Symbiotic Architecture Materials / Space / Inhabitation
Tan Wei Jie Eugene
Symbiotic Materials
Electron microscope photograph of Malaria Parasites
Electron microscope photograph of E.Coli virus
Electron microscope photograph of Algae growth
High Density Prior to the start of ENVS 2003, I did research on the theme ‘High Density’. Particularly studying the phenomena of high density in science fiction, society and biology. What interested me the most, came about when I was researching about the virus. I became obsessed with the concept of ‘parasiticsm’ - how the virus is incapable of survival without the host body. This warped distortion to the concept of mutualism became the core focus of my research. I wanted to marry two unlikely components, and through that process, discover interesting landscapes, new systems and potential creations. Image Credits: https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/520095456940715615/?lp=true https://images.pond5.com/electron-microscope-view-alien-virus-footage-012270967_prevstill.jpeg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Algae_in_Scanning_Electron_Microscope%2C_magnification_2000x.JPG
Combining Materials As outlined previously, I became obsessed with the idea of combining things, just to see what happens. I investigated with materials; such as: Plaster, Salt, Glue, Alginate, Shaving Cream, etc. and became sensitive to each material combination and their new properties. I then pinned these experiments onto foam boards - creating 3Dimensional sketches, and explored spatially, what these materials could be.
Geometric Research Concurrently, I explored with geometric forms. My initial fascination about dense structures, were brought about by modular forms. With inspirations from the B-Pro program, I began modeling simple paper models to explore with different ideas of aggregation and replication.
The Dodecahedron After exploring with geometric shapes, I narrowed my focus to explore with the dodecahedron. The dodecahedron is interesting, because it is a regular polyhedron. In the case of the dodecahedron, each face is a regular pentagon. Other regular pentagons such as the cube and triangle have incredible architectural qualities. I wanted to test if the dodecahedron would be the same. There are 12 faces on each dodecahedron. With a possible propagation on each of these 10 faces.
Alginate
Plaster, mixed with bronze filling
Plaster, mixed with gravel
Plaster, mixed with sand
Cast Terracotta, mixed with iron fillings
Casted Dodecahedron Inspired by Stefan Bassing’s 2013 study, “Melted�, I began to investigate the relationship between materiality, aggregation and the introduction of a subsequent intervention - a global force. The forces considered could either be applying a strong heat source to melt the aggregates, to pour water over it, or to apply strong forces on the object.
Aggregation of Casts
Inspired by Stefan Bassing’s Melted (2013)
Aggregation Studies
Inspired by Jose Sanchez’s Polyomino, part of the Plethora Project series
Human Scale After some reference to Jose Sanchez’s Polyomino Project, I managed to design the dodecahedron in Unity Game Engine, with a simple C# script that involved building dodecahedron with the “Ray-cast” command. The Unity Game Engine, allowed me to build by moving in space. It gave me the scale of a potential building in first person perspective. It is a different way of building, one that is highly interactive and incredibly engaging. However, after a few trials, I realized I could not successfully project each “clone” of the dodecahedron on the right surface, as I could not rotate the dodecahedron about the correct quaternion angle in C#. Image source : http://www.plethora-project.com/polyomino-1/
Truncated Octahedron Following the explorations of the Dodecahedron, I decided to move in the direction similar to Jose’s Polyomino project. Using the tutorials taught in the plethora project, I could easily constructed truncated octahedron. Truncated octahedron are useful because they are packed solids. Multiple truncated octahedron can be packed compactly, being able to bear weight and shield the inhabitants from the environment.
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Polygon Modeling Using Autocad’s Maya, I created a set of adaptations of the truncated octahedron. Each iteration would either have a few faces deleted. The “append-to-polygon” tool was then used to create a new mesh on the surface. The process was an form-finding, I was looking for interesting interpretations of the truncated octahedron
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Procedural Modeling Technique Using Grasshopper, I input a simple series-transformation to array the geometry. I explored with the spatial qualities of each geometry. By assigning materials to the geometries, I wanted to explore with tactile qualities and transparency of the geometries,
Modular Design 1 (MD1) Prototype Polygon modeling trial A4 Created using Makerbot, B-Made
Modular Design 1 (MD1)
Polygon modeling trial A4 Created using Makerbot, B-Made
Modular Design 2 (MD2)
Truncated Octahedron Created using Makerbot, B-Made
Modular Design 3 (MD3)
Polygon modeling trial C3 Created using the SLS machine, B-Made
1:10 Prototypes I designed 1:10 prototypes and used additive manufacturing to construct these prototypes. Due to the different geometries, the way of creating these prototypes had to be carefully considered. I learnt about the limitations and possibilities in using 3D printing.
Connecting Joints One of the challenges for creating a modular structure is to design how one modular unit is joined to another unit. I tried to model some possible joints, creating offsets of both the square face and the hexagonal face, as well as creating rounded lock-and-key joints. I did consider the use of magnets as a joining tool, however, I feel that the use of magnets may not be cost effective. The use of a circular lock-and-key joint also allows for rotational mobility. I considered the exploration of joints within a truncated octahedron as well.
