October 2019 Wetland Science & Practice

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wetland science practice published by the Society of Wetland Scientists

Vol. 36, No. 4 October 2019 ISSN: 1943-6254

FROM THE EDITOR’S DESK

CONTENTS

Vol. 36, No. 4 October 2019 ISSN: 1943-6254

With the new production schedule, we seem to be more in tune with the change of the seasons. As I write this article, the leaves are beginning to change color. Last week, I saw the maroon-colored leaves of black gum in the New Jersey Pine Barrens and today as I look out back from my home in Leverett, Massachusetts, I see mostly green, but some yellowing of grape leaves and also in birches and sugar maples, a few of the latter trees have orange canopies on the distant hill (Mount Toby).

A tinge of red appear in the leaves of ash and Virginia Ralph Tiner creeper. So we’re probably WSP Editor a few weeks away from full fall color. According to the weather channel peak colors will be delayed across much of the U.S. due to warmer conditions. Check out their map for predictions for your area (https:// weather.com/science/weather-explainers/news/201909-10-why-peak-fall-foliage-could-be-delayedwarm-september) .

Over the past few weeks I’ve been revisiting permanent plots that I established a few years ago to track changes in salt marsh and neighboring lowland forest vegetation in response to rising sea level. If all goes well, I’ll have the results ready for our January issue. There have been some remarkable changes in just 5 years both in the marsh and neighboring forest.

In this issue, besides SWS News, we’ve got two articles from Shawn Clem and Michael Duever on Florida’s Corkscrew Swamp with photos courtesy of David Korte – one reporting a few decades of observation on changes in the Swamp’s hydrology and the other describing the Swamp so we can see why it was recently designated as a Wetland of Distinction. I’d like to see similar contributions on other Wetlands of Distinction in future issues of Wetland Science and Practice, so if you nominated a wetland or are familiar with one, please consider writing a brief profile. Also in this issue’s “Notes from the Field” you’ll find a From the Editor’s Desk, continued on page 351

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348 / From the Editor’s Desk 349 / President’s Message 350 / SWS News 354 / SWS Annual Meeting 356 / Wetland Practice ARTICLES 357 / National Audubon Society’s Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary: A Wetland of Distinction Shawn E. Clem and Michael J. Duever

362 / Hydrologic Changes over 60 Years (1959-2019) in an Old-Growth Bald Cypress Swamp on a Rapidly Developing Landscape Shawn E. Clem and Michael J. Duever

373 / Notes from the Field 381 / Wetlands in the News 386 / Wetland Bookshelf 389 / What’s New in the SWS Journal - Wetlands 391 / About WSP - Submission Guidelines 392 / From the Bog

COVER PHOTO: Wood Storks, Spoonbill, and Ibis in Flight Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary, Florida, USA © David Korte

SOCIETY OF WETLAND SCIENTISTS 1818 Parmenter St., Ste 300, Middleton, WI 53562 (608) 310-7855

www.sws.org

Note to Readers: All State-of-the-Science reports are peer reviewed, with anonymity to reviewers.

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS I took over as President of SWS during the Annual General Meeting in Baltimore where we thanked Beth Middleton for her effort over the preceding year and who then moved into the role of Immediate Past President that was vacated by Arnold van der Valk. We also welcomed Loretta Battaglia as the President-elect and the newest member of our Executive Board which also comprises Leandra Cleveland as Secretary General and Lori Sutter as Treasurer. Besides appreciating being elected as President by our members I was also quietly pleased to be Prof Max Finlayson elected at a time when Arnold Charles Stuart and Beth were both involved in University the Executive given that they SWS President were amongst the first American wetland scientists that I met in the early 1980s when I was embarking on my research career as a wetland botanist – Arnold was on sabbatical in Australia and they were both at the 2nd INTECOL wetland conference in Trebon, Czechoslovakia.

Also at that meeting were many other wetland luminaries who have featured in the Society and in wetland science and management since. While it is dangerous to list names as you soon afterwards realise, or worse, someone else does, that you missed an important name, let me try and wear the [friendly] admonishment that may come from others. Others I met at that meeting and in different ways have maintained contact with included Curt Richardson, Dennis Whigham, Ralph Good, Bill Mitsch, Kathy Ewel, Brij Gopal, Jan Kvet, Jan Pokorny, Edward Maltby, Eugene Turner and Wolfgang Junk. I mention this not (just) as a trip down memory lane, but as a way of illustrating the value of contacts made at conferences. The value of listening to their presentations is one thing, while the value of establishing and maintaining professional networks is another.

And then there is the value of personal friendships, especially where these transcend cultures, nationalities and political divides such as those that existed at that time - we were behind the Iron Curtain that divided Europe and we encountered wonderful people and brilliant scientists from around the world. It was not just a career-influencing experience, it was

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wetland science practice PRESIDENT / Max Finlayson PRESIDENT-ELECT / Loretta Battaglia, Ph.D. IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT / Beth Middleton, Ph.D. SECRETARY GENERAL / Leandra Cleveland, PWS TREASURER / Lori Sutter, Ph.D. MANAGING DIRECTOR / Michelle Czosek, CAE ASSOCIATE MANAGING DIRECTOR / Jen Brydges WETLAND SCIENCE & PRACTICE EDITOR / Ralph Tiner, PWS Emeritus CHAPTERS ALASKA / Emily Creely ASIA / Wei-Ta Fang, Ph.D. CANADA / Gordon Goldborough, Ph.D. CENTRAL / Katie Astroth CHINA / Xianguo Lyu EUROPE / Matthew Simpson, PWS INTERNATIONAL / Ian Bredlin, Msc; Pr.Sci.Nat and Tatiana Lobato de Magalhães MID-ATLANTIC / Jeffrey Thompson NEW ENGLAND / Dwight Dunk NORTH CENTRAL / Christina Hargiss, Ph.D. OCEANIA / Samantha Capon, Ph.D. PACIFIC NORTHWEST / Lizbeth Seebacher, Ph.D., PWS ROCKY MOUNTAIN / Ryan Hammons SOUTH ATLANTIC / Brian Benscoter, Ph.D. SOUTH CENTRAL / Scott Jecker, PWS WESTERN / Richard Beck, PWS, CPESC, CEP SECTIONS BIOGEOCHEMISTRY / Lisa Chambers, Ph.D. EDUCATION / Derek Faust, Ph.D. GLOBAL CHANGE ECOLOGY / Wei Wu, Ph.D. PEATLANDS / Julie Talbot PUBLIC POLICY AND REGULATION / John Lowenthal, PWS RAMSAR / Nicholas Davidson WETLAND RESTORATION / Andy Herb WILDLIFE / Luke Eggering WOMEN IN WETLANDS / Carrie Reinhardt Adams, Ph.D. STUDENT / David Riera COMMITTEES AWARDS / Loretta Battaglia, Ph.D. EDUCATION & OUTREACH / Arnold van der Valk, Ph.D., PWS (interim) HUMAN DIVERSITY / Alani Taylor MEETINGS / Yvonne Vallette, PWS PUBLICATIONS / Keith Edwards WAYS & MEANS / Lori Sutter, Ph.D. SWS WETLANDS OF DISTINCTION / Roy Messaros, Ph.D. Bill Morgante and Jason Smith, PWS REPRESENTATIVES PCP / Scott Jecker, PWS ASWM / Tom Harcarik AIBS / Dennis Whigham, Ph.D.

SOCIETY WETLAND �

President’s Address continued on page 355

SCIENTISTS

SOCIETY Wetland Science & Practice October 2019 349 WETLAND �

SCIENTISTS

SWS NEWS

Society of Wetland Scientists 40th Anniversary Celebration Beth Middleton, Immediate Past-President Our 2020 annual meeting in Quebec City represents the kick-off of our 40th anniversary year as a professional society. In honor of this important occasion, special events are planned for the meeting including an anniversary luncheon and awards ceremony, welcome mixer, and student member skit. If you are a student, and would like to be involved in student activities related to our anniversary, please contact David Riera and Steffanie Mungui via the SWS Student Section studentsofsws@gmail.com.

In upcoming issues, WSP will publish the “History of SWS” by Kathy Ewel, and “President’s Reflections on SWS”. n

In Search of SWS Memorabilia

As SWS prepares to celebrate its 40th anniversary, members are invited to send us pictures of both historical and recent events. Please forward to Beth Middleton at middletonb@usgs.gov.

If anyone has copies of past Board meeting minutes, chapter reports, Bulletin of the SWS (now Wetland Science & Practice), or other materials to help nail down dates at which the various chapters, sections and committees formed, please get in touch with Kathy Ewel (kcewel@cox.net). n

SWS Chapters - Get Involved!

SOUTH CENTRAL CHAPTER FALL MEETING October 23-25, 2019 Texas A & M University Galveston, Texas https://netforumpro.com/eweb/DynamicPage.aspx?Site= SWS&WebCode=EventDetail&evt_key=4c2fc28b-b4e34944-91d2-f65753a3c442 Visit the SWS website for more information about our Chapters and Sections: http://sws.org/ under the Membership tab. n 350 Wetland Science & Practice October 2019

SWS Joins Others in Filing Brief for Supreme Court Case Royal Gardner

On July 19, the Society of Wetland Scientists joined seven other scientific societies and several individual scientists in an amici brief submitted to the United States Supreme Court in the case of County of Maui v. Hawai‘i Wildlife Fund et al. The case involves whether the Clean Water Act requires a NPDES permit when pollutants from injection wells flow to the Pacific Ocean through a groundwater pathway. Ruling in favor of the environmental groups, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that a permit is required when pollutants are “fairly traceable” to a point source, such as a well. The County argues that a NPDES permit is only triggered by a direct discharge to a navigable water.

The amici brief filed on behalf of scientific societies and aquatic scientists informs the Supreme Court about basic hydrologic concepts and the scientific methods used to track pollutants in groundwater and surface water. The Clean Water Act’s objective—to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation’s waters—is based on science. Accordingly, this objective can only be achieved through the consideration of science, which can be used to assess the extent to which point sources are connected to surface waters through groundwater.

The brief concludes that the Ninth Circuit’s “fairly traceable” test is supported by the science of these connections, while the County’s approach blithely disregards hydrogeologic reality.

Oral arguments are scheduled for November 6, 2019, with a decision expected by June 2020.

The amici brief is available at https://stetso.nu/6vB9K. Further background on the case and all briefs can be found at https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/county-ofmaui-hawaii-v-hawaii-wildlife-fund/ n

From the Editor’s Desk, continued from page 348

SWS Twitter Symposium

SWS will be holding our second annual Twitter Symposium on Wednesday, October 16, 2019. Twitter conferences/ symposia are becoming increasingly popular as a cost-free and low-carbon footprint alternative for researchers, policy makers, stakeholders and interested members of the general public to converse about research and share ideas. The SWS Twitter Symposium is a rewarding and fun way to share your research and meet other wetland scientists from the comfort of your own desk.

Taking part in #SWSTwitterSymp2019 couldn’t be asier. You can follow the symposium from anywhere around the world on your laptop, PC, smartphone or tablet via the Twitter website or Twitter app by using our symposium tag #SWSTwitterSymp2019! More info. n

Wetlands of Distinction Student Contest

piece I wrote on Ireland’s wetlands. A recent trip to Ireland inspired me to write a short article on my experiences to accompany some of the many images I captured on my “wetland safari.” During the summer, I received a copy of Wading Right In from the University of Chicago Press. This new book introducing wetlands to the average citizen is the latest addition to our “Wetland Bookshelf.” Of course, you’ll also find another cartoon for “From the Bog” by Doug Wilcox, our faithful contributor. By the way, if you haven’t seen it already check out his hilarious and classic YouTube video on plant taxonomists: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=xPqJkG2XhQ8. Thanks to all our contributors and a special thank you to the peer reviewers for the hydrology paper – William Conner, David Cooper, Katherine Ewel, and Ananta Nath.

2020 is approaching and we will be celebrating our 40th year as a professional organization. This arguably marks the beginning of “wetland science” as a field for scientific study. We’ll be celebrating our beginning at our Annual Meeting in Quebec City, so please plan on attending. To start the celebration, our January issue will include reflections from current and former presidents about the society. Meanwhile, how about starting the New Year by contributing an article for publication in WSP. Happy Swamping! n “Here is your country. Cherish these natural wonders, cherish the natural resources, cherish the history and romance as a sacred heritage, for your children and your children's children. Do not let selfish men or greedy interests skin your country of its beauty, its riches or its romance.” ~President Theodore Roosevelt

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SWS NEWS

2019 Wetlands Ambassador We heard from 2019 Wetland Ambassador, Priyanka Sarkar, last month with this update: “Hope you are doing well. As one of my promises in my application, I, with the help of one of the Departmental faculty, recently conducted a lecture workshop to introduce SWS and WA Fellowship to my colleagues & juniors researchers in (my) Department of Ecology and Environmental Science in Assam University, Silchar (India). Besides, I

352 Wetland Science & Practice October 2019

also shared my experiences from the SWS Annual Meeting in Baltimore, Maryland, and my WA research at Drexel University. The lecture was well received by the participants, especially amongst the women participants. The lecture ended with an interesting interactions on wetland.�

For more information about Priyanka and the Wetland Ambassadors: http://sws.org/Awards-and-Grants/wetlandambassadors-graduate-research-fellowship.html. n

Take Full Advantage of Your Membership Through SWS’ Monthly Webinar Series Participate in outstanding educational opportunities without leaving your desk! SWS is pleased to provide its monthly webinar series that addresses a variety of wetland topics. The convenience and flexibility of SWS webinars enables you to educate one or a large number of employees at once, reduce travel expenses, and maintain consistent levels of productivity by eliminating time out of the office.

SWS webinars are free for members.

Additionally, every quarter, one of our monthly webinars is open to the public.

These free quarterly webinars are offered in March, June, September and December.

WEBINAR ARCHIVES If you’re unable to participate in the live webinar, all webinars are recorded and archived for complimentary viewing by SWS members.

The SWS Webinar Committee is excited to announce that our past webinars are available on YouTube. Non-members may access webinars that are three months or older on the SWS YouTube channel. As always, SWS members enjoy complimentary access to live webinars, and exclusive access to the all the previously recorded webinars.

SUBTITLED WEBINARS Webinars are also viewable with subtitles on YouTube, allowing SWS supporters around the world to watch the webinars with subtitles in their native language.

SPANISH-LANGUAGE SWS WEBINAR SERIES The SWS International Chapter is starting a series of webinars in Spanish (http://www. sws.org/About-SWS/proximos-seminariosweb-de-sws-en-espanol-nonmembers-2. html). This series will generally be a prerecorded presentation, broadcast at a specific time each month. If you would like to view the webinars in your language, you can view them on our YouTube Channel three months after the initial broadcast. n

UPCOMING WEBIANRS

ENGLISH LANGUAGE: 10/17/2019 | 1:00 pm ET Toxic Pollution in Wetlands and Remediation Actions Presenter: Ahmed Mahdavi 11/22/2019 | 1:00 pm ET Coastal Wetlands and Climate Change Presenters: Dr. Ariana Sutton-Grier

and Dr. Michael Osland 12/12/2019 | 1:00 pm ET Withering Wetlands - Global Trends in Wetland Loss and Degradation: Why, and What Can Be Done About It? * Presenter: Nick Davidson, Lifetime

Achievement Award Recipient SPANISH: 12/4/2019 | 1:00 pm ET Ecosystem services in the wetlands of the central coast of Peru: advances and future prospects Servicios ecosistémicos en los humedales de la costa del Perú: avances y perspectivas Presenter: Héctor Aponte 3/25/2020 | 1:00 pm ET Spatial variation of carbon sequestration and methane emissions in tropical wetlands: A contrast between high-latitude peatlands and mineral soil freshwater wetlands in the lowlands Variación espacial del secuestro de carbono y emisiones de metano en humedales tropicales: Un contraste entre turberas de alta montaña y humedales en suelos minerales de tierras bajas Presenter: Jorge A. Villa Betancur

Wetland Science & Practice October 2019 353

SWS ANNUAL MEETING

2020 SWS Annual Meeting - Plan to be there!

Next year, SWS will hold our Annual Meeting jointly with the Canadian Land Reclamation Association (CLRA) and the Society for Ecological Restoration (SER). The Quebec RE3 2020 Conference will be held June 7 to 11, 2020, at the Québec City Convention Center (Québec, Canada). The theme for the meeting is From Reclaiming to Restoring and Rewilding (RE3 Meeting). We already have four keynote speakers confirmed who are widely recognized experts in reclamation, restoration and rewilding, and already have 23 field trips confirmed! n

CALL FOR SYMPOSIA, WORKSHOP AND SHORT COURSE PROPOSALS - DUE NOVEMBER 1!

Proposals will be reviewed on a rolling basis, with a final deadline for submission on November 1, 2019. Full details of the call and submission procedure are available at: http://www.re3-quebec2020.org/call-proposals-symposia-workshopsand-training-courses.

