ARCHITEXTILES by Rabitah Faizal

ARCHI TEXTI LES:I DENTI FI YI NG THE DESI GN STRATEGI ES FOR TEXTI LE ARTS GALLERY

SI TINORABI TAH BI NTIFAI ZAL

A di sser t at i on submi t t ed i nf ul f i l mentoft he r equi r ement sf ort he awar d oft he degr ee ofMast er ofAr chi t ect ur e

Facul t yofBui l tEnvi r onment Uni ver si t iTeknol ogiMal aysi a

JANUARY 2019

DECLARATI ON Idecl ar et hat t hi st hes i s ent i t l ed “ Ar chi t ext i l es :Des i gni ng a des i gns t r at er gi esf ort ext i l eartgal l er y”i st her es ul tofmyown r es ear chexceptasci t edi nt her ef er ences .Ther eporthasnotbeen accept ed f orany mas t erand i snotconcurr ent l ys ubmi t t ed i n candi dat ur eofanyot hermas t er .

Si gnat ur e : …………………………… Name : Si t iNor abi t ahBi nt iFai zal e : 7t hJ anuar y2019 Dat

Publ i shed Fi r st publ i shed i n Januar y 2019 i n JohorBahr u,Johor Copyr i ght@ 2019 Uni ver si t iTeknol ogi Mal aysi a Copyr i ghtofi mage i s copyr i ght@ of each r espect i ve owner unl ess st at ed ot her wi se Al lr i ght r eser ved. No par t of t hi s publ i cat i on may be r epr oduced, r epr i nt ed orst or ed i nr et r i evalsyst em ort r ansmi t t ed i n any f or m orby any means, el ect r oni c, mechani cal , phot ocopyi ng,r ecor di ng orot her wi se, wi t houtt he pr i orwr i t t en per mi ssi on of t he publ i sher . pr i ntcoveri mage: Kyl e Hender son ( 2018) Landscape Desi gnAr t wor k. Ret r i eved f r om ht t p: / / kyl ehender son. co. uk/

I NFORMAT I ON A di s s ert at i ons ubmi t t edi nf ul f i l mentoft he requi rement sf ort hea wardoft hedegreeof Mas t erofArchi t ect ure

AUT HORS Si t iNorabi t ahbi nt iFai zal Ar .Noras l i ndabi nt iAbdulRahman As s oc.Prof .Dr .SyedAhmadI s kandarSyed Ari f f i n

Tomydea r es tf a mi l ya ndf r i ends

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Fi rs t l y ,Iwoul dl i ke t o pr ai s et he al lmi ght y God,whom wi t houthi scons entandgui danceIwoul dneverbeabl et of i ni s h t hi st hes i s . Iwoul dl i ket ogi vehuget hanksandexpr es smyappr eci at i on t o mys upervi s or ,es peci al l yAr .Nor as l i ndabi nt iAbdulRahman, f or gi vi ng me al lt he hel p and s upportt hr oughoutt he whol e des i gnpr oces si nor derf ormet ocompl et emyf i nalyearpr oj ect . Pat i ent l yt eachi ngs ,pus hi ng me t o be mor e conf i dence,keep carr yi ngmet ogof urt herandbel i evei nmet hr oughoutt hewhol e myf i nalyear . Iwoul dal s ol i ket ot hankt oAs s oc.Pr of .Dr .Syed AhmadI s kandarSyedAri f f i nf orhi scont i nuouss upportandf ai t h i n me.Thei ri ns pi ri ng comment s , br oad r ange of i deas and experi encear epri cel es st ome. Iwoul dl i ket oexpr es smys i ncer egr at i t udet oal ll ect ur ersi n Uni vers i t iTeknol ogi Mal ays i a–Facul t y of Bui l t Envi r onment ( FAB) ,Depart ment ofAr chi t ect ur ef or al lt hei r cont ri but i on, encour agementandknowl edgeexhchanged. I woul dl i ke t o expr es s my s i ncer e appr eci at i on t o my col l eagues ,t hes i sf ri endsand myl ovel yf ri ends ,Zaf i r ahJ ahi di , Ai nShahari nandNurAs hi ki nCheRaniwhogavemeadvi ceand s upportwhen Iencount ers ome pr obl ems .Thank you f ors t i ck t oget hert hr ought hi ckandt hi nunt i lt heendofl i f e.Iwi l lmi s s youguyss omucht i l lt heend. Las t l y ,Iwoul dl i ket oexpr es smygr at i t udet oal lmyf ami l y members ,es peci al l y my hus band,Mohd Fakhribi nAdnan,who s upport edmeemot i onal l yandf i nanci al l yf r om t hebegi nni ngof t hi sj ourney ,s poi l edmewi t hhi sl ove,mypar ent s ,gr andpar ent s , mys i s t erandbr ot hers ,f ort hei rendl es sl oveands upport i ngme s i nceIwasborn.Il oveyoual ls omucht i l li nt hel i f eandaf t er l i f e.

ABSTRACT Thi st hes i sdevel opsont hedes i gns t r at egi esf ort ext i l eart s gal l er y .Ther es ul t sar epr oducedbas edont heanal ys i soft ext i l e art sandi nf ormat i ont hatcanbederi vedf r om t hei rappl i cat i oni n ar chi t ect ur e.The r es ear ch t o deri ve t he des i gn s t r at egi es f or t ext i l eart sar ebas edont het heor et i cali nf l uenceandt hi nki ngon t he t opi coft ext i l esand t hei rr el at i ons hi pi n ar chi t ect ur e.The ut i l i s at i onoft ext i l ei nar chi t ect ur ecancomesi navari ouswayi n t erms of des i gn expl or at i on s uch as ; unders t andi ng and t r ans l at i ngt het ext i l ei ns pi r eds t ruct ur ei nt ot ect oni cmat eri al s , i nt egr at i ngt het ext i l emat eri al swi t hbui l di ngcons t ruct i on,and anal ys i ngt ext i l esandal lt hatt heycanof f ert ot hedevel opmentof cont empor ar yar chi t ect ur e.

TABLE OFCONTENT CHAPTER

TI TLE

PAGE

DECLARATI ON DEDI CATI ON ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT TABLEOFCONTENTS LI STOFTABLES LI STOFFI GURES LI STOFAPPENDI CES 1

I NTRODUCTI ON 1. 0 BackgroundSt udy 1. 1 Probl em St at ement 1. 2 Res earchAi m 1. 3 Res earchObj ect i ves 1. 4 Res earchQues t i ons 1. 5 ScopeofRes earch 1. 6 Si gni f i canceofRes earch 1. 7 Res earchMet hodol ogy 1. 8 Expect edFi ndi ngs 1. 9 St ruct ureofThes i s 1. 10 Concl us i on

1 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 7 7 9

LI TERATUREREVI EW 2. 0 I nt roduct i on 2. 1 Text i l ei nArchi t ect ure 2. 2 Text i l esArts 2. 3 Mal a ys i aText i l eArt s 2. 3. 1 TheI mport antofText i l eArt si nMal a ys i a 2. 4 Archi t ect ureandText i l e 2. 4. 1 TypesofText i l eUs ei nArchi t ect ure 2. 4. 2 Reas onsf orUs eText i l ei nArchi t ect ure 2. 5 Bas i cTheori esofText i l eArchi t ect ure 2. 5. 1 MembraneForms 2. 5. 2 Tens i l eSt ruct ures 2. 5. 3 Mat eri al s

10 11 11 12 13 14 15 16 16 19 20 22

2. 6 2. 6. 1 2. 6. 2 2. 6. 3 2. 7 2. 8

Archi t ext i l es TypesofArchi t ext i l es Techni calt ext i l e Coat edandl ami nat edt ext i l ef abri c compos i t es Choos i ngt heFabri c Concl us i on

3 METHODOLOGY 3. 0 I nt roduct i on 3. 1 Proceduresi nCol l ect i ngDat a 3. 2 Res earchI ns t rument 3. 3 Dat aCol l ect i onMet hods 3. 3. 1 Qual i t at i veMet hod 3. 4 Li t erat ureMet hodt hroughCas eSt udi es 3. 5 Dat aAnal ys i sPl an 3. 5. 1 Anal ys i sandSynt hes i sf rom Res pondent 3. 5. 2 Anal ys i sandSynt hes i sf rom Fi el d St udy 3. 6 Concl us i on

23 24 24 24 25 26 27 27 27 29 29 30 31 31 31 31

4 CASESTUDI ES 4. 0 I nt roduct i on 4. 1 BorasText i l eFas hi onCent re,Sweden 4. 2 Bri t i s hPa vi l i onf orExpo’92,Sevi l l e 4. 3 Cent rePompi dou,Met z 4. 4 Concl us i on

32 33 37 40 44

5 FI NDI NGS AND DI SCUSSI ON 5. 0 I nt roduct i on 5. 1 Dat aCol l ect i onandDi s cus s i on 5. 1. 1 Ques t i onnai reanal ys i s 5. 1. 2 Fi ndi ngf rom Li t erat ureRevi ew 5. 1. 3 Fi ndi ngf rom Cas eSt udi es 5. 2 Concl us i on

45 46 46 49 50 51

6 CONCLUSI ON AND RECOMMENDATI ONS 6. 0 I nt roduct i on 6. 1 Res earchSynt hes i s 6. 1. 1 Obj ect i ve1 6. 1. 2 Obj ect i ve2 6. 1. 3 Obj ect i ve3 6. 2 Li mi t at i on 6. 3 Recommendat i on 6. 4 Concl us i on

52 53 53 54 54 55 55 55

REFERENCES APPENDI X

LI STOFTABLES

LI STOFFI GURES FI GURENO 1. 0 2. 0 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 2. 6 2. 7 2. 8 2. 9 2. 10 2. 11 2. 12 2. 13 2. 14 3. 0 4. 0 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4 4. 5 5. 0 5. 1 5. 2

TI TLE

PAGE

Met hodol ogyf r amewor k Vari et yofMal ays i anbat i k PuaKumbui sat r adi t i onalpat t erned mul t i col our edcer emoni alcot t oncl ot h us edbyt heI ban,madeandus edi nSar awak Songketar enormal l ywornduri ngweddi ngs byt hebri deandgr oom Mal ays i at ouri s m pos t er Mai s onFol i esbyNOX Thet ypeoft ext i l eus ei nar chi t ect ur e Reas onf orus eoft ext i l ei nar chi t ect ur e Bas i cs hapeoft ext i l ear chi t ect ur e Evol ut i onofl i ght wei ghts pat i als t ruct ur es Thegeomet r yandmanuf act ur eoft ypi cal doubl ecurvedl i ght wei ghts t rucut r es Anor derofs t ruct ur e Exampl et ypesoft ens i l es t ruct ur e Typesofar chi t ext i l es Theboundari esoft hef i el doft echni cal t ext i l es Appl i cat i on oft ext i l ecompos i t e mat eri al s Res ear chdes i gnf r amewor k Ent r anceofBor asText i l eFas hi onCent r e Facadewi t hcurveds t eelmas t s I ns i depavi l l i on Eas tf aci ngwat erwal l Des i gnconcept Fl oorPl an Res pondent ’ sgender ,r acesandages Reas onsf orcomi ngher eandr es pondent ’ s occupat i on Pedes t ri anexperi ence

