BPro RC6 2013/14_SANDPRINT by SoomeenHahm Design

SANDPRINT RC6 Tutor Daniel Widrig Cao Xiyangzi / Liu Shuo / Yang Zeyu

Project by

Xiyangzi Cao Shuo Liu Zeyu Yang

29.08.2014

TA B LE O F CO NTENTS

Studio Brief

ii.

Introdution

iii.

Concept

Material research -

Mould Research

Casting Material Test

Fabrication TEST -

Initial Fabrication Test

Chair Manufacture

Tube Language

Scale Up Solution

Simulation study -

2D Single Flocking Study

3D Double Flocking Study

Processing Optimization

Surface system -

Initial Testing

Processing Exploration

Gradient Surface Type

Interlocking COMPONENT Final chair making Digital simulation and design -

L-system + Spring

Bundling Generation

Stigmergy Optimization

Flocking Following Surface

Root System

Flocking Following Surface final proposal

Studio Brief: The studio is particularly interested in combining traditional, low-tech manufacturing processes with advanced technological approaches to design and realise new spatial concepts.

I NTRO DUCTI O N

Sand is a commonly available materials. It has many unique features, for instance, the insolubility in water, the high melting point and a certain degree of mobility when it is wet. Through this property, sand casting technique has been wildly utilized in traditional manufactural area in the early time. The purpose of this project is to develop a new crafting technique that using sand as mould, attempting ingenious methods to create a variety of unique forms. Simulating 3D printing by hand within certain space filling with sand. That is the spirit of our project â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SanDPrined. After a variety of experiments and attempts, PVA tubes with highly elasticity, flexibility, size and texture variations, were finally selected in order to control the shape of sand inside. Meanwhile, a removable frame was designed to control the general direction of the tubes. Thus, a variety of possibilities of forms by interweaving tubes could be casted based on this crafting technique. Furthermore, the sand and tubes can be reused, which is environmental friendly. According to initial material exploration and fabricate testing, the computational technology was involved to develop the design logic of small-to-large scale. Processing simulation technique (Flocking, stigmergy and other algorithms) has been utilized into the digital exploration which provides both natural and logical pattern and structures. By presenting products from small components to furniture, and eventually attempting to scale up the design into architectural area.

concept [Reference]

> Many artists and studios have tried to use sand as a mould, and pour liquid material to making furnitures. Starting with the barcelona based designer Victor Castanera. He has developed a series of bowls made from casting plaster over naturally created divots in the ground.Another project by swine studio is Can City, which collect waste oil as fuel, waste can as material to create recycling furnitures. Last but not least, Pewter Stool, designed by Max Lamb, adapts a primitive form of sand casting with a modernistâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s approach. Each relief is carved into beach sand and filled with molten pewter.

Areniscos, Barcelona Victor Castanera 2012 Ecological acrylic resin, Sand

Caerhays beachCornwall,UK Max Lamb 2011 Pewter, Sand

[Tool Testing]

Hard Tool

As the sand to be our main research material, at the begining of the project, we tested the different types of tool to be casted by sand --- hard tool and flexible tools. After this research, we found that the stickiness of sand could be used to casting various sorts of shape, even the bended path with tubes.

Flexible Tool

[Analysis]

Inspired by those reference and tool testing, we tend to use sand as a mould, as its several especial properity. For instance, sand is insoluable in water, has high melting point, is sticky when it is wet. During the tool testing, tubes is the most interesting and challenge one compare with the other hard tool. which is flexible, and varous size. Finally, some researches have been done to find a suitable pouring material. In the first step, we choose several pouring material for testing and plaster is our main material. All the material and tools are available easily, which is convenient to the development of casting. Finally, some researches have been done to find a suitable pouring material. In the first step, we choose several pouring material for testing and plaster is our main material. All the material and tools are available easily, which is convenient to the development of casting.

Mould Insoluable in water Adhesion when wet

Tool Volumn Flexible

Casting Liquility Solidified quickly

To establish the casting, we do seveal material research, which include the mould research to find a suitable type of sand, and the casting matrial research to select a suitable pouring material.

m ateri a l r ese a rch

Mold Research -

sand test

sand solidification test

sand evoluation

Casting Material Test -

casting material selection

liquid & pemeability testing

hard & frangibility testing

casting material evoluation

water content of plaster

cement + plaster

addtive

M old Resea rch

[Sand Test]

Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. The main ingredient is SiO2, usually in the form of quartz.In terms of particle size as used by geologists, sand particles range in diameter from 0.0625 mm (or 1â &#x201E;16 mm) to 2 mm. An individual particle in this range size is termed a sand grain. Sand grains are between gravel (with particles ranging from 2 mm up to 64 mm) and silt (particles smaller than 0.0625 mm down to 0.004 mm). For our first material research, we should choose one sort of the sand for mould. So, we bought four typical sand from the market, which has different particle size and colour. In order to judging which sort of sand is more suitable for casting, we did a series testing. The first one was present the surface of various sand casting with plaster. The second one was test the solidification of sand.one was present the surface of various sand casting with plaster. The second one was test the solidification of sand.

Four Different Sand:

Type 1

Type 2

Type 3

Type 4

Particle size: 0.1-0.5 mm

Particle size: 0.3-0.8 mm

Particle size: 0.5-1.5 mm

Particle size: 0.5-3.0 mm

Different surface of each sand with plaster:

[Sand Solidification Test]

> The sand usually present the particle situation, when it mix with water, it can be stronger than before and bear certain weight. However, the weight that the sand can bear is depends on the particle size, the ingredients of the sand and water content. The first experiment try to observe the particle size and the stickness of the sand with same water. And we find the No.2 sand has the best stickness among these four sand with the second water absorbing capacity.

Sand:

90%

60%

30%

90%

60%

30%

water:

10%

40%

70%

10%

40%

70%

[Sand Evoluation]

In the second experiment, we try to research the water content based on the No.2 sand, and find the best range of the water content. We add different milliliter of water in the same volumn of dry sand to see how many water can the sand absorb. Then we put the wet sand on the table, and add weight on the top og the sand, until the sand fall down.

Stickiness of Sand

Casting M ATERI A L test

[Casting Material Selection]

> The pouring material is another aspect should be research. In the first test, we push an object to make a shape in the sand, and pour 4 testing material respectively, and record the dry time and observe the surface of the products. Finally, we find resin have the longest dry time, which is more than 24 hours, while the plaster has the shortest dry time, which is just about 20 minutes. In addition, plaster's product has the most sand paste on its surface, while the cement's product almost has no sand on its surface.

