 1009.12.

4. Aisle stairs in assembly seating areas where the stair pitch or slope is set, for sightline reasons, by the slope of the adjacent seating area in accordance with Section 1028.11.2.

5. In Group R-3 occupancies; within dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; and in Group U occupancies that are accessory to a Group R-3 occupancy or accessory to individual dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; the maximum riser height shall be 73/4 inches (197 mm); the minimum tread depth shall be 10 inches (254 mm); the minimum winder tread depth at the walkline shall be 10 inches (254 mm); and the minimum winder tread depth shall be 6 inches (152 mm). A nosing projection not less than 3/4 inch (19.1 mm) but not more than 11/4 inches (32 mm) shall be provided on stairways with solid risers where the tread depth is less than 11 inches (279 mm).

6. See Section 3404.1 for the replacement of existing stairways.

7. In Group I-3 facilities, stairways providing access to guard towers, observation stations and control rooms, not more than 250 square feet (23 m2) in area, shall be permitted to have a maximum riser height of 8 inches (203 mm) and a minimum tread depth of 9 inches (229 mm).

1009.7.5 Nosing and riser profile.

The radius of curvature at the leading edge of the tread shall be not greater than 9/16 inch (14.3 mm). Beveling of nosings shall not exceed 9/16 inch (14.3 mm). Risers shall be solid and vertical or sloped under the tread above from the underside of the nosing above at an angle not more than 30 degrees (0.52 rad) from the vertical.

1009.7.5.1 Nosing projection size.

The leading edge (nosings) of treads shall project not more than 11/4 inches (32 mm) beyond the tread below.

1009.7.5.2 Nosing projection uniformity.

All nosing projections of the leading edges shall be of uniform size, including the projections of the nosings leading edge of the floor at the top of a flight.

1009.7.5.3 Solid risers.

Risers shall be solid.

Exceptions: 1. Solid risers are not required for stairways that are not required to comply with Section 1007.3, provided that the opening between treads does not permit the passage of a sphere with a diameter of 4 inches (102 mm).

2. Solid risers are not required for occupancies in Group I-3 or in Group F, H and S occupancies other than areas accessible to the public. There are no restrictions on the size of the opening in the riser.

3. Solid risers are not required for spiral stairways constructed in accordance with Section 1009.12.

4. Solid risers are not required for alternating tread devices constructed in accordance with Section 1009.13.

1009.8 Stairway landings.

There shall be a floor or landing at the top and bottom of each stairway. The width of landings shall not be less than the width of stairways they serve. Every landing shall have a minimum width measured perpendicular to the direction of travel equal to the width of the stairway.

Where the stairway has a straight run the depth need not exceed 48 inches (1219 mm). Doors opening onto a landing shall not reduce the landing to less than one-half the required width.

When fully open, the door shall not project more than 7 inches (178 mm) into a landing. When wheelchair spaces are required on the stairway landing in accordance with Section 1007.6.1, the wheelchair space shall not be located in the required width of the landing and doors shall not swing over the wheelchair spaces.

Exception: Aisle stairs complying with Section 1028.

1009.9 Stairway construction.

All stairways shall be built of materials consistent with the types permitted for the type of construction of the building, except that wood handrails shall be permitted for all types of construction.

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1009.9.1 Stairway walking surface.

The walking surface of treads and landings of a stairway shall not be sloped steeper than one unit vertical in 48 units horizontal (2-percent slope) in any direction. Stairway treads and landings shall have a solid surface. Finish floor surfaces shall be securely attached.

Exceptions: 1. Openings in stair walking surfaces shall be a size that does not permit the passage of 1/2-inchdiameter (12.7 mm) sphere. Elongated openings shall be placed so that the long dimension is perpendicular to the direction of travel.

2. In Group F, H and S occupancies, other than areas of parking structures accessible to the public, openings in treads and landings shall not be prohibited provided a sphere with a diameter of 11/8 inches (29 mm) cannot pass through the opening.

1009.10 Vertical rise.

A flight of stairs shall not have a vertical rise greater than 12 feet (3658 mm) between floor levels or landings.

Exceptions: 1. Aisle stairs complying with Section 1028.

2. Alternating tread devices used as a means of egress shall not have a rise greater than 20 feet (6096 mm) between floor levels or landings.

3. Spiral stairways used as a means of egress from technical production areas.

1009.15 Handrails.

Stairways shall have handrails on each side and shall comply with Section 1012. Where glass is used to provide the handrail, the handrail shall also comply with Section 2407.

Exceptions: 1. Handrails for aisle stairs provided in accordance with Section 1028.13.

2. Stairways within dwelling units and spiral stairways are permitted to have a handrail on one side only.

3. Decks, patios and walkways that have a single change in elevation where the landing depth on each side of the change of elevation is greater than what is required for a landing do not require handrails.