08 12 12 12 13 14 15 16 16 18 20 21 21 24 24 26 28 33 37 38 39 41 43 46 47 48

CHAPTER 1 I NT RODUCT I ON

1. 0 BACKGROUND STUDY Thewor d“ t ext i l e”hasas t r ongconnot at i oni nt hepeopl e’ smi nd.I n t he f i el d ofar chi t ect ur e,t he us e oft ext i l ei ss uch aphenomenon of ar chi t ect ur e i mpl ement i ng f l exi bl e engi neer ed mat eri al s i n i t s s t ruct ur es .Text i l ear chi t ect ur ecanbeus edi naver ywi des pect rum and empl oys i nt erm of f l exi bl e engi neer ed mat eri al s .The t erms of concerni ng t he s cope ofmat eri al si nt ext i l e ar chi t ect ur e woul d be “ f abri c” f r om t he poi nt ofvi ew ofmat eri al ss ci ence.Accor di ng t o Ar chi t ect ur alDes i gn j ournali n 2006,ahybri dt erm of“ ar chi t ext i l es ” wasr el eas ed.Thi st erm des cri bet heus edoft ext i l et echni que,mat eri al s andi deasi nar chi t ect ur e. Text i l ei soneoft hef i vemat eri al st hati sus edi nar chi t ect ur ebes i des t i mber ,s t one,gl as sandmet al .Us i ngt ext i l ehasi t sadvant ageswi t ht he common cons t ruct i on mat eri al s . I ns ome cas es ,even t ext i l e can be al t ernat es ol ut i on t ot he common mat eri al s us ed.Thi sr es ear ch wi l l el abor at et heconceptr el at edt ot ext i l ei nar chi t ect ur e. Ther ear ef ew exampl esofs i gni f i cantgal l er yormus eum t hatexhi bi t s on t ext i l e and ar chi t ect ur e.Forexampl ei n 2006,Ameri can Nat i onal Des i gn Mus eum Cooper Hewi t ti n New Yor k has exhi bi t ed on t he t echni calt ext i l es cal l ed “ Ext r emeText i l es ” .On t he s ame year ,t he ar chi t ect ur alj ournalAD,Ar chi t ect ur alDes i gn by J ohnWi l ey & Sons publ i s hed a book wi t ht i t l ed “ Ar chi t ext i l es ” .Due t o comput er ai ded des i gnandmanuf act ur et oget herwi t hmat eri alt echnol ogyhasgener at ed new f ormsofar chi t ect ur e.Thi scr eat ed t he new pos s i bi l i t i esf ort he ar chi t ect ur alexpr es s i on al ong wi t ht he devel opment i nt he t ext i l e i ndus t r y .I nhi sbook,Mar cGar ci a,di s cus s est ext i l i s at i onofar chi t ect ur e and ar chi t ect ur ai s at i on oft ext i l es .Heeven l i s t ed qual i t i esas s oci at ed wi t h ar chi t et i l es s uch as “ f l ui d, adapt abl e, i nt er act i ve, vari abl e, f unct i onalanddynami c”( Gar ci a,2006) .

Text i l ef orAr chi t ect ur e”al s oknownasAr chi t ect i l esdi s cus s eson t hei rmanuf act uri ngmet hods ,mat eri al sandt hei rs t ruct ur es .Someof s el ect i on of t he mos t common ar chi t ect ur al f abri cs and t hei r pr opert i eswer es el ect edi nor dert ogai nat act i l eunders t andi ngof ar chi t ext i l es . Some of peopl e unders t and t hat “ Text i l e f or Ar chi t ect ur e”i sal s oagener als t udyoft echni calt ext i l eandt hemos t common t ext i l e s t ruct ur es f or t he purpos e of ar chi t ect ur e. Ar chi t ext i l esbri ngsbot ht ext i l eandcons t ruct i oni ndus t ri es . The l ack of appl i cat i on of t ext i l e mat eri al si n Mal ays i an ar chi t ect ur ewasoneoft hecat al ys tf ort hi ss t udy .Att heendofl as t s ect i onoft hes t udy ,des i gns t r at egi esofar chi t ext i l es ,combi net he i deasandconcept sori gi nat i ngf r om t hei nf ormat i ondi s cus s edi nt he r es ear ch.I tcombi net oget hert hel earntmat eri al si nadi s cus s i onof aconceptf orephemer alt ext i l ear chi t ect ur e.Theconceptexpl or es t he mul t i pl i ci t y of ar chi t ext i l es and dr af t a pi ct ur e of f ut ur e pos s i bi l i t i esf ort heus eoft hedes i gns t r at egi esi namoder at es cal e. Thr ought hedes i gnconceptwhi chi scal l ed“ Text i l eArt sPavi l l i on” .

1. 1 PROBLEM STATEMENT Text i l ei nar chi t ect ur eabet t ers ol ut i ont or es pondt oci vi l i s at i on’ s f as tgr owi ng cul t ur aland cons umer demands es peci al l yi n an ur ban devel opmentar ea.Mos tofpeopl ecal lt hi sast ens i l ear chi t ect ur e.Thi s t ext i l ei nar chi t ect ur ecanbedi f f er entf r om t het ypi calf ormsofbui l di ng mat eri al s . Recogni s ed t hei r vers at i l i t yi ns hape, l i ght wei ght and dynami cs t ruct ur e gi vest hem an excl us i ve r ange ofent hus i as t i c and t hr eedi mens i onalopt i ons .Thes ewi l lenabl et hepr oduct i onofi tmor e i nt er act i ve, dynami c, f l exi bl e event and pr oces s bas ed s paces .The ut i l i s at i on of t ext i l ei n ar chi t ect ur ei nt he t ext i l e art gal l er y has exces s i vepot ent i al ,t hedr amat i cs t ruct ur alandmat eri alpr opert i esf r om t heus eofnew mat eri al s ,t oevol ut i onofpr ogr es s i vet echnol ogi est hat cancr eat eandbui l dcompl i cat edgeomet ri est hatt het ext i l escanr et ai n. Text i l ei n ar chi t ect ur e can adequat et oi ncr eas es oci ali nt er act i on bet weent hedes i gnerandt hecommuni t y .Thet ext i l eart sgal l er yi t s el f canbecomeapl at f orm f ort hei rart i s t i cexpr es s i onandl earni ng,exhi bi t t hei rart wor ksort al ent s ,butal s ocanbeapl acef ort hem t owor kandas apl acef orgener at i ngt hei ncomeorent r epr eneurs hi p.Bydef i ni ngt he t ypes oft ext i l e ar chi t ect ur et hat can be us ed as t he ar chi t ect ur al pl at f orm f or s oci al act i vi t y and t ext i l e art s gal l er ys pace can be expr es s edasar chi t ect ur alpl at f orm t hatcanr eas s ur es oci alact i vi t i es . Thi st hes i sdi s cus s edonhow t oderi vedes i gns t r at egi esf ort ext i l e art sgal l er ywhi chi ncl udest hes pacepl anni ng,des i gnel ement sandt he mas s i ngoft hebui l di ng .Somepoi ntt hatdi s cus s edwast of oundoutt he des i gns t r at egi esf ort het ext i l egal l er yf r om t hel i t er at ur er evi ew and cas es t udy .Thes epoi nt swi l lhel pt oexpl ai nf urt heronhow t het ext i l e gal l er ycani ncr eas et hevi t al i t yoft heur bancont ext .

1. 2RESEARCHAI MS Theai m oft het hes i swast oderi ver es pons i ve des i gn s t r at egi es f or t ext i l e art s gal l er yt o encour age s oci al i nt er act i on of t he l ocal communi t y .

1. 3RESEARCHOBJ ECTI VES Ther es ear chobj ect i vesoft hi sr es ear char eas l i s t edbel ow: 1. To gai n at hor ough unders t andi ng of t he i nf l uence t hat t ext i l e have had i n t he devel opmentofar chi t ect ur e. t abl i s h t ext i l e art gal l er y des i gn 2. To es f r amewor k t hat can act s as gui del i ne i n ar chi t ect ur e. 3. To i nt egr at et he des i gn s t r at egi eswi t ht he s oci alact i vi t i eswi t ht het ext i l esdes i gner .

1. 4RESEARCHQUESTI ONS I ti scruci alt os t udyt het ypesofs paceswher e t heart i s tcanconductt hei rt ext i l eartact i vi t i es and f abri c ar chi t ect ur e el ement si nvol ved i n ur ban cont ext .Thus ,t her es ear chques t i onsar e asf ol l ows : 1. What ar e t he i deal t ext i l e ar chi t ect ur e el ement st hatcanbeappl yi nar chi t ect ur e? et hedes i gns t r at egi esf ordes i gni nga 2. Whatar t ext i l eart sgal l er y? 3. How t oi nt egr at et hes t r at egi eswi t ht hel ocal communi t yact i vi t i eswi t hi nt het ext i l edes i gner ?

1. 5SCOPEOFRESEARCH Ther ear enumer oust ypesoft ext i l ei nar chi t ect ur ewhi char emos t l y es t abl i s hed i n at ext i l e artgal l er y or even i n any t ypes ofgal l er y . Nonet hel es s ,f ort hi sr es ear chonl yt ar get i ngont het ypol ogi esoft ens i l e s t ruct ur e and mat eri alus ed bas ed on t he el ement sf r om t he t ext i l e ar chi t ect ur ei t s el f .However ,t hi sr es ear ch on t ens i l es t ruct ur e and mat eri alwi l lonl yf ocus edf orpubl i cs paceandpubl i cbui l di ngr el at i ng wi t ht he l ocalur ban cont ext .I n ot herhand,t he partofar chi t ect ur al i dent i t y expr es s i on t hat i nvol ved wi l ls coped down i nt os ever al t ypol ogi esonl ywhi char epr evai l i ngi nt hel ocalur bancont ext .

1. 6SI GNI FI CANTOFRESEARCH Thi ss t udy hi ghl i ght st he i nt erpr et at i on oft he t ext i l e ar chi t ect ur e el ement st hat s ui t abl et o be us ed f or t he t ext i l e art s gal l er y .Thi s el ement sar e compel l i ng f ort he des i gnerort he art i s tt o pr oduce or exhi bi tt hei rart wor ksandi nor dert oboos tt hel i veabi l i t yofpubl i cs pace i nur bancont ext .Amet hodol ogyofchar act eri s i ngt heel ement soft ext i l e ar chi t ect ur et hr ough ur ban cont ext wi l l be accompl i s hed f r om t he r es ear ch.The concl us i on of t he r es ear ch whi ch i s a part of t he combi nat i onbet weent heDes i gnDi s s ert at i onandDes i gnThes i scanbe obs ervedi nAppendi xB.Mor eover ,t hees s ent i alar chi t ect ur alel ement s t hatr equi r et ohandl i ngt ext i l eart sact i vi t i eseveni ff orpubl i corpri vat e f unct i oncorr es pondaf undament algui del i nef ordes i gni ngt ext i l eart s gal l er y( r ef ert oAppendi xB) .

1. 7RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY The r es ear ch met hodol ogy i s ai m t o i nves t i gat ei nf ormat i onandj us t i f i cat i onr el at i ng t ot heus eoft ext i l ei nar chi t ect ur eel ement sas t he phys i calent i t yt hatcan be adapt ed i nt he ur bancont extbybri dgi ngt hedes i gnerorart i s t wi t hpubl i cpart i ci pat i oni nor dert oi ncr eas et he l i veabi l i t y ofpubl i cs pace.The met hod us ed i s xed met hod whi chwi l ldi s cus s ed mor edet ai l mi i nChapt er3. Themet hodol ogyus esaconvent i onalmet hod ofdat a col l ect i on,anal ys i sand i nt erpr et at i on. Thepri mar ydat aoft her es ear chi smi xedmet hod whi ch cons i s t of qual i t at i ve and quant i t at i ve met hod whi ch wi l l col l ect ed i nt ens el yf r om s t ruct ur ed i nt ervi ews , obs ervat i on and s i t e anal ys i s .Li t er at ur er evi ew i sai dedt ounders t and e about f abri c ar chi t ect ur e el ement s ,t he mor t ext i l eartgal l er ys cene,t hecommuni t y ,cul t ur e andi t si dent i t yt hatcorr es pondi ngt ot heur ban cont ext .Thes econdar ydat awascol l ect ed f r om j ournal s , books , magazi nes , publ i cat i on and i nt ernet .Cas es t udi esofdes i gnwasconduct edt o f i nd t he appr opri at e ar chi t ect ur e appr oach and eexpl or ed t os uppl ementi deat i on.Thr ough wer Cont entAnal ys i s ,s ever aldes i gns t r at egi eswer e ext r act ed.St at i s t i calmet hodandcont entanal ys i s wer ecarri edoutt oanal ys et hedat a.Fi nal l y ,al l t he i nf ormat i on was s ynt hes i s ed i n or der t o deri vewi t hcert ai ndes i gns t r at egi est hatf ul f i lt o achi evet heobj ect i ves .