1:10 Cast Prototypes After reviewing my earlier work, I decided to re-look at using multiple materials in a symbiotic way in creating truncated octahedron. From my earlier explorations in creating slime, casting plaster and soldering, I used these lessons to create 1:10 cast prototypes.
Weight of 35mm x 35mm x 12mm block of Dried Slime = 24g
Block of Beech Wood = 846g
Concrete Slab = 2360g
Eugene’s Weight = ~70000g (+ 5000g)
Weight Bearing Property of Dried Slime The initial hypothesis was that slime could potentially bear extremely heavy loads when it has dried. A series of primitive tests was conducted to inspect the property of dried slime to bear weight. A 35mm x 35mm x 12mm could bear up to around 3000x of its own weight. Whilst the results are inconclusive, it demonstrates the potential of densely compacted slime to bear weight.
Rock Folds
Naturally occurring folds in giant landscapes that are caused by tectonic movement of the Earth.
Cliff Edges
Due to erosion of “soft rock (limestone, etc.)”, different cliff landscapes are formed.
Copper Weathering
The oxidization of copper creates a vegetated facade. This process of weathering copper is an interesting angle to explore.
Nature’s Inspiration I wanted to explore with the process of scultping the geometric form into something organic, I looked towards nature for further inspiration. Image references: https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/338473728220252566/, http://www.arkxsite.com, https://backgroundtown.com/content/images/thumbs/0000329_weathered-copper.jpeg
Original Model
Weathering Stage 1
Using mechanical tools, a landscape was carved out of the model.
Weathering Stage 2
Slime was poured into the cracks, and a flame was applied to it.
Working Model, Spiral Staircase After creating a 1:10 scaled model of the spiral staircase, I tried to break the geometric form of the modular structure. Firstly, I drilled and chiseled into the model, creating holes and cracks. Next, I applied sodium-tetraborate, copper and glue towards these areas. My earlier experiments with slime and glue had resulted in an extremely hard substance. I attempted to replicate these results. Finally, I used the inspiration drawn from Stefan Bassing’s melted and heated the model. The areas which contained borax immediately expanded, creating a white “bubble” that looked like polyps. These “bubbles” were hard and brittle.
Symbiotic Spaces
Satellite view of London
Satellite view of Argyle Walk
Plan of Argyle Walk Scale 1:200 at A1
The Site I chose to situate my pavilion within Argyle Walk. Argyle Walk is situated in the London v of Camden. Argyle Walk represents a divide that resulted from urban planning. In the 1820s and 1830s, the streets to the south of Argyle Square (where the EEDCo estate was built), were already turning into slums. Then, the developers wanted the much posher Argyle Square to not be associated with the slums. Hence the buildings “turned its back on� and restricted access by its southern neighbors, the narrow walkway, known as Argyle Walk is a record of this historic fact. Source: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/ramble-london/all-walks/walk1
Site Photographs
Elevation of Site
Site Studies Today, Argyle Walk and Argyle Square has benefited from the revitalization of the Kings Cross neighborhood. The historic significance of the walk remains as an interesting point that I wish to explore in my subsequent explorations.
Site Isometric
Exploded Isometric Study
Site Plan
Scale 1:200 at A1
Attractor Points
Attractor Points were set at points like lamps and trees.
Attractor Points (Reversed)
Attractor Points were set at points like lamps and trees. The subsequent grasshopper factor was reversed
Curves through Site
Curves were drawn to mimic potential paths taken through the site.
Plan (Detail) In order to create massing models, I needed to map out regions of different densities that could inform me of where I could “grow� my modular units. In plan view, I began mapping out installations that I could not move. I set these points as attractor points, creating regions of reduced densities around these areas. Circles nearest to the attractor point will be scaled closer to a factor of 0, whilst those furthest away would retain its scale of 1. I managed to create different landscapes of densities from this program. I subsequently repeated the same principles, for curves that mimicked human circulation in the site.
Curves through Site (3 loops)
Curves were drawn to mimic potential paths taken through the site. Each iteration was subsequently looped.
Building Heights
Curves were drawn to obtain building heights. The heights were processed in grasshopper, creating closed curves across two buildings. The curves were then lofted.
Massing Model 1
Creating areas to avoid
Using the plan, specific regions were created to avoid.
Massing Model 2
Massing Model From the site model, I decided to create a massing model to investigate spaces which my pavilion can inhabit and grow within. I first investigated building heights, as I wanted my pavilion to respond to this site condition. After creating a polysurface with that information, I investigated spaces which I wanted my pavilion to avoid. These spaces include: street lamps, trees, building windows and entrances. By incorporating these spaces, I created a much more responsive massing model, which I could then “grow� my pavilion into.
Analysis of massing model spacing
From the plan of the massing model, I identified the maximum length that my module can occupy. I measured the length of the curves.
Identifying a pattern
Using the data acquired previously, I realised that the measurements were a multiple of 600mm.