BECOME A PARTNER OF THE QUÉBEC RE3 CONFERENCE Québec RE3 offers numerous opportunities for partnership and exhibition with various options and levels. We invite you to consult the Partnership and Exhibition Prospectus. Do not hesitate to contact us if you would like to share your ideas and discuss other partnership scenarios. We are flexible and willing to work with you to design a partnership package that will fulfill your needs.

For more information: http://www.re3-quebec2020.org/partnership-exhibition.

354 Wetland Science & Practice October 2019

JOIN US: • Visit the event on Facebook.

• Follow on Twitter • Use the hashtag: #QuebecRE3

GET YOUR PASSPORT TODAY!

Wetland Science & Practice October 2019 354

President’s Address, continued from page 349

glorious given the culture, the landscape (the historical fish ponds of Bohemia) and the people.

Given that planning for the 40th anniversary of SWS is a major activity at the moment I wanted to use that incredibly personal experience from the early1980s as an example of the many benefits that can come from scientific conferences. In 2020 in Quebec City we are combining with the Canadian Land Reclamation Association (CLRA) and the Society for Ecological Restoration (SER), at the dawn of the UN Decade of Ecosystem Restoration (2021-2030), for the Quebec RE3 conference with the theme From Reclaiming to Restoring and Rewilding. We look forward to welcoming many of you to the conference and to help you make the best of contacting your wetland colleagues as well as those from CLRA and SER. Besides keeping track of the plans for the meeting in Quebec City the Executive Board has been busy with the normal business of SWS, working with the AMPED business office to balance the books from the Baltimore meeting, to keep in contact with our standing committees, chapters and sections, and eventually move onto the all-important tasks of budget planning.

Key amongst the committees is that established to examine our strategic directions and prepare a new strategic plan for your consideration. This is an important task, and nowhere near as dry as some of you may think, at least in my opinion. I do see the plan as an important part of our culture as well as being a process that will help us chart our future beyond the 40 successful years we have had. If you are specifically interested in knowing where this is going please get in contact with us – it will soon enough be available for your consideration but we are more than open to talk about it beforehand.

At the Baltimore meeting we also discussed what we informally and tentatively entitled an “SWS climate and wetlands initiative”. This builds on the special topic symposia that we have held on climate change and wetlands in the past few meetings, and also a multi-authored paper in the journal Wetlands (DOI 10.1007/s13157-018-1023-8) and climate change statements that some of you may have signed at the San Juan, Denver or Baltimore meetings. Given the global interest in climate change and the complex global negotiations around reducing emissions to the atmosphere and mitigating climate change we are

developing a number of science-based activities to engage with and inform our members and colleagues about the important role that wetlands can play in mitigating climate change, and the options to adapt to change in wetlands due to climate change. This is still on the drawing board and open to ideas and active support from interested members. I personally do not have a preconceived idea about how it will develop or be formalised, but do see it as an opportunity to potentially bring our best science knowledge to the fore, and to do so as a team effort.

In contrast to the developing initiative on climate change I was pleased to hear of the more tangible steps that were being taken to extend the Wetlands of Distinction initiative. This is an ambitious initiative and one that could help our Society reach a wider audience as well as recognise and support the efforts of our members working on important wetlands. I look forward to working with my local communities to post an application and see if we can get our important wetland(s) recognised in this way. I encourage others to look at this and where feasible to assist in the process – go onto the web site and have a look.

I mentioned above that we were starting the budget planning for the coming year. This is an important process and one that takes some effort, based on advice and ideas from across SWS. While we are in the early stages of doing this I’d like to get in early and thank those involved and encourage them to be adventuresome when considering the requests that we are expecting. We expect due care and responsibility from those leading this, but where is the best value for money? We will have our ideas on this, but would like to be informed by yours, and before we reach the stage of tabling a budget for the Board of Directors. If not already done please get your ideas in through your chapter or section or committee.

I did not plan to end on money issues, but that is what has happened. With that I wish you every success in your wetland study, research or practice. n

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WETLAND PRACTICE

Association of State Wetland Managers (ASWM) Webinars Upcoming ASWM Webinars

ASWM holds webinars on various topics, most of which relate to a specific project and work group.

In addition, ASWM holds webinars as part of its members’ webinar series on topics of interest to members. The webinars are recorded and available on the ASWM website. For a full list of upcoming and recorded webinars, see https://www.aswm.org/aswm/aswm-webinarscalls.

The Association of State Wetland Managers (ASWM) is a nonprofit membership organization established in 1983 to promote and enhance protection and management of wetland resources, to promote application of sound science to wetland management efforts and to provide training and education for our members and the public.

ASWM’s members and partners include states and tribes, federal agencies, nonprofit partners, wetland professionals, educators, wetland enthusiasts and many others. The main common goal between these groups is a better understanding of wetlands and how to protect the resources throughout the Nation.

VISIT ASWM.org

Wetland Mapping Consortium Webinar National Riparian Areas Base Map: Development & Applications October 2, 2019 - 3-4:30 pm ET Presenters  Sinan Abood, US Forest Service  Daniel Rosenbaum, US Environmental Protection Agency  Rebecca Lilja, US Forest Service

ASWM Members’ Webinar Understanding California’s New Wetland Rules and Implications for Wetland Management October 30, 2019 - 3-5 pm ET

A Certificate of Participation to be used toward Continuing Education Credits will be available for all ASWM Webinars. All ASWM members receive free Certificates of Participation for webinars. NonMembers will be charged a processing fee of $25.00 US.

Presenter  S. Keith Garner, Sheppard Mullin

For more information, see:

More information and registration: https://www.aswm.org/wetlandscience/wetlands-one-stop-mapping/3437-future-wetland-mappingconsortium#mapping100219

More information and registration: https://www.aswm.org/aswm/aswmwebinarscalls/2958-members-webinar-series#members103019

Sign up to receive information on upcoming ASWM webinars at https://madmimi.com/signups/4c72950c713e4656934b7f6058c47347/join

➢ Policy Documents ➢ ASWM Publications ➢ ASWM Online Training ➢ Webinars ➢ ASWM Jobs Board ➢ FellowshipsGraduate-Internship Opportunities

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https://www.aswm.org/as wm/aswmwebinarscalls/9887-aboutcertificates-ofparticipation.

WETLAND OF DISTINCTION

National Audubon Society’s Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary: A Wetland of Distinction Shawn E. Clem1 and Michael J. Duever2

I

n February 2019, the Society of Wetland Scientists recognized National Audubon Society’s Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary (Naples, Florida, USA) as its newest Wetland of Distinction. The honor comes to a site that is an increasingly-rare remnant of Old Florida, one whose rich biodiversity and dynamic sub-tropical wetland ecology are preserved as a result of a conservation effort that has spanned over a century. Today, Corkscrew’s old-growth bald cypress (Figure 1), hardwood hammock (Figure 2), marsh (Figure 3), wet prairie (Figure 4), and pine flatwoods (Figure 5), are increasingly at risk from factors outside the sanctuary’s boundary, such as a lowered water table, regional wildfire suppression practices, and invasive species. Despite these challenges, Corkscrew remains an ideal site for experiencing and studying the ecology of a mature cypress swamp.

The large wading bird rookery within the Corkscrew Swamp was among those targeted by the plume hunters devastating Everglades’ wading bird colonies in the early 1900s. National Audubon Society warden Rhett Green lived within what is now Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary, deputized and armed to protect the >5,000 pairs of wood storks and other wading birds nesting during the spring and summer months (Phelps 1914). In the 1940s and 50s, decades after the collapse of the plume trade, Corkscrew again faced an uncertain future as logging of bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) swept across the Big Cypress Swamp. In 1954, National Audubon Society assumed ownership and management of nearly 970 ha of contiguous old-growth cypress forest acquired by a variety of conservation organizations, the Lee Tidewater Cypress Company, and Collier Enterprises (Wilder and McCollom 2018).

Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary now stands at 5,260 ha and is home to the largest remaining stand of old-growth bald cypress in the United States (Figure 6).

When the sediments in the Central Marsh were cored in the 1970s, Corkscrew was found to have a continuous 10,600-year sedimentary record, which was the longest known record from a typical South Florida wetland. As sea levels rose at the end of the Pleistocene, gradually rais-

FIGURE 1. Corkscrew’s old-growth bald cypress trees, as seen from the sanctuary’s boardwalk. (Photo D. Korte)

FIGURE 2. A backcountry trail through Corkscrew’s hardwood hammock.

(Photo D. Korte)

1. Correspondence author; Western Everglades Research Center, Audubon Florida, Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary, Naples, FL, USA; sclem@audubon.org 2. Natural Ecosystems, Naples, FL, USA. Wetland Science & Practice October 2019 357

FIGURE 3. Corkscrew’s marsh in the mid-1970s, prior to significant hydrologic change and invasion by Carolina willow. (Photo M. Duever)

FIGURE 4. Wood storks, roseate spoonbills, and immature white ibis in flight over Corkscrew’s wet prairie. (Photo D. Korte)

FIGURE 5. Pine flatwoods with a saw palmetto understory. (Photo D. Korte)

FIGURE 6. Corkscrew’s oldest bald cypress trees are ~500 years old, hypothesized to be limited by a massive wildfire that helped shape the swamp we know today. (Photo D. Korte)

FIGURE 7. Schematic profile of Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary habitats along an elevational gradient (not to scale). Horizontal and vertical scales indicate approximate hydroperiod (days inundated per year) and average annual maximum water depth (inches), respectively. Reproduced from Wharton et al. (1977).

FIGURE 8. A trail camera used for mammal monitoring captures a female Florida panther on a backcountry trail with a small, freshly-caught whitetailed deer.

358 Wetland Science & Practice October 2019

ing inland water tables, marl sediments began to form in a newly created wet prairie environment in the center of a large depression that was going to become Corkscrew Swamp. As sea levels continued to rise for the next 5,000 years, marl sediments slowly accumulated, until wetter conditions initiated the accumulation of organic substrates, which have since continued to accumulate by increasing in depth and spreading up the sloping edges of the large depression. The old-growth cypress forest developed on this organic substrate, with the larger and older trees growing on the deeper organic substrates towards the center of the depression. On the sandy more upland areas around the swamp, pine flatwoods dominate the drier uplands and herbaceous wet prairies are found as a transition between the pinelands and cypress forests (Figure 7).

Today, Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary’s matrix of firedependent upland and wetland habitats stands as a reminder of the expansive Big Cypress Swamp that covered southwestern Florida a century ago. As agriculture, industry, and residential development swept across Florida’s peninsula, Corkscrew’s ecology remained largely unchanged until recent decades. While Florida panther (Puma concolor coryi) and Florida black bear (Ursus americanus floridanus) are still commonly seen roaming the sanctuary’s pine flatwoods and hardwood hammocks (Figure 8), and wood storks (Mycteria americana) still forage in the marsh (Figure 9) and nest (albeit in smaller numbers) atop the sanctuary’s 500-year-old bald cypress trees, effects of regional land use changes are becoming more apparent inside the sanctuary’s boundaries. A marked change in the sanctuary’s hydrology (Clem and Duever 2019) is likely a primary driver for recent changes in plant and animal communities. Regional fire suppression and encroaching FIGURE 9. Wood storks, roseate spoonbills, great egrets and white ibis foraging in a depression in a drying marsh. (Photo D. Korte)

residential development have increased the challenge for land managers using prescribed fire as a primary tool for maintaining native plant communities. In addition to other successional changes, this has allowed native Carolina willow (Salix caroliniana) to rapidly expand across parts of Corkscrew’s marsh, prompting a multi-million dollar mechanical removal effort that is currently underway (Figure 10, 11). Like their peers across South Florida, Corkscrew’s land managers are also engaged in a relentless effort to remove non-native invasive plants (e.g., Schinus terebinthifolius, Scleria lacustris, Panicum repens) and are on high alert for signs of non-native invasive reptiles, such as Burmese pythons (Python bivittatus) and Argentine black and white tegus (Salvator merianae), which could seriously threaten meso-mammals and other native wildlife but have yet to be found in the sanctuary (Figure 12).

As development increases across southwest Florida and the population center pushes farther inland, the vital role Corkscrew plays for wet season water storage, aquifer recharge, and surface water filtration can hardly be overstated. Central to the ~24,000 ha Corkscrew Regional Ecosystem Watershed, the sanctuary and its surrounding watershed buffer wet season flooding by allowing surface water to inundate its wetlands, often temporarily inundating uplands as well. Storing this water in the swamp allows the aquifer to recharge and reduces rapid discharge of surface water to nearby estuaries for the purpose of flood control. This short-term storage also allows a slow overland flow of freshwater to Estero Bay, allowing wetland plants to remove nutrients and helping regulate coastal salinity. Maintaining healthy wetlands in this pyrogenic landscape also serves as a buffer, reducing the occurrence of large, uncontrollable wildfires.

FIGURE 10. A limpkin searches for apple snails in a restored marsh.

Corkscrew’s limpkin population appears to be benefitting from the spread of non-native island apple snails. (Photo D. Korte)

Wetland Science & Practice October 2019 359

Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary provides an excellent opportunity to learn about the ecology of old-growth swamps, develop best practices for management of South Florida wetlands, and examine wetland restoration. An extensive catalog of ecological research conducted at the site in the 1970s and 1980s (e.g. Duever et al. 1978, 1976, 1975, 1974), at a time when Corkscrew Swamp was one of the least disturbed natural areas in South Florida. In addition, a 60-year continuous hydrologic record (daily surface water level and rainfall) provides ample baseline data and a firm foundation for evaluating changes associated with natural process and human influences. Nearby FIGURE 11. Great egrets and snowy egrets flush from a restored section of Corkscrew’s marsh. Native invasive Carolina willow is being mechanically removed to facilitate prescribed fire and improve wildlife habitat.

(Photo D. Korte)

protected areas, including Big Cypress National Preserve, Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Forest, and Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge, provide great opportunity for comparative studies. The sanctuary’s Western Everglades Research Center welcomes applications for visiting scientists interested in conducting research that enhances ecological knowledge and facilitates conservation.

Audubon’s Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary is located approximately 30 minutes east of Naples, Florida and open 365 days/year. A wheelchair-accessible 3.6-km raised boardwalk (Figure 13) and seasonallyoffered swamp walks (Figure 14) make this ecological gem available for the public to explore a rich biodiversity of plants and animals. From ghost orchids (Dendrophylax lindenii) and painted buntings (Passerina ciris), to Eastern diamondback rattlesnakes (Crotalus adamanteus), North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) and over 36 species of warblers, Corkscrew truly is above and beyond. n REFERENCES

Clem, S.E. and M.J. Duever. 2019. Hydrologic changes over 60 years (1959-2019) in an old-growth bald cypress swamp on a rapidly developing landscape. Wetland Science and Practice (36: 362-372) Duever, M.J., J.E. Carlson, and L.A. Riopelle. 1974. Water budgets and comparative study of virgin Corkscrew Swamp. In Odum, H.T., K.C. Ewel, J.W. Ordway, M.K. Johnston, and W.J. Mitsch (eds.), Cypress Wetlands for Water Management, Recycling, and Conservation. First Annual Report to National Science Foundation and The Rockefeller Foundation. University of Florida Center for Wetands, Gainesville, FL. pp 595–634.

FIGURE 12. Meso-mammals like this raccoon remain abundant at Corkscrew in the absence of Burmese pythons, which have been found in the region but have yet to be seen in the sanctuary. (Photo D. Korte)

360 Wetland Science & Practice October 2019

FIGURE 13. Corkscrew’s raised 3.6-km boardwalk makes the old-growth cypress forest easily-accessible for the public to learn about and appreciate this ecosystem. (Photo D. Korte)

Duever, M.J., J.E. Carlson, and L.A. Riopelle. 1975. Ecosystem analyses at Corkscrew Swamp. In Odum, H.T., K.C. Ewel, J.W. Ordway, and M.K. Johnston (eds.). Cypress Wetlands for Water Management, Recycling and Conservation. Second Annual Report to National Science Foundation and The Rockefeller Foundation. University of Florida Center for Wetands, Gainesville, FL. pp 627–725.

Duever, M.J., J.E. Carlson, L.A. Riopelle, and L.C. Duever. 1978.

Ecosystem analyses at Corkscrew Swamp. In Odum, H.T., K.C. Ewel, J.W. Ordway, and M.K. Johnston (eds.). Cypress Wetlands for Water Management, Recycling and Conservation. Fourth Annual Report to National Science Foundation and The Rockefeller Foundation. University of Florida Center for Wetands, Gainesville, FL. pp 534–565.

Duever, M.J., J.E. Carlson, L.A. Riopelle, L.H. Gunderson, and L.C. Duever. 1976. Ecosystem analyses at Corkscrew Swamp. In Odum, H.T., K.C. Ewel, J.W. Ordway, and M.K. Johnston (eds.). Cypress Wetlands for Water Management, Recycling and Conservation. Third Annual Report to National Science Foundation and The Rockefeller Foundation. University of Florida Center for Wetands, Gainesville, FL. pp 707–737.

Duever, M.J., and R.E. Roberts. 2013. Successional and transitional models of natural south Florida, USA, plant communities. Fire Ecology 9: 110–123.

Phelps, F.M. 1914. The resident bird life of the Big Cypress Swamp region. The Wilson Bulletin 26(2): 86-101.