1. 8EXPECTEDFI NDI NGS Fr om t he r es ear ch,t he expect ed f i ndi ngsf ort hi s di s s ert at i oni st het ext i l edes i gnf r amewor kt hatcanbe us ed asgui del i ne and i mpl ement ed t o des i gn t ext i l e art sgal l er yf ordes i gnerand art i s tt o conductt ext i l e art wor kact i vi t i esandpr omot est hecul t ur ei nt hel ocal ur ban cont ext f or bot h publ i cf unct i ons .The des i gn s t r at egi esandappr oachescanbedevel opedi nor dert o f orm ani deals pacef ordes i gnerandart i s tt ocr eat ef un l earni ng act i vi t i esast huscont ri but i ng t he publ i ct o part i ci pat ewhi chwi l lenhancet hel i veabi l i t yofs paces i nt hel ocalur bancont ext .

1. 9STRUCTUREDOFTHESI S Fi gur e 1. 1 bel ow s hows t he s t ruct ur e of t hi s r es ear ch.Ther e ar et ot aloff i ve chapt ersast he mai n cont entf ort hi swhol et hes i ss t ruct ur e.Theovervi ew of t her es ear chi scoverbyChapt er1 whi chi ncl udest he backgr ound of s t udy , pr obl em s t at ement , t hes i s s t at ement ,r es ear ch ai m,r es ear ch obj ect i ves ,r es ear ch ques t i ons ,s copeofr es ear ch,r es ear chmet hodol ogyand expect edf i ndi ngs . Chapt er2s howst hedet ai lunders t andi ngaboutt he t ext i l ei n ar chi t ect ur e def i ni t i on and el ement st o expr es st het ext i l eart s .Theadapt at i onoft ext i l eart s i nur bancont extwi l lal s obeexpl ai nedi nt hi schapt er . Ther eupon, t he adapt at i on of t ext i l e ar chi t ect ur e el ement si nt hedes i gnands omeexampl esar ef urt her di s cus s ed. Pr ecedent s t udi es ar e accompl i s hed t o i dent i f yf ew exampl esoft ext i l ear chi t ect ur eel ement s s uchast ens i l es t ruct ur eandmat eri alt hathasadapt ed i nt he gal l er y bui l di ng . conduct i ng t hi sr es ear ch.Thi s chapt erexpl ai n mor e on t he pr ocedur e ofcol l ect i ng dat e,s ampl es ,s et t i ng ofs t udy ,r es ear ch i ns t rument s andanal ys i spr ocedur e.

Fi gur e1. 0:Met hodol ogyFr amewor k

Chapt er4i st hedi s cus s i onofs el ect edcas es t udi eswhi chwi l lactas gui del i ne.Thi schapt erdef i nes ever als el ect edcas es t udi est hatr el at ed t ot ext i l ear chi t ect ur e.Sever aldes i gns t r at egi escanbepoi nt edouti n t erm f ordes i gni ngas ucces s f ulgal l er ybas edont hes t udi edcas es t udi es . Chapt er5wi l lexpl ai nedont hedat acol l ect edf r om t hemet hodus e f ort hi sr es ear chandal s oel abor at edont heanal ys i sands ynt hes i sf r om t he r es ul t col l ect ed f or t hi sr es ear ch.The dat a col l ect ed f r om t he obs ervat i on and i nt ervi ew wi l lal s o di s cus s ed,compar ed and t abul at e. Cas es t udi eshavebeencarri edoutt oi dent i f yi ngt het ext i l ear chi t ect ur e el ement st hatcan beus ed t o bri dgedes i gnerorart i s twi t hpubl i ct o part i ci pat ei nas oci alact i vi t i es .Ther es ul tf r om t heanal ys eddat awi l lbe us edt odet ermi net her el evantdes i gns t r at egi esbyachi evi ngr es ear ch obj ect i ves . Las t l y ,Chapt er6 wi l ls um up t he r es ear ch and s i gni f i cantoft hi s di s s ert at i on.I naddi t i on,t hechapt erwi l lal s oel abor at et hel i mi t at i on andpl ant hepot ent i alf urt hers t udyr egar di ngt hi ss ubj ectmat t er .

1. 10CONCLUSI ON Thi schapt erdel i verasgui del i nesands t r at egi est odef i ni ngvari ous t ypesoft ext i l ear chi t ect ur eel ement st hatcanbeus ed.Bes i dest hat ,t he s t udy on s oci alact i vi t i esand publ i cs pace i t s el fast he ar chi t ect ur al el ement si ns upport i ngt het ext i l eart sgal l er ydes i gnwi l lal s obef urt her di s cus s ed.Hopef ul l yatt heendoft hi sr es ear ch,t hes ol ut i onst hathave beeni s s uedwoul dcont ri but et or es ol vei nt ermsofar chi t ect ur e.

CHAPTER 2 LI T ERAT UREREVI EW

2. 0I NTRODUCTI ON

Thi schapt eri nt erpr ett hear chi t ect ur als ol ut i onand out l i ne t he des i gn s t r at egi es f or t ext i l e art s gal l er y f r om t hebooks ,j ournal ,art i cl es ,papersandmanyot her l i t er at ur e s our ces .The s cope f or t hi s chapt er i s s t ruct ur ei nf ormat i onbas edont het ext i l egal l er y .The whol echapt eri saboutt hej ourneyoff i ndi ngst heneeds andr equi r ement sf ordes i gni ngt ext i l eart sgal l er yand ot hersr el at edt ot hat .

2. 1TEXTI LEI N ARCHI TECTURE

2. 2TEXTI LEARTS

Ar chi t ect ur e and t ext i l e has deAr chi t ect ur e and t ext i l e has devel op a r el at i ons hi p on s ever al l evel s . Commonl yt ext i l es , us ed as met aphor f or concept i on of s pace, al ongwi t hi t si nt er es t i ngf abri cat i on pr oces s .Someofot herf orm r el at i ng t o s pat i al envi r onment s whos e s t ruct ur ei s a pl eat ed net wor k of l i nearel ement swhi chs t ruct ur all ogi c r ef l ect st hat of t ext i l es as s embl i es . Mos tcommon r el at i ons hi pr el at est o t hes i t uat i on wher et ext i l ewasus ed as act ual mat eri al i n r eal i s ed ar chi t ect ur alobj ect .( Gar ci a,2006) . Duet os pat i alef f ect ss uchasdynami c and f l exi bi l i t y ,t he t ext i l e mat eri al s haveof t enbeenus edbyt hear chi t ect and art i s t .The s pace can be eas i l y t r ans f ormed by t he us eroradj us t ed f orvari ouss cenari osofus e.

Text i l eart st hatus epl ant ,ani mal ors ynt het i cf i br eswer e known us ed f orcons t ructpr act i calanddecor at i ve obj ect s .Fr om Lat i nwor d,t het ext i l e wor dwasmeans“ t oweave” ,“ t obr ai d” or“ t o cons t ruct ” . The t ext i l esart s t hatar e mat t ed t oget her us i ng heat and moi s t ur e ar e cal l ed f el t i ng . Text i l e art s begi n wi t hs pi nni ng or t wi s t i ng and pl yi ng f i br es t o make yar d or t hr ead.Then, t he yarn i s knot t ed,br ai ded,l ooped,orwovent o make f abri c or cl ot h.Al l of t hes e obj ect sar ecol l ect i vel yr ef err edt oas t ext i l e.

Thepr opos edexpl or at i onai msat t he pot ent i aloft ext i l e mat eri al st o t r ans f orm and i nf orm cont empor ar y t endenci esi nar chi t ect ur e.I nbr oader s ens e, t he ai m i s t o pr es ent ar chi t ect ur easmat eri aldi s ci pl i nei n whi ch t he char act eri s t i csofmat eri al t oget her wi t h t hei r t echnol ogi cal i nnovat i ons may i nf l uence t he devel opmentofi deasi n ar chi t ect ur e i n cr eat i ng of t he aes t het i c and cul t ur alcont ext .

Pat t ern and col ouri ng added by dyei ng and pri nt i ng t echni que. Lacemaki ng,t abl eweavi ng,andot her t ypesofneedl ewor kar et het echni que whi ch wer e us ed t o embel l i s hf or decor at et ext i l es . Met hod s uch as kni t t i ng, s ewi ng and t ai l ori ng ar e under cat egor y of t ext i l e art s .The i ni t i alpurpos eoft het ext i l eswast o coverhumanbodyandpr ot ecti tf r om el ement ;t o s ecur e; and decor at e l i vi ngs pacesands ur f aces .

2. 3 MALAYSI A TEXTI LE ARTS Bat i k was t he mos t f amous t ext i l eartofMal ays i a.Thes et ext i l e t r adi t i onswer eori gi nat edf r om t he eas t coas t ofPeni ns ul ar Mal ays i a. Bat i khasr ecei vedal otofi nf l uence of ot her ar eas i n t he Mal ay Ar chi pel ago es peci al l y f r om J ava I s l and.The popul ar mot i f of t he bat i k decor at i on was l eaves and f l owers , as t he Mal ays i a bat i k depi ct i ng human or ani mal ar e s ubt l e due t oI s l am norms f or bi d ani mal i mages as decor at i on. Mal ays i a bat i k was f amous f or i t s geomet ri caldes i gns ,s uchass pi r al s . Curr ent l y , t he Mal ays i an Government endors i ng bat i k as nat i onal dr es s whi ch r ef l ect st he Mal ays i an i dent i t y . Bat i k can be worn atdi nnerf unct i onseven f or men,andt hel adi esweari tasf ormal es s wi t h combi ni ng modern dr f as hi on.

Fi gure 2. 0:Vari ety ofMal aysi an bati k

Fi gure 2. 1: Pua Kumbu i s a tradi ti onal patterned mul ti col ouredceremoni alcotton cl oth used bythe I ban,made and usedi nSarawak.

Fi gure 2. 2:Songketare normal l y wornduri ngweddi ngsbythebri de andgroom.

2. 2. 2THEI MPORT ANTOFTEXTI LEARTSI NMALAYSI A Sout heas tAs i a pr ovi de wi de r ange of t ext i l e, t he pr oduct s of i ndi genousdevel opmentaswel lasi mport edt r adi t i onsf i rml yr oot edi n t her egi on.Someoft echni ques ,des i gnsandmat eri al sut i l i s edr eachback hundr edsofyearsi nt ot heunr ecor dedandmyt hi cpas t .Someofcert ai n t ext i l esanddes i gns t i l lus ear econs i der eds acr ed.Theartofweavi nghas r eaches a hi gh degr ee of excel l ence al ong t he eas t coas ti nt he manuf act ur erofs i l kands ongket . Accor di ngt oSal venedy ,S.G ( 2009) ,Mal ays i ant ext i l es uchasbat i k has cont ri but i ng mor et han j us t cul t ur al devel opment and nat i onal heri t age of t he count r y .I t al s o has s howed t he di vers i t y and t he mul t i cul t ur alori gi noft heMal ays i an’ speopl e.Topr ovet hei mport antof t ext i l easanart i ndus t r yi nMal ays i a,aut hori t i esencour agi ngpeopl et o wearbat i kt o wor k and a day oft he week ( Monday)waschos en t o dedi cat edt ot hebat i kcl ot heswher et hepeopl eweari ngbat i kwhi cht o r ef l ectt hei dent i t yofMal ays i a. The bat i k des i gn was i nf l uenced by t he count r y hi s t or y ,peopl e ci vi l i s at i on and t he cl i mat e.Bat i k hasbeen t he s ymbol sofMal ays i a i dent i t yandhasgai nedadmi r at i onf r om peopl eofot hercount ri es .