4. In Group R-3 occupancies, a change in elevation consisting of a single riser at an entrance or egress door does not require handrails.

5. Changes in room elevations of three or fewer risers within dwelling units and sleeping units in Groups R-2 and R-3 do not require handrails.

Section 1011: EXIT SIGNS 1011.1 Where required.

Exits and exit access doors shall be marked by an approved exit sign readily visible from any direction of egress travel. The path of egress travel to exits and within exits shall be marked by readily visible exit signs to clearly indicate the direction of egress travel in cases where the exit or the path of egress travel is not immediately visible to the occupants. Intervening means of egress doors within exits shall be marked by exit signs. Exit sign placement shall be such that no point in an exit access corridor or exit passageway is more than 100 feet (30 480 mm) or the listed viewing distance for the sign, whichever is less, from the nearest visible exit sign.

Exceptions: 1. Exit signs are not required in rooms or areas that require only one exit or exit access.

2. Main exterior exit doors or gates that are obviously and clearly identifiable as exits need not have exit signs where approved by the building official.

3. Exit signs are not required in occupancies in Group U and individual sleeping units or dwelling units in Group R-1, R-2 or R-3.

4. Exit signs are not required in dayrooms, sleeping rooms or dormitories in occupancies in Group I-3.

5. In occupancies in Groups A-4 and A-5, exit signs are not required on the seating side of vomitories or openings into seating areas where exit signs are provided in the concourse that are readily apparent from the vomitories. Egress lighting is provided to identify each vomitory or opening within the seating area in an emergency.

1011.2 Floor-level exit signs in Group R-1.

Where exit signs are required in Group R-1 occupancies by Section 1011.1, additional lowlevel exit signs shall be provided in all areas serving guestrooms in Group R-1 occupancies and shall comply with Section 1011.5.

The bottom of the sign shall be not less than 10 inches (254 mm) nor more than 12 inches (305 mm) above the floor level. The sign shall be flush mounted to the door or wall. Where mounted on the wall, the edge of the sign shall be within 4 inches (102 mm) of the door frame on the latch side.

1011.3 Illumination.

Exit signs shall be internally or externally illuminated.

Exception: Tactile signs required by Section 1011.4 need not be provided with illumination.

1011.4 Raised character and Braille exit signs.

A sign stating EXIT in raised characters and Braille and complying with ICC A117.1 shall be

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provided adjacent to each door to an area of refuge, an exterior area for assisted rescue, an exit stairway, an exit ramp, an exit passageway and the exit discharge.

1011.5 Internally illuminated exit signs.

Electrically powered, self-luminous and photoluminescent exit signs shall be listed and labeled in accordance with UL 924 and shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and Chapter 27. Exit signs shall be illuminated at all times.

1011.6 Externally illuminated exit signs.

Externally illuminated exit signs shall comply with Sections 1011.6.1 through 1011.6.3.

1011.6.1 Graphics.

Every exit sign and directional exit sign shall have plainly legible letters not less than 6 inches (152 mm) high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than 3/4 inch (19.1 mm) wide.

The word “EXIT” shall have letters having a width not less than 2 inches (51 mm) wide, except the letter “I,” and the minimum spacing between letters shall not be less than 3/8 inch (9.5 mm). Signs larger than the minimum established in this section shall have letter widths, strokes and spacing in proportion to their height.

The word “EXIT” shall be in high contrast with the background and shall be clearly discernible when the means of exit sign illumination is or is not energized. If a chevron directional indicator is provided as part of the exit sign, the construction shall be such that the direction of the chevron directional indicator cannot be readily changed.

1011.6.2 Exit sign illumination.

The face of an exit sign illuminated from an external source shall have an intensity of not less than 5 footcandles (54 lux).

1011.6.3 Power source.

Exit signs shall be illuminated at all times. To ensure continued illumination for a duration of not less than 90 minutes in case of primary power loss, the sign illumination means shall be connected to an emergency power system provided from storage batteries, unit equipment or an on-site generator. The installation of the emergency power system shall be in accordance with Chapter 27.

Exception: Approved exit sign illumination means that provide continuous illumination independent of external power sources for a duration of not less than 90 minutes, in case of primary power loss, are not required to be connected to an emergency electrical system.

Section 1012: HANDRAILS 1012.2 Height.

Handrail height, measured above stair tread nosings, or finish surface of ramp slope, shall be uniform, not less than 34 inches (864 mm) and not more than 38 inches (965 mm). Handrail height of alternating tread devices and ship ladders, measured above tread nosings, shall be uniform, not less than 30 inches (762 mm) and not more than 34 inches (864 mm).

Exceptions: 1. When handrail fittings or bendings are used to provide continuous transition between flights, the fittings or bendings shall be permitted to exceed the maximum height.