1. Preparing a sand box. 2. Pushing an object to make a shape in the sand. 3. Pouring the 4 testing materials respective.

Liquid to solid

Material 1

Material 2

Material 3

Material 4

Plaster

Plaster + Cement

Cement

Resin

Dry time: 10-20 min

Dry time: 20-30 min

Dry time: 40-50 min

Dry time: > 24 hours

Liquid Plaster

Liquid Plaster+Cemnet

Liquid Cement

Liquid Resin

Solid Plaster

Solid Plaster+Cemnet

Solid Cement

Solid Resin

[Liquid & Pemeability]

> The second test is the Liquidity and permeability, which are the most essential properties in the casting.We make a crystal clear box which has the same curve hole to observe the condition in the sand. Finally, we find pure plaster is the most suitable pouring material as its high liquidity and low permeablity.

Liquid and Pemeability Test

[Hard & Frangibility]

> The strength of material is also a vital point in the casting. We put four 5mm slice on a frame, and let a 0.5 kg cement cube fall down from 20mm and even higher layer to hit the slice. According to the test, resin is the most hard among the four materials. The next is plaster with a certain level of hard and frangibility.

1. Plaster Slice 2. Cement Slice 3. Plaster + Cement Slice 4. Resin Slice

0.5kg Cement Cube Scale Label 5mm Slice

Hard and Frangibility Test:

[Casting Material Evoluation]

After two main test and a series of other test, we draw a diagram to list all the date of the tests, and analysis the porperties of each materials.According to the diagram, resin has the highest strength with the highest price, longest dry time and highest permeability. Moreover, each porperties of plaster is better than cement annd plaster&cement. Synthesizes each kind of situation, we select pure plaster as the main pouring materials in the first step casting.

Synthesize Evoluation Plaster Dry time

Liquid

Permeability

Hard

Frangibility

Operability

Price

Feasibility

Cement

Plaster + Cemnet

Resin

[Water Content of Plaster]

> As choosing the plaster, we start to test the proportion of water and plaster.We test four different proportion of plaster and water(3:2, 2:1, 5:2, 3:1), mainly observe the liquidity and permeablity. According to the research, the more water contented in the plaster, the more liquid and osmotic the material is. The one 3:1 is too solid while the 3:2 is too osnotic, which is not hard encough. Finally, we deside the most sutiable proportion of water in the material is 30%, which is between 2:1 to 5:2.

Plaster : Water

1:1

3:2

2:1

5:2

3:1

Liquid Permeability Evoluation P

Plaster : Water

3:2

2:1

5:2

3:1

[Plaster + Cement]

Also, we try to add some cement to the plaster to test whether it would enhance the strength of material. We create several sticks by different content of cement, from 0% to 100%.And put it on a frame, use a weigher to pull the stick, record the force when the stick is broken. From the diagram, except the pure plaster and cement, the strength saw a rise trend when the content of cement is ascend. However, we find the pure plaster have the highest strength, which is more strong than add some cement in it.

Result table for Plaster mixed with Cement

Load bearing

100%

Plaster

Cement

100%

15 High

unit:kg

High

Low

11.20kg

Material stick: 12mm*12mm*250mm Plaster+Cement : Water = 3:1

3.10kg

2.60kg

3.96kg

3.39kg

4.31kg

4.70kg

4.25kg

7.71kg

3.84kg

0.91kg

[Additive]

Marble Power

Lightweight Filler

PVA Glue

Borax Power

Glass Fibre

Plaster

Cement

Result table for Plaster and Cement mixed with additives No

Marble

Lightweight

PVA

Borax

Glass

Additive

Powder

Filler

Glue

Powder

Fibre 14.95

Load bearing 15 unit:kg

14.20

11.20

10 8.78

5.09

4.50

5.60

6.41

3.20

0.91

Plaster Cement Material stick: 12mm*12mm*250mm Additive: 5%

0.98

3.60

After seveal material tests, we start to use the casting create some products from simple to complex, little to big in the second step. Firstly, we create some products which can be classified into three types( lattice components, wave, branch) in a small scale to see the feasibility of the casting. Secondly, we start to cast one to one chair to sxplore if this casting could be used in a big scale, and try to find the problems in the actual operation. Thirdly, we do a lot of research by casting columns to analysis the details of the casting, and enhance the success rate.

Fa brication TEST

Initial Fabrication Test -

lattice component

wave

branch

Chair Manufacture -

one to one chair

baby chair

root stool

Tube Language -

cohesion, rotate and synthesize

physical test

Evaluation

Scale Up Solution -

distribute casting

continue casting

IMAGE

Image title

Initial testing

1. Built a framework 2. Dig holes on the surface 3. Insert the tubes to make shape.

> NO.01 First Tube-sand Test Ingredients: sand, plaster, water Mixing Ratio: Plaster:Water = 2:1; Tool Used: PVA Tube(OD13mm*9); Sand Box(250mm*250mm*250mm) Making time: 4 hours; Size: 250mm*250mm*250mm

[Wave]

1. Sand box 2. Setting the tubes by the control points. 3. Filling in the sand. 4. Close the box. 5. Get out of the tubes one by one. 6. Pouring into the plaster. 7. Take apart the box. 8. Wipe off the sand. 9. Final product.

NO.03 Component (No Frame) Ingredients: sand, plaster, water Mixing Ratio: Plaster:Water = 2:1; Tool Used: PVA Tube(OD13mm*10); Sand Box(150mm*150mm*150mm); Making time: 2 hours; Size: 150mm*150mm*150mm

NO.02 Component (Frame) Ingredients: sand, plaster, water Mixing Ratio: Plaster:Water = 2:1; Tool Used: PVA Tube(OD13mm*5); Sand Box(100mm*100mm*100mm); Making time: 1 hours; Size: 100mm*100mm*100mm

Wave

[Modified Sand Box]

By sandbox, we want to create some waves in a mathmatic way. We control the initial points and finish points of the tube, and make the next initial points are the finish points of the former, so that they could be continue.

Option 1

Also we design the cohesion in each box, so that every parts would be together.The four picture show four different main options of wave in one box. From the picture, we see that the side board can be change require on the pattern of wave. As each tube has volumn, so the initial point should be big enough.