1.Mal aysi aTouri sm Poster

2. 4ARCHI TECTUREANDTEXTI LE Accor di ngt o( Kahn,1957)i n“ Ar chi t ect ur ei st hought f ulmaki ngof s pace” ,mat eri ali snots eti ns t one.Commonl yweknow bui l di ngt hat madeoutofs t one,wood,concr et e,s t eeland gl as sar ecl as s ed on t he nameofar chi t ect ur e.Thehi s t or yoft ext i l ei nar chi t ect ur ei sver yol d.As t i mepas s edby ,t heus eoft ext i l ef r om t entdecr eas easaf açadeandi t becameas econdcl as smat eri al .( Dr ew,2008) .Text i l ecan beus ed as r oof ,awal loranover al lt entcons t ruct i on.Thef i rs ts t epi st het ext i l e di vi ded i n t he di f f er ent f unct i ons ; vert i cal , hori zont al or t hr eedi mens i onaldef i ner .Thes e cat egori es can be di vi ded by t hei r cons t ruct i onorpl ace. a) Vert i calSpaceDef i ner : Ext eri orCurt ai ni st heus eoft ext i l easan out s i def açadei n vert i cal di r ect i on.Thet ext i l eus edout s i dei navert i caldi r ect i ont opart i al l yor ent i r el ycoveri ngt hebui l di ngf acades .Thi scurt ai nwal lpr ovi di ngl i ght andvi s ualpr ot ect i ont owar dst hebui l di ng . b) Hori zont alSpaceDef i ner : Umbr el l aandCanopyar et ext i l econs t ruct i onpr ot ect i ngt hatpr ot ect i ng usagai ns tt hes unandt her ai n.Ret r act abl eRoofi st hemovabl evers i on oft hecanopyr oof . c) Thr eeDi mens i onalDef i ner : TheTentcons i s t soft hebas i cel ement sofaf r ameandacover .Pneumat i c s t ruct ur ei sus i ngai rast hecons t ruct i ngel ementwhi cht heni sdi vi ded i nt hr eecat egori es .Thet enti sai rt i ghtandbl ownasawhol e.Onl yt he doubl el ayer ed f açade i s bl ownup. Or t he cons t ruct i on i s as t he s t ruct ur ecanbebl ownup.

2.Masi onFol i esbyNOX

2. 4. 1TYPESOFTEXTI LEUSEI NARCHI TECTURE Ar chi t ect ur e and t ext i l e has devel opar el at i ons hi pons ever al l evel s .Commonl yt ext i l es ,us ed as met aphor f or concept i on of s pace,al ongwi t hi t si nt er es t i ng f abri cat i on pr oces s . Some of ot her f orm r el at i ng t os pat i al envi r onment swhos es t ruct ur ei s a pl eat ed net wor k of l i near el ement swhi ch s t ruct ur all ogi c r ef l ect s t hat of t ext i l es as s embl i es . Mos t common r el at i ons hi p r el at es t o t he s i t uat i onwher et ext i l ewasus ed as act ual mat eri al i nr eal i s ed ar chi t ect ur al obj ect . ( Gar ci a, 2006) . Due t os pat i al ef f ect s s uch asdynami cand f l exi bi l i t y , t he t ext i l e mat eri al shave of t en been us ed by t he ar chi t ectand art i s t .The s pace can be eas i l y t r ans f ormed by t he us er or adj us t edf orvari ouss cenari osof us e.

Fi gure2. 5:Typesoftexti l eusei n archi tecture

2. 4. 2REASONSFORUSETEXTI LEI NARCI TECTURE

Fi gure2. 6:Reasonf orusetexti l e i narchi tecture

Thepr opos edexpl or at i onai ms at t he pot ent i al of t ext i l e mat eri al st ot r ans f orm andi nf orm cont empor ar y t endenci es i n ar chi t ect ur e.I nbr oaders ens e,t he ai mi st o pr es entar chi t ect ur e as mat eri aldi s ci pl i ne i n whi ch t he char act eri s t i cs of mat eri al t oget herwi t ht hei rt echnol ogi cal i nnovat i ons may i nf l uence t he devel opment of i deas i n ar chi t ect ur ei n cr eat i ng of t he aes t het i candcul t ur alcont ext .

2. 5 BASI C THEORI ES OF TEXTI LE ARCHI TECTURE Text i l ear el i ght ,eas yt odi s mant l eorconvert ,and cangi vepr ot ect i onagai ns tt heel ement s .Thet went i et h cent ur y wi t nes s ed t he r edi s cover y and f urt her devel opment of t ext i l e ar chi t ect ur e – not j us tf or t empor ar ys t ruct ur esbutal s of orpermanentbui l di ngs . The new i nvent i on ofadvance f abri cs ,combi ned wi t h t he devel opment si n engi neeri ng and comput er ai ded des i gn,have opened a weal t h ofnew pos s i bi l i t i esi n t ermsoff orm ands cal e.

Fi gure2. 7:Basi cshapeoftexti l earchi tecture

A new wave of i nnovat i ve mat eri al s r evol ut i oni s ed t he way t ext i l es ar e us ed i n ar chi t ect ur e. Exhaus t i ve r es ear ch i nt o manmade pl as t i cmembr anest ookpl aceduri ng t he 1950s and ‘ 60s , gr adual l y conver gi ng on a s mal l number of pr omi s i ngmat eri al s .Pl as t i csr epl aced nat ur alf abri css uch ascot t on ast he t ext i l eofchoi ce.Thenew membr anes wer e f ar s uperi or t o t hei r pr edeces s ors and coul d endur e weat heri ng and s t r et chi ng, meani ng t hey coul d be us ed f or permanent l di ng and i ns t al l at i on.The r es ul t bui has been a pr ol i f er at i on of t ext i l e ar chi t ect ur e, us i ng a vari et y of pl as t i cswi t h di f f er entadvant agesi n t erms of s t r engt h, f l exi bi l i t y and t r ans par ency .

Text i l ear chi t ect ur ei sal s oknown asar chi t ect ur eof“ s ki nandbones ” .As f abri c can onl y r es i s tt ens i on, a s upport i ng s ys t em of compr es s i ve el ement si sneeded.Thi si scal l ed a pri mar ys t ruct ur e and i tt r ans mi t t ed t he ext ernal , vert i cal l oads t ot he gr ound ( Mori t z, 2000) . Mos t l yi n f açade,i ndependents hades cr eensor ascl addi ngmat eri aland l oos ef i t t ed andpl anars ki nexi s t . Thes ol ut i onoft hepri mar ys t ruct ur e af f ect st he geomet ri ccompos i t i on of t he membr ane.Ther e ar e vari ous di f f er entt ypesand f ormsofpri mar y s t ruct ur esi nt ext i l ear chi t ect ur e.The f r amewor kcan havemanyf orms .The bas i cs t ruct ur e ar e pl anarordoubl y curved membr ane and cabl e net s t ruct ur es .Thes es t ruct ur es can be t empor ar y ,s edent ar yandr et r act abl e. Theycanbemadet ol as tort obeus ed onl yonce.( Mori t z,2000) .

Fi gure2. 8:Evol uti onofl i ghtwei ghtspati alstructures

2. 5. 1MEMBRANEFORMS

s )Hyper bol i cPar abol oi d Any poi nton t he membr ane s ur f ace can ber es t r ai ned byt hecornerpoi nt s . The t wo hi gh poi nt s pi ck up any downl oadsandt het wol ow poi nt sr es i s t t hewi ndupl i f t .Thef l at t ert hef abri c,i . e. t hes mal l erhei ghtdi f f er encebet weent he hi gh and l ow poi nt s ,t he gr eat er t he r es ul t antl oadswi l lbeatt hecorners .

1.Hyoerbol i cParabol oi d

b)Cone Near l y al l t ens i l e canopi es ar e deri vedf r om ei t heroneoracombi nat i on oft hes et hr ee s hapes .The s ur f ace ar e deri vedf r om ei t heroneoracombi nat i on oft hes et hr ees hapes .Thes ur f aceoft he membr ane adopt sas i mi l ar ki nd of char act eri s t i cdoubl ecurvat ur e.

2.Cone

c)Ar c Membr anef ormscanbes of tors pi ky , r ot und or l eaf l i ke.They f r equent l ya combi nat i onoft hes ef orms .Pr eSt r es si s t he t ens i l ef or ces i nt r oduced i nt he canopyduri nger ect i on. 3.Arc

2. 5. 2TENSI LESTRUCTURES

At ens i l es t ruct ur ei sa cons t ruct i on ofel ement s carr yi ngonl yt ens i on and no compr es s i on orbendi ng . Tens i l e s t ruct ur e ar e t he mos t common t ype of t hi ns hel ls t ruct ur e. I nr ecentyearst het ext i l es t ruct ur eshavemadea r emar kabl e pr ogr es s . They ar e even us ed as a convert i bl es t ruct ur es .Thi smar kedt hebegi nni ngofa whol e new er ai ns t ruct ur alengi neeri ng .Thi st ens i l e s t ruct ur eschal l enge t he boundar ys etby t heori esof s t at i canddynami c.Thi sputt echnol ogi est ot het es tand t hecompl i cat ed t hr eedi mens i onals t ruct ur esdar et he manuf act uri ngmet hodpr ocedur es .

Fi gure 2. 9:The geometry and manuf acture of typi cal doubl ecurved l i ghtwei ght structures

Fi gure2. 10:Anorderofstructure.

Fi gure2. 11:Exampl eoftypesoftensi l estructure

2. 5. 3MATERI ALS a) Coat edf abri cs I ti sabas ef abri cofhi ghs t r engt h f i br ecoat edonbot hs i deswher ebyt he f i br e ar e pr ot ect ed f r om t he envi r onment ,UVr adi at i on( pol yes t er f abri cs ) and moi s t ur e ( gl as sf i br e f abri cs ) . At t he s ame t i me t he membr anei smadewat erpr oofbyt he coat i ng .PVCcoat ed pol yes t erf abri c i sa s t andar d mat eri alf ors mal land l ar ge s pans ,wi t hal i mi t ed s ervi ce l i f e, compar ed wi t h convent i onal mat eri al s .I n addi t i onal ,t he s ur f ace coat i ngPVCcoat ed pol yes t ercan be pr ot ect ed f r om pol l ut i on whi l et hei r aes t het i cand pr act i cals ervi cel i f ei s i ncr eas ed.

Commonl yus edf ors mal l ermembr ane s t ruct ur e and s ui t ed f or vari abl e ( movabl e) r oof s wi t hs mal l er s pan becaus eofhi ghf l exi bi l i t y . c) Foi l s Thef ami l i archar act eri s t i coff oi l i st hei rl ar ge s hear s t i f f nes s ,whi ch r equi r edpart i cul arcar eatt hepat t ern cut t i ngs t ageandpat t erni ngmet hods . Ot her r ecogni s e char act eri s t i cs ar e hi gh t r ans par ency and t r ans l ucence whi ch i s not achi eve by any ot her membr ane mat eri al s . For exampl e, ETFEf oi l .

d) Net s Wi r ef abri cs ,manmadef i br enet s ands t eelcabl enet sar eas peci alf orm ofmembr ane.Theycan beus ed wi t h ( e. gt heOl ympi cr oof si nMuni ch)and PTFEcoat ed gl as s f i br e i s a wi t houti nf i l lpanel sorcl addi ng( e. g s t andar d mat eri al f or wi de s pan avi ari es ) . s t ruct ur es ,wher eahi ghs t r engt hand s ervi ce l i f e compar abl e wi t h e) Shadef abri cs convent i onal bui l di ng mat eri al si s Thecombi nat i onbet weennetand r equi r ed. PVCcoat ed pol yes t erf abri c.Thenet f abri c( wi t h a mes h wi dt h ofs ome PVCcoat ed gl as sf i br ef abri chas mi l l i met r es )i s manuf act ur ed i n a mor e advance i nf i r er es i s t ant and s peci alweavi ng pr oces s and coat ed Si l i conecoat ed gl as sf i br ef abri chas wi t h PVC t oi mpr ove i t s dur abi l i t y i mpr ove f l exi bi l i t y . Ot her coat ed and s hadi ng ef f ect .The f abri c ar e f abri c mat eri al s s uch as por ous , permeabl et o ai r and not Neopr enecoat ed pol yami de f abri c wat erpr oof . and coat edAr ami de f abri c wi t h hi gh s t r engt h and vari ousot hermat eri al s f ) Gri df abri cs ofl es ss i gni f i cant . Gri df abri car econs i der eds peci al t ype.The netf abri c( pol yes t er ) ar e b) Uncoat edf abri cs pr oducedi nas peci alweavi ngpr oces s Ol des t t ent bui l di ng mat eri al s ; and coat ed wi t h hi gh t r ans l ucent ver y f l exi bl e, wi t h a l i mi t ed coat i ng( us ual l yPVC)maki ngi thi gh wat ert i ght nes s ,l i mi t ed s t r engt h and t r ans l ucency and s ome r educt i on of s ervi cel i f e. t hes ervi cel i f e.

