SOMER HAND + YI-CHING LEE, PHD HUMAN FACTORS + APPLIED COGNITION | GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY
Background | PREVIOUS RESEARCH • Risks + benefits of adult use • Benefits are desirable • Significant safety concerns
• Gender differences • Men are more familiar, positive, willing to pay • Women more concerned about safety risks
• Influence of familiarity
• Increased familiarity = increased interest + comfort levels
Background | IMPORTANCE • Children’s use of AV’s
• Increased mobility • More time for parents • Avoid public transportation
• Concerns about safety V2gov.com
METHODS | RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• Willingness to use an AV to transport a child unaccompanied • Features that influence willingness
METHODS | QUESTIONNAIRE
Methods | QUESTIONNAIRE
DEMOGRAPHICS
FAMILIARITY
WILLINGNESS
DEMOGRAPHICS
WILLINGNESS
CAR FEATURES
METHODS | DATA COLLECTION • 1,893 respondents • 558 eliminated
• 287 non US residents • 271 invalid responses
RESULTS | SAMPLE STATISTICS 1,335 valid responses 42% male 58% female 18-82 years old (mean age 37, sd 11.1) 61% parents of children under 15 years
METHODS | RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• Willingness to use an AV to transport a child unaccompanied • Features that influence willingness
Results | OVERALL WILLINGNESS
Results | WILLINGNESS BY DEMOGRAPHIC
Results | WILLINGNESS BY DEMOGRAPHIC
Results | WILLINGNESS BY DEMOGRAPHIC
There were no significant effects for income, race, or education level on willingness to transport children unaccompanied in AVs.
METHODS | RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• Willingness to use an AV to transport a child unaccompanied
• Features that influence willingness
RESULTS | CAR FEATURES
Emergency features No significant difference between parents + non-parents (p = .563) More important to females than males (p < .0001) More important to participants with female children than to participants with male children (p = .002)
RESULTS | CAR FEATURES Importance rating for groups of similar features:
1 2 3 4
UNNECESARY WOULD LIKE TO HAVE
IMPORTANT TO HAVE REQUIRED
RESULTS | CAR FEATURES
Emergency features • Protect my child in an emergency • Signal distress to designated adult • Summon emergency personnel (call 911) • Release child from car in emergency • Summon maintenance (AAA)
RESULTS | CAR FEATURES
Emergency features No significant difference between parents + non-parents (p = .563) More important to females than males (p < .0001) More important to participants with female children than to participants with male children (p = .002)
RESULTS | CAR FEATURES
Child restraint features • Safely restrained while in transit • Prevent child from leaving car until they reach destination
RESULTS | CAR FEATURES
Child restraint features No significant difference between parents + non-parents (p = .185) More important to females than males (p < .0001) No significant difference (p = .082)
RESULTS | CAR FEATURES
Operation of + access to vehicle • Designated adult at destination • Designated adult received child • Child can communicate with designated adult • No one other than designated adult can get into car • Who is able to ride in the car • Who is able to operate the car
RESULTS | CAR FEATURES
Operation of + access to vehicle More important to parents than non-parents (p < .043) More important to females than males (p < .0001) More important to participants with female children than to participants with male children (p = .002)
RESULTS | CAR FEATURES
Gps + vehicle location • Control the destination • Know where the car is at all times • Designated adult can track car location • Control the route • Change destination / add a stop • Car will be at starting point of trip on time
RESULTS | CAR FEATURES
Gps + vehicle location No significant difference between parents + non-parents (p = .161) More important to females than males (p < .0001) More important to participants with female children than to participants with male children (p = .004)
RESULTS | CAR FEATURES
Auditory feedback of child • A microphone that lets you hear your child • A microphone that lets your child hear you
RESULTS | CAR FEATURES
Auditory feedback of child More important to parents than non-parents (p < .0001) More important to females than males (p < .0001) No significant difference (p = .087)
RESULTS | CAR FEATURES
Visual feedback of child • A camera that allows your child to see you • A camera that allows you to see your child
RESULTS | CAR FEATURES
Visual feedback of child More important to parents than non-parents (p < .0001) More important to females than males (p < .0001) More important to participants with female children than to participants with male children (p = .038)
RESULTS | CAR FEATURES Miscellaneous: A/C, windows, tv, car features • Control entertainment provided to child • Operation of car windows • Control climate control • Monitor fuel level, engine temperature, other indicators
RESULTS | CAR FEATURES Miscellaneous: A/C, windows, tv, car features More important to parents than non-parents (p < .0001) More important to females than males (p = .011) No significant difference (p = .69)
discussion | MAIN TAKEAWAYS Overall hesitance, but 58% maybe or yes Women most reluctant Parents significantly more reluctant than non-parents Socioeconomic factors did not influence willingness Most feature groups ranked “Important to Have” or “Required” Emergency safety features ranked most important, followed by child restraint + control of the child + the vehicle
discussion | AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH Comparison with existing autonomous systems Comparison across countries / cultures Why concerns for girls higher than boys Language / terminology Children’s perceptions Comparison with teen drivers
THANK YOU!
references • • • • • • • • • •
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