Option 2

Option 3

The four picture show four different main options of wave in one box. From the picture, we see that the side board can be change require on the pattern of wave. As each tube has volumn, so the initial point should be big enough. So, the shape of wave

Option 4

Combine the products

1. Using different patterns. 2. Connecting them together. 3. Ending products.

NO.04 Wave Component Ingredients: sand, plaster, water Mixing Ratio: Plaster:Water = 2:1; Tool Used: PVA Tube(OD13mm*15); Sand Box(150mm*150mm*150mm); Making time: 6 hours; Size: 150mm*150mm*150mm

[Branch Table]

> Another main aspect is branch. By the same concept of waves, we can also use the sand box to create several different shapes of branch, just change the number of tubes and the finished points. In this part, we just casted them in one shot in a 500mm*500mm*500mm sand box. To create a branch, we let all the tubes go into the box through one big hole and out through several small holes, whose number is the same of the tubes.Contribute to the design, we may combine some branch together to create some furnitures like table and pavilion.

Branch Table Size: 500mm*500mm*400mm

Image

IMAGE

Image title

> NO.05 Branch Table Ingredients: sand, plaster, water Mixing Ratio: Plaster:Water = 7:3; Tool Used: PVA Tube(OD18mm*8,OD25mm*2); Sand Box(500mm*500mm*500mm); Making time: 12 hours; Size: 500mm*500mm*300mm

[Physical Model]

NO.06 Branch Table Ingredients: sand, plaster, water Mixing Ratio: Plaster:Water = 7:3; Tool Used: PVA Tube(OD18mm*6,OD25mm*3); Sand Box(500mm*500mm*500mm); Making time: 12 hours; Size: 500mm*500mm*350mm

IMAGE

Ch air manufactu r e

> NO.10 Root Stool Ingredients: sand, plaster, water, glass-fibre Mixing Ratio: Plaster:Water = 7:3; Tool Used: PVA Tube(OD18mm*16,OD25mm*4); Sand Box(500mm*500mm*500mm); Making time: 24 hours; Size: 450mm*450mm*400mm

Ch air manufactu r e

[one to one chair]

First of all, we tend to make a one to one chair. So we bind the tubes on a real chair to control the size. Then we put it into a big box (800mm*800mm*1200mm)and try to cast it. However, after about one day to cast, we failed for several mistakes.

[Result of First 1:1 Chair]

Actually, we just output the thing showed in the pictures. No space is connect, so there are so many branchs and all the material sank through the little gap between the foam and board. Also, as the erosion of the material when pouring, the hole become bigger and bigger, then the sand collapsed. In order to make the next one successful, we summarize the step where would have problems and find some possible reasons.

Fail Reason

1. Too many tubes were bunded together to through a single hole. When we got out the tubes many ttimes in the same path, the sand would be collapsed.

2. There are too many tubes got together in the main three points, also, some of them have no meaningful to the structure.

3. The three tubes of the back of the chair were too longer and too complicated. Maybe the plaster were difficult to through it.

[Baby Chair]

1.Prototype 2.Simplified the main structure 3.Seperate the tubes to legs and reduce the scale 4.Add two more higher points 5.Final baby chair

NO.07 Baby Chair Ingredients: sand, plaster, water Mixing Ratio: Plaster:Water = 2:1; Tool Used: PVA Tube(OD18mm*12,OD25mm*6); Sand Box(500mm*500mm*500mm); Making time: 16 hours; Size: 500mm*450mm*450mm

[Root Stool]

1st Set 2nd Set 3rd Set 4th Set 5th Set

1st Set: {1,2,3,4} 2nd Set: {1,2,3}; {1,2,4}; {1,3,4}; {2,3,4} 3rd Set: {1,2}; {1,3}; {1,4}; {2,3}; {2,4}; {3,4} 4th Set: {1}; {2}; {3}; {4} 5th Set: { }

After we casted the baby chair succeddfully, we try to create some columns to research the pattern and structure of the tube casting. We do a large number of tests to find out the security range of the arguments of tubes.We divided into three types, which are cohesion, rotate and synthesize.

[Root Stool]

dangerous

safe

1.Coverging the four top points to centre. 2.Drawing the centre point down for 400mm. 3.Selecting certain curves to up 50mm. 4.Seperating the ending points of stool legs. 5.Final skeleton of root stool. 6.Using Millipede to calculate the force situation of stool structure. 7.Choosing the red section to the D 25mm tubes 8.Selecting the second dangerous parts to the D18mm tubes. 9.The rest parts were set D15mm tubes. 10.Final stool.

[Root Stool]

Manufacturing Process To cast the stool, we cut a frame, a big bok and a small box. We install the small box into the center of the big box. So now there is an empty space in the small box. In addition, there are some small frame in the small box to control the shape of the tubes. When it is installed, we put the tubes into the frame from the big one to small one. After that, we fill the big box with sand, take out the tubes one by one, and pouring the materials slowly. when the level plane is to the height of small box, we wait for a moment to let the material solidify. Then continue until the level plane reaches the top of the frame. After about an hour, we take the stool out of the sand.

Control Frame Empty Space

Filled Space

Support Frame

Casting Process

Set Tubes

Fill Sand

Remove Tubes

Cast First Layer

Cast Second Layer

Remove Sand

Casting Process

1. Sand box.. 2. Adding the center frame. 3. First-Layer tubes. 4. Second-Layer tubes. 5. Feature of center frame. 6/7/8. Casting the tubes one by one. 9. Dismounting the box. 10. Getting out the sand. 11. Adding the third-Layer tubes. 12. Filling the sand and casting them. 13. Taking out the final one. 14. Swashing the sand on the surface. 15. The stool could support one person.

Tube language

[Cohesion / Rotate / Synthesize]

Cohesion / Rotate / Synthesize

[Cohesion]

T1: S(1, 2); E(1, 2);

T2: S(2, 2); E(2, 2);

T3: S(2, 1); E(2, 1);

T4: S(1, 1); E(1, 1);

T2 T1

T3 T4

Cohesion Quantity: 4 Rules: Changing the start and end points.

T1: S(0, 3); E(0, 3);

T2: S(3, 3); E(3, 3);

T3: S(3, 0); E(3, 0);

T4: S(0, 0); E(0, 0);

T2 T1

T3 T4

T1: S(1, 2); E(0, 3);

T2: S(2, 2); E(3, 3);

T3: S(2, 1); E(3, 0);

T4: S(1, 1); E(0, 0);

T - Tube E - Ending Point (Top Part) S - Starting Point (Bottom Part) - Cable Pie

T1: S(1, 2); E(0, 3);

T2: S(3, 3); E(2, 2);

T3: S(2, 1); E(3, 0);

T4: S(0, 0); E(1, 1);

The cohesion sort shows the tubes just combine at specific position without cross. In this section, we

could record the max quatity of combine tubes .