2. 6 ARCHI TEXTI LES Thehybri dwor dof‘ ar chi t ext i l e’cancomesi nwi de r angeoft hi nki ngt hatuni t ed orcombi nat i on bet ween ar chi t ect ur e and t ext i l es .( Gar ci a,2006) .The hybri d body of wor ks i ss t ruct ur es by t wo l i nked and conver gi ng f l ows of i deas , t wo pr oces s es of i nt er di s ci pl i nar y t r ans mut at i on t hat ar e occurri ng wi t hi nandt hr ought hemes hi ngoft het wodi s ci pl i nes . Thei ncr eas i ng‘ ar chi t ect ur al i s at i on’oft ext i l eand t he i ncr eas i ng ‘ t ext i l i s at i on’ of ar chi t ect ur e ar e, ar chi t ect ur al ways of t hi nki ng and doi ng i nt ext i l e des i gn and a t ext i l e way of t hi nki ng and doi ng ar chi t ect ur e. The us e of t ext i l ei n cons t ruct i on i s becomi ng i ncr eas i ngl y popul ar .Accor di ng t oAdanur ,2001)t he r epl aci ngf r om t r adi t i onalt ext i l et ot echni calt ext i l eas wel l as ot her mat eri al s , met al s and cons t ruct i on mat eri al s . Ar chi t ext i l e ar e s ui t abl e f or ext eri or ar chi t ect ur e and commonl y us ed f or f unct i onal and aes t het i c purpos es .I n addi t i on,t her e ar e cl ear and i mport ant commonal i t i es and di f f er ences bet ween ar chi t ect ur eandt ext i l e–aspr act i ces ,pr oduct s ,f orms ofmat eri al i t yandasbodi esofknowl edge.

2. 6. 1TYPESOF ARCHI TEXTI LES The ver y f i rs t way ar chi t ect engages wi t ht ext i l es i s when an ar chi t ect us es a met aphor f r om t ext i l es or t ext i l ebas ed pr oces s es i n ar chi t ect ur e.Fi rs texampl es uch aswhen t he s pace i sdes cri bed as bei ng woven or kni t t ed. Second, when t he f orm t hat pr oduced i n ar chi t ect ur ei sat ext i l el i kes pat i al s t ruct ur el i ke s ki rt s ,vei l s ,curt ai n and s o on.Thi r d way i swhen t he t ext i l e or t ext i l e hybri ds and compos i t e ar e us ed i nt he pr oj ect cons t ruct i on or mat eri al i s at i on of ar chi t ect ur e. Las t l y , when t he ar chi t ect ur e engageswi t ht ext i l et hr ough t ext s s uchasi nf i ct i onaland t heor et i cal wri t i ngs . Fi gur e bel ow i l l us t r at ed t het ypesofar chi t ext i l es .

Fi gure2. 12:Typesofarchi texti l es

2. 6. 3COATEDAND LAMI NATEDTEXTI LEFABRI C COMPOSI TES Thes e f abri cs ar e mos t l y combi nat i on of t ext i l ef abri cs and pol ymercoat i ngs .Oneoft hel ayeri s a t ext i l e f abri c and ot her i s cont i nuouspol ymeri cl ayer .Bot h of t hel ayerar ebondedcl os el yt oget her by added adhes i ve. Text i l es and pl as t i cs f orm compos i t es . The bas ef abri cmodi f yi ng pr opert i esar e an i mport ant f act or i n coat ed and l ami nat edt ext i l es( Fung,2002) .

2. 6. 2TECHNI CALTEXTI LES Techni cal t ext i l e i s one of cons t i t ut eoft het hr eemai ns ect orsi n t ext i l ei ni ndus t r y bes i des cl ot hi ng and hous ehol d.The def i ni t i on of t echni calt ext i l esi st hemat eri al sand pr oduct s manuf act ur ed f or t hei r t echni calandper f ormancepr opert i es r at her t han f or decor at i ve and aes t het i cpurpos es( Byne,2000) .

Fi gure2. 13:Theboundari esofthe f i el doftechni caltexti l e

2. 7 CHOOSI NGTHEFABRI C Text i l e and f abri cmus tbe s t r ong enough f or t he des i r e s pat i al s pan f or ar chi t ect ur al purpos es .I t can carr yl oad f r om wi nds ,r ai n and t r opi cal cl i mat e,i thast ober es i s t antt o weat her . I t need t o f ul f i l r equi r ement s concerni ng cl eani ng, dayl i ght ,f i r e and acous t i c i s s ues and dur abl e enoughf ori t spurpos e.Bel ow i s t he es s ent i al f abri c pr opert i es t hat need t o be cons i der ed f or ar chi t ect ur al purpos e:

Cot t on and pol yes t er mi xes us ed mos t l yi ns mal lmedi um s t ruct ur es , and met al f abri cs f or f acades ,s un s hadi ngandpr ot ect i ont ot hebui l di ng ( Mori t z,2000) .Bel ow i st hecommon f abri csus edf orar chi t ect ur e:

• t ens i l es t r engt h and t ear s t r engt h • r es i s t ance t o buckl i ng and mechani cal wear • wei ght • dur abi l i t y • weat herandt emper at ur e • r es i s t ancet ochemi cal • pr opert i esconcerni ngl i ght • col our • acous t i c and t hermal pr opert i es • pr opert i esr el at edt of i r e eani ng and mai nt enance • cl pr opert i es

b) PTFEcoat edf i br egl as s

Coat ed f abri cs , mes hes , s heet sorf i l msar eexampl eof ar chi t ect ur al f abri cs . Whi l e cot t onandpol yes t er ,met aland f l uor opol ymer ar e known as uncoat edf abri c.

a) PVC coat edpol yes t er Has hi gh el as t i ci t y ,t ens i l e and t ears t r engt h.Expens i vemat eri alwi t h l i f es panappr oxi mat el y15t o20years whi chmakesi ts ui t abl ef orl ongs pans and t empor ar ys t rucut r es ( Mori t z, 2000) .

Known asal t ernat i vet ot hePVC coat ed pol yes t er . Si mi l ar t ens i l e s t r engt hbutwi t hmor eexpens i vef or val ued and cos t l y pr oj ect s .Li f es pan up t o 30 t o 40 years buthas poor el as t i ci t yf act orand f l exes( Pudent z, 2004) . c) ETFEf oi l Theyar eknownaspl as t i cf oi land commonl yus edt os t udyal ongcoat ed f abri cs . Hi gh r es i s t ance f act or and excel l ent mechani cal pr opert i es . Compar ed f orm t hepr evi ousf abri cs , ETFE f oi li si nexpens i ve and can be col our ed and pri nt ed ont o.Wi t ht he l i f es pan up t o 25 t o 35 years ,i ti s of t en chos en f or pneumat i c s t ruct ur es , gr eenhous es ,s wi mmi ng poolbui l di ngandmanymor e.

2. 8CONCLUSI ON Thi ss t udys eemst obeoneoft he appr oacht ocombi near chi t ect ur eand t ext i l ei nt o a br oad s t udy and t o i nves t i gat et her el at i ons hi psbet ween t he devel opment s of t hes e t wo s epar at ed f i el ds .I nt hi schapt er ,we have r ecap t he us e of t ext i l ei n ar chi t ect ur e,t heori gi noft ext i l eart s i n Mal ays i a and di s cus s ed t he mos t commons t ruct ur et ypesi mport antof t ext i l emat eri al s .Thel as tpartoft he wor kcons i s t sofaconcept“ Text i l eArt Pavi l i on”s ummari s i ngt hef i ndi ngsof t hes t udy( r ef ert oAppendi xB) .

Fi gure2. 14:Appl i cati onoftexti l ecomposi temateri al s

CHAPTER 3 MET HODOLOGY

3. 0I NTRODUCTI ON Thi s chapt er di s cus s es t he r es ear ch met hod t hat wi l l be conduct ed i n t he maki ng of t hi s di s s ert at i on.Accor di ng t o Raj as ekar etal( 2013) ,t he met hod on carri ed out t he r es ear ch can be s t udi ed t hr ough r es ear ch met hodol ogy whi ch i sa s ys t emat i c way i n det ermi ne a pr obl em and f i ndi ng t he appr opri at e appr oach.Thi sr es ear chwi l lf ocuson f i ndi ng t he des i gn s t r at egi es f or des i gni ng t ext i l e art s gal l er y .Thi s mat t ers cover ed wi l li ncl ude t he pr oces s ofdat a col l ect i on met hods , s ampl es ,s et t i ng of s t udy ,r es ear ch i ns t rument sandanal ys i spr ocedur e.

The dat a col l ect ed i s di vi dedi nt o2cat egori eswhi ch ar epri mar yands econdar y .The pri mar ydat ai scol l ect edus i ng mi x met hod whi l es econdar y dat ai s col l ect ed f r om books , j ournal s ,art i cl es and publ i s h s our ce.Thequal i t at i vemet hod i s col l ect i on of dat a f r om s t ruct ur ed i nt ervi ew, and obs ervat i on.The quant i t at i ve met hod i s col l ect i on of dat a f r om s i t es t udyands urvey .

3. 1PROCEDUREI N COLLECTI NGDAT A

3. 2RESEARCH I NSTRUMENT ATI ON

Thi sr es ear ch i sbas ed on mi xed met hod. Accor di ng t o Cr es wel l ( 2003) , s equent i al pr ocedur es , concurr ent prt ocedur es and t r ans f ormat i ve pr ocedur e ar et hr ee gener al s t r at egi es t hat cons i s ti n mi xedmet hod.Thi sr es ear chwi l lf ul l y us eoft hes equent i alpr ocedur ewhi ch t hecombi nat i onmet hodofqual i t at i ve and quant i t at i ve. Bas i cal l y , t he pr ocedur e begi n wi t h quant i t at i ve met hod wher et heori es and concept ar e t es t ed and f ol l owi ng up by qual i t at i vemet hodt hati nvol vedwi t h compl et e anal ys i s wi t h f ew cas e s t udi es .Fi gur e 3. 1 bel ow s howst he des i gn f r amewor k and t he over al l pr oces sofcol l ect i ngdat a.

Res ear ch i ns t rument def i ned ast hedevi cesus ed i n or der t o col l ectdat as uch as ques t i onnai r es , s urvey , s t ruct ur edi nt ervi ewsandmany mor e ( Seaman, 1991) . St ruct ur ed i nt ervi ew and obs ervat i onf orm ar et het ypes ofi ns t rumentt hatwi l lbeus ed f or t hi s r es ear ch pr opos al . Ther e ar e2s ect i ons of t he i nt ervi ew. 18 ques t i ons .The s econd i ns t rument i s obs ervat i on f orm. The obs ervat i onf orm us et or ecor d t he t ype ofpeopl e,act i vi t i es andur banf orm happeni ng .

Fi gur e3. 0:Resear chdesi gnf r amewor k

3. 3 DATA COLLECTI ON METHOD 3. 3. 1QUALI T ATI VEMETHOD

a) Obs ervat i on Fi el d s t udy obs ervat i on i s i mport ant t o experi ence and obs erve i t s el f how t he art i s t or des i gners howcas et hei rt al ent sand art wor ks at t he s el ect ed s i t e and engage wi t h publ i c. The dat a col l ect i on wi l lbe done i nf ormal l y by doi ng s ome obs ervat i on on t he dai l y act i vi t i es of bot h art i s t , des i gnerand publ i cwi t ht heur ban el ementatCent r alMar ketar ea.The obs ervat i on wi l l be r ecor ded t hr ough s eri esofphot ogr aphy and vi deo. b) St ruct ur edI nt ervi ew The i nt ervi ew bet ween t he aut hor ,art i s tand des i gnercan add mor e i nf ormat i on and unders t andi ng oft he envi r onment and s pacesus eand needed f ort he des i gnert owor k,demons t r at et hei r art wor k and t al ent st ot he publ i c. Thi si nt ervi ew can advocat e mor e on di s cus s i on and part i ci pat i on of t heart i s taboutt heexperi enceand needs .I naddi t i on,t ypeofcr eat i ve and act i veact i vi t yt hatcan capt i ve audi enceatt hes i t econt extcanal s o bedi s cover ed.