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Diameter 4200mm
Diameter 3000mm
Diameter 1800mm
Diameter 600mm
Scale Studies The initial working scale of the module was set at 600mm. This was because 600mm is around the height of a conventional table (750mm), Half of the block, 300mm is around the height of a conventional chair (450mm), whilst also being around 100mm higher than a conventional step (180-200mm). 5 blocks of the module would be 3000m, which architecturally is a useful tool in designing floor-to-ceiling spaces, 3 blocks of the module would be 1800mm, roughly the average height of a person. Eventually, the size of each module was explored in relation to the site. Useful measurements of the site allowed me to design various sizes of the module.
Modular Design 1 (MD1)
MD1 was originally designed as a partially covered roof, providing shade, whilst still allowing sunlight to pass through. Due to it’s hollow interior, MD1 could potentially be used as water pipes, or to hold flower pots.
Modular Design 2 (MD2)
MD2 was designed as heavy, solid blocks, this concept eventually led to the creation of load bearing structures, such as a spiral staircase and public benches.
Modular Design 3 (D3)
Not designed to carry weight, D3 was created as a curtain wall, which can provide shade and shelter from environmental conditions. The more organic form of D3 contrasts with the geometric D1 and D2.
Form and Function Whilst designing, I considered heavily the functions that each modular block could have. Besides the consideration of aesthetics, the modular block’s design must be functional and serve the needs of its inhabitants.
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Modular Aggregation Experiments Using the modular blocks, I explored with what potential spatial implications the aggregated blocks could have. I first began mimicking objects that I was familiar with, such as the square trusses and arches. As my explorations continued, I began merging familiar forms into spatial constructs.
1. Wall made up of alternately arranged truncated octahedrons 2. Quarter of a pyramidal roof 3. Triangulated truss 4. Arch 5. Block of alternately arranged truncated octahedrons 6. Shelter
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Square truss Four arches Bridge Chair with roof Truss Bridge Wireframe truncated octahedron
Spatial Studies Following the design of the spaces, a selection of them were 3D printed, the effect of these spaces was explored on a 1:100 site model.
1:100 Model Study Explorations were done on the site model. Multiple 1:100 models were placed at different proximities from each other, the negative spaces of two installations were explored. The orientations of the 1:100 models of the spaces were constantly altered, giving rise to new interpretations.
Bridge to connect roofs of two buildings to- Ledge attached to the facade of surrounding Installed structures intervene with human cir- Wall that protects inhabitants from the envigether buildings ronment culation through the site Lightweight modular blocks were used to extend the windows of current buildings
Looking at the circulatory routes, structures were erected to al- Lightweight modular blocks with high surface area to help deter circulation paths. flect wind.
Environmental Conditions
I began to use the Grasshopper plug-in, Ladybug and Honeybee to help in my site research. What Ladybug and Honeybee gave me was a comprehensive study of different environmental considerations in my site.
Master Plan Proposition After considering environmental conditions, human circulation and site features, I came up with a potential master-plan of how my structures could inhibit the site.
Pavilion Proposition 1
Balcony (2F)
Designed to be a roof garden and a viewing balcony, the second floor platform will also overlook neighboring housing estates.
Circular Platform (1F)
The first floor was designed to be shaped like a donut, allowing one to view the space below.
Arches and Stair
In order to enhance the experience of moving from ground floor to the first floor, the stairs were ornamented with a series of arches. This enhances the experience of moving through levels.
Resting Space (GF)
The ground floor was designed with high ceilings and abundant spaces for meeting, resting and free use of the space. It would not obstruct entrances to current architecture,
Bridge connector
The central focus of the pavilion was to connect between east and west of the site.
The Symbiotic Connector The initial design of the pavilion was to critically question the role of the pavilion in the site. It was important to assess the possible social implications a pavilion could have on the site. I was also interested in challenging what a pavilion could be. With these challenges in mind, I designed my pavilion as a connector from east to west of the site. The primary consideration for this intervention was the steps that was present in the site are a hindrance to disabled/ wheelchair bound individuals. I wanted my pavilion to create a positive experience for this group of people in society. The other features of this pavilion include, a potential roof garden, resting areas for people, and improve the experience of the site.
Rendered Spaces
Idea Development
Sketches were used to determine the program and spatial needs.
Program Site Analysis
Spatial Consideration
Modular Assignment
The truncated octahedron was used to create the space needed.
Modules
Aggregation
Spatial Experience
Materiality
Material Consideration
Spatial Massing
Topology Optimisation
Spatial Consideration
Using 3D modeling software, the spaces were examined, and reviewed
Proposition
Simplified Work-flow Diagram
Topology Optimization
To improve the design of the system, topology optimization was considered. Areas of load, and support were created and the plug-in millipede was used.
Optimization Iterations
At various resolutions and optimization iterations, different forms of support were generated. The critical evaluation of each iteration was considered.