2. In Group R-3 occupancies; within dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; and in Group U occupancies that are associated with a Group R-3 occupancy or associated with individual dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; when handrail fittings or bendings are used to provide continuous transition between flights, transition at winder treads, transition from handrail to guard, or when used at the start of a flight, the handrail height at the fittings or bendings shall be permitted to exceed the maximum height.

1012.3 Handrail graspability.

All required handrails shall comply with Section 1012.3.1 or shall provide equivalent graspability.

Exception: In Group R-3 occupancies; within dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; and in Group U occupancies that are accessory to a Group R-3 occupancy or accessory to individual dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; handrails shall be Type I in accordance with Section 1012.3.1, Type II in accordance with Section 1012.3.2 or shall provide equivalent graspability.

1012.3.1 Type I. Handrails with a circular cross section shall have an outside diameter of at least 11/4 inches (32 mm) and not greater than 2 inches (51 mm). Where the handrail is not circular, it shall have a perimeter dimension of at least 4 inches (102 mm) and not greater than 61/4 inches (160 mm) with a maximum cross-sectional dimension of 21/4 inches (57 mm) and minimum cross-sectional dimension of 1 inch (25 mm). Edges shall have a minimum radius of 0.01 inch (0.25 mm).

1012.3.2 Type II. Handrails with a perimeter greater than 61/4 inches (160 mm) shall provide a graspable finger recess area on both sides of the profile. The finger recess shall begin within a distance of 3/4 inch (19 mm) measured vertically from the tallest portion of the profile and achieve a depth of at least 5/16 inch (8 mm) within 7/8 inch (22 mm) below the widest portion of the profile. This

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required depth shall continue for at least 3/8 inch (10 mm) to a level that is not less than 13/4 inches (45 mm) below the tallest portion of the profile. The minimum width of the handrail above the recess shall be 11/4 inches (32 mm) to a maximum of 23/4 inches (70 mm). Edges shall have a minimum radius of 0.01 inch (0.25 mm).

1012.4 Continuity.

Handrail gripping surfaces shall be continuous, without interruption by newel posts or other obstructions.

Exceptions: 1. Handrails within dwelling units are permitted to be interrupted by a newel post at a turn or landing.

2. Within a dwelling unit, the use of a volute, turnout, starting easing or starting newel is allowed over the lowest tread.

3. Handrail brackets or balusters attached to the bottom surface of the handrail that do not project horizontally beyond the sides of the handrail within 11/2 inches (38 mm) of the bottom of the handrail shall not be considered obstructions. For each 1/2 inch (12.7 mm) of additional handrail perimeter dimension above 4 inches (102 mm), the vertical clearance dimension of 11/2 inches (38 mm) shall be permitted to be reduced by 1/8 inch (3 mm).

4. Where handrails are provided along walking surfaces with slopes not steeper than 1:20, the bottoms of the handrail gripping surfaces shall be permitted to be obstructed along their entire length where they are integral to crash rails or bumper guards.

Chapter 11 - accessibility Section 1110: SIGNAGE 1110.2 Directional signage.

Directional signage indicating the route to the nearest like accessible element shall be provided at the following locations. These directional signs shall include the International Symbol of Accessibility: 1. Inaccessible building entrances.

2. Inaccessible public toilets and bathing facilities.

3. Elevators not serving an accessible route.

4. At each separate-sex toilet and bathing room indicating the location of the nearest family or assisted-use toilet or bathing room where provided in accordance with Section 1109.2.1.

5. At exits and exit stairways serving a required accessible space, but not providing an approved

accessible means of egress, signage shall be provided in accordance with Section 1007.10.

1110.3 Other signs.

Signage indicating special accessibility provisions shall be provided as shown: 1. Each assembly area required to comply with Section 1108.2.7 shall provide a sign notifying patrons of the availability of assistive listening systems.

Exception: Where ticket offices or windows are provided, signs are not required at each assembly area provided that signs are displayed at each ticket office or window informing patrons of the availability of assistive listening systems.

2. At each door to an area of refuge, an exterior area for assisted rescue, an egress stairway, exit passageway and exit discharge, signage shall be provided in accordance with Section 1011.4.

3. At areas of refuge, signage shall be provided in accordance with Section 1007.11.

4. At exterior areas for assisted rescue, signage shall be provided in accordance with Section 1007.11.

5. At two-way communication systems, signage shall be provided in accordance with Section 1007.8.2.

6. Within interior exit stairways and ramps, signage shall be provided in accordance with Section 1022.9.

Chapter 12 - interior environment Section 1208: INTERIOR SPACE DIMENSIONS 1208.1 Minimum room widths.