3. 4LI TERATUREMETHODTHROUGHCASESTUDI ES Cas es t udi esar econduct edi nor dert of i nddeeperandmor e unders t andi ngr el at i ngt of i rs tobj ect i vebas edondi f f er entcas es and cont ext .Accor di ngt o Benzu ( 2011) ,t wo ormor edi f f er ent cas es t udi esf r om bot hl ocaland i nt ernat i onalar e need t o be compar ed wi t h each ot her .Tabl e 3. 0s howsf ew as pect sf ort he s el ect i onoft hecas es t udi es . Conduct i ng a cas e s t udy al s o compr omi s es cont ext ual i nves t i gat i onoft hes paces ,i nt ervi ew anddi s cus s i onwi t hpeopl e, and r ecor dt he document at i on t hr ough phot ogr aphy ,vi deo or s ket ches .Thedat acol l ect edwi l lbeanal ys edi nchapt er4.

Tabl e3. 0:Aspecti nf orthesel ecti onofthecase

3. 5 DATA ANALYSI S PLAN 3. 5. 1ANALYSI SAND SYNTHESI SFROM RESPONDENT

3. 5. 2ANALYSI SAND SYNTHESI SFROM FI ELDSTUDI ES

Al lt hedat at hathascol l ect edf r om i nt ervi ew and obs ervat i on wi l l t r ans l at ei nt os ummar yi n gr aphi cal i l l us t r at i on s uch as t abl e and pi e chart .The r es ul t sf or each ques t i on and s ect i on t hen compar ed. The opt i ons t hat wer e pr ef err ed and s el ect ed by t he r es pondent wi l lbe anal ys ed and s el ect ed f or s ynt hes i s . The dat a col l ect ed wi l l act as gui del i nef ori dealconf i gur at i on and pr ogr am devel opment bet ween t he des i gner and publ i c. Mor e compr ehens i ve s ol ut i on can pr oduce ef l ect i ng back t he el ement of by r ur banf orm t hats ui t st hemos tf orbot h art i s t ,des i gnerandt hepubl i c.

The s t at i c act i vi t y count wi l lt r ans f er i nt ot abl ef orm. The i nf ormat i on t hat has col l ect ed on t he t abl et hen t r ans l at ed i nt o barorcol umn chartf ordeeperunders t andi ng ands ynt hes i s .Ther el at i ons hi p bet ween t he s t at i c act i vi t i es and vi s i bi l i t y at t he s el ect ed s i t e can al s o s t udi ed by i nves t i gat i ng t he corr el at i on bet ween t wo el ement s .Thus , t her es ul tofact i vi t i est hatcan engaget hecommuni t yatpubl i c s pacescanbei dent i f y .

3. 6 CONCLUSI ON Ass ummar y ,t hi schapt erdi s cus s edt hemet hodol ogi calappr oacht hat byt her es ear cheri nr eachi ngt heobj ect i vesoft hes t udyr el at edt ot he “ i dent i f yi ng des i gn s t r at egi es f or t ext i l e art s gal l er ys paces ” .The i nf ormat i ont hatgat herf r om t hes ampl ei scruci ali nor dert oes t abl i s ha s cheme or pr ogr am t hat can cont ri but et ot he r es ear ch s t udy .The i nt ervi ew and ques t i onnai r es urvey can s hows bot hs i mi l ari t i es and di f f er ent i at i on f r om each r es pondentbas ed on t hei r experi ence and pr ef er ences .The l i mi t at i on ofs t udy al s o cont ri but es i ns et t i ng t he di r ect i on of t he r es ear ch pr opos al s ot hat i ti s mor ef ocus and compr ehens i ve.

CHAPTER 4 CASEST UDI ES

4. 0I NTRODUCTI ON

As s ummar y ,t hi s chapt er di s cus s ed t he met hodol ogi calappr oacht hatbyt her es ear cher i nr eachi ngt heobj ect i vesoft hes t udyr el at ed t ot he“ i dent i f yi ngdes i gns t r at egi esf ort ext i l e art s gal l er y s paces ” .The i nf ormat i on t hat gat herf r om t hes ampl ei scruci ali n or dert o es t abl i s h a s cheme or pr ogr am t hat can cont ri but et ot her es ear chs t udy .Thei nt ervi ew and ques t i onnai r e s urvey can s hows bot h s i mi l ari t i es and di f f er ent i at i on f r om each r es pondent bas ed on t hei r experi ence and pr ef er ences .The l i mi t at i on of s t udy al s o cont ri but es i ns et t i ng t he di r ect i on of t he r es ear chpr opos als ot hati ti smor ef ocusand compr ehens i ve.

4. 1BORASTEXTI LEFASHI ONCENTRE Bor as t ext i l ef as hi on cent r e was known asa uni vers i t yt hatr el at ed t o educat i on i nf as hi on and t ext i l e.The ori gi nalbui l di ngwasdat edf r om 1830s andonwar dandhadbeenr enovat edand r epai r ed t of i tnew purpos e ast ext i l e f as hi on cent r e.The ent r ance of t he cent r ei spr evai lbyagr ani t ecarpett hat i s110 met erl ong and 11 met erwi de whi chpr es entasanent r ancepi eceand f unct i oni ng asf orf as hi on runway f or exhi bi t sandopeni ng .Thepat t ernoft he carpeti ns pi r ebyweavi ngmet hod;al s o cal l ed as J acquar d t echni que whi ch i nt r oduced by J os ephMari eJ acquar d i t s el fi n 1805 maki ng i tas l egacy i n gener alt ext i l ehi s t or y .Thecarpetand i t sf urni t ur e under l i ne t he met aphor wi t h t he runways of t he f as hi on i ndus t r y . Theus i ngofcol our f ulf açadewast o at t r actvi s i t ort ogoi nt ot hes paceand whi chcr eat esamagnetofat t r act i ons o t hats pace can be us ed f ori nt er act i on and act as s oci al s pace.The us e of col ouri nt hes pacecancr eat eaf eel i ng ofhappi nes sand event ual l ycr eat i nga s ens eofwel comi ngt ot hevi s i t or .The col ourscanal s oi ndi cat i ngazoni ngof t hes pacei t s el f .Forexampl e,t heus es ofbri ghtcol ourar ef ori nf ormat i onor t oal ertt hevi s i t or .Butt heus esofdul l and eart hy col our ar e t o gi ve r el axat i on.Bes i des t he pat t ern f l oor , t hecol ourwasal s oas ucces s f uldes i gn s t r at egyt hatt hecent r ei mpl ement edi n or der t o at t r act vi s i t or . Pat t ern and col ourwasoneoft hedes i gns t r at egi es Fi gure4. 0:EntranceofBoras t hatwer ehi ghl i ght ed byt hel i t er at ur e TextileFashionCentre r evi ew.

4. 2BRI TI SHPAVI LI ONFOREXPO92’ ,SEVI LLE Mos toft heexampl esoft ext i l e ar chi t ect ur e ar e hori zont al coveri ngs , ei t her r oof s or encl os i ngs t ruct ur es .I n1970’ sand 1980’ st hes et ypesofs t ruct ur ear e canbes eent ohaver eachedt hei r mat uri t y . Coveri ng f açade wi t h t ext i l eandf abri cwer ei nt r oduced i nt he1990’ s .Sevi l l eExpoi n1992 was pr ove t o t he s i gni f i cant appl i cat i on of t ext i l e coveri ng f açade.The Bri t i s h Pavi l i on was des i gned by Ni chol asGri ms haw’ s andcl adt woofi t sf acadeswi t ha moder at el y curved s ai l l i ke membr ane. Accor di ng t o ( Habhermann,2004) .Thi spr oj ect notonl ybri ngbackt heori gi n of l i ghtwei ghts t ruct ur esbutatt he s ame t i me t ot he cl os ur e oft he s t udy of r oot of t ext i l e ar chi t ect ur e. Thi s el egant t empor ar y bui l di ngwasi ns i ngl evol umeand carr yi ng t he s ymbolofs ai l i ng i n i t ss t ruct ur e,s eef i gur eabove.I t s pi nj oi nt ed t ur bul ar s t eel s t ruct ur e had carr yi ng f aces ; eas t ernwat erwal l ,wes t ernwal lof f r ei ght cont ai ners and t he t wo membr anef acadesoft henort hand s out h wal l s .Thes et wo membr ane f acades wer e cl ad wi t h PVC ( pol yvi nylchl ori de)coat edf abri c, s t r et ched bet ween t he r epet i t i ve f açade of curved mas t s us i ng s t ruct ur al part s f ami l i ar f r om s ai l i ng . ( Gri ms haw Ar chi t ect , 2010) .

Fi gure4. 1:Thef açadewi thcurved steelmasts,spreadersandri ggi ng wi ththestretchedmembraneski n.

The des i gn of t hi s pr oj ect r es ponded t o Sevi l l e’ st ypi calhot cl i mat e.The r ect i l i near f acades wer ecl adwi t har angeofmat eri al s t o moder at e di urnal change and ext r emet emper at ur es .Att hewes t wal lwasf ormed f r om as hi el d of f r ei ght cont ai ners t hat s hel t er agai ns ts t r ong af t ernoon s un.The us edofPVCcoat edpol yes t erf abri c t hats t r et ched bet ween mas t sand ri ggi ngcr eat eds of tl i ghtef f ectt o t hepavi l i on and wasus ed atbot h nort h and s out hf acadesand al s o oof . r

Att heeas tf aceoft hepavi l i on ent r ance t her e was 65 met er of ki net i c wal lwhi ch ani mat i ng t he s pr ay of f al l i ng wat er pr ovi di ng pas s i ve cool i ng ambi ent envi r onmentt ot hegl azi ngaswel l cr eat ed changi ng r ef l ect i ons and pat t erns .Thi ss i deoft hebui l di ng r ef err edt oast he“ wat erf al l ” .Thi s des i gn enhance mor e pas s i ve cool i ng s ys t em t o t he bui l di ng, whi ch us es s mal l amount of el ect ri ci t y ,f or t he wat er pumps t hat cycl et he wat er .See f i gur e bel ow.

Fi gure4. 2:I nsi de,vi si tordi scoveredatemperate,l of ty spaceenl i venedbythemati cexhi bi ti ons

Bot hnort hands out hwal l si s cr eat edus i ng“ yachtt echnol ogy” and t wo f abri c i s s t r et ched bet ween mas t s .The s t r et ched f abri ci ss haded by a l ayer of addi t i onalf abri ct hatkeepsout t he s out hern s un f r om ent eri ng i nt ot hebui l di ng .Bes i det hanas heat buf f er ,t hi sdoubl el ayeral s o s ervedast heVI Pent r ance.

Fi gure4. 3:Theeastf aci ng“water wal l ”

Fi gure4. 4:Di agram oftemperature cool i ngf rom eastwal landsol ar panelroof i ng.

Fi gure4. 5:PVC coatedf abri cat southandnorthwal l

4. 3CENTREPOMPI DOU, METZ Cent r e Pompi douMet z was f amous f or i t s modern and cont empor ar y art s l ocat ed i n Met z, t he capi t al of Lorr ai ne, Fr ance.The cent r e was des i gned byJ apanes ear chi t ectShi geruBan was l ai n on November 7,2006. Thedes i gnoft hecent r ef ocus i ng onmodernandcont empor ar yart , i t pr es ent st empor ar y exhi bi t i on aswel lasl i veper f ormances ,f i l ms and conf er ences .The f as ci nat i ng woven s t ruct ur eatt her oofwer e i ns pi r ebyt hehexagonalwovenhat r om t he s t udi es of t r adi t i onal f J apanes ear chi t ect ur e.