Design Methodology Through my explorations with spaces, a design methodology was invented. The design process of any space I was creating would follow the following steps: 1. Spatially responding to the site’s needs and users. 2. Using modular elements to create spaces. Modularity provides efficiency, whilst also restricting the architecture to its base module. 3. Materials assigned to the module, this further informs the architecture. 4. Topological optimization of the structure, to allow for the construction and stress bearing structures. 5. Using a special binding material, modules could be strengthened by a binder that hardens over time. The proposed material is the use of sodium-tetraborate. With the application of heat, sodium-tetraborate hardens quicker, creating a strong binding material that can bear weight.
Improved Structure Binding Material
Symbiotic Inhabitations
Modular Design 1 (MD1)
MD1 was originally designed as a partially covered roof, providing shade, whilst still allowing sunlight to pass through. Due to it’s hollow interior, MD1 could potentially be used as water pipes, or to hold flower pots.
Modular Design 2 (MD2)
MD2 was designed as heavy, solid blocks, this concept eventually led to the creation of load bearing structures, such as a spiral staircase and public benches.
Modular Design 3 (D3)
Not designed to carry weight, D3 was created as a curtain wall, which can provide shade and shelter from environmental conditions. The more organic form of D3 contrasts with the geometric D1 and D2.
Program Proposal 2 Using the elements I designed, I created a structure, and explored with the potential interactions between the pavilion, site and the users. Each modular block was designed at 600mm for the diameter of the block.
Two mixes of concrete
Concrete could be casted efficiently. The aggregates within concrete also line strongly with the symbiotic concept that I was heavily investigating with the materials.
Concrete and Plastic
Plastic, being a 21st century material, would contrast strongly against the concrete. Plastic is also lightweight and extremely durable.
Concrete and Wood (1)
Wood would contrast heavily against the inorganic concrete. Wood is also a sustainable resource, and has to be heavily treated to reduce wear and tear.
Material Considerations
Pavilion Proposition 2
Program Proposal 2 In order to demonstrate the idea of symbiosis in my pavilion, I decided to combine 2 pavilion designs with 2 modular blocks. Using MD2, I created a spiral staircase, I used a larger MD3 (scale factor =3.0f ) to create a shelter that would protect the inhabitants from the wind.
Concrete and Wood (2)
A secondary option of wood was considered.
Inspired from the 1:10 working model
Modular Assignment
Load and Support Assignment
Load = Volume of Module x Density of concrete x number of modules Support Material = Concrete X-Resolution = 30
Topology Optimization Optimization Iteration = 8 Target Density = 0.4
Topology Optimization The topology was optimized, as per step 4 of the design methodology; in order to model what would be a structurally sound model, the structure was optimized using the Finite Environment Method (FEM) tool, Millipede (plug-in for grasshopper). Upon obtaining of the optimized form, this became the blueprint for areas to be reinforced by sodium-tetraborate.
Inspired from the 1:10 working model
Dynamesh
The command “Dynamesh” was used to create a malleable mesh that could be edited, a higher resolution was used to create smoother meshes.
Clay Buildup
The command “Clay Buildup” was used to texture and create folds in specific areas.
Move Topological
The command “Move Topological” was used to move a specific vertice in the mesh around, breaking down the mesh structure.
Organically combined modules
Organic Manipulation of Surfaces In order to further push the boundaries of the model, the FEM mesh was distorted using Z-brush. The sculptural nature is an analogy of the method to apply sodium-tetraborate in the construction of the pavilion.
Magnify
The command “Magnify” was used to create regions of inflated volumes.
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φ (Phi)
Golden Ratio a + b = a
Top View
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Black : White aggregate ratio 1:1 Black : White aggregate ratio 1:1 A
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Black : White aggregate ratio 1:2
Black : White aggregate ratio 1:3
Material Assignment and Placement To highlight the concept of symbiosis in the pavilion, two materials were chosen in the design of the pavilion’s stairs. The materials were aggregated concrete, and hydraulic cement infused with black pigments. These two materials had vastly different colors and textures. In order to make it a harmonious system, I investigated a significant, and aesthetically pleasing design for this. I looked to the golden ratio for inspiration, and found the system which creates the aesthetically pleasing forms we are familiar with. I adapted this to the placement of the two modules.
Final Material Considerations The final decision was to use cast concrete to create the modular elements. The pavilion would consist of two spaces, the program of the former would be a spiral staircase that connects from the walkway to 3F of Loxham House. The latter would be a roof supported by 2 columns. The spiral staircase would be made up of the MD2 module. The roof structure would be made up of MD3 modules. The MD2 module will be assembled from 8 smaller components. These components will either be made up of aggregated concrete or hydraulic cement. The MD3 module will be made up of lightweight concrete. The binding material will be sodium-tetraborate. Upon its application to the two pavilions, a strong flame will be applied onto the intersections. Creating a strong hold of the two pavilions.
1:10 Scale Fragment Model I created a 1:!0 fragment model through the use of casting. I created multiple modules and assembled the system. I then added the binding agent, sodium-tetraborate to it and applied heat to the model.