Wharton, C.H., H.T. Odum, K. Ewel, M. Duever, A. Lugo, R. Boyt, J. Bartholomew, E. Debellevue, S. Brown, M. Brown and L. Duever.

1977. Forested wetlands of Florida- their management and use. University of Florida Center for Wetlands, Gainesville, FL. Wilder, G.J. and J.M. McCollom. 2018. A floristic inventory of Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary (Collier County and Lee County), Florida, U.S.A. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 12(1): 265–315.

FIGURE 14. The sanctuary seasonally offers guided swamp walks to allow visitors to experience the old-growth cypress from ground level.

(Photo D. Korte)

Wetland Science & Practice October 2019 361

HYDROLOGY

Hydrologic Changes over 60 Years (1959-2019) in an Old-Growth Bald Cypress Swamp on a Rapidly Developing Landscape Shawn E. Clem1 and Michael J. Duever2

ABSTRACT ational Audubon Society’s Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary (Naples, Florida, USA), an ecological relic of Old Florida, protects the largest remaining old-growth bald cypress swamp in the world. A 60-year record of daily water level measurements revealed substantial changes in Corkscrew Swamp’s hydrology as agricultural and residential development have grown to dominate the landscape surrounding the sanctuary. Between 1959 and 2019, surface water data indicate no decadal change in the timing or magnitude of peak wet season water levels or in the hydroperiods (days inundated per water year) of upland hammock and pine forests or wet prairies. Despite little change in rainfall patterns between the 1960s and 2010s, hydroperiods decreased 29% in marshes, 18% in old-growth bald cypress, and 17% in ponds, with the most notable change occurring between the 1990s and 2000s. Average dry season water level recession rate (decrease in water level over time) was 6.3 mm/d in the 2000s and 5.7 mm/d in the 2010s, 47% and 32% higher, respectively, than those seen in earlier decades. Analyses of groundwater data indicated a similar dry season decline between the 1990s and 2000s to that seen in surface water. Analyses of cumulative hydroperiod in surface and groundwater suggested markedly drier conditions began in the 2006 water year. While causes of the observed hydrologic changes are uncertain, likely interacting causes include reduced upstream wet season surface and groundwater storage, increased residential and agricultural extraction, increased downstream drainage, and increased evapotranspiration rates across the region as more deeply-rooted shrubs and trees replace more shallowly-rooted herbaceous plant communities. We discuss significant implications for plant and animal communities, particularly the historic Corkscrew wood stork colony, and discuss the role of long-term hydrologic monitoring for detecting and documenting ecological change.

N

1. Correspondence author; Western Everglades Research Center, Audubon Florida, Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary, Naples, FL, USA; sclem@audubon.org 2. Natural Ecosystems, Naples, FL, USA.

362 Wetland Science & Practice October 2019

INTRODUCTION Corkscrew Swamp is the largest old-growth bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) swamp in the United States. Located near the top of the Big Cypress Swamp watershed (Duever et al. 1976), the National Audubon Society Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary (CSS) is central to the ~24,000 ha Corkscrew Regional Ecosystem Watershed. Recognized for its rich biodiversity and important ecological functions, CSS is designated an Important Bird Area (Bird Life International), a National Natural Landmark (U.S. Department of the Interior), a Wetland of International Importance (Ramsar Convention), and a Wetland of Distinction (Society of Wetland Scientists).

Like other parts of the Florida Everglades, Corkscrew Swamp has a rain-driven, seasonally-pulsed hydropattern that drives the ecology of its plant and animal communities (DeAngelis 1994; Duever et al. 1984; Davis 1943). The Sanctuary is dominated by wetlands, including herbaceous organic-soil marshes and mineral-soil wet prairies, as well as the old-growth bald cypress forest. Smaller areas of upland old-growth pine forests and hardwood hammocks add to the biological diversity. In the Western Everglades, these plant communities exist because of a combination of environmental factors, including the site’s hydrologic and fire regimes and its substrates (Duever et al. 1984), particularly the organic soils that have been accumulating for the past 5,000 years (Gleason and Stone 1994; Kropp 1976).

Wet season water levels sort the plant communities into upland, wetland, and aquatic communities. Within these groups, plant community structure is dictated by fire regime (Duever and Roberts 2013). A high fire frequency produces predominantly herbaceous communities. With decreasing fire frequency, herbaceous communities over time succeed to shrubby vegetation (>18 years), such as willow or wax myrtle, then to fire-tolerant forests of pine or bald cypress (>40 years), and finally to fire-intolerant hardwood forests (no fire).

The duration of inundation and timing of dry-season water level recession are critical factors for this ecosystem’s animal communities. At the base of the aquatic food web, frequency and severity of drought are key drivers of aquatic fauna communities (Trexler and Goss 2009; Ruetz

TABLE 1. Characteristic composition of Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary plant communities. The species in the hardwood hammock and old-growth bald cypress communities are those found in the canopy and sub-canopy. Shrubs and ground cover, particularly ferns, can be sparse to dense in these forests depending on canopy density and water depth. Pine forests have relatively open canopy with few shrubs and a groundcover of saw palmetto dominating on higher/drier sites and herbaceous vegetation on lower/wetter sites. Wet prairies and marshes have herbaceous plant communities. Wet prairies have very diverse plant communities with a relatively short, more open vegetative structure and the marshes have a relatively low plant diversity with a taller, denser vegetative structure.

Habitat Hardwood Hammock

Characteristic vegetation Swamp bay (Persea palustris)

Red maple (Acer rubrum) Cabbage palm (Sabal palmetto) Laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia) Live oak (Q. virginiana) Myrsine (Myrsine cubana) Pine Forest Slash pine (Pinus elliotti) Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) A highly diverse community of grasses, sedges, and forbs Wet Prairie A highly diverse community of sedges, forbs, and grasses Young Bald A dense, monospecific stand of bald cyCypress press (Taxodium distichum) Freshwater Pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata) Marsh Bulltongue arrowhead (Sagittaria lancifolia) Maidencane (Panicum hemitomon) Carolina willow (Salix caroliniana) Sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense) Fireflag (Thalia geniculata) Old-growth Bald cypress Bald Cypress Dahoon holly (Ilex cassine) Red maple Swamp bay Strangler fig (Ficus aurea) Pond apple (Annona glabra) Pop ash (Fraxinus caroliniana) Ponds Open water or covered with floating plants, including: Water lettuce (Pistia stratoides) Water spangles (Salvinia minima) American waterfern (Azolla filiculoides)

et al. 2005) as inundated periods allow aquatic fauna to disperse throughout the landscape and increase biomass via growth and reproduction (Loftus and Eklund 1994). In Southwest Florida’s dry season, recession rate of water levels and subtle variations in microtopography are critical drivers of the biomass of fish available to higher trophic levels (Botson et al.

2016). This dry-season concentration of aquatic prey in shallow to intermediate and then to long-hydroperiod wetlands is synchronized with annual cycles of wading bird nesting season (typically DecemberMay), as wading birds depend on high concentrations of prey throughout the nesting season. Of particular importance are federally-threatened wood storks (Mycteria americana) that historically produced the largest breeding colony in North America at CSS (Ogden and Nesbitt 1979) and, like white ibis (Eudocimus albus) and snowy egrets (Egretta thula), employ a feeding strategy that makes them more dependent upon finding new, high-quality food patches than other wading bird species (Gawlik 2002).

In this paper, we describe changes in hydrology at CSS from 1959 to 2019. By hydrology, we imply both natural surface water and surficial groundwater levels and flows, the realm of which are so uniquely interrelated in south Florida. Due to the paucity of ecological data from this region in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, this unique dataset provides valuable perspective on how hydrology has responded to the myriad changes on the landscape that have occurred with land development.

We also discuss possible causes of hydrologic change, none of which are unique to this landscape. In addition to the inherent implications for CSS, we present these data to emphasize the importance of considering both wet and dry season functions in wetland conservation and management and to provide a compelling example of the importance and challenges of using monitoring data to dictate natural resource management, particularly in systems with a high degree of inter- and intra-annual meteorological and resultant hydrologic variability.

METHODS Study Site Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary is a 5,260 ha preserve located in the Big Cypress Swamp, a component of the Everglades ecosystem in southwestern Florida (Figure 1). The climate of CSS is subtropical with distinct wet and dry seasons. The area receives approximately ~1,400 cm of rain annually with nearly 80% of rain occurring during the wet season (June – October). The sanctuary is comprised of a matrix of upland and wetWetland Science & Practice October 2019 363

land habitats, including: hardwood hammock, pine forest, wet 1971, 1972 and 1976) in analyses of surface water data. We prairie, young bald cypress, freshwater marsh, old-growth bald defined a water year (WY) as June 1 of the previous calencypress, and ponds (Table 1) (Duever et al. 1986, 1984). dar year to May 31 of the named calendar year.

In order to examine hydrologic variation along the Data Collection topographic gradient in a way that was meaningful for land Rainfall was recorded daily at Corkscrew Swamp Sanctumanagement and conservation, we estimated daily water ary 11/1959-5/2019 using a standard rain gauge. While the levels (WY1960-WY2019) using B gauge data at six elevaexact location of the rain gauge changed through time, all tions that correspond with Corkscrew habitats. Elevations locations were within ≈100 m of the current location (Figwere selected using WY1960-WY1979 surface water level ure 1). Daily surface water depth was recorded beginning in data such that the average number of days per year that 11/1959 using two staff gauges (A and B) located ≈200 m water levels were at or above each elevation corresponded apart and adjacent to a raised boardwalk within the Sanctuwith published hydroperiods for these habitats (Duever et ary’s bald cypress slough. All elevations stated in this paper al. 1986). Selected elevations were 4.75 m (pond), 5.05 m are National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD29).

The B gauge, located in a deep pond (ground level=4.60 m NGVD29; Figure 1), was used FIGURE 1. Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary. (A) Location of Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary in primarily as it is located at lower elevation Southwest Florida; (B) extent of Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary (outlined white); (C) location and inundated for longer periods. Daily of long-term monitoring sites discussed in this study. Brown line represents Corkscrew’s boardwalk and the Blair Audubon Center (far right). depth at the B gauge was estimated based on correlation with the A gauge 11/1959 through 12/1962, prior to installation and final calibration of the B gauge. The B gauge was moved several times with changes in the Sanctuary’s boardwalk, at which time the A gauge was used to ensure consistent readings upon re-installation. Groundwater data were obtained 10/1973 through 5/2019 from well C-492, a 19.5 m U.S. Geological Survey well located within the Sanctuary ≈380 m southeast of the B-gauge (Figure 1). Maximum daily groundwater level data for C-492 were obtained from the South Florida Water Management District DBHYDRO environmental database (https://www.sfwmd.gov/ science-data/dbhydro).

Data Analyses Gaps in daily surface water depth at the B gauge were filled through linear regression with the A gauge or linear interpolation of preceding and subsequent B gauge readings (when the number of consecutive missing values was <30). For days prior to and following Hurricane Irma (9/6/17-9/29/17), daily staff gauge readings were not recorded, so B gauge readings were estimated using linear regression with an immediately adjacent well fitted with a Rugged TROLL® 100 data logger (r2=0.987).

Despite this effort, 9 data gaps (range of gap size= 38-267 days) remained in our 60year daily water level data set. Therefore, we excluded 5 water years (WY1960, 1962, 364 Wetland Science & Practice October 2019

TABLE 2. Slope (m) and coefficient of determination (R2) for the cumulative days per year below elevation for surface water (B gauge, 5.05 m NGVD29) and groundwater (C-492 well, 4.50 m NGVD29). Time periods (A-D) reference those depicted in Figure 7. Slopes indicate similar patterns in surface and groundwater and notably shorter hydroperiod (higher slope) in both surface water and groundwater data 2006-2019, compared to any earlier time period.

Period 1960-1988 (A)

1990-2000 (B) 2002-2006 (C) 2006-2019 (D)

Surface water m R2

36.9 26.1 43.6 131.1

0.974 0.879 0.990 0.974

Groundwater m R2 16.2 0.891 7.8 0.695 24.8 0.926

83.7

0.970

(old-growth bald cypress), 5.20 m (freshwater marsh and small bald cypress), 5.40 m (wet prairie), 5.50 m (pine forest), and 5.65 m (hammock forest). Hydroperiod for each elevation in each water year was estimated by calculating the total number of days the water level was greater than or equal to the corresponding elevation. Recession rates were calculated from B gauge data ((depth day 15 - depth day 1) / 14) for weeks 27-52 of the water year. Negative recession rates (dry season reversal events) were excluded and bi-weekly rates were used to obtain an average dry season recession rate for each year. Well data were used to examine groundwater levels at the above-described five elevations. Annual duration above each belowground elevation was calculated as the total number of days per water year that the water level was greater than or equal to the corresponding elevation. Finally, we plotted the cumulative annual number of days water levels were below 5.05 m at the B gauge (surface water) and 4.50 m at the C-492 well (groundwater) to identify the timing of observed hydrologic change. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine temporal variation in rainfall peak wet season water level, hydroperiod, and recession rate; Tukey pairwise comparisons were used to explicate significant results.

RESULTS Rainfall Annual rainfall at CSS averaged 153.5 ± 3.5 cm with no variation across decades (F5,50 = 1.607, P = 0.175, R2 = 0.138). Wet season (June-September) rainfall averaged 97.9 ± 2.7 cm, but varied across decades (F5,51 = 3.499, P = 0.009, R2 = 0.255) with the 2000s and 2010s receiving 24.5% (Tukey: P = 0.024) and 24.6% (Tukey: P = 0.035), respectively, more wet season rainfall than the 1990s (no variation seen among other decades, Tukey: P>0.05). No

decadal variation was observed in dry season rainfall (F5,50 = 2.329, P = 0.056, R2 = 0.189). South Florida received record rainfall in summer 2017 (WY2018) (Abtew et al.

2019). CSS received 256.2 cm of rainfall in WY2018, 13% higher than the prior maximum (WY2010) and 64% higher than the average of the other 56 years on record. Consequently, WY2018 rainfall data were excluded from rainfall analyses and are not included in any reported means.

Water Levels No decadal variation was seen in the average date (F5,49 = 1.02, P = 0.417, x̅ = September 20 ± 5 d) or magnitude (F5,49 = 0.75, P = 0.590, x̅ = 5.628 ± 0.017 m NGVD) of Corkscrew’s peak water level (Figure 2). Higher elevation habitats that are only inundated in the wettest part of the year saw no variation in hydroperiod across decades, including hammock forest (F5,49=1.192, P=0.327, x̅ =12.7 ± 5.0 d), pine forest (F5,49=0.870, P=0.508, x̅ =79.6± 9.1 d), and wet prairie (F5,49=1.901, P=0.111, x̅ = 144.8 ± 11.6 d).

The median daily water level for the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s was always above ground at the B gauge, while the median daily water level for 2000s and 2010s went below ground during the dry season for 55 and 39 d, respectively (Figure 2). A marked decrease in hydroperiod across decades was seen in all habitats that are typically inundated well into the dry season, including 5.20 m (freshwater marsh/small bald cypress; F5,49=3.336, P=0.011, R2=0.254), 5.05 m (old-growth bald cypress; F5,49=3.104, P=0.016, R2=0.241), and 4.75 m (wetland ponds; F5,49=4.080, P=0.004, R2=0.294)(Figure 3). On average, from the 1960s to the 2010s Corkscrew’s hydroperiod decreased 29% (2.6 mo.) in marshes, 18% (1.9 mo.) in oldgrowth bald cypress, and 17% (2.0 mo.) in ponds.

Average dry season recession rate varied significantly among decades (F5,54=3.748, P=0.006, R2=0.258). Recession rates in the 2000s and 2010s were 47% and 32% higher, respectively, than the average recession rate of the other decades which were similar (Figure 4). Notably, similar strength, landfall location, track (within 5 km of CSS), and rainfall amounts of Hurricane Donna (9/10/1960) and Hurricane Irma (9/10/2017) provided an anecdotal opportunity to compare water level recession in the 1960s versus present. Rainfall from each storm caused CSS water levels to rise to near-record levels, with maximum post-storm water levels in 1960 (WY1961) and 2017 (WY2018) within 5 cm of each other. Recession of surface water tracked quite similarly until late December, after which time average WY2018 recession rate was 67% higher than that of WY1961 (Figure 5).

We observed significant decadal variation in the average number of days/year groundwater levels were above 4.25 and 4.50 m NGVD29 (4.25m: F4,37=3.263, P=0.022, R2=0.261; Wetland Science & Practice October 2019 365

4.50 m: F4,37=2.645, P=0.049, R2=0.222); while not statistically significant, similar trends were seen at 4.00, 4.75, and 5.00 m (4.00 m: F4,37=1.749, P=0.160; 4.75 m: F4,37=1.747, P=0.160; 5.00 m: F4,37=2.234, P=0.084) (Figure 6).