The whol e bui l di ng i s bui l t ar oundacent r alhandt hatr eaches 77 met ers hi gh.The hexagonal r oof acr os st he gal l eri es whos e s t ruct ur alf abri c become wooden pi er s upport i ng t he gr ound.The us eandexpl oi t sofpas s i vedes i gn meanst omakeanener gyef f i ci ent bui l di ng .The cant i l ever ed r oof pr ovi des s hade i ns ummer and pr ot ectout doorf acadesi nwi nt er . I ns i de t he bui l di ng, t he whi t ewas hed wal l sand s t ruct ur es wi t hi t s wooden cei l i ng br own car amelcol our ,andpear lgr eyt he s ur f aceoft heconcr et ef l oor .

Fi gure4. 6:WendelandtheCentrePompi douMetzshare verystrongterri tori alroots( Emma,2010)

Themaj orachi evementoft he bui l di ng was t he r oof s t ruct ur e t hati scompos edof16km ofgl ue l ami nat edt i mber ,t hati nt ers ectt o f orm hexagonalwoodenuni t st hat s i mi l art hecanewor kpat t ernofa Chi nes e hat .The i rr egul ar r oof ’ s geomet r yf eat uri ng curves over ent i r e bui l di ng whi ch s ymbol i s e t hi ski ndofhatandi t spr ot ect i ve

Fi gure4. 7:Desi gnconceptofthe centre

Fi gure4. 8:Bui l di ngsecti on

The advant ages us e ofwhi t e f i br egl as smembr anewi t hcoat i ng ofTef l on can pr ot ect i ng f r om di r ect s unl i ght , s el f cl eani ng whi l e can pr ovi di ng t r ans par ent vi ew duri ng t he ni ght . The i rr egul aroror gani cf orm wi t ht he cl os i ngoft heneedl es pi r eoft he membr ane asi ft or each heaven, and s t ruct ur al i nt er weavi ng of wood cr eat e a l ar ge gri d connect ed t o gr ound by gent l e s wi r l i ngwoodands t eel .Thei dea oft he par kr es pondsbot ht ot he cei l i ng l i ke a gi gant i c geomet ri c compl exi t i esorur banl ocat i on.

Fi gure4. 9: Transl ucent,huge, hexagonal ,l atti ce membraneactasroof coveri ngtheenti re compl ex

Theent i r er oofgeomet r ywas model l ed us i ng f ormf i ndi ng s of t war e.Theus eofwoodi soneof s us t ai nabl e appr oaches by t he ar chi t ect and eas i l y r ecycl ed mat eri al s .The us e ofwood al s o meet envi r onment al qual i t y and s us t ai nabl e devel opment cri t eri a and coher ent wi t h t he ur ban r edevel opment pr ogr amme t hat hasbeen carri ed outi nt heci t y’ s di s t ri ct .

Thi s 37 met ers cones haped s ect i onandmet alri ngatt het opof t he hexagonal t ower was as s embl ed t o s upport s t he pr oj ect ’ s vas t , undul at i ng r oof . 8, 000 m2 of t ext i l e membr ane coveri ng t he whol e bui l di ng t o pr ot ect t he wooden f r ame f r om r ai n,s unandwi nd.Themat eri alof t he membr ane was made of f i br egl as sandTef l on ( PTFE) .The membr ane i st r ans l ucental l owi ng 15 per centoft he l i ghtt or eveal t he hexagonal r oof s t ruct ur e duri ngt heni ghtwhent hel i ghti s l i tf r om t hei ns i de.

Thecent r ecat erupt ot hr eet o f ouruni quet empor ar yexhi bi t i ons peryear ,whi char enotpr es ent ed el s ewher e.Theart wor ksexhi bi t ed comesf r om hugecol l ect i onoft he Nat i onalMus eum ofModernArt . Mos texhi bi t i onf r om t hemus eum comesf r om t hel ar ges tEur opean col l ect i on of modern and cont empor ar y art s .The cent r e pr ovi ded s eas onal pr ogr ammi ng wi t h cont empor ar yl i ve s howsi n i t st heat r eandor gani s esmeet i ngs andconf er encesi ni t saudi t ori um.

Fi gur e4. 10:Bui l i dngf l oorpl ans

4. 4 CONCLUSI ON Thi schapt erdi s cus s edt hef i ndi ngdat acol l ect edi nor dert o i dent i f yt het ypesoft ext i l eus ed i n ar chi t ect ur e.Bas ed on t he dat acol l ect edi nt hi schapt er ,i tcans ummari s edt hatt het ext i l ei n ar chi t ect ur ehavebeenwi del yus edandi thel pi ni mpr ovi ngt he s oci alandenvi r onmentas pect s .Fr om dat acol l ect ed,i tal s os how t hatt hey t ypesoft ext i l e ar chi t ect ur et hatf r equentus ed t hat s ui t abl et obeadapt ed.Chapt er5wi l lconcl udet hef i ndi ngsand di s cus s i oncol l ect edi nt hi schapt er .

“ Asvi si t or smaket hei rwayacr osst het er r aceandt hr ough t he gar dens t hatconnectt he Cent r e Pompi douMet zwi t h t he t own cent r e and t he r ai l way st at i on,t hey wi l lsee a br i ght ,l umi nousbui l di ngt hatappear st obebot hst r ongyet l i ght ,andwhi chseemst oi nvi t et hem t ot akeshel t erunder i t spr ot ect i ngr oof .Wewant edt hear chi t ect ur et oconveya sense ofwel l bei ng,openness and mul t i cul t ur almi xi na bui l di ng t hat has a di r ect ,sensory r el at i onshi p wi t hi t s sur r oundi ngs. ” Shi ger uBanandJeandeGast i nes,ar chi t ect soft he Cent r ePompi douMet z.

CHAPTER 5

FI NDI NG&DI SCUSSI ON

5. 0I NTRODUCTI ON

Fi ndi ngs f r om l i t er at ur e r evi ew, cas e s t udi esand obs ervat i on dat awer ecompar ed anddi s cus s edi nt hi schapt er .Thes urveydat a ar eanal ys edands ummari s edi nor dert ogai n t he r es ul t st hat val i d f or t hi sr es ear ch. Vari et i es of ques t i on ari s e af t er t he conduct i onofl i t er at ur er evi ew ands urveyi s carri edout .I nor dert or es ear chont heneeds and i mpl ement at i on of ar chi t ext i l es i n a t ext i l e gal l er y ,t he us er ’ s opi ni on i s al s o i mport antbecaus eatt heendoft heday ,our vi s i on i st o pr ovi de t he bes tf aci l i t i es and experi ence t ot he us ers of t he bui l di ng . Ther ef or e,t her el at i onbet weent heopi ni onof t heus ersandr es ear cher ’ ss t udi esmaybeus ed t o pr oduce and di s cus s pos s i bl e hypot hes i s bas edonbot hi nf ormat i onaccumul at ed.

5. 1 DATA COLLECTI ON & DI SCUSSI ON 5. 1. 1QUESTI ONNAI REANALYSI S At ot alnumberof40 ques t i onnai r esar e gi ven t o publ i cf ort he r es ear cht obedone.Theques t i onnai r edi s t ri but edduri ngt hes i t es t udi es i nvol vedt hepedes t ri anands urr oundi ngcommuni t yar oundt heCent r al Mar ket ar ea.The obj ect i ve of t he ques t i onnai r ei st oi dent i f yt he pedes t ri anexperi enceoft hatpart i cul arar ea.Thes econdobj ect i vesof t heques t i onnai r ei st os urveyont heopi ni onoft hepedes t ri anaboutt he cri t i cali s s ueshappenar oundt hatar eaands omei mpr ovementt hatcanbe made.Theques t i onnai r edonei ncl udesques t i on on r es pondent ’ sbas i c i nf ormat i ont odet ermi net her es pondent ’ sgender ,age,occupat i onand r eas onf orcomi ngt ot hear ea.

Fi gure5. 0:Respondent’ sgender ,racesandages

Ass hown i nf i gur e5. 0 above,mor et han hal fr es pondent si smal e whi chi sabout70per cent ,whi l et her es t30per centi st hef emal e.The r acesgr oupoft hel owes tper cent agear et heI ndi anwi t h8per cent ,whi l e Chi nes ehast hehi ghes tper cent ageswi t h40 per cent ,f ol l ow wi t ht he Mal aysof37per centandot herr aceswi t h15per cent .Bas edont hedat a obt ai ned,wecanobs ervet hatmaj ori t yofpedes t ri anar oundt hatar eaar e adul t satagear ound31t o40yearsol dwi t h32per cent ,f ol l owswi t h youngadul t satage21t o30yearsol dwi t h27per cent .Thel owes tage gr oupar eatt heageof60andbel ow t han20yearsol d,bot hwi t ht he s ame5per centonl y .Fr om t heagegr oupdat a,wecani ndi cat et hatt hi s ar eaar enotpopul aramongt eenagersandel der l y . Fi gur e 5. 1s howi ng t he r eas ons f or comi ngher eand t hehi ghes tr es ul t swas 42 per cent of t he r es pondent s wer e wor ki ngar oundt hear eawi t h33per cent of r es pondent s ar e vi s i t i ng, whi l e 11 per centoft hem ar et hel ocalr es i dent sof t hear ea,andt her es t7per centoft hem ar epas s i ngbyand5per centoft hem ar e s t udyi ng .Foroccupat i on gr oup,mos tof t he r es pondent sar e wor ki ng i n pri vat e s ect ors wi t h 45 per cent whi ch i st he hi ghes t .Second hi ghes twi t h22 per cent i ss t udent s ,f ol l ow up wi t ht he t hi r di s s el f empl oyed and t he l owes ti s ot hers wi t h13per cent .

Fi gure5. 1:Reasonsf orcomi nghereand respondent’ soccupati on

Fi gure5. 2:Pedestri anexperi ence

Fi gur e5. 2s howst hepedes t ri anexperi encet owar dt hes urr oundi ng Cent r alMar ketar ea.Theexperi encear edi vi dedi nt o3cat egor ywhi ch ar et hegood,aver ageandpoor .Cri me,t r af f i c,gr eener y ,publ i cf aci l i t i es andOKU f ri endl yar et hei s s uesexi s tconcurr ent l yont hatar ea.Bas ed ont hef i gur eabove,13r es pondent ss t at edt hatt hecri mes urr oundi ng t hatar eaar eatbot hgoodandpoor ,whi l et her es t14oft hem s t at edat aver ager at e.Fort het r af f i ci s s ues ,15r es pondent sbot hans werpoorand aver age,whi l et her es t10oft hem ans wer edi tasgood.Thi si sbecaus e t hi sar eahashi ght r af f i cf l ow duet o mai nr oad and s omet i mescan be danger oust ot hepedes t ri an.Ther ef or e,i ti snotagoodexperi encef or t hem. Forgr eener y ,18 oft her es pondent sans wer ed i tasaver age,12 of t hem s t at edaspoorandt her es t10r es pondent sans wer edi tasgood.As f orpubl i cf aci l i t i es ,19r es pondent sans wer edi tasgood,f ol l ow upwi t h 14oft hem ans wer edasaver ageandt her es t7oft hem ans wer edpoor . Duet ol ocat ednearwi t ht hemai nr oad,t hepubl i ct r ans portar ef r equent pas s i ngbyt her ef or ei ti seas yandver yconveni encef ort hepubl i cus er . Thel as ti s s uei st heOKU f ri endl ywhi ch20oft her es pondent sans wer ed poor ,13 oft hem ans wer ed aver age and onl y7 r es pondent sans wer ed good.

5. 1. 2FI NDI NGSFROM LI TERATUREREVI EW

Tabl e 5. 0: El ement sel ected f or choosi ng case studi es based on l i teraturerevi ew

Bas edonpr evi ousChapt er2,i tcanbes ai dt hatt ext i l ecanus edi na l ar ge number ofways i n ar chi t ect ur e.Modern t ext i l e not onl yf or aes t het i cf unct i on, but bas ed cons t ruct i on.The us e of t ext i l ei n ar chi t ect ur al cont ext mos t l y r el at ed t o ef f i ci ency ,l i ght nes s and f l exi bi l i t y .