T2 T3

T1: S(1, 3); E(1, 2); T2: S(2, 3); E(2, 2);

T3: S(1, 0); E(1, 1); T4: S(2, 0); E(2, 1);

T5: S(1, 2); E(0, 2); T6: S(1, 1); E(0, 1);

T7: S(2, 2); E(3, 2); T8: S(2, 1); E(3, 1);

T2 T1

Cohesion Quantity: 8 Rules: Changing the start and end points.

T1: S(1, 2); E(0, 3); T2: S(2, 2); E(3, 3);

T3: S(1, 1); E(0, 0); T4: S(2, 1); E(3, 0);

T1: S(0, 2); E(1, 3); T2: S(3, 0); E(2, 3);

T5: S(3, 3); E(2, 2); T6: S(3, 0); E(2, 1);

T3: S(0, 1); E(1, 0); T4: S(3, 1); E(2, 0);

T5: S(2, 3); E(3, 2); T6: S(2, 0); E(3, 1);

T7: S(1, 2); E(0, 3); T8: S(1, 1); E(0, 0);

T7: S(1, 3); E(0, 2); T8: S(1, 0); E(0, 1);

T10 T6

T11

T9 T12

Cohesion Quantity: 12 Rules: Adding four tubes around the corner.

T1: S(0, 2); E(1, 3); T2: S(3, 0); E(2, 3);

T3: S(0, 1); E(1, 0); T4: S(3, 1); E(2, 0);

T5: S(2, 3); E(3, 2); T6: S(2, 0); E(3, 1); T7: S(1, 3); E(0, 2); T8: S(1, 0); E(0, 1);

T 9: S(0, 3); E(0, 3); T10: S(3, 3); E(3, 3); T11: S(3, 0); E(3, 0); T12: S(0, 0); E(0, 0);

[Rotate]

ArctanÂ˝

T6 T3

T1: S(0, 1); E(1, 3); T2: S(1, 3); E(3, 2);

Rotate

Arctan1

T3: S(3, 2); E(2, 0); T4: S(2, 0); E(0, 1);

Quantity: 8

T5: S(0, 2); E(0, 2); T6: S(2, 3); E(2, 3);

T7: S(3, 1); E(3, 1); T8: S(1, 0); E(1, 0);

Rules: -Same start point (0,1,0); -Rotate in different angles arctanÂ˝; arctan1; arctan3; arctan0. T1: S(0, 1); E(2, 3); T2: S(1, 3); E(3, 1);

Arctan3

T3: S(3, 2); E(1, 0); T4: S(2, 0); E(0, 2);

T3: S(3, 2); E(0, 1); T4: S(2, 0); E(1, 3);

T4 T1 T2

T7: S(3, 1); E(0, 1); T8: S(1, 0); E(2, 0);

T6 T8

T1: S(0, 1); E(3, 1); T2: S(1, 3); E(2, 0);

Arctan0

T4 T2

T5: S(0, 2); E(3, 2); T6: S(2, 3); E(1, 3);

T5: S(0, 2); E(2, 3); T6: S(2, 3); E(3, 1);

T7: S(3, 1); E(1, 0); T8: S(1, 0); E(0, 2);

T8 T6

T - Tube E - Ending Point (Top Part) S - Starting Point (Bottom Part) - Cable Pie

T1: S(0, 1); E(3, 1); T2: S(1, 3); E(1, 0);

T3: S(3, 2); E(0, 2); T4: S(2, 0); E(2, 3);

T5: S(0, 2); E(3, 2); T6: S(2, 3); E(2, 0);

T7: S(3, 1); E(0, 1); T8: S(1, 0); E(1, 3);

The rotate sort shows the tubes started at same point and ended at different points. In this section, we could record the max angle of tube rotated.

T1 T2

Outer encircles intimal Intimal encircles outer

T1: S(0, 0); E(3, 3); T2: S(0, 3); E(3, 0);

T3: S(3, 3); E(0, 0); T4: S(3, 0); E(0, 3);

T5: S(2, 2); E(1, 1); T6: S(1, 2); E(2, 1);

T7: S(1, 1); E(2, 2); T8: S(2, 1); E(1, 2);

Encircle

Quantity: 8

T8 T5

Rules: -Outer encircles intimal -Intimal encircles outer

T1: S(1, 1); E(2, 2); T2: S(1, 2); E(2, 1);

T3: S(2, 2); E(1, 1); T4: S(2, 1); E(1, 2);

T5: S(3, 3); E(0, 0); T6: S(3, 0); E(0, 3);

T7: S(0, 0); E(3, 3); T8: S(0, 3); E(3, 0);

T5 T3

Through each other Combine together

T1: S(1, 0); E(1, 3); T2: S(0, 2); E(3, 2);

Seperate Quantity: 8

T3: S(2, 3); E(2, 0); T4: S(0, 1); E(3, 0);

T2 T1

T5: S(2, 0); E(3, 1); T6: S(0, 1); E(1, 0);

T3 T4

T7: S(1, 3); E(0, 2); T8: S(3, 2); E(2, 3);

T7 T6

Rules: With the rotate rubles from bottom to top, combine in the center and seperate in the two side. T1: S(1, 0); E(0, 2); T2: S(0, 2); E(2, 3);

T3: S(2, 3); E(3, 1); T4: S(3, 1); E(1, 0);

T5: S(2, 0); E(2, 0); T6: S(3, 2); E(0, 1);

T7: S(0, 1); E(1, 3); T8: S(1, 3); E(3, 2);

[Synthesize]

T1: S(2, 2); E(1, 1);

T2: S(2, 1); E(1, 2);

T3: S(1, 1); E(2, 2);

T4: S(1, 2); E(2, 1);

Synthesize Quantity: 8 or 12 Rules: Combine two rules come from each basic element respectively.

T1: S(3, 3); E(1, 1);

T2: S(3, 0); E(1, 2);

T1: S(1, 2); E(0, 3);

T2: S(2, 1); E(3, 0);

T3: S(0, 0); E(2, 2);

T4: S(0, 3); E(2, 1);

T3 T4

T3: S(3, 3); E(2, 2);

T4: S(0, 0); E(1, 1);

T - Tube E - Ending Point (Top Part) S - Starting Point (Bottom Part) - Cable Pie

T1: S(1, 0); E(0, 2);

T2: S(0, 2); E(2, 3);

T3: S(2, 3); E(3, 1);

T4: S(3, 1); E(1, 0);

1. Rotate

2. Cohesion

T5: S(0, 3); E(0, 3);

T6: S(3, 3); E(3, 3);

T7: S(3, 0); E(3, 0);

T8: S(0, 0); E(0, 0);

T6 T5

1. Rotate

2. Cohesion

T5: S(1, 2); E(0, 3);

T6: S(2, 2); E(3, 3);

T7: S(2, 1); E(3, 0);

T8: S(1, 1); E(0, 0);

1. Cohesion

2. Rotate

T5: S(2, 2); E(0, 0);

T6: S(3, 0); E(1, 2);

T7: S(1, 1); E(3, 3);

T8: S(0, 3); E(2, 1);

T10

T7 T6

T11

T9 T8

The synthesize sort shows the tubes combine the cohesion and rotate. In this section, we could record the integrating rule of two basic element.