Symbiotic Relationship between architecture and the environment,
Increased animal population in an Growth of vegetation over time urban setting
Symbiotic Ecosystem The final consideration is the life of the pavilion after its construction. It is desired for the pavilion to create a symbiotic relationship between man and environment. The proposal for the symbiotic ecosystem is one that shows how the growth of plants,flowers and creepers on and around the pavilion, could potentially result in a beautiful space that would explore the concepts of a symbiotic ecosystem.
Human Circulation around the space
Symbiotic Inhabitations
Symbiotic Inhabitations
Symbiotic Inhabitations
Integration This project is sited in the Nørrebro District of Copenhagen, where there is the highest proportion of immigrants living in Denmark. Due to racial, cultural and social stigma, both the Danish locals and immigrants appear not to have integrated well into a single community. This project aims to use architecture to resolve this problem, by redesigning a kindergarten in Nørrebro, to reflect the concept of integration.
City as the meeting space. “
It is a significant quality that all groups of society regardless of age, income , status, religion, or ethnic background can meet face to face in city space as they go about their daily business.
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- Jan Gehl
Satellite View of Copenhagen
Satellite View of Nørrebro, site: Superkilen Park
Study of Microclimate
Map of Nørrebro
Surrounding Context Study Nørrebro has many apartments. These apartments are mostly 5-6 story social apartments and cooperative housi. An urban park, Superkilen, cuts through Nørrebro from North to South of the district. There are many commercial developments to the SouthWest of Superkilen. These shops mostly deal middle-eastern goods and services. There is one church and one mosque in the immediate area. The Imam Ali Mosque is the largest Shia mosque in Copenhagen. There is one metro line that connects Nørrebro from to the other areas of Copenhagen.
Imam Ali Mosque
1852
1970-1977
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1993
2006-2007
2012
Demarcation of Nørrebro, the district was established. It immediately became home to thousands of workers
Violent protests between police and residents over “the black square”
One of the most violent clashes between police and militant squatters over “Builder”, a construction site
Protests over Danish “yes”-vote to the European Union.
Riots over “Ungdomshuset” (the youth house)
Opening of Superkilen, an urban park that celebrates the diversity of Nørrebro.
92 policemen and 13 demonstrators were injured in the aftermath
4 policemen and 2 demonstrators were injured in the aftermath.
Historic Context In the 20th century, Nørrebro was the location of many of Denmark’s riots. These have settled in recent times. With the creation of the Superkilen Park, Nørrebro experienced gentrification that raised the cost of living conditions in the neighbourhood. The park has also become a common urban hang-out for youths living in Nørrebro. Whilst the issues of violence and riots have reduced, today, Nørrebro faces other challenges, such as racial division, gang wars and drug trade. Sources: http://www.noerrebrolokalhistorie.dk/tidstavle.php http://www.superflex.net/tools/superkilen Image Source: Gadewar (2007), by Jordogbeton https://www.b.dk/boeger/fra-stenalder-til-stenbro#
Superkilen Park
Map of Superkilen
Opened in 2012, the park is divided into 3 smaller zones, green, black and red. Littered along the park is a collection of global found objects from 60 different nationalities of the people inhabiting the area surrounding it. Superkilen celebrates diversity of the residents in Nørrebro; a modern take on the concept of a universal garden. Hence it is a better reflection of the local neighborhood – an assortment and variety of diverse individuals, as opposed to the petrifying image of a homogenous Denmark. Information Source: http://www.superflex.net/tools/superkilen
Private Space Housing is the main form of private space in the site. Interestingly, I realized that different types of houses have different degrees of publicity and privacy of their facilities. I realized that Co-operative housing have private courtyards, and whilst Social Housing do provide courtyards, they are also open to the public.
Transport Nørrebro has an extensive transportation network with cycling tracks, roads and a metro. There also are more cars on the roads than the rest of Copenhagen.
Green Spaces and Biodiversity Nørrebro has a large green space in the Superkilen Park. Superkilen Park has a flat terrain, with little change in elevation. There are some trees littered around the park.
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Legend Kitchen/ Dining Room Living Room Laundry
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Children’s Bedroom Master Bedroom Toilet
Stairs to Courtyard
Plan Drawing of Andreas’s Apartment Typical layout of a Cooperative apartment in Nørrebro.
Andreas’s House Context
Living in Nørrebro
Andreas Petersen, a social worker, was kind enough to show me his house and how he lives. He lives with his wife and three children in a 3 room co-operative estate in Nørrebro. Andreas bought his apartment in 2010, at 1,200,000 KR (£140,000).
In co-operative apartments, the residents have access to common facilities such as the courtyard; during summer, residents often spend their evenings barbecuing in the courtyard.
Adopted by a Danish couple, Andreas has spent his entire life living in Denmark. After getting married, Andreas and his wife moved to Nørrebro as the prices of the apartments were cheaper.
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Despite recent shootings in Nørrebro, Andreas still feels relatively safe living in the district. Gang wars occur, but only a small portion of the time. Andreas claims that residents do not even feel the effects of these, rather it is the media who sensationalizes the news.
We know each other, it is very safe here. I am not worried for myself or my children.
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- Andreas, when asked about the safety of Nørrebro.