5. 1. 3FI NDI NGFROM CASESTUDI ES

Text i l ecanbeus edasar oof ,awal loranover al lt entcons t ruct i on. Ther ear ef ew as pect sf ort hes el ect i onoft hecas es t udi ess uchasf orm and f unct i on,s pat i alconf i gur at i on,vi s ualartact i vi t i esand t echni cal ar chi t ect ur eel ement .Cri t i calar chi t ect ur eel ementanddes i gns t r at egi es canbeachi evedbycompari ngcas es t udi es .Thus ,t hedes i gnf r amewor k f ort ext i l egal l er ycanbees t abl i s hed.

Tabl e5. 1:El ementsel ectedf orchoosi ngcasestudi esbasedoncasestudi es

5. 2 CONCLUSI ON Thef i rs tpartoft hi schapt erdi s cus s edt hef i ndi nganddat acol l ect ed i nor dert ounders t andi ngoft hei nf l uencet hatt ext i l ehavehadi nt he devel opmentofar chi t ect ur e. Ever y cas es t udi esi sdi f f er ent ,us i ng a compar at i vet abl e,whi chhi ghl i ghtt hekeyf eat ur eofeachoft hes paces canbes eeni nt hedi s cus s i on.

Fi gure5. 2:El ementsel ectedf orchoosi ngcasestudi esbasedonl i terature revi ew

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSI ON& RECOMMENDAT I ON

6. 0I NTRODUCTI ON

Thi schapt erwi l ldi s cus st heconcl us i on i nr el at i on t ot heobj ect i vesment i oned f or t hi sr es ear ch.Thi s can be achi eved by s ummari s ed t he dat a col l ect ed and t he f i ndi ngsconduct edi npr evi ouschapt er .The l i mi t at i onari s ef r om t her es ear chconduct ed andr ecommendat i onf orf ut ur er es ear chwi l l be al s o di s cus s ed.The dat acol l ect ed f r om t hi sr es ear chwi l lbeut i l i s edasf undament al gui del i ne f ordes i gn aspartoft he Des i gn Thes i ss ubj ect .The des i gn s t r at egi es f or des i gni ng t ext i l e art s gal l er y act as gui del i neandadapt edi nt oDes i gnThes i sf or des i gnpurpos e.Theout comeoft heDes i gn Thes i si ncl udedi nt heAppendi xB.

6. 1 RESEARCH SYNTHESI S The ai m oft he t hes i swast o deri ve r es pons i ve des i gn s t r at egi esf ort ext i l e art sgal l er y t oencour ages oci ali nt er act i onof t he l ocalcommuni t y .The f urt her s ect i on of t hi s chapt er wi l l concl udet her es ul toft her es ear ch concl ude i n r el at i on t o t he obj ect i veses t abl i s hed:

6. 1. 1 OBJ ECTI VE 1: TO GAI N A THROUGH UNDERST ANDI NG OF THE I NFLUENCE THAT TEXTI LES HAVE I N THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHI TECTURE

i . To gai n a t hor ough unders t andi ng of t he i nf l uence t hat t ext i l e have had i n t he devel opmentofar chi t ect ur e.

The t heor y i s mai nl y r es ear chedbydoi ngt hel i t er at ur e r evi ew.Ar chi t ect ur e and t ext i l e has devel op a r el at i ons hi p on s ever all evel s .Commonl yt ext i l es , us ed asmet aphorf orconcept i on ofs pace,al ongwi t hi t si nt er es t i ng f abri cat i onpr oces s .Bas i ct heori es oft ext i l ear chi t ect ur eexpl ai ni ng t he mai n concept of how t o i nt egr at et ext i l ei n ar chi t ect ur e. Ar chi t ext i l esandt ens i l es t ruct ur e ar et he exampl e of t ext i l ei n ar chi t ect ur e. Thi s chapt er di s cus s edt heappr oacht ocombi ne ar chi t ect ur e and t ext i l ei nt oa br oad s t udy and t he r el at i ons hi p bet ween t he devel opment s of t hes et wos epar at edf i el d.

i i . Toes t abl i s ht ext i l eartgal l er y des i gnf r amewor kt hatcanact sas gui del i nei nar chi t ect ur e. i i i .To i nt egr at e t he des i gn s t r at egi eswi t ht hes oci alact i vi t i es wi t ht het ext i l esdes i gner .

6. 1. 2 OBJ ECTI VES 2:TO EST ABLI SH TEXTI LE ART GALLERY DESI GN FRAMEWORK THAT CAN ACTS AS GUI DELI NE I N ARCHI TECTURE

6. 1. 3 OBJ ECTI VE 3: TO I NTERGRATE THE DESI GN STRATEGI ES WI TH THE SOCI AL ACTI VI TI ES WI TH THETEXTI LEDESI GNER

Thi sobj ect i vehasnotbeent o f i nd‘ t heri ghtway’ofdes i gni ng wi t h t ext i l e, but r at her t o br oadent hepers pect i veonwhat i tmeanst odes i gnwi t ht ext i l es , t ohi ghl i ghtt hedi vers er ol est hat t ext i l e can pl ay i n ar chi t ect ur e. The exampl e hi ghl i ght hoe t he behavi our of t ext i l es i nf l uence notonl ywhatwecandes i gn,but al s o what we can do when des i gni ng, t he chal l enges and opport uni t i es t hat come wi t h des i gni ng wi t ht ext i l e,and how des i gni ngwi t ht ext i l escandi f f er f r om des i gni ng wi t h har derand l es sf l exi bl emat eri al s .

I nor dert oi nt egr at et hel ocal communi t y wi t h t he t ext i l es des i gner t hr ough i nt er act i on act i vi t i es , s ever al l i t er at ur e, obs ervat i on and cas es t udi eshave been done.The i mpact of t hi s s t udy has been di s cus s ed i n chapt er2.Di f f er entact i vi t i esand s oci als et t i ng cr eat es a di f f er ent behavi ourandneedst hatl eadst o di f f er ent el ement s of bui l di ng des i gn.

6. 2LI MI T ATI ON

6. 3RECOMMENDATI ON

The appl i cat i on oft ext i l ei n ar chi t ect ur e need t o be expl or ed mor ei n or der t o det ermi ne t he mos ts ui t abl ephys i calappear ance wi t h t he r es pondi ng t o t he s urr oundi ng s i t e. The f i ndi ngs us ed i nt hi sr es ear ch al s o onl y r epr es entt he i dea and di s cover y t hatneed t o be achi eved by t he r es ear cher . Res ul t s f r om t he ques t i onnai r eandobs ervat i onmay be s ubj ect ed t o t he pr es ent ed i deas and not s i mi l ar t o ot her s t udi esf ors ol i d backup.Bes i des t hat ,t i mecons t r ai ntmayaf f ectt he f i ndi ngs of t hi s r es ear ch i n col l ect i ngt hedat a.

Fr om t he r es ear ch conduct ed, i mpl ement i ng ar chi t ext i l e i nt o gal l er y can be a pot ent i al t o at t r act publ i c and enhance t he l i vabi l i t y ofs paces .Thi sr es ear ch can be us ed as f undament al el ement f or bui l der , ur ban devel oper , art or gani s at i on and r el at ed bodi es f or f urt her devel opment i n or der t o cr eat e bet t er pl aces f or des i gner and publ i c t o i nt er act t oget her . Hopef ul l yt hi sr es ear ch can gi ve awar enes sandgi vepos i t i vei mpact t o t he communi t y and ur ban cont ext . Ther e ar e mor e ar chi t ext i l e el ement st hatcan be expl or eandut i l i s ed.

6. 4 CONCLUSI ON I n concl us i on,t he i mpl ement at i on oft ext i l e ar chi t ect ur ei ns i de t ext i l eart sgal l er ycanbeapot ent i alt oencour ages oci ali nt er act i onof t he l ocalcommuni t y .The cont ent s di s cus st hr oughoutever y chapt er di s cus s edont her es ear chf l ow i nor dert ogai ndat at hats t r engt hent he r es ear chobj ect i vet hatneedt obeachi eved.Des pi t ei t sl i mi t at i on,i ti s hoped t hatt hi sr es ear ch wi l lgi ve enough i nf ormat i on f or t he next devel opment .

ARCHI TEXTI LE

REFERENCES Adanur ,S.( 2000) .Handbookofweavi ng .CRC pr es s . Bahauddi n,A. , & Abdul l ah,A. ( 2003) .The s ongket mot i f s : bet weenr eal i t yandbel i ef . Byrne, C. ( 2000) .Techni cal t ext i l es mar ket –an overvi ew. Handbookoft echni calt ext i l es ,123. Chi ng,F.D.( 2014) .Ar chi t ect ur e:Form,s pace,andor der .J ohn Wi l ey& Sons . Ci ol f i , L. , & Bannon, L. ( 2003, Sept ember ) . Learni ng f r om mus eum vi s i t s :Shapi ngdes i gns ens i t i vi t i es .I nPr oceedi ngsofHCI i nt ernat i onal( Vol .1,pp.6367) . Dr ew,P.( 2008) .New t entar chi t ect ur e.Thames& Huds on. e,T.( 1979) .Tent s ar chi t ect ur eoft henomads( No.728. 79 Faegr F3) . Fung,W. ( 2002) . Coat ed and l ami nat ed t ext i l es ( Vol . 23) . WoodheadPubl i s hi ng . Gar ci a, M. ( 2006) . Ar chi t ect ur e+ Text i l es = Ar chi t ext i l es . Ar chi t ect ur alDes i gn,76( 6) ,511. Gei j er ,A.( 1979) .Ahi s t or yoft ext i l eart( p.141) .Pas ol dr es ear ch f und. Hodge,R. ,&D’ Souza,W.( 1999) .Themus eum asacommuni cat or : as emi ot i canal ys i soft heWes t ernAus t r al i anMus eum Abori gi nal Gal l er y ,Pert h.TheEducat i onalRol eoft heMus eum,Rout l edge, 5363.

Hooper Gr eenhi l l ,E.( Ed. ) .( 1999) .t heeducat i onalr ol eoft he mus eum.Ps ychol ogyPr es s . Kahn,L.( 1957) .Ar chi t ect ur ei st het hought f ulmaki ngofs paces . Pers pect a,23. Koch,K.M. ,Habermann,K.J . ,& Fors t er ,B.( 2004) .Membr ane s t ruct ur es :i nnovat i ve bui l di ng wi t hf i l m and f abri c. Pr es t el Publ i s hi ng er ,R. ,& Rowe,C.( 1979) .Ur ban s pace.London:Academy Kri edi t i ons . Mori t z,K.( 2000) .Membr ane mat eri al si n bui l di ng .Det ai l ,6, 1050e1058. Noor ,F.A.( 2004) .Moderni t y ,I s l am andTr adi t i on:t hes t ruggl e f or t he heart and s oul of art and cul t ur e i n Mal ays i a. Cont empor ar yArtf r om t heI s l ami cWor l d,9( 940) ,527545. Pudent z, J .( 2004) . Mat eri al and wor kmans hi p. Membr ane St ruct ur es ,Pr es t elVer l ag,Muni ch,Germany . Raj as ekar , S. , Phi l omi nat han, P. & Chi nnat hambi ,V. ( 2013) . Res ear chMet hodol ogy .ar Xi v: phys i cs /0601009v3[ phys i cs . edph] 14Oct2013. Seaman,M.A.( 1991) .Choos i ngYourErr orsWi s el y:ATaxonomy of Mul t i pl e Compari s on Pr ocedur es . Pr es ent at i on at t he Educat i onal Ps ychol ogy Semi nar Seri es , Uni vers i t y Of Sout h Car ol i na. Toomey ,A.( 2006) .Ar chi t ext i l es .Ar chi t ect ur alDes i gn,76( 6) , 8081.

APPENDI CES A

APPENDI CES B