T12

1. Rotate 2. Cohesion 3. Cohesion

T5: S(1, 3); E(3, 2);

T6: S(3, 2); E(2, 0);

T7: S(0, 1); E(1, 3); T8: S(2, 0); E(0, 1);

T 9: S(0, 3); E(0, 3); T10: S(3, 3); E(3, 3); T11: S(3, 0); E(3, 0); T12: S(0, 0); E(0, 0);

[Physical Test]

Diagram: Cohesion / Rotate_Encircle / Synthesize Quantity: 8 / 8 / 12

Physical Column: Cohesion / Rotate / Synthesize

NO.08 Physical Column Test Ingredients: sand, plaster, water Mixing Ratio: Plaster:Water = 3:2; Tool Used: PVA Tube(OD13mm*12,OD18mm*6); Sand Box(500mm*500mm*500mm); Making time: 8 hours; Size: 200mm*200mm*500mm

[Evoluation]

Result table for tube language evoluation

Quantitw

Through the physical making process, we summaried four main element which control the shape of object and effect the successful rate of casting. As the following tables shows that if the success rate is greater than 60%, it is salf. The salf quantity of tube : <10 The salf thickness of tube: >1/4â&#x20AC;? The salf rotated angle: <360Â° The salf combines points: <5 So this is the reference of our future research. Attemping to find a optimum intercal for these four element.

Scaling Up Solution

[Distribute Casting]

NO.09 Distribute Casting Column Ingredients: sand, plaster, water Mixing Ratio: Plaster:Water = 3:2; Tool Used: PVA Tube(OD13mm*12,OD25mm*4); Sand Box(300mm*300mm*500mm); Making time: 9 hours; Size: 200mm*200mm*400mm

In this testing, we casted the column ( 200mm*200mm*400mm ) in several times. With this method, we want to test that if it can cast a more flexible and completed shape.

Result: During the whole process, we use the same consistence of plaster, which was water : plaster = 1 : 2.

Quantity

Size

Step1

Step2

Step3

Result

Successful Unsuccessful

Evaluation: Step 1: Four tubes were successful in this scals, but one of the holes which we used to pour into plaster had some tumor shape on the ektexine. The possible reasons that were the sand can not support the four D25 tubes together and the operation miss. Step 2: Almost successful, but some of the joints have not been connect well. Step 3: Because of the thickness of the tubes, none of the four holes were successul.

Scaling Up Solution

[Continue Casting]

Physical Making Process

NO.11 Continue Casting Column (Vertical) Ingredients: sand, plaster, water, glass-fibre Mixing Ratio: Plaster:Water = 7:3; Tool Used: PVA Tube(OD13mm*8,OD18mm*12);Sand Box(300mm*300mm*300mm);Weighing Scale Making time: 16 hours; Size: 250mm*250mm*1600mm

[Continue Casting]

Step 1: Single Column

Step 2: Double Columns

NO.12 Continue Casting Column(Horizontal) Ingredients: sand, plaster, water, glass-fibre Mixing Ratio: Plaster:Water = 7:3; Tool Used: PVA Tube(OD13mm*12,OD25mm*8);Sand Box(500mm*500mm*500mm);Weighing Scale Making time: 12 hours; Size: 500mm*250mm*500mm

Si m ul ation study 2D Single Flocking Study

3D Double Flocking Study

Processing Optimization -

flocking optimization

column fabrication

Simulation study

[2D Single Flocking Study]

> According to our fabrication technique, flocking algorithm has been used into our digital exporation. Processing silumation has been utilized in this experiment. The first step is the 2D pattern exploration. Setting flocking agents to generate organic pattern can be controlled to achieve different behaviors in specific area.

Start at two part and end at one part

Start at four part and end at two part

Range(500,900) Des_coh 300 Str_coh 2 Des_Ali 100 Str_ Ali 1 Des_ Sep 30 Stre_ 3

Range: (200,500) Des_coh 100 Str_coh 1 Des_Ali 100 Str_ Ali 0.8 Des_ Sep 30 Stre_ 2

Start at two part and end at two part Range(200,500) Des_coh 50 Str_coh 2 Des_Ali 100 Str_ Ali 0.8 Des_ Sep 30 Stre_ 2

Range(500,1000) Des_coh 250 Str_coh 3 Des_Ali 100 Str_ Ali 1 Des_ Sep 100 Stre_ 3

Range(500,1000) Des_coh 200 Str_coh 3 Des_Ali 200 Str_ Ali 1 Des_ Sep 100 Stre_ 3

Start at four part and end at one side Range(200,500) Des_coh 300 Str_coh 2 Des_Ali 100 Str_ Ali 1 Des_ Sep 30 Stre_ 3

Range(500,900) Des_coh 50 Str_coh 2 Des_Ali 200 Str_ Ali 1 Des_ Sep 100 Stre_ 2

> Another experiment that agents simulated from one point or a narrow range, and separeated in different distance.