Age, mobility and fitness affect the quality of walking in an urban space.
Weather, seasons affect the quality of walking in an urban space.
Limitations of Superkilen To assess the effectiveness of Superkilen, I decided to observe human traffic along 6 observation points. I found out that both human and bicycle traffic from the East-West axis outweight the human and bicycle traffic from the North-South axis.
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Level of activity
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Legend E
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Observation Point
References
Seoullo 7017 Skygarden Constructed in 2015 by MVRDV, the Seoullo 7017 skygarden is a pleasant addition to Seoul’s landscape. The 9661m2 skygarden was adapted by retaining the structure of an elevated highway. The public space not only provides the public with a new space to meet, but also is environmentally conscious. The park boasts up to 50 families of plants, making the park the most diverse in Korea. Source: https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/seoul-skygarden#!#archive
The High Line The highline is a 2.3km long elevated linear park that re-purposed an old railway track in New York City. Completed in 2009, the park successfully integrates landscape architecture, and re-purposing existing obsolete buildings for new purposes. Source: https://www.timeout.com/newyork/parks/highline
Immigration in Nørrebro
5%
Unemployment Rate (%)
16% 10%
Lower Skilled Labour e.g. service, routine occupations (%)
80% Rent and live in Social Housing estates (%)
Conviction Rates (%)
1%
16% Annual Income
€33,83 1
Danish local
€2 1, 2
02
With immigrants making up 24% of the population, Nørrebro has twice the number of immigrants than the rest of Copenhagen. Immigrants generally have a harder time in Denmark. Unemployment rates of immigrants are almost triple the Danish unemployment rate. On average, the average immigrant earns two-thirds of what a Dane makes in a year. Immigrants also often remit money back to their relatives in other countries. This puts a strain on the finances of immigrants. Often, this may even cause a vicious poverty cycle in which the immigrant family may not break out easily.
Immigrant * (from a non-western country)
* Immigrant comprises of immigrants and children of first-generation immigrants born in Denmark
Crime in Nørrebro
Crime reported per square kilometer 2200
In as recent as 2017, incidents of shooting have occurred on a regular basis. Whilst the shootings occur as a result of gang wars, there have been instances where innocent bystanders have been injured by such issues. Based on the statistics gathered, Nørrebro has almost twice the crime rate of the whole of Copenhagen.
1049
Copenhagen
Nørrebro
New Cycling and Pedestrian Track
Masterplan Massing Using a 1:5000 site model, I began investigating with massings of my proposed masterplan. The masterplan includes a cycling path, and a kindergarten. To address the limitations of Superkilen, I am proposing a new circulatory path that connects the North-East of Superkilen to the South-West of Superkilen.
Masterplan
To improve the Superkilen park, I proposed an elevated cycling pathway that cuts from the North-East of Superkilen park, to the South-West of Superkilen park. This cycling pathway draws inspiration from the Highline of New York City, and Seoullo 7017 Skygarden. The intention was to create an elevated cycling pathway that would make traveling from the North-South and EastWest axises easier. The cycling pathway also provides shade for pedestrians walking below it. Since Copenhagen has around 15 days of rain each month, providing a covered walkway can improve the commuter experience of walking through the park. In addition to creating a convenient walkway and bicycle lane, the cycling masterplan will also “open” up the enclosed social housing estate, Mjøllnerparken; because despite the gentrification of Nørrebro, drug sales and gang violence are still issues that are ongoing. However, the location of these activities, have moved towards the more concealed social housing estates. The architecture of Mjøllnerparken has made the internal courtyard extremely concealed, however, unlike cooperative housing, these courtyards can be accessed by members of the public, creating the ideal location for illegal activities to take place.
Proposed Kindergarten
Proposed new urban park for parents and children to spend time together
Elevated cycling pathway
Nørrebro Kindergarten
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Children are one-third of our population and all of our future
-Select panel for the promotion of child health, (1981)
Midgard and Asgard Kindergarten Located in between Superkilen and Mjøllnerparken are two kindergartens.
Two Schools, Two Worlds Whilst Midgard and Asgard Kindergartens are side by side of each other, they could not be more different. In my interview with Jette Sandberg, leader of child education at Midgard Kindergarten, I found out that these two kindergartens were almost polar opposites of each other. Midgard had largely Danish children, whilst Asgard had mostly children of immigrant descent. So why are these two schools so different?
Midgard and Asgard Kindergarten at a glance. Midgard Kindergarten
Asgard Kindergarten
85% of the children are children of immigrants 15% of the children are children of immigrants
Children live nearby, and walk to kindergarten
Udflytterbus: transport for kindergarten children
Time
Schedule Activity
Time
Schedule Activity
0800 - 0900 0900- 1000 1000 - 1200 1200 - 1300 1300 - 1500 1500 - 1600 1600 - 1800
Children arrive Breakfast Activities Lunch Nap Afternoon meal Activities
0700 - 0800 0800 - 0900 0900 - 1100 1100 - 1200 1200 - 1400 1400 - 1500 1500 - 1700
Children arrive Breakfast Activities Lunch Nap Afternoon meal Activities
Example of the daily schedule at Asgard.