Visually-identified inflection points in plots of the cumulative annual number of days water levels were below 5.05 m at the B gauge and 4.50 m at the C-492 well (Figure 7) were similar. For each data set, slope (average duration water levels were below elevation) was relatively consistent WY1961-1988, WY1990-2000, and WY20022006 (Figure 7, Table 2), although WY1990 -2000 was slightly wetter. Short periods of drier conditions (higher slope) were seen WY1989-1990 and WY2000-2001. Conditions were markedly drier WY2006-2019, as slopes were 3.6X and 5.2X higher than those seen through WY1988 in surface water and groundwater, respectively.

last 15-20 years. Over the 60-year period of record that water levels have been measured at CSS, dramatic changes in land use have occurred across the region which have the potential to significantly contribute to the recently observed dry season hydropattern changes.

Possible Causes for Dry Season Water Table Decline Agricultural and residential development have steadily increased in southwest Florida since the 1950s. These activities have necessitated extensive drainage of the developed landscape and the withdrawal of large quantities of water for irrigation and domestic water supplies from the Surficial Aquifer underlying the region. While data are not currently available to elucidate and weigh the relative importance of many of the factors that we discuss, the likelihood that they are contributing factors is strong and modelling efforts have begun to quantitatively examine and evaluate them.

Landscape drainage. Until the 1950s most of the agricultural activity in southwest Florida was open range for cattle. Irrigated cropland acreage in Collier County, FL increased nearly 5 times (5,534 ha to 27,093 ha) from 1954 to 2012 (U.S. Bureau of the Census 2014, 1956).

Expansion and intensification of agricultural development throughout this region has resulted in a lower wet season water table at varying depths below ground over large

DISCUSSION Daily water level monitoring began in 1959 at Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary to identify adverse changes in its hydrologic regime. Long-term hydrologic monitoring data allowed us to clearly document significant hydrologic changes in recent decades. These changes are probably due to a suite of environmental changes, which have been steadily increasing over the last 60 years as the region developed. Despite the dramatic change in hydrology we observed in the early 2000s, this systemâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s FIGURE 2. Median daily surface water level through the water year for each decade, WY1960-WY2019 . marked inter-and intra-anDashed vertical line represents the average day of peak water level (September 20). Ground level at the nual variation in hydropatB gauge is at 4.60 m. Surface water levels are consistently in the same range during the summer/fall wet terns made it difficult to season in all decades. Median water levels in the 1960s through the 1990s were consistently and dramatidetect change prior to this cally higher throughout the spring dry season than they were in the 2000s and 2010s, when they were below ground at the B gauge May through early to mid-June. analysis of this long-term data set. This underscores both the importance and limitations of long-term ecological monitoring, particularly in systems with a high degree of inherent variability.

Analysis of rainfall at Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary over the past 60 years shows little change over time, while water level data from both the B gauge and the USGS Surficial Aquifer well C-492 show dramatic reductions in hydroperiods and dry season water levels in the 366 Wetland Science & Practice October 2019

areas. In areas with some relief, systems of ditches drain large areas directly into major wetlands. In areas with little relief, pumps are used to remove water from farm fields and lower surface and shallow groundwater to depths of 45-60 cm below ground to provide sufficient aerated FIGURE 3. Average estimated hydroperiod (days inundated per water year) by decade, WY1960-2019, at three lower elevation habitats at Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary. Despite no appreciable variation in rainfall, hydroperiods in the 1960s through 1990s were significantly longer than they were in the 2000s and 2010s. No decadal variation was observed in higher elevation habitats.

soil for the roots of the vegetable and tree crops (Edward Hanlon, personal communication). Pumped water is sent directly into adjacent wetlands or into retention areas, from which it drains into nearby flowways and increases wet season flows through these wetlands. This practice greatly reduces the amount of upstream surface water and shallow groundwater present when the dry season begins. Loss of upstream wet season storage would inevitably contribute to the dry season water table decline we are seeing at CSS. It is also likely that agricultural pumping causes CSS to receive increased water in the wet season, allowing higher elevation habitats (those inundated only in the wet season: hammock forest, pine flatwoods, wet prairie) to maintain historic hydroperiods in a drained landscape.

Large areas downstream of Corkscrew Swamp have been converted to low density residential development, made possible by a grid of canals that rapidly drain wet season surface water and groundwater from the adjacent landscape and carry it to coastal estuaries (SFWMD 2017).

While the canals have numerous weirs intended to slow flows during drier parts of the year, the transmissivity of porous sand and limestone substrates allows water to steadily drain the landscape through the seven month dry season by simply going around or under the weirs. The upper ends of the Golden Gate Main and Faka Union canals do not reach directly into CSS; however, the Corkscrew Canal and the flowways leading to the Cocohatchee Canal do extend into the lower end of the Bird Rookery Swamp, an integral component of Corkscrew Swamp. These canals and flowways directly drain wet season surface waters. In FIGURE 4. Average dry season recession rate (mm/d) of surface water at the B gauge each decade WY1960-2019. Error bars represent Âą1 SE. Significantly higher recession rates in 2000s and 2010s resulted from water levels reaching the same wet season peak but then falling to markedly lower dry season water levels. A long, slow recession of water levels during the dry season concentrates aquatic fauna in shallow water and is critical for making food available for higher trophic levels, particularly nesting wading birds.

Wetland Science & Practice October 2019 367

order to enhance flood protection for the rapidly urbanizing watersheds, the flow conveyance capacities of several of these canals were increased by additional channelization during the last two decades. This included extensive channel improvement and culvert replacements in the Corkscrew Canal in 2006 and resulted in a noticeable increase in peak wet season stages and lower dry season stages in the following decade downstream of CSS (Ananta Nath, personal communication).

Additionally, ditches associated with the construction of logging trams in the 1950s that extend into the southern end of CSS help rapidly convey wet season surface water flows to the canals. The southwesterly flow gradient of the surficial aquifer continues to recharge the base flows of the canals and wetland sloughs as the surface water levels begin receding during the onset of the dry season. This yearround wet and dry season drainage steepens the downstream gradient and very likely contributes to the lowered dry season water levels recorded at CSS. It is important to note that a detailed study of CSS environmental conditions was conducted in the mid-1970s (Duever et al. 1978, 1976, 1975, 1974). At that time there was relatively little agricultural activity or residential development in the upstream or downstream Corkscrew watershed and the recently completed Golden Gates Estates canal system (which terminated about 3 km south of the Sanctuary) appeared to be having minimal impacts on the ecology of CSS. Dry season groundwater levels within CSS are likely to have also had an impact due to the swamp’s geological setting. Corkscrew Swamp lies in an elongated mineralsubstrate depression. The eastern edge of the depression is

located at the eastern edge of the old-growth bald cypress forest ~6 m above MSL (mean sea level) and its bottom is located in the center of Corkscrew Swamp at ~3-4 m above MSL. While seasonal water level profiles along a transect crossing this depression show a relatively flat wet season water surface (Duever 1988), there is a distinct drawdown (up to 1 m) in the water level profile in the vicinity of an extensive shell bed on the east side of the bald cypress forest during the dry season. This suggests that there are groundwater flows out of CSS through the shell bed that are likely being intercepted by the downstream canals (Duever et al. 1986).

Water Supply Withdrawals. The primary aquifer influencing water levels at Corkscrew Swamp is the Surficial Aquifer, which includes the water table aquifer and the Lower Tamiami Aquifer (SFWMD 2017). In 2001 the South Florida Water Management District adopted a Minimum Flows and Levels rule specifying a minimum water level for the Lower West Coast Surficial Aquifer System that must equal the structural top of the aquifer. As of 2009, approximately 50% of the Public Water Supply was being provided by the Surficial Aquifer, which was maximizing its potential supply, so that additional increases in allocations are limited. In 2014 agricultural uses were 64% of the southwest Florida water supply (SFWMD 2017), and aside from rainfall, groundwater is the only source of water available within the Corkscrew watershed.

Winter vegetables and citrus are the major agricultural crops throughout southwest Florida and in the Corkscrew watershed. Winter vegetables typically require drainage from late summer into winter, and irrigation from early

FIGURE 5. Daily surface water level (m NGVD29) at Corkscrew’s B gauge WY1961 and WY2018. Dashed vertical line represents the landfall date (September 10) of both Hurricane Donna (WY1961) and Hurricane Irma (WY2018). Ground level at the B gauge is 4.60 m. The similar timing and rainfall inputs of these two storms provided an opportunity to compare dry season water level recession patterns before and after the hydrologic changes described in this study.

FIGURE 6. Average annual duration (days per year) groundwater levels were above elevation at 4.00, 4.25, 4.50, 4.75, and 5.00 m NGVD29 each decade WY1960-2019. Error bars represent ±1 SE. At 4.25 m and 4.50 m, groundwater levels were significantly lower in the 2000s and 2010s than previous decades. A similar trend was seen at other groundwater elevations and patterns are analogous to those seen in hydroperiod of surface water.

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winter into mid-spring. Citrus farming, which expanded into south Florida in the 1980s following severe freezes in central and north Florida (Shukla et al. 2006), requires year-round drainage and irrigation to consistently maintain groundwater levels ≈60 cm below ground (Edward Hanlon, personal communication).

Population has steadily increased in southern Florida in recent decades, with southwest Florida cities frequently leading the state in growth. Between 1950 and 2010, Collier County population increased 50X (6,488 to 321,520) and Lee County population increased 26X (23,404 to 618,754) (U.S. Bureau of the Census 2010; Forstall 1995).

Groundwater withdrawals have necessarily increased to support the needs of this increased population and its associated landscaping practices, which currently use about 31% of southwest Florida’s water supply (SFWMD 2017).

Given the increasingly large extractions of water from the Surficial Aquifer over the past 60 years for urban uses, it is likely that these water withdrawals contribute to the dry season water level drawdowns observed at CSS. Evapotranspiration. Evapotranspiration (ET) was the primary natural mechanism controlling the outflow of water from predevelopment southwest Florida. A recent three-year study of ET losses from natural southwest Florida plant communities showed annual ET losses from four of five different Big Cypress Swamp plant communities averaged FIGURE 7. Cumulative days below elevation each year WY1960-2019 in surface water (5.05 m NGVD29) and groundwater (4.50 m NGVD29) data. Missing years resulted from data gaps (see Methods). Dashed vertical lines indicate inflection points. Regression lines for surface and groundwater data during each of four time periods (A-D) are shown and described in Table 2. While drought years resulted in short periods of increased slope/drier conditions (~1990, ~2000), increased slope/drier conditions were seen consistently beginning in 2006.

73-81% of annual rainfall (Shoemaker et al. 2011). The majority of the Corkscrew watershed was originally dominated by wetlands, with smaller areas of uplands that had a water table close to the ground surface in the wet season. Decades of fire suppression have facilitated natural plant community succession from a shallowly-rooted herbaceous vegetation dominated ecosystem (open pine forests, herbaceous marshes, wet prairies) to one dominated by dense, multistrata shrub and/or pine and hardwood forests with deeper roots that provide greater access to the dry season water table. Carolina willow has extensively invaded freshwater marshes throughout South Florida and with its deeper roots has been shown to increase wetland ET water loss (Budny and Benscoter 2016, McLaughlin et al. 2011). Additionally, a recent study by McCollom et al. (2017) documented a large increase in slash pine and laurel oak density over ≈40 years at a site near CSS. This conversion of herbaceous plant communities to communities that are denser, with more deeplyrooted woody vegetation and more species with greater leaf area has significant potential to increase dry season ET rates . Increasing air temperatures associated with climate change (Allen et al. 2018) has also increased ET rates.

Implications for Plant Communities and Fire Links between hydrology, plant communities, and fire in this ecosystem are critical for understanding the implications of the hydrologic change recorded at CSS. The relationship between hydrology and fire can easily be seen along the westward-sloping topographic gradient at CSS, from the Blair Audubon Center to the old-growth bald cypress swamp (Duever 1988; Wharton et al. 1977). From the fire-tolerant pinelands that exist on higher and drier ground, elevation decreases and fire-tolerant pinelands give way to herbaceous wet prairie at an intermediate elevation, too wet for pines and burning too frequently for bald cypress. Farther west, a gradient of smaller, denser bald cypress trees near the edge of the forest to larger, more-scattered trees in the center of the forest reflects the age structure of the forest (Duever 1988; Duever et al. 1984), with the strong positively-correlated size/age structure established by the site’s hydrology and fire regimes in relation to the depth of organic soils, that have accumulated over the past 5,000 years in the mineral substrate depression that underlies the bald cypress forest (Duever et al. 1982). The depth of the organic soil ranges from a few centimeters at the edge of the depression to over two meters in its center. As the water table retreats below ground during the dry season, more and more of the organic soil profile loses contact with the water table and more of the forest becomes vulnerable to severe fires.

The fine structure of Corkscrew’s organic soils allows water to wick upward from the water table, making moisture more readily available to the roots of vegetation (Duever Wetland Science & Practice October 2019 369

1988; Duever et al. 1984). The combination of evaporation from this relatively moist substrate and transpiration from vegetation creates a moist microclimate below the forest canopy, which helps to protect it from damaging fires. This moist microclimate also supports a highly-diverse understory plant community that includes a number of critically imperiled or endangered sub-tropical epiphytes (Wilder and McCollom 2018). Many of these epiphytes, like the ghost orchid (Dendrophylax lindenii), may be at increased risk without standing water to buffer low temperatures during the winter and low humidities during the dry season (Houlihan et al. 2019).

The potential for changes in the hydrologic regime to dramatically change the character of this system can be seen through CSS’s geologic history. Corkscrew’s central marsh is higher than the surrounding old-growth bald cypress forest (Duever et al. 1974), so the water table there falls below ground sooner than in the adjacent bald cypress forest. This allows more frequent surface fires that have limited the invasion of woody vegetation, just as is seen in the wet prairies on the outside of the bald cypress forest. Soil cores from the central marsh indicate the presence of charcoal throughout the 5,000 year record (Stone and Gleason 1976). Radio-carbon dating of the organic material on top of an ash layer at the bottom of one of the small lakes in the old-growth bald cypress forest indicated the lake was created by a fire that occurred over 500 years ago (Duever 1988; P.A. Stone personal communication). Interestingly, based on ring counts of bald cypress tree cores, the oldest bald cypress trees at Corkscrew Swamp are a little over 500 years old. This suggests a severe drought and fire may have eliminated most, if not all, of the Corkscrew Swamp bald cypress forest and created the many small lakes that are still present in today’s forest.

However, most of the organic soils were still present after the fire, and when the rains returned the forest eventually reestablished the structure we see today in response to the long-term, natural hydrologic and fire regimes.

Given these relationships between hydrologic processes, fire, and substrates, it is clear that changes in hydrology can have major effects on the character and even the existence of plant communities in natural areas like Corkscrew Swamp. These changes can range from slow long-term shifts in plant communities along the hydrologic gradient to the complete elimination of one or more of the existing communities as a result of a major fire event (Duever and Roberts 2013). These kinds of changes can be clearly seen in the nearby Golden Gate Estates and Picayune Strand State Forest where deep canals severely drained the landscape which has resulted in a range of transitions in plant communities as a function of depth of organic soils, degree of drainage severity, and spatial variation in the occurrence and severity of fire events.

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Implications for Animal Communities Throughout the Everglades, reducing wetland hydroperiod changes the structure of fish communities and reduces the standing stock of large and small fishes and freshwater shrimp (e.g., Trexler et al. 2005; Chick et al. 2004; Loftus and Eklund 1994). We predict the reduction in the seasonal duration of standing water observed at CSS since 2006 would significantly reduce the standing stock of small fishes, freshwater shrimp, and crayfish that form the base of the aquatic food web and support higher trophic levels. Reduced aquatic prey production is of particular concern for wading birds and alligators in this ecosystem. Decreased food availability decreases wading bird productivity in the Everglades (Frederick et al. 2009) and has likely decreased wading bird populations at CSS. While dry season recession rates are a key factor in the creation of the high-density prey patches wading birds rely on (Botson et al. 2016), the dry season recession rates seen at CSS in recent years are notably faster than those typically seen in other parts of the Everglades. It is uncertain how both the refuge-seeking aquatic prey and prey-searching wading birds respond when water levels are falling so quickly.

In addition to stress associated with reduced availability of aquatic prey, flooded conditions in old-growth bald cypress areas beneath the Corkscrew colony are necessary to attract alligators who protect nests from mammalian predators (Nell et al. 2016). While even relatively shallow water beneath nesting sites can restrict travel by mammalian predators (e.g., raccoons, foxes, and rats) (Frederick and Collopy 1989), the hydroperiod reduction observed in Corkscrew’s bald cypress has put the Corkscrew wood stork colony at increased risk of predation, particularly in dry years. While causation cannot be determined or implied, the Corkscrew wood stork colony has markedly declined in recent decades concurrent with the changes in wetland hydrology described in this study (S.E. Clem, unpublished data). Reduction of the aquatic prey base may also significantly decrease alligator body condition (Brandt et al. 2016). Shortened hydroperiod can also change alligator occupancy patterns across the landscape, moving them out of peripheral marshes and into deeper habitats, and concentrating alligators of different size classes in remaining water bodies, ultimately increasing competition for food resources, fighting, and incidence of cannibalism (Mazzotti and Brandt 1994).