Emitter(0, random(400, 500), 0)

Emitter(0,450,0) Range: (200,500) Des_coh 100 Str_coh 1 Des_Ali 100 Str_ Ali 0.8 Des_ Sep 30 Stre_ 2

Range(500,1000) Des_coh 200 Str_coh 3 Des_Ali 200 Str_ Ali 1 Des_ Sep 100 Stre_ 3

Range: (200,400) Des_coh 50 Str_coh 2 Des_Ali 100 Str_ Ali 0.8 Des_ Sep 30 Stre_ 2

Range(1000,1300) Des_coh 250 Str_coh 3 Des_Ali 100 Str_ Ali 1 Des_ Sep 100 Stre_ 3

Range(700,1000) Des_coh 200 Str_coh 3 Des_Ali 100 Str_ Ali 1 Des_ Sep 100 Stre_ 3

Range(1000,1300) Des_coh 50 Str_coh 2 Des_Ali 100 Str_ Ali 0.8 Des_ Sep 100 Stre_ 2

Emitter(0,450,0)

Emitter(0,450,0) Range: (100,400) Des_coh 50 Str_coh 1 Des_Ali 100 Str_ Ali 0.8 Des_ Sep 100 Stre_ 4

Range(500,1000) Des_coh 250 Str_coh 3 Des_Ali 100 Str_ Ali 1 Des_ Sep 100 Stre_ 3

Range(700,1000) Des_coh 200 Str_coh 3 Des_Ali 100 Str_ Ali 1 Des_ Sep 100 Stre_ 3

Range(1000,1300) Des_coh 50 Str_coh 2 Des_Ali 100 Str_ Ali 0.8 Des_ Sep 100 Stre_ 2

Range: (0,400) Des_coh 100 Str_coh 0.4 Des_Ali 100 Str_ Ali 0.5 Des_ Sep 50 Stre_ 0.8

[2D Double Flocking Study]

Setting two groups of flocking agents - Boids 1 and Boids 2 simulated at same time from one direction which can achieve different behaviors. During the simulation process, the agents will preform their flock behaviors separately and have some interaction as well. When the disctence between the two agents is in one specific area that has been set, it will creats the connection line between the two angets.

Boids 1 100.00 1.00 100.00 0.80 30.00 2.00

DIS(900,1600)&(0,200)

DIS(500,900)

DIS(200,500) des_coh str_coh eds_ali str_ali eds_sep str_sep

200.00 3.00 100.00 1.00 100.00 3.00

des_coh str_coh eds_ali str_ali eds_sep str_sep

inital_vel str_flock max_speed str_vel_1 str_vel_2

10.00 0.00 1.00 0.30 0.00

Boids 2 DIS(0,700) 80.00 0.80 100.00 1.00 30.00 2.00

DIS(700,1400) des_coh str_coh eds_ali str_ali eds_sep str_sep

Section 1 Alignment

100.00 2.00 100.00 1.00 100.00 2.00

Section 2 Cohesion

Two groups of flocking agents simulating from one direction Agent population: 40 Set up : 1600x800

DIS(1400,1600) des_coh str_coh eds_ali str_ali eds_sep str_sep

inital_vel str_flock max_speed str_vel_1 str_vel_2

8.00 0.00 1.00 0.30 0.50

Section 3 Separation

Section 4 Alignment

Boids 1 Boids 2

Second testing is opposite agents simulation. In this testing, the agents simulating from opposite directions, and doing flocking behaviors. In previous testing, angets came out from one area, and in this testing, one of the two group simulated form one point.

Starting part: alignment Boids 1: (0,400,0) Boids 2: (0, random(height), 0)

Sencond part: separation Boids 1 range: (0,500) Boids 2 range: (1400,1600)

Sencond part: separation Boids 1 range: (500,900) Boids 2 range: (900,1400)

Sencond part: cohesion & alignment Boids 1 range: (900,1200) Boids 2 range: (200,900)

Sencond part: separation & cohesion Boids 1 range: (1200,1600) Boids 2 range: (200,900)

Sencond part: cohesion & alignment Boids 1 range: (1200,1600) Boids 2 range: (0,200)

Two groups of flocking simulating from opposite direction Agent population: 40 Set up : 1600x800

Boids 1 Boids 2

[3D Double Flocking Study]

Based on the two dimensional exploration, three dimensional structure has been developed. In the three dimensional testing, column as an architectural elements, can be regarded as the most direct and effective test object. Changing parameters which control the flocking behaviors, a variety of column texture can be created.

Column Simulation Testing 1 Agent population: 100 Set up : (600, 1000, 600)

Range(-450,-200) flock(boids, 100, 100, 80, 2, 1, 1) Range(-200,100) flock(boids, 80, 200, 30, 3, 2, 0.7) Range(100,300) Vel= Vec3D(0,0.4,0)

Frame 15

Frame 98

Frame 213

Frame 255

Frame 294

Frame 344

Changing the data of cohesion alignment and separation, we can get a variety of patterns and structures. There are three experiments has been shown.

Flock(boids, DES_COH, DES_ALI, DES_SEP, STR_COH, STR_ALI, STR_SEP)

Range(-400,-100) flock(boids, 60, 100, 50, 2.5, 1, 2) Range(-100,100) flock(boids, 200, 100, 30, 3, 2, 0.7) Range(100,400) flock(boids, 100, 100, 80, 2, 1, 2)

Range(-400,-100) flock(boids, 60, 100, 50, 3, 1, 2) Range(-100,100) flock(boids, 30, 100, 30, 3, 2, 0.7) Range(100,300) flock(boids, 100, 50, 80, 2, 1, 2)

Range(-400,-100) flock(boids, 60, 100, 50, 3, 1, 2) Range(-100,100) flock(boids, 30, 100, 30, 6, 2, 0.7) Range(100,300) flock(boids, 100, 50, 80, 2, 1, 1.5)

[3D flocking study]

> According to the previous experiments, double flocking agents that frome opposite directions can be utilized to create 3D pattern and structures. Agents simulated from top and bottom, and created connecotion as is shown previously.

Agent population: 80

Agent population: 100

Agent population: 80

Boids 1 (-400,-100): Flock(boids1, 60, 100, 50, 3, 1, 2) (-100,100): Flock(boids2, 80, 100, 80, 1, 0.8, 3) (100,400): Flock(boids1, 100, 50, 80, 2, 1,1.5)

Boids 1 (-400,-100): Flock(boids1, 60, 100, 50, 2.5, 1, 2) (-100,100): Flock(boids1, 200, 100, 30, 3, 2, 0.7) (100,400): Flock(boids1, 100, 100, 80, 2, 1, 2)

Boids 1 (-400,-100): Flock(boids1, 60, 100, 50, 2.5, 1, 2) (-100,100): Flock(boids1, 200, 100, 30, 3, 2, 0.7) (100,400): Flock(boids1, 50, 100, 80, 1, 0.8, 3)

Boids 2 (-400,-100): Flock(boids2, 60, 100, 50, 2.5, 1, 2) (-100,100): Flock(boids2, 200, 100, 30, 3, 2, 0.7) (100,400): Flock(boids2, 100, 100, 80, 2, 1,2)

Boids 2 (-400,-100): Flock(boids2, 100, 100, 80, 2, 1, 2) (-100,200): Flock(boids2, 200, 100, 30, 3, 2, 0.7) (200,400): Flock(boids2, 60, 100, 50, 3, 1, 2)

Boids 1 Boids 2

Double flocking simulation process. In this exploration, it has two options- creating pure agents trail and creating both trail and connection line.