Example of the daily schedule at Midgard.
Immigrants are largely of Islamic Faith
Danish Children are largely of Christian Faith
On average, one teacher has to look after 22 students.
The children are between the age of 4-6.
Inequality of Education The 2015 PISA test revealed a startling discrepancy, about the inequality of education between first generation immigrant children of non-western descent and their Danish counterparts. The children of immigrant descent have more difficulty in schools, and are more likely not to advance grades in primary and secondary school.
immigrant Children of non-western descent
Danish Children
Performance in computer based-problem solving 400
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The report outlines the key challenges faced by immigrant children, including language barriers and text comprehension.
Performance in Mathematics
Performance in Reading
Sense of Belonging 20
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0.8
1.0
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Odds ratio of attending pre-primary education. 0.2
0.4
Odds ratio of failing to move on to the next grade 0.2
0.4
0.6
en art erg ind dK gar Mid n arte derg Kin ard Asg
Service Area Administration Area Group Area Kitchen/ Eating Area Common Area
Plan of Asgard and Midgard During my interview with Jette Sandberg, leader of child education at Midgard Kindergarten, I found out that the town council had plans to merge Midgard and Asgard kindergartens into one kindergarten. The merger would also include an extension, which would see the kindergarten expanding by 25%.
Kindergarten challenges By gathering information from the site, and researching, I have identified four key challenges to overcome in the program. ne O
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To identify a circulatory route that suits the children’s timetable.
Design spaces for a sixty children, and to use architecture to allow teachers to watch the children better.
The average age of the children attending the kindergarten is around 5 years old.
The average height of a child is 100mm. The architecture will need to address different scales.
Program
Context
Inspiration
The UN sustainable development goals lists environ- I took inspiration from Boon Yik Chung’s Space as the mental consciousness as one of the goals to reach by third teacher. In this project, Boon uses the environ2030. As children are the future of tomorrow, my in- ment to educate his users. tention is to help nurture environmental consciousness in children. The Reggio-Emilia approach theorizes that the environment can help nurture a child’s learning. By creating relationship-driven environments, The four principles of the Reggio-Emilia approach are: 1. Children must be able to choose and control what they learn; 2. Children must be able to learn through their senses; 3. Children are allowed to explore relationships be- (Source: http://www.presidentsmedals.com/Entry-38471) tween material things and other children: 4. Children must be able to express themselves. I plan to use the environment to provide opportunities for children of different backgrounds to interact and I believe that by exposing children to environmental- become environmentally conscious. ly conscious practices, we can nurture the responsible adults of the future. Proposal
*Source: http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2015/12/sustainable-development-goals-kick-off-with-start-of-new-year/)
My kindergarten will provide an environment for direct interaction with nature. By being exposed to nature, I hope children will question and critique what they see and learn. By having a direct connection with greenery, I hope the children will be able to forge a bond with the natural environment, and understand the need to protect it.
Integration
Care for Nature
I want to create spaces where children can communicate with one another. In these spaces, children will not be able to see each other, only hear what the other child is saying. By creating such spaces, I hope children will understand that it is not our physical features that define us.
I hope that by exposing children to nature, they will constantly critique and question the elements of nature. By providing spaces where children can grow their own plants, I hope that children learn to take responsibility for our planet.
Kinetic Concept Models Using models, I was curious if kinetic structures could express the concept of integration through spatial changes. Using moving parts, I could create new spaces that would connect different spaces. This would bring children together in different ways. Allowing them to meet each other and interact differently.
Inspiration I was inspired by the moving staircases in the Harry Potter film series. The constantly changing staircases allowed different groups of students to meet, and added variety and “magic� to the experience. Image Source: https://images.pottermore.com/bxd3o8b291gf/63IWpR1IwoiaWqIAqSwGkk/2265af403f3e546d153a1a36a370c02d/Hogwarts_WB_F3_HogwartsStaircases_ Illust_100615_Land.jpg?w=1200 http://www.filmdesign.com/Portfolio/SFXRigs/HarryPotter/HarryPotterSwingingStaircase696.jpg
Moving Communal Spaces These massing models explored with the idea of moving spaces. Moving spaces create new spaces, allowing for different activities to be done. This gives a variety to the activities that children can do. It also changes who they can interact with and how they interact.
Courtyard Concept Model Using models, I explored with the boundary between private space and public space. The courtyard concept was to create a series of buildings centered around a central open space. The circulation around these spaces would be in a loop, allowing activities to be done sequentially throughout the day.
Inspiration I was inspired by courtyards that I saw in Nørrebro. The courtyard in Co-operative houses are safe spaces, where children can play, and parents feel safe to leave their infant children unattended during winter. Image Source: http://maps.google.com
Courtyard spaces These massing models explored with the idea of a garden courtyard, surrounded by buildings. These courtyard spaces would be sanctuaries for the children, where they can play and roam freely.
Aggregation Concept Model I am extremely fascinated with the aggregation typology, and modular systems. I did a few concept models to explore with this idea of stacking, joining and aggregation.