CONCLUSION Analyses of a 60-year water level monitoring dataset indicated no major changes in the CSS hydrologic regime for the first 40 years followed by a dramatic lowering of the dry season water table over the past 20 years. This change resulted in a markedly shortened hydroperiod in all wetland habitats that typically hold at least some water well

into the dry season (i.e., marshes, old-growth bald cypress forests and ponds). Dry season groundwater levels on the sanctuary were also lower for longer periods of time. The magnitude of this change is such that CSS’s Lettuce Lake, an important dry season aquatic refuge along the iconic boardwalk, dried down approximately once every five years from 1960-1999 and more recently, approximately four of every five years 2000-2019.

The altered dry season hydrology documented at CSS has significant implications for wildlife, native plant communities, and wildfire risk. Of particular importance (and at particular risk) are federally-threatened wood storks, an indicator species in the Everglades that has historically nested at CSS in very large numbers, and depend on (1) high densities of aquatic prey available in the surrounding landscape throughout their nesting season, and (2) standing water beneath the CSS old-growth bald cypress forest where they nest. The hydrologic changes documented in this study reveal deleterious reductions in both wetland hydroperiods, which reduces prey availability, and dry season inundation of the CSS old-growth bald cypress. The timing of these changes aligns with the decline in the CSS wood stork colony that has been observed in recent decades. Additionally, the drier organic soils and associated vegetation is making CSS’s old-growth bald cypress much more vulnerable to catastrophic wildfires.

In this paper we focused on three possible causes for the severe dry season water level drawdowns that we have clearly documented at CSS: landscape drainage, water supply withdrawals, and increased evapotranspiration associated with succession of a primarily herbaceous landscape to an increasingly densely forested landscape. For some of these factors we were able to provide good support for the nature and magnitude of potential impacts they could have on local hydrology, while for others we have relied on more limited information. While we chose these factors because we know they have all been occurring in southwest Florida over the last 60 years concurrent with the described CSS hydrologic changes, our intent was to provide a starting point for modelling and additional research aimed at quantifying and evaluating the relative contribution of each of these factors. Currently, an effort is underway to integrate this information into a hydrologic model that will facilitate an evaluation of the relative importance and spatial extent of each of these human influences. We are hopeful that this will ultimately lead to better long-term management of our southwest Florida landscape.

Despite the dramatic hydrologic changes we documented in the early 2000s, this system’s marked inter- and intraannual variation in hydropatterns obscured the change until they were put into the context of a long-term data set. This underscores both the importance and some of the limitations

of long-term ecological monitoring, particularly in systems with a high degree of inherent variability and a wide variety of factors simultaneously affecting the site. n ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to The Batchelor Foundation for providing financial support for this effort and the many staff, interns, and volunteers who helped collect these data. We thank Nicholas Charles for GIS assistance in the preparation of figures and Jason Lauritsen, Lisa Korte, and Jean McCollom for helpful comments. We thank William Connor, David Cooper, Katherine Ewel, Joss Nageon de Lestang, and Ananta Nath for thoughtful reviews that greatly improved the manuscript.

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NOTES FROM THE FIELD While I didn’t intend this section to be my column, since I’m retired and do a bit of traveling during which I usually visit and photograph wetlands, I will contribute Notes from time to time. The following piece will show some of the wetlands and their flora from a recent visit to Ireland (thank goodness my wife enjoys the outdoors) combined with a little internet research to provide what I hope is interesting information on the country’s wetlands. All the photos are mine. I still, however, encourage others to write up short pieces on their experiences in wetlands and they surely don’t have to be as encompassing as this one.

Observations from Brief Visits to Some of Ireland’s Wetlands Ralph W. Tiner

P

erhaps the first thing you may think of when considering wetlands of Ireland is peatland. After all peat has been used for centuries as fuel (Figure 1) and for drying damp malt in making whiskey. However like other countries, Ireland has a diversity of wetlands types ranging from tidal marshes along the coast to floodplain wetlands along rivers to lakeside wetlands to the enormous peatlands both along the west coast and in the country’s interior.

For planning purposes, the Irish government has defined wetlands as “natural or artificial areas where biogeochemical functions depend notably on constant or periodic shallow inundation, or saturation, by standing or flowing fresh, brackish or saline water” (Government of Ireland 2011). Cultivated areas with crops are usually not considered wetlands from a management standpoint. The Irish Ramsar Wetland Committee (IRWC) has published an excellent report listing and describing the various types (Table 1; IRWC 2018).

From this table, one can see that the Irish wetland definitions includes both vegetated and nonvegetated habitats as well as waterbodies. The inclusion of deep waterbodies (beyond 2.5m) is a significant departure from the wetland definition used in the United States where open waterbodies deeper than 2.5m for inland waters and beyond extreme low spring tide for estuarine or marine waters are not included as wetlands.

FIGURE 1. Peat harvest in County Galway: a) active turf cut and b) stack of drying peat blocks. a

b

FIGURE 2. Distribution of Irish peatlands. (Source: Coll et al. 2016)

TABLE 1. List of major wetland types in Ireland (IRWC 2018).

Lakes, reservoirs, and ponds Turloughs Rivers and canals Swamps and marshes (including springs, flushes, and seepages) Floodplains that are permanently or periodically inundated with water (including “callows” – alluvial flats) Peatlands (bogs, wet heath and fens) Wet woodlands Caves Cliffs Salt marshes Dune slacks and wet machair (sandy low-lying grasslands) Transitional waters (e.g., estuaries and lagoons) Inter-tidal or sub-tidal habitats (to 6m below the lowest spring tide level) Wetland Science & Practice October 2019 373

FIGURE 3. Diagram showing the formation of a raised bog.

FIGURE 4. Clara Bog (County Offaly) is an example of a raised bog in central Ireland (Figure 3). (Note: There is a nice exhibit at their visitor’s center in Clara.)

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Given its northern location (~53°N latitude, around same as Newfoundland and Labrador), Ireland has ideal conditions for extensive peatland formation - a maritimeinfluenced climate producing relatively cool temperatures, high humidity, high precipitation, and many cloudy days.

(Note: The weather was fine in late July when we visited, although we did experience some precipitation, usually at night, and significant cloudiness.) These factors keep much of the ground wet for most of the year. Three main types of peatlands have been identified: 1) raised bogs, 2) blanket bogs, and 3) fens (Figure 2).

Raised or domed bogs have formed in areas that were once waterbodies (lakes and ponds) through a natural in-filling process called “terrestrialization” (Figure 3). In simple terms, the waterbody gradually fills in with sediments and plant remains until the waterbody disappears and is covered with marsh vegetation and eventually as organic matter continues to build up the wetland surface rises above the local water table allowing for colonization of woody plants and eventually the area takes on a domed appearance – a raised bog (Figure 4). Organic matter accumulation then becomes dependent on atmospheric water – mainly precipitation in this region.

In contrast, the blanket bog (Figure 5) forms over former dryland that has become saturated through a “swamping” process called “paludification” (Figure 6). This is mainly caused by a significant change in climate (drier to much wetter and cooler one) but also has been induced by clearing of forests on slopes in some regions. Under these circumstances peat can form on slopes up to 25 degrees (e.g., Taylor 1983).

In places along the road and along trails, I saw water seeping out of the peat which laid over mineral substrate.

Examples of blanket bogs on my trips were found at Connemara National Park and Ballycroy National Park (Figure 7). Some common or interesting bog plants are shown in Figures 8-9, but purple moorgrass (Molinia caerulea) was also dominant along with bog-cotton (Eriophorum angustifolium), white beak-sedge (Rhynchospora alba), black bog-rush (Schoenus nigricans), deergrass (Trichophorum cespitosum), and rushes (Juncus spp.). I saw a group of round-leaved sundew (Drosera rotundifolia) along the boardwalk at Ballycroy NP. For more information on Irish bogs, consult the Irish Peatland Conservation Council’s web site: http://www.ipcc.ie/.

The third type of peatland is fen – peatland that is usually connected to groundwater and thereby receives water from springs, seeps, or other groundwater discharges as well as from precipitation. Rich fens receive calcareous (“limey”) water and may show evidence of tufa (calcium carbonate deposits), while poor fens are fed by more acidic waters (IRWC 2018). Fens are often occurring on flatland

or at the bottom of slopes. Common species include black bog rush (Schoenus nigricans) in rich fens and other rushes (Juncus spp.) and tall herbs in poor fens.

Wetlands were also observed along rivers, lakes, and streams (Figure 10). Along River Cong a variety of plants were present including our infamous purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) occurring in its native environment.

It was not as dominant as it is in the eastern United States where it is one of our top invasive species. Among the other common flowering herbs in this area were yellow water-lily (Nuphar lutea), Mare’s-tail (Hippuris vulgaris), bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata), blue water-speedwell (Veronica anagallis-aquatica), water mint (Mentha aquatica), great willowherb (Epilobium hirsutum), water forget-me-not (Myosotis scorpioides), water-cress (Nasturtium officinale), yellow flag (Iris pseudacorus), and what appeared to be clustered dock (Rumex conglomeratus), plus grasslike herbs including horsetail (Equisetum sp.), spike-rush (Eleocharis sp.), grey club-rush (Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani), bur-reed (Sparganium sp.), and reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea). Bog-myrtle (Myrica gale) was observed along the shoreline of Lough Corrib along with numerous herbs including some of the above species plus meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria). Other species observed along streams included common reed (Phragmites australis; also seen in estuaries), a species of buttercup (Ranunculus sp.), marsh ragwort (Senecio aquaticus), wild angelica (Angelica sylvestris), water avens (Comarum palustre), sedges (Carex spp.), and what probably is marsh pennywort (Hydrocotyle vulgaris). Perhaps the most common plant I saw in wet meadows from a distance appeared to be soft rush (Juncus effusus: Figure 10c). Bulrush (Typha latifolia) also occurred in marshes. Figure 11 shows some of the more eye-catching freshwater wetland herbs.

A unique type of wetland unfamiliar to most of us is the “turlough” - a globally unique lowland wetland found in karst topography. While they may serve as pastures for some time of the year, following sustained rainfall, water levels fluctuate rapidly due to the karst topography and underground network of flow channels (see Morrissey et al. 2018 for details). They usually flood in the autumn and dry out in late spring and summer (see Sheehy Skeffington et al. 2006 for excellent review). I visited a turlough (Coole Lough) at Coole/Garryland Nature Reserve (County Galway; Figure 12). The swans at this turlough inspired W.B. Yeats famous lyric poem – “The Wild Swans at Coole” (you can read it at https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/43288/the-wildswans-at-coole). Some of the plants observed in the turlough included spike-rush (Eleocharis sp.), sneezewort (Achillea ptarmica), smartweeds (Polygonum or Persicaria sp.), water plantain (Alisma plantago-aquatica), Gypsywort (Lyco-

FIGURE 5. Blanket bog seen along roadside on Achill Island (County Mayo).

FIGURE 6. Diagram showing formation of an Irish blanket bog. https://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/geography/bogs.html

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pus europaeus), silverweed (Potentilla anserina), horsetail (Equisetum sp.), sedge (Carex sp.), northern bedstraw (Galium cf. palustre), purple loosestrife, yellow loosestrife (Lysimachia vulgaris), common valerian (Valeriana officinalis), and common bird’s-foot-trefoil (Lotus corniculatus).

Plant diversity appeared to be greater upslope in the drier zone. Figure 15 shows some of these plants.

Tidal marshes, flats and rocky shores were readily seen along coastal roads (Figure 14). Curtis and Sheehey Skeffington (1998) reported on the status of salt marshes. Many of the species were either the same or similar to species I’ve seen in New England such as common cord-grass (Spartina anglica), sea milkwort (Glaux maritima), common orache (Atriplex patula), black grass (Juncus gerardii), sea clubrush (Bolboschoenus maritima), sea plantain (Plantago maritima), sea arrowgrass (Triglochin maritima), sea lavender (Limonium humile), silverweed, and sea aster (Aster tripolium). Some new ones for me included thrift (Armeria maritimus) and common scurvygrass (Cochlearia officinalis). Sheep were seen grazing in a couple of tidal marshes,

especially in the salt marshes of Trawoughter Bay (County Mayo). For more information on Irish salt marsh communities see Devaney and Perrin (2013).

Since sea cliffs are one of the nonvegetated wetlands and western Ireland is noted for its magnificent cliffs, I’ll show you my favorite one from this trip. No it’s not the world-renown Cliffs of Moher, but the Bromore Cliffs (Figure 16). My friends Tom and Maureen took us there around sunset…quite spectacular.

Well, that’s a quick tour of the wetlands and some interesting plants that I saw during my trip. Hope you enjoyed this article. By the way, Daniel Sarr and Lorin Groshong wrote an article in the June 2015 issue of Wetland Science and Practice that described wetlands in Ireland’s Burren National Park. If you plan to go to Ireland and want to visit some wetlands you might want to check out the “story maps” at http://www.wetlandsurveysireland.com/story-maps.html. This site offers suggestions on wetlands to visit and other information on Irish wetlands. Although I didn’t review this material beforehand if I go back to Ireland I’ll definitely review their listing. n

FIGURE 7. Blanket bogs in western Ireland: a) mountain bog at Connemara National Park (County Galway), b) mountain bog at Ballycroy National Park (County Mayo), and c) Atlantic bog at Ballycroy NP. (Note the signs of past turf cutting in the Atlantic bog – drastic elevation changes in ground surface.) a

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FIGURE 8. Some common shrubs observed in bogs: a) cross-leaved heath (Erica tetrahix), b) heather (Calluna vulgaris), c) bell heather (Erica cinerea), and d) bog-myrtle (Myrica gale). (Note: Common and scientific names used throughout this article follow Devlin 2018, http://www.wildflowersofireland.net/ and http://www.irishwildflowers.ie/.) a

b

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REFERENCES

Coll, J., D. Bourke, M. Sheehy Skeffington, M. Gormally, and J.C. Sweeney.

2016. Projected loss of climate space for active blanket bog in Ireland. In: I. Rotherham (editor). In the Bog: the Ecology, Landscape, Archaeology and Heritage of Peatlands Conference (September 3-5, 2014), Sheffield, UK. Curtis, T.G.F. and M.J. Sheehy Skeffington. 1998. The salt marshes of Ireland: an inventory and account of their geographic variation. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy Vol. 98B, No. 2: 87-104.

Devaney, F.M. and P.M. Perrin. 2013. Saltmarsh angiosperm assessment tool for Ireland (SMAATIE). EPA Research End of Project Report (2013-W-DS-10). Environmental Protection Agency, Wexford, Ireland. http://www.botanicalenvironmental.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/ SMAATIE_End_of_Project_Report_.pdf Devlin, Z. 2018. The Wildflowers of Ireland: A Field Guide. The Collins Press, Wilton, Ireland.

Irish Ramsar Wetland Committee. 2018. Irish Wetland Types: An Identification Guide and Field Survey Manual. Environmental Protection Agency, Johnstown Castle, Ireland. https://www.npws.ie/sites/default/ files/general/irish-wetlands-guide.pdf

Government of Ireland. 2011. Planning and Development, Amendment No. 2, Regulations 2011. S.I. No. 454 of 2011. Stationery Office, Dublin, Ireland.

Morrissey, P., L. Gill, O. Naughton, T. McCromack, and P. Johnston.

2018. Groundwater flood modelling in the karst lowlands of south Galway. Irish National Hydrology Conference 2018: 100-115. http://hydrologyireland.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/09-Morrissey-P-Groundwater-flood-modelling-in-the-karst-lowlands-of-south-Galway.pdf Sarr, D.A. and L. Groshong. 2015. Inventory and mapping of wetland plant communities in Burren National Park, Ireland. Wetland Science and Practice 32(2): 23-29.

Sheehy Skeffington, M., J. Moran, A.O. Connor, E. Regan, C.E. Coxon, N.E. Scott, and M. Gormally. 2006. Turloughs â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Irelandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s unique wetland habitat. Biological Conservation 133: 265-290. https://www. academia.edu/34378486/Turloughs_Ireland_s_unique_wetland_habitat Taylor, J.A. 1983. The peatlands of Great Britain and Ireland. Chapter 1. In: A.J.P. Gore (editor). Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen and Moor. Regional Studies. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam. 1-46.

FIGURE 9. Some bog orchids from Clara Bog: a) bog asphodel (Narthecium ossifragum), b) marsh helleborine (Epipactis palustris), c) fragrant orchid (Gymnadenia conopsea), and d) heath spotted-orchid (Dactylorhiza maculata). a

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FIGURE 10. Emergent wetlands along fresh waterbodies: a) River Cong (County Galway), b) Lough Corrib (County Mayo), and c) a stream running beneath Quiet Man Bridge (County Galway). a

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FIGURE 11. Some colorful freshwater herbs: a) purple loosestrife, b) water mint, c) great willowherb, d) water-cress, e) meadowsweet, f) marsh ragwort, and g) wild angelica. a

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FIGURE 12. A section of Coole Lough, a turlough, during the drawdown phase.