Flocking Simulation Without Connection Line

Simulating from opposite direction

Two group intersects in the center

Two group interacts between each other

Generating column structure

Creating connection line between each other

Generating column structure

Flocking Simulation With Connection Line

Simulating from opposite direction

Angets sintersect and interact in the center

Surface syste m

Initial Testing -

align surface type

flatten surface type

bended surface type

Processing Exploration

Gradient Surface Type

After a serise of intial physical testing, we made the align surface and overlap surface, which were completely successful. However, the two types of surface were totally different in form generation, at this point, we need the digital tool to explore a transition type from one to the other.

Processing exploration [Repeller & Attractor]

After a series testing of surface type, we summarize three basic types of surface. Then we use processing to explore more potential type we can casting by our craft.After a series testing of surface type, we summarize three basic types of surface. Then we use processing to explore more potential type we can casting by our craft.After a series testing of surface type, we summarize three basic types of surface. Then we use processing to explore more potential type we can casting by our craft. After a series testing of surface type, we summarize three basic types of surface. Then we use processing to explore more potential type we can casting by our craft.

Repller Grid Repeller Radius: 100

Rhombic

Hexagonal

Attractor Repeller * the transparency represent the strength;

Radial

Attractor Grid Attractor Radius: 100

Strength: 0.5

Strength: 0.3

Repeller Radius: 50

Repeller Radius: 100

Strength: 0.5

Strength: 0.3

Attractor Radius: 50

Attractor Radius: 100

[Repeller & Attractor]

a+5b

a+4b

a+3b

a+2b

a+b

a+2b

a+3b

a+4b

a+5b

Repeller Grid with Different Density Strength: 0.2 / Repeller Radius: 50

a+4b

a+3b

a+2b

a+b

Repeller Grid with Different Density Strength: 0.2 / Repeller Radius: 50

a+b

a+2b

a+3b

a+2b

a+b

a+2b

a+3b

a+4b

Attractor: Strength: 0.5 Attractor Radius: 50 Repeller: Strength: 0.4 Repeller Radius: 100

[Repeller & Attractor]

Attractor: Strength: 0.5 Attractor Radius: 50 Repeller: Strength: 0.4 Repeller Radius: 100

[Repeller & Attractor]

Processing Pattern with High Density

Processing Pattern with Low Density

Transform to new type of surface - Gradient Surface

[Gradient Surface Fabrication]

How can casting this kind of surface becomes the next task for us. In the previous fabricate process, we only control the starting and ending points of the tubes. Generally, the curvature of tubes in the sand box were out of control. Therefore, we need improve the craft which could obtain the precise curvature of tubes between the top and bottom borads of sand box.

1.The stick with specific measurements. 2.Using hot water to make the tubes become more fleixible. 3.Inserting the stick into tubes in order to get certain curvature.

20 20 15

20 15

5 5

125

100

0 0

100

0 0 0

10 15 20

15 15

20 20

10 10

5 10

5 5

125

[Gradient Surface Fabrication]

> After a series testing of surface type, we summarize three basic types of surface. Then we use processing to explore more potential type we can casting by our craft.After a series testing of surface type, we summarize three basic types of surface. Then we use processing to explore more potential type we can casting by our craft.After a series testing of surface type, we summarize three basic types of surface. Then we use processing to explore more potential type we can casting by our craft. After a series testing of surface type, we summarize three basic types of surface. Then we use processing to explore more potential type we can casting by our craft. After a series testing of surface type, we summarize three basic types of surface. Then we use processing to explore

118

143

168

193

218

193

168

143

118

400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

98.5

123.5

148.5

173.5

198.5

223.5

198.5

173.5

148.5

123.5

98.5

The stick with specific measurements

Cable pies Tubes after hot water

98.5

118

123.5

143

148.5

168

173.5

193

198.5

218

223.5

193

223.5

168

198.5

143

173.5

118

148.5

123.5

98.5

1.Align Type / 2.Gradient Type / 3.Overlap Type

Evaluation: 2

Stability & Intensity: Flexibility: Operability:

I nter lock ing CO M PO NENT

Interserting component

Interlocking component

Interlocking column

Interlocking column Fabrication

Fabricate Order: O5 --- I1 --- I4 --- O8 --- I2 --- O6 --- O9 --- O7 --- I5 ---- I3

Line to Line Point to Point

The Second Piece

The First Piece

NO.17 Interlocking Column Test_2 Ingredients: sand, plaster, water, glass-fibre Mixing Ratio: Plaster:Water = 7:3; Tool Used: PVA Tube(OD13mm*32); Sand Box(350mm*350mm*1050mm); Weighing Scale Making time: 24 hours; Size:300mm*300mm*1050mm

Fin a l ch a ir m a k ing

NO.20 Final Chair Ingredients: sand, plaster, water, glass-fibre Mixing Ratio: Plaster:Water = 7:3; Tool Used: PVA Tube(OD13mm*8,OD18mm*12); Sand Box(550mm*700mm*900mm); Weighing Scale Making time: 24 hours;

D ig ita l si m ul ation a nd des ign L-system + Spring

Bundling Generation

Stigmergy Optimization

Component Connection

Root Pavilion

Digital d esign [L-system + Spring]

< We use spring system to optimize the structure which l system generated.we use spring system to optimize the structure which l system generated.

10.00

Angle1

20.00

Angle2

20.00

Angle3

Division

Form Generation

Branch Generation

Basic Network

Separate Curve

Generate Structure

Optimize Structure

[L-system + Spring]

< To simulate bundling system, we first select same numbers of points from two grids by random. Then link them one to one. After that, we divide the lines, so that we can get the break points. When the distance of two break points is less than a certain degree, we set them together. By this way, we can create some unique patterns which are like fibre.

Spring Optimization

Branches Pattern

Angle = 30

Angle = 45

Angle = 60

Angle = 90

Spring Pattern

Perspective

[Bundling Generation]

1. Setting the random points. 2. Linking the lines. 3. Dividing the lines. 4. Bunding.

[Stigmergy Optimization]

Generation Process

30s

20s

10s

60s

120s

Control Options Quantity of Agents

400

600

800

1000

Location of Creation

Random

Top

Bottom

Repellers and Attractors

[Stigmergy Testing]

10s

20s

30s

60s

120s

> After we casted the baby chair succeddfully, we try to create some columns to research the pattern and structure of the tube casting. We do a large number of tests to find out the security

Digital d esign

[Root Pavilion]

Pattern Connection

Basic Pattern

Form Generation

Connect

Digital design

Final proposal

[Site Analysis]

location The site is located in a coastal city in Shandong Province, northern China. Site is a waterfront park located on the beach.