Habitable spaces, other than a kitchen, shall be not less than 7 feet (2134 mm) in any plan dimension. Kitchens shall have a clear passageway of not less than 3 feet (914 mm) between counter fronts and appliances or counter fronts and walls.

1208.2 Minimum ceiling heights.

Occupiable spaces, habitable spaces and corridors shall have a ceiling height of not less than 7 feet 6 inches (2286 mm). Bathrooms, toilet rooms, kitchens, storage rooms and laundry rooms shall be permitted to have a ceiling height of not less than 7 feet (2134 mm).

Section 1210: TOILET AND BATHROOM REQUIREMENTS 1210.1 Required fixtures.

The number and type of plumbing fixtures provided in any occupancy shall comply with Chapter 29.

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1210.2 Finish materials.

Walls, floors and partitions in toilet and bathrooms shall comply with Sections 1210.2.1 through 1210.2.4.

1210.2.1 Floors and wall bases.

In other than dwelling units, toilet, bathing and shower room floor finish materials shall have a smooth, hard, nonabsorbent surface. The intersections of such floors with walls shall have a smooth, hard, nonabsorbent vertical base that extends upward onto the walls not less than 4 inches (102 mm).

1210.2.2 Walls and partitions.

Walls and partitions within 2 feet (610 mm) of service sinks, urinals and water closets shall have a smooth, hard, nonabsorbent surface, to a height of not less than 4 feet (1219 mm) above the floor, and except for structural elements, the materials used in such walls shall be of a type that is not adversely affected by moisture.

Exception: This section does not apply to the following buildings and spaces: 1. Dwelling units and sleeping units.

2. Toilet rooms that are not accessible to the public and which have not more than one water closet.

Accessories such as grab bars, towel bars, paper dispensers and soap dishes, provided on or within walls, shall be installed and sealed to protect structural elements from moisture.

1210.3 Privacy.

Privacy at water closets and urinals shall be provided in accordance with Sections 1210.3.1 and 1210.3.2.

1210.3.1 Water closet compartment.

Each water closet utilized by the public or employees shall occupy a separate compartment with walls or partitions and a door enclosing the fixtures to ensure privacy.

Exceptions: 1. Water closet compartments shall not be required in a single-occupant toilet room with a lockable door.

2. Toilet rooms located in child day care facilities and containing two or more water closets shall be permitted to have one water closet without an enclosing compartment.

3. This provision is not applicable to toilet areas located within Group I-3 occupancy housing areas.

1210.3.2 Urinal partitions.

Each urinal utilized by the public or employees shall occupy a separate area with walls or partitions to provide privacy. The walls or partitions shall begin at a height not more than 12 inches (305 mm) from and extend not less than 60 inches (1524 mm) above the finished floor surface. The walls or partitions shall extend from the wall surface at each side of the urinal not

less than 18 inches (457 mm) or to a point not less than 6 inches (152 mm) beyond the outermost front lip of the urinal measured from the finished backwall surface, whichever is greater.

Exceptions: 1. Urinal partitions shall not be required in a single-occupant or family or assisted-use toilet room with a lockable door.

2. Toilet rooms located in child day care facilities and containing two or more urinals shall be permitted to have one urinal without partitions.

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08 conclusion + references

God saw all that he had made, and it was very good.

-Genesis 1:31

8.1 conclusion 8.2 bibliography image references 8.3 pg 164 pg 166

pg 168

[figure 20]

conclusion+references163

conclusion overview of goals and purpose The main goals of this project is to provide Cornerstone Family Worship with a brand new building that reflects the church and its members. Not only will this instill a pride among the church congregation, but the successful design would aid worshippers in prayer and growth. This will only be possible with a holistic design of all interior aspects: specifications, lighting, branding, signage and wayfinding, and much more.

The intended ways to achieve this overall goal include: brand the church to reflect its missions and goals (which includes a color scheme and transparent mission), to provide technology and spaces relevant to all generations, to make smart furniture, fixtures, and equipment specifications for the allowable budget, and to design spaces to be used by the community Monday through Friday. By incorporating these four main goals into the design of the new church, the community and visitors will feel ownership of their church home and be able to more effectively learn and worship.

timeline With the conclusion of the programming, the design of the interior spaces and branding identity can begin.

Cornerstone Family Worship has a goal to begin building the outer shell of the building in March of 2015 and would likely last until June/July of 2015. Once the shell is complete, MAPS would then visit to assist in the interior building. Ideally, the design of the interiors would be finished to a level that the church can order the specifications and MAPS can begin to build at this same time.

end goal The end goal of this project is to provide Cornerstone Family Worship with a full design package that will aid them in buying and building. This may include, but is not limited to, detail drawings of custom elements, a specifications book, a materials board of all specifications, a branding package, and interior renderings.

conclusion+references165

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