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FIGURE 13. Some plants of Coole Lough turlough: a) sneezewort, b) yellow loosestrife, c) silverweed, and d) common valerian. a

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FIGURE 14. Examples of estuarine wetlands in western Ireland: a) common cord-grass dominated salt marsh along Ballylongford Creek (Carrigafoyle Castle; County Kerry), b) rocky shore and beach at Coral Strand (County Galway), c) rockweed-covered tidal flat along Sky Road (County Galway), and d) salt marsh and barrier beach along Clew Bay (County Mayo). a

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FIGURE 15. Some salt marsh plants with colorful flowers: a) common scurvygrass, b) sea aster, c) sea milkwort, d) thrift, and e) lax-flowered sea-lavender. a

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FIGURE 16. Bromore Cliffs, Ballybunion, County Kerry.

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WETLANDS IN THE NEWS Listed below are some links to some random news articles that may be of interest. Members are encouraged to send links to articles about wetlands in their local area. Please send the links to WSP Editor at ralphtiner83@gmail.com and reference “Wetlands in the News” in the subject box. Thanks for your cooperation. n NEW LINKS THIS ISSUE Warming Waters In The Gulf Of Maine Threaten Whale Populations https://www.npr.org/2019/10/06/766401296/the-gulf-of-maine-is-warming-and-its-whales-are-disappearing Report shows ‘stunning and dramatic’ scenes of thawing permafrost in Siberia that ‘leaves millions on unstable ground’ https://www.rawstory.com/2019/10/report-shows-stunning-and-dramatic-scenes-of-thawing-permafrost-in-siberia-that-leaves-millions-onunstable-ground/ UN Climate Report on Oceans, Frozen Regions Warns ‘Unprecedented Transitions in All Aspects of Society’ Needed to Sustain Life on Earth https://www.commondreams.org/news/2019/09/25/un-climate-reportoceans-frozen-regions-warns-unprecedented-transitions-all-aspects Helping the World Breathe – Wetland Restoration in Iceland https://www.icelandreview.com/magazine/helping-the-world-breathe/ Climate change may destroy vital peatland over next 30 years https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/climate-change-may-destroy-vitalpeatland-over-next-30-years-8vtd89zxp Amazon rainforest captured in 19th-century photos https://www.cnn.com/style/article/amazon-photography-19th-century/ index.html Inside the search for Africa’s carbon time bomb: a huge peatland https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/09/inside-search-forafrica-carbon-time-bomb-peatland/ Over 600,000 trees to be planted on disused peat bogs in Ireland https://www.irishpost.com/news/600000-trees-planted-disused-peatbogs-ireland-172107 Connecting fractured habitats has long-lasting ecological benefits, study in Science https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2019/09/26/connecting-fractured-habitats-has-long-lasting-ecological-benefits-study-finds/ Brits And Americans Try Bog Snorkelling For The First Time https://www.buzzfeed.com/ayeshamittal/brits-and-americans-competebog-snorkelling-tradition ‘Heartbreaking’: Wetland home of critically endangered eels bulldozed by council https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/criticially-endangeredeuropean-eels-tallaght-wetlands-dublin-conservation-a9118151.html What’s going on with Everglades restoration? https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/environment/article235402752.html Rollback of water rule could affect SETX wetlands https://www.beaumontenterprise.com/news/article/Rollback-of-waterrule-could-affect-SETX-wetlands-14436194.php Restoring peatlands to ‘reduce risk of wildfires’ in south Wales https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-49584671 Watch “Parking lot becomes salt marsh in Del Mar wetland restoration” on YouTube https://youtu.be/aklASAS3ONI Proposed 836 extension gets slammed by EPA: ‘unacceptable adverse secondary impacts’ to the Everglades https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/environment/article234428567.html

Mosquito incognito: Could graphene-lined clothing prevent mosquito bites? https://www.brown.edu/news/2019-08-26/moquitoes Hundreds swim through murky water at World Bog Snorkelling Championship https://metro.co.uk/2019/08/25/hundreds-swim-murky-water-worldbog-snorkelling-championship-10629506/ The Amazon Fires Are Political https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/08/amazon-fires-arepolitical/596776/ The Gulf Stream is slowing down. That could mean rising seas and a hotter Florida https://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/20190823/gulf-stream-is-slowing-down-that-could-mean-rising-seas-and-hotter-florida ICC’s constructed wetland expected to hold a slew of benefits https://www.pjstar.com/news/20190723/iccs-constructed-wetlandexpected-to-hold-slew-of-benefits Iceland’s Okjokull glacier commemorated with plaque https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-49345912 The water is so hot in Alaska it’s killing large numbers of salmon https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/16/us/alaska-salmon-hot-water-trnd/ index.html ‘Dead zone’: Data confirms dire warnings about algae growing in Chesapeake Bay https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/08/16/algae-threatdead-zone-chesapeake-bay-growing/2028226001/ Greenland’s ice melted at the expected worst-case rate for 2070 https://amp.businessinsider.com/greenland-ice-melting-is-2070-worstcase-2019-8 Wet, Wild And High: Lakes And Rivers Wreak Havoc Across Midwest, South https://www.npr.org/2019/08/14/749062901/wet-wild-and-high-lakesand-rivers-wreak-havoc-across-midwest-south The World’s Biggest Frogs Are So Chunky, They Shift Rocks to Build Their Own Ponds https://www.sciencealert.com/the-world-s-biggest-frogs-are-so-hugethey-build-they-own-ponds-for-their-young Pentagon May Have Released Weaponized Ticks That Helped Spread of Lyme Disease: Investigation Ordered https://www.newsweek.com/pentagon-weaponized-ticks-lyme-diseaseinvestigation-1449737 Scientist, photographers capture first-ever images of ghost orchid pollinators https://www.news-press.com/story/news/local/2019/07/12/ghostorchid-corkscrew-swamp-sanctuary-giant-sphinx-massive-hawkmoth/1713553001/ Invasive plants choke Michigan waters. So why can anyone order them online? https://www.bridgemi.com/michigan-environment-watch/invasiveplants-choke-michigan-waters-so-why-can-anyone-order-them-online Odum’s 1960s Everglades Studies Shape the Science of Ecology https://www.nps.gov/articles/nutrient-flow-ever.htm Lawsuit Seeks Federal Habitat Protection for Two Central Texas Salamanders https://biologicaldiversity.org/w/news/press-releases/lawsuit-seeksfederal-habitat-protection-two-central-texas-salamanders-2019-06-03/ Wetland Science & Practice October 2019 381

WOTUS debate moves to Senate committee https://thebrunswicknews.com/news/local_news/wotus-debate-moves-tosenate-committee/article_e6b48519-5f57-5902-af52-1493d95a72a0.html

In Antarctica, a little poop goes a long way https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/9/18538138/antarctica-poop-fertilizer-nitrogen-biodiversity

Temporary floating wetlands installed in stormwater pond https://weartv.com/news/local/temporary-floating-wetlands-installed-instormwater-pond

Ancient cypress tree found in NC swamp https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/state/north-carolina/article230191724.html

Vintage photos of Cuyahoga River on fire highlight why EPA exists https://amp.businessinsider.com/vintage-photos-of-cuyahoga-river-onfire-before-epa-2019-6

How sea level rise affects birds in coastal forests https://phys.org/news/2019-05-sea-affects-birds-coastal-forests.html

Enchanted Lake residents fear planned development will destroy wetlands https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/2019/06/18/enchanted-lake-residentsfear-planned-development-will-destroy-wetlands/

Groups, gov’t partners tap farmers to save Candaba wetlands https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1109041/groups-govt-partners-tap-farmersto-save-candaba-wetlands

Scientists amazed as Canadian permafrost thaws 70 years early https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-permafrostidUSKCN1TJ1XN

Indonesia sees drop in hotspots due to peatland restoration efforts, says agency – CAN https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/indonesia-peatland-hazeenvironment-fire-masagos-climate-change-11496892

Permafrost is thawing rapidly. How much should we worry? https://www.yaleclimateconnections.org/2019/06/permafrost-is-thawing-rapidly-how-much-should-we-worry/

Big ‘green’ mistake: dumping sewage in wetlands carries hidden costs https://thelensnola.org/2019/04/22/a-big-green-mistake-wetlands-wontcleanse-partially-treated-sewage/

Near-record ‘dead zone’ predicted in the Gulf of Mexico this summer... https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/06/10/dead-zonenear-record-zone-forecast-gulf-mexico/1407088001/

Shrinking wetlands getting help http://www.journalgazette.net/news/local/20190428/shrinking-wetlandsgetting-help

Climate change alters what’s possible in restoring Florida’s Everglades https://www.rawstory.com/2019/06/climate-change-alters-whats-possible-in-restoring-floridas-everglades/

On one island, a microcosm of Vietnam’s environmental challenges https://news.mongabay.com/2019/04/on-one-island-a-microcosm-ofvietnams-environmental-challenges/

Bog near Bristol gains more protection with nonprofit’s land purchase https://www.southbendtribune.com/news/local/bog-near-bristol-gainsmore-protection-with-nonprofit-s-land/article_430cec38-340a-5008ab54-e2ab92f17707.html

Fourteen-year project sees bare paddocks shaped into wetland in Wairarapa https://i.stuff.co.nz/environment/112202070/fourteenyear-project-seesbare-paddocks-shaped-into-wetland-in-wairarapa

Embracing The Salt And Adapting To Sea Level Rise https://www.sciencefriday.com/segments/embracing-the-salt-and-adapting-to-sea-level-rise/ See the drastic toll climate change is taking on our oceans https://relay.nationalgeographic.com/proxy/distribution/public/amp/environment/2019/06/see-the-drastic-toll-climate-change-is-taking-on-our-oceans How an Irish Bog Got a Second Life as a Sculpture Garden https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/where-is-lough-boora-discovery-park Coastal wetlands protect us from disaster https://wpde.com/news/local/coastal-wetlands-protect-us-from-disaster The bog swarming with scientists and artists https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-48471579 Wetlands park on pace to open in fall https://www.ocala.com/news/20190601/wetlands-park-on-pace-to-openin-fall Using the past to unravel the future for Arctic wetlands https://phys.org/news/2019-05-unravel-future-arctic-wetlands.html Cranes, gators and eagles: Houston Zoo’s new wetlands exhibit showcases Texas conservation success https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/science-environment/article/ Cranes-gators-and-eagles-Houston-Zoo-s-new-13882732.php Record number of wading bird nests is sign of hope for Everglades https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-ne-everglades-wading-birds20190517-j2rcuuzitrek3bw6et7us5nkhm-story.html?outputType=amp The Homeland and the Wetlands: The Yazoo backwater fight rages https://mississippitoday.org/2019/05/15/the-homeland-and-the-wetlands-the-yazoo-backwater-fight-rages/ Bozeman developers donate wetlands to Audubon for nature preserve https://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/news/bozeman-developers-donate-wetlands-to-audubon-for-nature-preserve/article_66753c59-a43e5f6e-9c35-d4864f7e294c.html 382 Wetland Science & Practice October 2019

Groups, gov’t partners tap farmers to save Candaba wetlands https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1109041/groups-govt-partners-tap-farmersto-save-candaba-wetlands Gardeners persist in using peat, despite environmental pleas https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/04/19/gardeners-persist-usingpeat-despite-environmental-pleas/ Endangered wetlands offer vital wildlife habitat and, often, a reason to fight about coastal development https://www.ocregister.com/2019/04/19/wetlands-offer-vital-wildlifehabitat-and-often-a-reason-to-fight-about-coastal-development/amp/ Chinese contractor destroys wetlands in Nyari https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019-04-18-chinese-contractor-destroys-wetlands-in-nyari/ There are bogs that should never have been designated in the first place https://www.agriland.ie/farming-news/there-are-bogs-that-should-neverhave-been-designated-in-the-first-place/ Plentiful wildflowers ready for first generation of monarch butterflies https://texasbutterflyranch.com/2019/04/12/plentiful-wildflowers-readyfor-first-generation-of-monarch-butterflies/ Florida’s least wanted: 10 invasive animal species that are wrecking native ecosystems https://www.floridatoday.com/story/news/local/environment/2019/04/13/florida-invasive-animal-species-wrecking-nativeecosystems-non-native/3456294002/ Mosquito Management is Key in Creating Popular Urban Wetlands https://entomologytoday.org/2019/04/11/mosquito-management-keyurban-wetlands/ 10 Acres In, Wetlands Restoration Project Near Flagler Beach Is Still Kicking Up Turbid Opposition https://flaglerlive.com/135440/wetlands-restoration-update/ Scientists just captured a record 17-foot-long python in Florida https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2019/04/07/us/florida-huge-python-capturedtrnd/index.html

California adopts new wetlands rules to protect them from Trump rollbacks https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-state-wetlands-protections20190402-story.html?outputType=amp

Why the world needs wetlands https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2019/02/why-the-world-needswetlands/

Invasive round gobies may be poised to decimate endangered French Creek mussels https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/04/190401142207.htm

Neither snow, slush nor sunken ice keeps these scientists from wetland restoration https://www.mprnews.org/story/2019/02/18/scientists-wetland-restoration

The Usual Story of the National Park Service Is Incomplete http://time.com/5562258/indigenous-environmental-justice/

Conserving Carolina working to rehab 100-acre wetland https://www.blueridgenow.com/news/20190206/conserving-carolinaworking-to-rehab-100-acre-wetland

Amphibian ‘apocalypse’ caused by most destructive pathogen ever https://relay.nationalgeographic.com/proxy/distribution/public/amp/animals/2019/03/amphibian-apocalypse-frogs-salamanders-worst-chytrid-fungus Sea level rise: Saltwater intrusion laying waste to Delmarva farms https://www.delmarvanow.com/story/news/local/maryland/2019/03/29/ sea-level-rise-saltwater-intrusion-laying-waste-delmarvafarms/3276897002/ Spring bird migration at Montezuma Wetlands Complex https://www.democratandchronicle.com/picture-gallery/ news/2019/03/22/spring-bird-migration-montezuma-wetlands-complex/3247284002/ Elizabeth Coleman White: Blueberry Queen of the Jersey Pines https://wednesdayswomen.com/elizabeth-coleman-white-blueberryqueen-of-the-jersey-pines/ Spotted salamanders discovered at Munroe Falls Metro Park as wetlands make a return https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/local-news/oh-summit/spottedsalamanders-discovered-at-munroe-falls-metro-park-as-wetlands-makea-return Study finds people in Ireland and Scotland made “bog butter” for millennia https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/03/study-finds-people-in-irelandand-scotland-made-bog-butter-for-millennia/ Marshes Can Adapt To Rising Seas By Trapping More Carbon. Here’s What That Means https://amp.wbur.org/news/2019/03/07/wetlands-sea-levels-carbonclimate-change As sea level rises, wetlands crank up their carbon storage https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/03/190306131401.htm The Ocean Is Running Out of Breath, Scientists Warn https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-ocean-is-running-out-ofbreath-scientists-warn/ The ubiquitous SC coastal marsh grass is no longer called spartina https://www.postandcourier.com/news/the-ubiquitous-sc-coastalmarsh-grass-is-no-longer-called/article_51f439b4-3916-11e9-a607abf6634164d3.html What’s in a Name? A Lot, It Seems! https://ncseagrant.ncsu.edu/currents/2019/01/whats-in-a-name-a-lot-it-seems/ Scientists say there’s still time to save Minnesota from invasive wetland plant https://www.mprnews.org/story/2019/02/27/scientists-say-theres-stilltime-to-save-minnesota-from-invasive-wetland-plant Wetland mud is ‘secret weapon’ against climate change https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/science-environment-47472602 Continued sea-level rise on East and Gulf coasts detailed: Nearly all nonAlaskan West Coast tide stations also saw higher seas https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/02/190225123513.htm Ancient wetlands provide new insight into global carbon cycle https://phys.org/news/2019-02-ancient-wetlands-insight-global-carbon.html WOTUS Rollback: ‘No Wetlands, No Seafood’ https://www.coastalreview.org/2019/02/wotus-rollback-no-wetlands-noseafood/