[Site Analysis]

1_Island

2_Harbour

3_Beach

Visitor Center

5 6 4 Wetland

Beach

Commercial Buildings

4_ Wetland

5_Green Park

6_Play Space

In the park, there are five main elements -- Beach, Green park, Wetland park, Harbour, Play space. Due to the need for water and sandwe chose the beach part to make our porject. According to the existing elements, we decided to add a few new elements -Shadow, Sculpture, Platform, Building, which could provid an abundant supply of play space for people.

[Architectural Design]

1_Platform

2_Pavilion

Visitor Center

2 4 3 1 5 Commercial Buildings

3_Swimming Pool

4_Courtyard

5_Bridge

The images show different elements that we designed - platform, shadow, column, bridge. According to the d i ff e r e n t f u n c t i o n s , w e s e t t h e s e elements into the initial park landscape. The bridge connects the sand dunes and the beach, beside the seaside, we setting platform and shadows which provide people a play and resting space.

To simulate bundling system, we first select same numbers of points from two grids by random. Then link them one to one. After that, we divide the lines, so that we can get the break points. When the distance of two break points is less than a certain degree, we set them together. By this way, we can create some unique patterns which are like fibre. To simulate

Regular

Irregular

1. Interlocking Column. (Page 01) 2. Flocking Simulation. (Page 01) 3. Stigmergy Simulation. (Page 01) 4. Double Layer Grandient Surface. (Page 01)

Regular

[Physical Model Catalog]

Material Maxing Ratio

Tool used

Size

Cast Time

Date

First Tube-sand Test

Plaster - 66% Water - 34%

PVA Tube(OD13mm*9); Sand Box(250mm*250mm*250mm)

250mm*250mm*250mm

4 hours

Nov.2013

Component (Frame)

Plaster - 66% Water - 34%

PVA Tube(OD13mm*5); Sand Box(100mm*100mm*100mm);

100mm*100mm*100mm

1 hours

Nov.2013

Component (No Frame)

Plaster - 66% Water - 34%

PVA Tube(OD13mm*10); Sand Box(150mm*150mm*150mm);

150mm*150mm*150mm

2 hours

Nov.2013

Wave Component

Plaster - 66% Water - 34%

PVA Tube(OD13mm*15); Sand Box(150mm*150mm*150mm);

150mm*150mm*150mm

6 hours

Nov.2013

Branch Table

Plaster - 70% Water - 30%

PVA Tube(OD18mm*8,OD25mm*2); Sand Box(500mm*500mm*500mm);

500mm*500mm*300mm

12 hours

Dec.2013

First One Shot Product

Plaster - 70% Water - 30%

PVA Tube(OD18mm*9,OD25mm*3); Sand Box(500mm*500mm*500mm);

500mm*500mm*350mm

12 hours

Dec.2013

Baby Chair

Plaster - 65% Water - 35%

PVA Tube(OD18mm*12,OD25mm*6); Sand Box(500mm*500mm*500mm);

500mm*450mm*450mm

16 hours

Feb.2014

Physical Column Test

Plaster - 60% Water - 40%

PVA Tube(OD13mm*12,OD18mm*6); Sand Box(500mm*500mm*500mm);

200mm*200mm*500mm

8 hours

Feb.2014

Distribute Casting Column

Plaster - 60% Water - 40%

PVA Tube(OD13mm*12,OD25mm*4); Sand Box(300mm*300mm*400mm);

200mm*200mm*400mm

9 hours

Feb.2014

Root Stool

Plaster - 70% Water - 30% Glass-Fibre - 2%

PVA Tube(OD18mm*16,OD25mm*4); Sand Box(500mm*500mm*500mm); Weighing Scale

450mm*450mm*400mm

24 hours

Mar.2014

No.

Project

Image

No.

Project

Continue Casting Column (Vertical)

Image

Material Maxing Ratio

Tool used

Size

Cast Time

Date

Plaster - 69% Water -29% Glass-Fibre - 2%

PVA Tube(OD13mm*8,OD18mm*12); Sand Box(300mm*300mm*300mm); Weighing Scale

250mm*250mm*1600mm

16 hours

Mar.2014

Plaster - 69% Water -29% Glass-Fibre - 2%

PVA Tube(OD13mm*12,OD25mm*8); Sand Box(500mm*500mm*500mm); Weighing Scale

500mm*250mm*500mm

12 hours

Mar.2014

Continue Casting Column (Horizontal)

Overlaping Flatten Surface

Plaster - 70% Water - 30%

PVA Tube(OD13mm*8,OD18mm*4); Sand Box(500mm*500mm*500mm); Weighing Scale

500mm*300mm*36mm

8 hours

Mar.2014

Overlaping Donor

Plaster - 70% Water - 30%

PVA Tube(OD13mm*8,OD18mm*12); Sand Box(500mm*500mm*500mm); Weighing Scale

500mm*400mm*150mm

12 hours

Mar.2014

Align Surface

Plaster - 70% Water - 30%

PVA Tube(OD18mm*6); Sand Box(300mm*300mm*400mm); Weighing Scale

400mm*100mm*100mm

8 hours

June.2014

Interlocking Column Test_1

Plaster - 69% Water -29% Glass-Fibre - 2%

PVA Tube(OD13mm*32); Sand Box(250mm*250mm*400mm); Weighing Scale

200mm*200mm*400mm

16 hours

June.2014

Interlocking Column Test_2

Plaster - 69% Water -29% Glass-Fibre - 2%

PVA Tube(OD13mm*32); Sand Box(350mm*350mm*1050mm); Weighing Scale

300mm*300mm*1050mm

24 hours

July.2014

Chair Leg Test

Plaster - 69% Water -29% Glass-Fibre - 2%

PVA Tube(OD13mm*24); Sand Box(350mm*350mm*350mm); Weighing Scale

300mm*300mm*350mm

12 hours

Aug.2014

Chair Backrest Test

Plaster - 69% Water -29% Glass-Fibre - 2%

PVA Tube(OD13mm*8,OD18mm*12); Sand Box(350mm*350mm*700mm); Weighing Scale

300mm*300mm*700mm

16 hours

Aug.2014

Final Chair

Plaster - 69% Water -29% Glass-Fibre - 2%

PVA Tube(OD13mm*8,OD18mm*12); Sand Box(550mm*700mm*900mm); Weighing Scale

500mm*500mm*800mm

24 hours

Aug.2014