Tulane Study: Sea levels are rising faster than originally thought https://www.wwltv.com/article/news/tulane-study-sea-levels-arerising-faster-than-originally-thought/289-f6ca1d44-9167-4243-a33741e4525c95f1 As EPA Eases Wetlands Rule, California Makes a Countermove https://www.wsj.com/articles/as-epa-eases-wetlands-rule-californiamakes-a-countermove-11549123200 FGCU researcher wants to clean water by flipping lands between wetlands and farm fields in Everglades https://www.news-press.com/story/news/2019/01/07/everglades-restoration-lake-okeechobee-fgcu-caloosahatchee-river-red-tide-blue-greenchad-gillis/2481016002/ World’s Oceans Are Warming Faster, Studies Show, Fueling Storms and Sea Rise https://insideclimatenews.org/news/10012019/ocean-warming-accelerating-sea-level-rise-hurricanes-climate-change-science-review Along the East Coast, rainy days, high tides and sea rise make floods a part of life https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/news/east-coast-sea-level-rise-hightides-flooding-ncna957241 Wetlands in Wood County to be restored http://www.wtol.com/2019/01/17/wetlands-wood-county-be-restored/ Stirrings in the Muck: Fiddler Crabs, Yellow-Crowned Night Herons Locked in Climate Change Dance – National Geographic Society Newsroom https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2018/08/17/stirrings-in-the-muck-fiddler-crabs-yellow-crowned-night-herons-locked-in-climate-change-dance/ SC wetlands — prized for habitat and flood buffer — lose protection under Trump water rule https://www.postandcourier.com/news/sc-wetlands-prized-for-habitatand-flood-buffer-lose-protection/article_e8b1b568-15e7-11e9-9f73fb66dc7843a5.html Saving the World’s Largest Tropical Wetland - the Pantanal https://www.ecowatch.com/worlds-largest-wetland-pantanal-2626630113.html Novato wetlands project cleared for $5.7M infusion https://www.marinij.com/2018/12/25/state-approves-funding-for-nextphase-of-hamilton-wetlands-project/ City adds to wetlands preservation along Salt Creek https://journalstar.com/news/state-and-regional/govt-and-politics/cityadds-to-wetlands-preservation-along-salt-creek/article_4c18b7a5-9c5e59ad-96e6-4f0aa3e61731.html Global sea level could rise 15 meters by 2300, study says https://phys.org/news/2018-10-global-sea-meters.html New Climate Report Was Too Cautious, Some Scientists Say https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-climate-report-was-toocautious-some-scientists-say/ What’s Another Way to Say ‘We’re F-cked’? https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/climate-change-sealevel-rise-737012/

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Cows help battle invasive grass at Great Salt Lake wetlands https://www.sltrib.com/news/2018/10/13/cows-help-battle-invasive/ Developer cited for violating clean water act after developing part of subdivision in wetlands http://www.wbrz.com/news/developer-cited-for-violating-clean-wateract-after-developing-part-of-subdivision-in-wetlands/

Bill would roll back wetlands protections http://www.michiganradio.org/post/bill-would-roll-back-wetlandsprotections Marin gets $520,000 for Novato wetlands restoration project https://www.marinij.com/2018/11/27/marin-county-gets-520000-grantto-design-novato-wetlands-restoration-project/

Rising Seas Threaten Iconic Mediterranean Sites https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/rising-seas-threaten-iconicmediterranean-sites/

West Coast Wetlands Could Nearly Disappear in 100 Years https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/west-coast-wetlands-couldnearly-disappear-in-100-years

The future of wetlands: We’ve been warned https://forestsnews.cifor.org/57861/the-future-of-wetlands-weve-beenwarned?fnl=en

Wetlands are a natural climate solution. Guess who’s turning them into big polluters? https://grist.org/article/wetlands-are-a-natural-climate-solution-guesswhos-turning-them-into-big-polluters/

Prevent red tide? Start with more wetlands, experts say http://floridapolitics.com/archives/277986-wetlands-water-red-tide Climate change doubters are finalists for Environmental Protection Agency Science Advisory Board https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/10/climate-change-doubtersare-finalists-environmental-protection-agency-science-advisory Sea level rise doesn’t necessarily spell doom for coastal wetlands https://www.sciencenews.org/article/sea-level-rise-doesnt-necessarilyspell-doom-coastal-wetlands West Marin wetlands project hits 10-year mark https://www.marinij.com/2018/10/22/nature-reclaims-giacomini-wetlands-a-decade-after-major-restoration-project/ As Sea Levels Rise, How Best to Protect Coasts? https://www.yaleclimateconnections.org/2016/07/as-sea-levels-risehow-best-to-protect-our-coasts/ World’s Largest Tropical Wetland Has A Problem With Roadkill https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/worlds-largest-tropicalwetland-has-a-problem-with-roadkill/ Rising Seas Forcing Changes on Maryland’s Historic Eastern Shore Farms https://www.voanews.com/a/climate-change-maryland-farms/4633200.html Climate change: ‘Wetlands vital to protect cities’ https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-46020176 As Insect Populations Decline, Scientists Are Trying to Understand Why https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/as-insect-populations-decline-scientists-are-trying-to-understand-why/ Rising sea levels may build, rather than destroy, coral reef islands https://phys.org/news/2018-11-sea-coral-reef-islands.html $400,000 grant to plan wetlands restoration between Bucktown and Bonnabel in Jefferson Parish https://www.nola.com//environment/2018/11/400000-grant-to-plan-wetlands-restoration-between-bucktown-and-bonnabel-in-jefferson-parish.html Saltese Flats wetlands project underway for wildlife, water http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2018/nov/15/saltese-flats-wetlandsproject-underway-for-wildli/ Industries face closure for polluting wetlands, water bodies https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/industries-face-closure-pollutingwetlands-water-bodies Oasis Lost - With urbanization sprawling west, one of the most important landscapes in the western hemisphere—the wetlands of the Great Salt Lake—is at risk of disappearing. https://www.cityweekly.net/utah/oasis-lost/Content?oid=10443272 End of an era as Ireland closes its peat bogs ‘to fight climate change’ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/27/ireland-closes-peatbogs-climate-change

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Requiem for our wetlands? What’s at risk in NE Minnesota https://www.minnpost.com/community-voices/2018/11/requiem-forour-wetlands-whats-at-risk-in-ne-minnesota/ Michigan Senate votes to drain wetlands regulations https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2018/12/04/ michigan-senate-votes-drain-wetlands-regulations/2206092002/ As he exits, Michigan lawmaker wants to gut wetland protection, boost waste https://www.bridgemi.com/michigan-environment-watch/he-exits-michigan-lawmaker-wants-gut-wetland-protection-boost-waste Trump EPA Proposes Major Rollback Of Federal Water Protections https://www.npr.org/2018/12/11/675477583/trump-epa-proposes-bigchanges-to-federal-water-protections Southeast Long Beach land swap could net more wetlands—and more greenhouse gases https://lbpost.com/news/coastal-commission-southeast-long-beach-oilwetlands/ Saving the Graniteville Woods and Wetlands: How a poor community is fighting to save their only open, green space http://www.sicwf.org/ CLEAN WATER ACT: EPA falsely claims ‘no data’ on waters in WOTUS rule https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060109323 LSU wetlands mitigation bank plan moves forward https://www.businessreport.com/realestate/lsu-wetlands-mitigationbank-plan-moves-forward Trump wetlands rule rollback makes about 6 million acres in Florida unprotected https://www.tampabay.com/environment/trump-wetlands-rule-rollbackmakes-about-6-million-acres-in-florida-unprotected-20181213/ In India, Nature’s Power Overwhelms Engineered Wetlands https://e360.yale.edu/features/in-india-natures-power-overwhelmsengineered-wetlands Controversial wetlands legislation gets scaled back by state Legislature https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2018/12/21/ scaled-back-wetlands-legislation-gets-house-ok/2379537002/ Wetland damage from roseau cane plague visible in satellite images https://articles.nola.com/environment/index.ssf/2018/09/wetland_ plague_damage_in_missi.amp Wetlands disappearing 3 times faster than forests threatening fresh water supplies: Report https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/wetlands-disappearing3-times-faster-than-forests-threatening-fresh-water-supplies-report/ articleshow/65974012.cms

Why we must save the Endangered Species Act https://e360.yale.edu/features/why-we-must-save-the-endangered-species-act-from-the-trump-administration-babbitt

Minnesota wetland conservation http://www.startribune.com/federal-project-leader-scott-glup-sees-workas-the-front-lines-of-protection-for-wetlands-and-waterfowl/479060743/

Beavers are redefining the landscape at Smith and Bybee Lake Wetlands Natural Area https://katu.com/news/local/beavers-are-redefining-the-landscape-atsmith-and-bybee-lake-wetlands-natural-area

Hong Kong wetlands https://www.hongkongfp.com/2018/04/08/trouble-paradise-suspiciousfires-land-battles-afflict-hong-kongs-nam-sang-wai-wetlands/

What the world needs now to fight climate change: More swamps http://theconversation.com/what-the-world-needs-now-to-fight-climatechange-more-swamps-99198 Proposal for wetland buffers doesn’t hold water in Lewes https://www.capegazette.com/article/proposal-wetland-buffersdoesn%E2%80%99t-hold-water-lewes/165372 Future of tidal wetlands depends on coastal management https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-06190-x Moving a floating wetland from a beach in Minnesota https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/what-happened-to-the-minnesota-bog

Spokane County wetland restoration http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2018/apr/03/spokane-county-central-valley-district-make-saltes/#/0 Florida wetland regulation https://www.tcpalm.com/story/news/local/indian-river-lagoon/ health/2018/03/19/wetland-protection-poised-shift-corps-engineersflorida-dep/417298002/ Sea-level rise threatens local tribe in Louisiana https://e360.yale.edu/features/on-louisiana-coast-a-native-communitysinks-slowly-into-the-sea-isle-de-jean-charles Turtles in crisis http://therevelator.org/turtle-extinction-crisis/

Stop using “Swamp” as a negative term (e.g., “drain the swamp”) https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/05/opinion/sunday/stop-callingwashington-a-swamp-its-offensive-to-swamps.html

Pantanal wetlands https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/5-interesting-facts-about-thepantanal-the-world-s-largest-tropical-wetland

Upcoming ASWM webinar on compensatory mitigation registration https://attendee.gotowebinar.com/register/7485952740901587715

http://www.worldwaterforum8.org/en/news/brazil-bolivia-and-paraguay-signed-declaration-conservation-pantanal

Restoring wetlands for desert pupfish https://www.ecowatch.com/desert-fish-endangered-2569323966.html

Penguins seen from space https://gizmodo.com/poo-stains-seen-from-space-lead-to-discovery-ofmassive-1823457294

North Carolina wetland regulations https://portcitydaily.com/local-news/2018/05/11/3-days-vs-3-monthsregulatory-structure-makes-it-tougher-protect-wetlands/ Massachusetts wetland enforcement https://www.ecori.org/government/2018/5/3/appeals-court-upholdsdecision-to-restore-damaged-wetlands Wetlands for downtown Durham, NC http://www.heraldsun.com/news/local/counties/durham-county/article209713499.html Wetland conservation in Texas http://kfdm.com/news/local/additional-wetlands-protection-providesdefense-against-flooding Wetland banking in Minnesota http://www.startribune.com/bank-gives-landowners-committed-torestoring-minnesota-wetlands-a-financial-incentive/480463381/

Wisconsin wetland regulations http://www.gazettextra.com/news/government/county-officials-say-isolated-wetlands-bill-could-have-adverse-effects/article_7f98b9ef-48eb55cc-b4b6-f851f1213d3d.html http://host.madison.com/wsj/news/local/govt-and-politics/politicizedwisconsin-dnr-erasing-rare-wetlands-retirees-say/article_881666fcf9c0-5cf7-ac2a-272e9c1d4094.html Ballona wetlands historic images http://www.businessinsider.com/history-of-los-angeles-ballona-creekwetlands-watershed-2018-2 Mining impacts proposed for Minnesota https://search.app.goo.gl/EUQb6

Columbian wetlands http://www.columbian.com/news/2018/apr/18/shoring-up-a-key-wetland-in-camas/ Wetland restoration in Milwaukee https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/local/milwaukee/2018/04/17/restoration-one-last-wetlands-milwaukees-harbor-estuary-provide-morepublic-recreation-ato-restored/522547002/ Kansas wetland park http://www.kansas.com/news/politics-government/article208500834. html Walden Pond revisited https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/new-study-details-manmade-damage-done-walden-pond-180968700/ Wisconsin Frac mining permit https://www.wpr.org/dnr-staff-felt-pressure-approve-wetland-fill-fracsand-mining-project

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WETLAND BOOKSHELF

A

new book on wetlands arrived in my mailbox this summer: “Wading Right In: Discovering the Nature of Wetlands”

by Catherine Owen Koning and Sharon M. Ashworth (The University of Chicago Press; August 2019). Designed with the average citizen in mind, the book offers an entertaining introduction to major wetland types in the coterminous U.S., highlighting their unique qualities, threats, restoration efforts, and future challenges. The authors use stories from a varied group of “wetlanders” to underscore the value and functions of wetlands and describe the type of work these folks are doing for wetland conservation. This would be a quick summer read for wetlanders and, perhaps more importantly, one that you might want to recommend to your family and friends.

For the latest news on wetlands and related topics, readers are referred to the Association of State Wetland Managers website. Their “Wetland Breaking News” section include links to newspaper articles that should be of interest: https:// www.aswm.org/news/wetland-breaking-news. Their blog – the Complete Wetlander – may also be of interest: https:// www.aswm.org/wordpress/. Additional resources are listed below.

Please help us add new books and reports to this listing. If your agency, organization, or institution has published new publications on wetlands, please send the information to Editor of Wetland Science & Practice at ralphtiner83@gmail. com. Your cooperation is appreciated.

BOOKS

• Wading Right In: Discovering the Nature of Wetlands https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/W/ bo28183520.html • Sedges of Maine https://umaine.edu/umpress/books-in-print/ • Sedges and Rushes of Minnesota https://www.upress.umn. edu/book-division/books/sedges-and-rushes-of-minnesota • Wetland & Stream Rapid Assessments: Development, Validation, and Application https://www.elsevier.com/ books/wetland-and-stream-rapid-assessments/dorney/978-0-12-805091-0 • Eager: The Surprising Secret Life of Beavers and Why They Matter https://www.chelseagreen.com/product/eager/ • Wetland Indicators – A Guide to Wetland Formation, Identification, Delineation, Classification, and Mapping https://www.crcpress.com/Wetland-Indicators-A-Guide-toWetland-Identification-Delineation-Classification/Tiner/p/ book/9781439853696 • Wetland Soils: Genesis, Hydrology, Landscapes, and Classification https://www.crcpress.com/Wetland-Soils-Genesis-Hydrology-Landscapes-and-Classification/VepraskasRichardson-Vepraskas-Craft/9781566704847 • Creating and Restoring Wetlands: From Theory to Practice http://store.elsevier.com/Creating-and-Restoring-Wetlands/ Christopher-Craft/isbn-9780124072329/ • Salt Marsh Secrets. Who uncovered them and how? http://trnerr.org/SaltMarshSecrets/ • Remote Sensing of Wetlands: Applications and Advances. https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781482237351 • Wetlands (5th Edition). http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/ WileyTitle/productCd-1118676823.html • Black Swan Lake – Life of a Wetland http://press.uchicago. edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/B/bo15564698.html

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• Coastal Wetlands of the World: Geology, Ecology, Distribution and Applications http://www.cambridge.org/ us/academic/subjects/earth-and-environmental-science/ environmental-science/coastal-wetlands-world-geologyecology-distribution-and-applications • Florida’s Wetlands https://www.amazon.com/FloridasWetlands-Natural-Ecosystems-Species/dp/1561646873/ ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&qid=1518650552&sr=84&keywords=wetland+books • Mid-Atlantic Freshwater Wetlands: Science, Management, Policy, and Practice http://www.springer.com/environment/ aquatic+sciences/book/978-1-4614-5595-0 • The Atchafalaya River Basin: History and Ecology of an American Wetland http://www.tamupress.com/product/ Atchafalaya-River-Basin,7733.aspx • Tidal Wetlands Primer: An Introduction to their Ecology, Natural History, Status and Conservation https://www. umass.edu/umpress/title/tidal-wetlands-primer • Wetland Landscape Characterization: Practical Tools, Methods, and Approaches for Landscape Ecology http:// www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781466503762 • Wetland Techniques (3 volumes) http://www.springer.com/ life+sciences/ecology/book/978-94-007-6859-8 • Wildflowers and Other Plants of Iowa Wetlands https://www.uipress.uiowa.edu/books/2015-spring/wildflowers-and-other-plants-iowa-wetlands.htm • Wetland Restoration: A Handbook for New Zealand Freshwater Systems https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/publications/books/wetlands-handbook • Wetland Ecosystems https://www.wiley.com/en-us/ Wetland+Ecosystems-p-9780470286302 • Constructed Wetlands and Sustainable Development https://www.routledge.com/Constructed-Wetlands-and-Sustainable-Development/Austin-Yu/p/book/9781138908994

ONLINE PUBLICATIONS

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS • Regional Guidebook for the Functional Assessment of Organic Flats, Slopes, and Depressional Wetlands in the Northcentral and Northeast Region http://acwc.sdp.sirsi. net/client/en_US/search/asset/1047786 • Wetland-related publications: -http://acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/client/en_US/default/search/ results?te=&lm=WRP -http://acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/client/en_US/default/search/ results?te=&lm=WRP • National Wetland Plant List publications: http://rsgisias. crrel.usace.army.mil/NWPL/ • National Technical Committee for Wetland Vegetation: http://rsgisias.crrel.usace.army.mil/nwpl_static/ntcwv.html • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency wetland reports and searches: http://water.epa.gov/type/wetlands/wetpubs.cfm • A Regional Guidebook for Applying the Hydrogeomorphic Approach to Assessing Wetland Functions of Forested Wetlands in Alluvial Valleys of the Coastal Plain of the Southeastern United States ERDC/EL TR-13-1 • Hydrogeomorphic (HGM) Approach to Assessing Wetland Functions: Guidelines for Developing Guidebooks (Version 2) ERDC/EL TR-13-11 • Regional Guidebook for Applying the Hydrogeomorphic Approach to Assessing the Functions of Flat and Seasonally Inundated Depression Wetlands on the Highland Rim ERDC/EL TR-13-12 • Wetland Plants and Plant Communities of Minnesota and Wisconsin (online publication) http://www.mvp.usace. army.mil/Missions/Regulatory/?Page=12

U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, NATIONAL WETLANDS INVENTORY • Wetland Characterization and Landscape-level Functional Assessment for Long Island, New York http://www.fws.gov/ northeast/ecologicalservices/pdf/wetlands/Characterization_Report_February_2015.pdf or http://www.aswm.org/wetlandsonestop/wetland_characterization_long_island_ny_021715.pdf • Also wetland characterization/landscape-level functional assessment reports for over 12 small watersheds in New York at: http://www.aswm.org/wetland-science/134-wetlandsone-stop/5044-nwi-reports • Preliminary Inventory of Potential Wetland Restoration Sites for Long Island, New York http://www.aswm.org/ wetlandsonestop/restoration_inventory_long_island_ ny_021715.pdf

• Dichotomous Keys and Mapping Codes for Wetland Landscape Position, Landform, Water Flow Path, and Waterbody Type Descriptors. Version 3.0. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Region, Hadley, MA. https://www.fws. gov/northeast/EcologicalServices/pdf/wetlands/Dichotomous_Keys_and_Mapping_Codes_for_Wetland_Landscape_Position_Landform_Water_Flow_Path_and_Waterbody_Type_Version_3.pdf • Connecticut Wetlands Reports: • Changes in Connecticut Wetlands: 1990 to 2010 • Potential Wetland Restoration Sites for Connecticut: Results of a Preliminary Statewide Survey • Wetlands and Waters of Connecticut: Status 2010 • Connecticut Wetlands: Characterization and Landscape-level Functional Assessment • Rhode Island Wetlands: Status, Characterization, and Landscape-level Functional Assessment http://www.aswm. org/wetlandsonestop/rhode_island_wetlands_llww.pdf • Status and Trends of Prairie Wetlands in the United States: 1997 to 2009 http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/Documents/ Status-and-Trends-of-Prairie-Wetlands-in-the-UnitedStates-1997-to-2009.pdf • Status and Trends of Wetlands in the Coastal Watersheds of the Conterminous United States 2004 to 2009. http://www. fws.gov/wetlands/Documents/Status-and-Trends-of-Wetlands-In-the-Coastal-Watersheds-of-the-Conterminous-US2004-to-2009.pdf • The NWI+ Web Mapper – Expanded Data for Wetland Conservation http://www.aswm.org/wetlandsonestop/nwiplus_web_mapper_nwn_2013.pdf • Wetlands One-Stop Mapping: Providing Easy Online Access to Geospatial Data on Wetlands and Soils and Related Information http://www.aswm.org/wetlandsonestop/wetlands_ one_stop_mapping_in_wetland_science_and_practice.pdf • Wetlands of Pennsylvania’s Lake Erie Watershed: Status, Characterization, Landscape-level Functional Assessment, and Potential Wetland Restoration Sites http://www.aswm. org/wetlandsonestop/lake_erie_watershed_report_0514.pdf

U.S. FOREST SERVICE • Historical Range of Variation Assessment for Wetland and Riparian Ecosystems, U.S. Forest Service Rocky Mountain Region. http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr286.pdf • Inventory of Fens in a Large Landscape of West-Central Colorado http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5363703.pdf

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U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, NATIONAL WETLANDS RESEARCH CENTER • Link to publications: http://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/pblctns. htm (recent publications are noted) • A Regional Classification of the Effectiveness of Depressional Wetlands at Mitigating Nitrogen Transport to Surface Waters in the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain http:// pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5266/pdf/sir2012-5266.pdf • Tidal Wetlands of the Yaquina and Alsea River Estuaries, Oregon: Geographic Information Systems Layer Development and Recommendations for National Wetlands Inventory Revisions http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1038/ pdf/ofr2012-1038.pdf

U.S.D.A. NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE • Link to information on hydric soils:http://www.nrcs.usda. gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/use/hydric/ • Field Indicators of Hydric Soils of the United States, Version 8.1 (online publication) https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/ Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_053171.pdf

PUBLICATIONS BY OTHER ORGANIZATIONS • The Nature Conservancy has posted several reports on wetland and riparian restoration for the Gunnison Basin, Colorado at: http://www.conservationgateway.org/ConservationByGeography/NorthAmerica/UnitedStates/Colorado/science/climate/ gunnison/Pages/Reports.aspx (Note: Other TNC reports are also available via this website by looking under different regions.)

• Book: Ecology and Conservation of Waterfowl in the Northern Hemisphere, Proceedings of the 6th North American Duck Symposium and Workshop (Memphis, TN; January 27-31, 2013). Wildfowl Special Issue No. 4. Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge, Gloucestershire, UK. • Report on State Definitions, Jurisdiction and Mitigation Requirements in State Programs for Ephemeral, Intermittent and Perennial Streams in the United States (Association of State Wetland Managers) http://aswm.org/stream_ mitigation/streams_in_the_us.pdf • Wetlands and People (International Water Management Institute) http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Books/ PDF/wetlands-and-people.pdf • Waubesa Wetlands: New Look at an Old Gem (online publication) http://www.town.dunn.wi.us/land-use/historic-documents/

ARTICLES OF INTEREST FROM VARIED SOURCES • Comparative phylogeography of the wild-rice genus Zizania (Poaceae) in eastern Asia and North America; American Journal of Botany 102:239-247. http://www.amjbot.org/content/102/2/239.abstract

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LINKS TO WETLAND-RELATED JOURNALS AND NEWSLETTERS JOURNALS • Aquatic Botany http://www.journals.elsevier.com/aquaticbotany/ • Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28IS SN%291099-0755 • Aquatic Sciences http://www.springer.com/life+sciences/ ecology/journal/27 • Ecological Engineering http://www.journals.elsevier.com/ ecological-engineering/ • Estuaries and Coasts http://www.springer.com/environment/journal/12237 • Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science http://www.journals. elsevier.com/estuarine-coastal-and-shelf-science/ • Hydrobiologia http://link.springer.com/journal/10750 • Hydrological Sciences Journal http://www.tandfonline. com/toc/thsj20/current • Journal of Hydrology http://www.journals.elsevier.com/ journal-of-hydrology/ • Wetlands http://link.springer.com/journal/13157 • Wetlands Ecology and Management https://link.springer. com/journal/11273

NEWSLETTERS Two of the following newsletters have been terminated yet maintain archives of past issues. The only active newsletter is “Wetland Breaking News” from the Association of State Wetland Managers.

• Biological Conservation Newsletter contained some articles that addressed wetland issues; the final newsletter was the January 2017 issue; all issues now accessed through the “Archives”) http://botany.si.edu/pubs/bcn/issue/latest.htm#biblio • For news about conservation research from the Smithsonian Institution, please visit these websites: -Smithsonian Newsdesk http://newsdesk.si.edu/ -Smithsonian Insider http://insider.si.edu/ -The Plant Press http://nmnh.typepad.com/the_plant_press/ -SCBI Conservation News http://nationalzoo.si.edu/conservation -STRI News http://www.stri.si.edu/english/about_stri/headline_news/news • Wetland Breaking News (Association of State Wetland Managers) http://aswm.org/news/wetland-breaking-news • National Wetlands Newsletter (Environmental Law Institute) – access to archived issues as the newsletter was suspended in mid-2016 due to the changing climate for printed publications. https://www.wetlandsnewsletter.org/

WETLANDS JOURNAL

What’s New in the SWS Journal - Wetlands?

The following articles appear in Volume 39, Issue 3 of Wetlands, Journal of the Society of Wetland Scientists.

• Advocating for Science: Amici Curiae Brief of Wetland and Water Scientists in Support of the Clean Water Rule • The Characteristics of Climate Change and Adaptability Assessment of Migratory Bird Habitats in Wolonghu Wetlands • Spatiotemporal Change of Vegetation Coverage and its Relationship with Climate Change in Freshwater Marshes of Northeast China • Contrasting Soil Bacterial and Fungal Communities between the Swamp and Upland in the Boreal Forest and their Biogeographic Distribution Patterns • Carbon Sequestration Potential of Macrophytes and Seasonal Carbon Input Assessment into the Hokersar Wetland, Kashmir • Procedure for Organic Matter Removal from Peat Samples for XRD Mineral Analysis • Seasonal Species Variation of Sediment Organic Carbon Stocks in Salt Marshes of Tuticorin Area, Southern India • Assessing Carolina Bay Wetland Restoration Risks to Downstream Water Quality by Characterizing Land Use and Stream Proximity • Influence of Inundation and Suspended-Sediment Concentrations on Spatiotemporal Sedimentation Patterns in a Tidal Freshwater Marsh • Water Chemistry of Managed Freshwater Wetlands on Marine-Derived Soils in Coastal Bay of Fundy, Canada • Recovery Succession of Native Plant Communities at Big Meadow Bog After Disturbance and Eutrophication from Herring Gulls • Nitrogen Input Increases Deyeuxia angustifolia Litter Decomposition and Enzyme Activities in a Marshland Ecosystem in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China • Quantifying Functional Increases Across a Large-Scale Wetland Restoration Chronosequence • Response of Nekton to Tidal Salt Marsh Restoration, a Meta-Analysis of Restoration Trajectories • Morphology of Drained Upland Depressions on the Des Moines Lobe of Iowa • The Effects of Hydrological Conditions on Eco-Exergy of Food Webs in Momoge National Nature Reserve, China • Effects of Environmental Variables on Spatiotemporal Variations of Nitrous Oxide Fluxes in the Pristine Riparian Marsh, Northeast China • A multi-scale comparison of elevation measurement methods in northeastern tidal marshes of the United States

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WETLANDS JOURNAL

What’s New in the SWS Journal - Wetlands?

The following articles appear in Volume 39, Issue 4 of Wetlands, Journal of the Society of Wetland Scientists.

• Typha (Cattail) Invasion in North American Wetlands: Biology, Regional Problems, Impacts, Ecosystem Services, and Management • Improving Hydric Soil Identification in Areas Containing Problematic Red Parent Materials: a Nationwide Collaborative Mapping Approach • Landscape Indicators and Ecological Condition for Mapped Wetlands in Pennsylvania, USA • Rapid Increases in Bat Activity and Diversity after Wetland Construction in an Urban Ecosystem • Responses of Contents and Structure of DOM to Spartina alterniflora Invasion in Yanghe Estuary Wetland of Jiaozhou Bay, China • Habitat Traits Associated with Mosquito Risk and Aquatic Diversity in Urban Wetlands • The Tensile Root Strength of Spartina patens: Response to Atrazine Exposure and Nutrient Addition • Community Succession after Cranberry Bog Abandonment in the New Jersey Pinelands • Spatial Distribution of Soil Organic Matter Related to Microtopography and NDVI Changes in Poyang Lake, China • Habitat Characteristics in Created Vernal Pools Impact Spotted Salamander Water-Borne Corticosterone Levels • Use of NDVI and Landscape Metrics to Assess Effects of Riverine Inputs on Wetland Productivity and Stability • Paleoecological assessment of cladoceran community dynamics in two subarctic peatlands • Tree Encroachment Induces Biotic Differentiation in Sphagnum-Dominated Bogs • Seasonal Dynamics of Oribatid Mites (Acari, Oribatida) in a Bog in Poland • Impacts of Shallow Lake Restoration on Vegetation and Breeding Birds in Iowa • Effects of the Substrate and Planting Method on Sphagnum palustre Growth in Subtropical High-Mountain Regions and the Underlying Mechanisms • Denitrification Potential and Carbon Mineralization in Restored and Unrestored Coastal Wetland Soils Across an Urban Landscape

DO YOU WANT TO PUBLISH YOUR ARTICLE IN THIS JOURNAL? Please visit the homepage of Wetlands for full details on aims and scope, editorial policy and article submission.

SIGN UP FOR SPRINGERALERTS! Register for Springer’s email services providing you with info on the latest books in your field. https://www.springer. com/gp?SGWID=0-150903-0-0-0&wt_mc=alerts.TOCjournals&utm_source=toc&utm_medium=email&utm_ content=13157&utm_campaign=&countryChange=true

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WSP SUBMISSION GUIDELINES

About Wetland Science & Practice (WSP)

W

etland Science and Practice (WSP) is the SWS quarterly publication aimed at providing information on select SWS activities (technical committee summaries, chapter workshop overview/ abstracts, and SWS-funded student activities), brief summary articles on ongoing or recently completed wetland research, restoration, or management projects or on the general ecology and natural history of wetlands, and highlights of current events.

WSP also includes sections listing new publications and research at various institutions, and links to major wetland research facilities, federal agencies, wetland restoration/monitoring sites and wetland mapping sites. The publication also serves as an outlet for commentaries, perspectives and opinions on important developments in wetland science, theory, management and policy.

Both invited and unsolicited manuscripts are reviewed by the WSP editor for suitability for publication. Student papers are welcomed. Please see publication guidelines at the end of this issue.

Electronic access to Wetland Science and Practice is included in your SWS membership.

All issues published, except the the current issue, are available via the internet to the general public.

At the San Juan meeting, the SWS Board of Directors voted to approve release of past issues of WSP when a new issue is available to SWS members only. This means that a WSP issue will be available to the public four months after it has been read by SWS members (e.g., the June 2017 issue will be an open access issue in September 2017). Such availability will hopefully stimulate more interest in contributing to the journal. And, we are excited about this opportunity to promote the good work done by our members.

HOW YOU CAN HELP If you read something you like in WSP, or that you think someone else would find interesting, be sure to share. Share links to your Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and LinkedIn accounts.

Make sure that all your SWS colleagues are checking out our recent issues, and help spread the word about SWS to non-members!

Questions? Contact editor Ralph Tiner, PWS Emeritus (ralphtiner83@gmail.com). n

WSP Manuscript – General Guidelines LENGTH: Approximately 5,000 words; can be longer if necessary.

STYLE: See existing articles from 2014 to more recent years available online at: http://www.sws.org/category/wetland-science-practice.html TEXT: Word document, 12 font, Times New Roman, single-spaced; keep tables and figures separate, although captions can be included in text. For reference citations in text use this format: (Smith 2016; Jones and Whithead 2014; Peterson et al. 2010).

FIGURES: Please include color images and photos of subject wetland(s) as WSP is a full-color e-publication.

Image size should be less than 1MB – 500KB may work best for this e-publication.

REFERENCE CITATION EXAMPLES: • Claus, S., S. Imgraben, K. Brennan, A. Carthey, B. Daly, R. Blakey, E. Turak, and N. Saintilan. 2011. Assessing the extent and condition of wetlands in NSW: Supporting report A – Conceptual framework, Monitoring, evaluation and reporting program, Technical report series, Office of Environment and Heritage, Sydney, Australia. OEH 2011/0727.

• Clements, F.E. 1916. Plant Succession: An Analysis of the Development of Vegetation. Carnegie Institution of Washington. Washington D.C. Publication 242.

• Clewell, A.F., C. Raymond, C.L. Coultas, W.M. Dennis, and J.P. Kelly. 2009. Spatially narrow wet prairies. Castanea 74: 146-159.

• Colburn, E.A. 2004. Vernal Pools: Natural History and Conservation. McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, Blacksburg, VA. • Cole, C.A. and R.P. Brooks. 2000. Patterns of wetland hydrology in the Ridge and Valley Province, Pennsylvania, USA. Wetlands 20: 438-447.

• Cook, E.R., R. Seager, M.A. Cane, and D.W. Stahle. 2007.

North American drought: reconstructions, causes, and consequences. Earth-Science Reviews 81: 93-134.

• Cooper, D.J. and D.M. Merritt. 2012. Assessing the water needs of riparian and wetland vegetation in the western United States. U.S.D.A., Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ft. Collins, CO. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-282.

Wetland Science & Practice October 2019 391

WEB TIP

Resources at your fingertips!

For your convenience, SWS has compiled a hefty list of wetland science websites, books, newsletters, government agencies, research centers and more, and saved them to sws.org.

Find them on the Related Links page sws.org.

From the Bog

by Doug Wilcox

&

wetland science practice

WSP is the formal voice of the Society of Wetland Scientists. It is a quarterly publication focusing on the news of the SWS and providing important announcements for members and opportunities for wetland scientists, managers, and graduate students to publish brief summaries of their works and conservation initiatives. Topics for articles may include descriptions of threatened wetlands around the globe or the establishment of wetland conservation areas, and summary findings from research or restoration projects. All manuscripts should follow guidelines for authors listed above. All papers published in WSP will be reviewed by the editor for suitability and may be subject to peer review as necessary. Most articles will be published within 3 months of receipt. Letters to the editor are also encouraged, but must be relevant to broad wetland-related topics. All material should be sent electronically to the current editor of WSP. Complaints about SWS policy or personnel should be sent directly to the elected officers of SWS and will not be considered for publication in WSP. n 392 Wetland Science & Practice October 2019