Inspiration I was inspired by my project, “Symbiotic Architecture�, which explored with modular forms and aggregation as a design methodology. I was also inspired by the brick work used by the social housing estates.
Geometric spaces I precut multiple geometric forms and layered them on top of each other to explore with the spatial qualities of modular architecture.
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Initial Plans 1:1000 sketches exploring with circulation and area of the kindergarten’s rooms
Nap Room Activity Room
Courtya
rd
Reading Room
Outdoor Play area
Gym
Activity Room
Staff Room
Reception
Outdoor Play area
Dining Hall
1:200 Scaled Concept Model Using a scaled 1:200 model, I explored with massing and circulation of spaces. I eventually decided to adopt this configuration of spaces because it had a good circulation and surrounded the courtyard.
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Changing Spaces Daily I used the number of days in a week as my constraint in designing the spaces. Having 5 days was a good amount, because children would still be familiar with their envrionent. As the week progresses, more spaces will open up, allowing the children to have more activities and spaces to learn from.
Building Massing
Massing Model Iteration: Stepped Floors Using 1:500 massing models, I explored giving my building stepped floors. I realised that a stepped building could give the rooms more light, and each room could have a better view.
Reference: BIG’s Mountain Dwellings Each floor would receive more light and have a better view. The form of the building can also be playful and fun. Image Source: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/bb/f8/6b/bbf86b32cfb63b76a21839751514f2f7.jpg
Single Floor A single floor would reduce the amount of sunlight received by rooms towards the north of the kindergarten.
Stepped Floors Stepped floors allows rooms further to the north to receive more light.
Remove the wall! Allow the different children to mix and play with each other.
A wall separates both kindergartens. Children of different ethnicity have little chance to play and mix.
Two Kindergartens that operate independently
Design Iteration One
Architecture as an engine of social change In recent years, the world is experiencing a rise in xenophobic incidents. With instances of countries closing borders and building walls, the world that the children of Midgard and Asgard kindergartens grow up in may be extremely different. To me, this is why the act of f
Integration I want to create spaces where children can communicate with one another. In these spaces, children will not be able to see each other, only hear what the other child is saying. By creating such spaces, I hope children will understand that it is not our physical features that define us.
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1 Floor Plan
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Ground Floor Plan
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Reception Accessible Toilet Nurse’s Office Children Toilet
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Gym Children Toilet Activity Room Outdoor Playscape
9 Nap Room
Main Courtyard 11 Children Toilet 12 Dining Hall 10
Reading Room 14 Kitchen 15 Activity Room 16 Staff Room 13
Section through AA’
Analysis of Wind Speed Data Using digital modeling tools, I could get the data of wind speed on my site. By sorting out the wind direction, I could visualize the data in an intuitive manner.
Data driven design From the input of the data received, I used it to orient my bricks to face the direction of the wind.
From the input of the data received, I used it to orient my bricks to face the direction of the wind.
Data driven design
Experimenting with porosity of a facade To encase my design, I began considering using a facade to clad my building. My intention was to create regions of porosity, creating areas where there is less visibility, and areas where there are more. The intention is to use the architecture to draw children towards different spaces.
Less Porous Region
Porous Region (more light, visibility)
Gathering of children at a meeting space
Less Porous Region
Use of topology optimisation to create new spatial qualities
Nap Room
Senses Light is a key aspect of the nap room’s design. I wanted to create a dim environment that would allow the children to feel comfortable and safe. To allow children to be able to rest without disturbances, the walls will be insulated to shield the nap room from sound.
Studying the input of Light on the Nap Room Through placing windows strategically, I wanted to create a visually exciting environment for the children. The nap room will provides a view of surrounding vegetation as well as allow light to enter the building.
Green Forts
Green Forts Spaces that children can feel safe while being alone. The forts are surrounded by nature in a symbiotic manner.
Multi-Use Brick Containers Multi-Use Brick Containers are designed to function as flower pots that are embedded into the brick facade.. These modular units can house plants that grow well in Copenhagen. I have chosen to use clay to make these bricks, in order to preserve the aesthetics of the brick facades that Copenhagen buildings have. 30.00 24.00
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Dimensions of the Multi-Use Brick Containers (All units in centimeters)
Forts Forts are essential spaces for children as part of their development. It is a safe area. These spaces also allow children to reflect, hide and create imaginary worlds for themselves. I created forts that can house a single child, as well as forts that two children can gather. In these spaces, children can feel safe, while interacting with each other
Kinetic Moving Doors
Iteration of Moving Doors I created a cavity by looking at how children and adults will move through the space. Given the different heights of both users, I created different iterations of possible designs of the doors.
Mechanical Parts Concept Design I explored with the creation of moving modules in a mechanical way. In this prototype, the modules would shift forward and a second layer of modules would shift upwards. Gears provided an easy, controlled movement, one that would enhance the spatial experience.v
Section Model to describe mechanism behind moving walls. I created a 1:50 section model to investigate a simple mechanism behind the moving wall. This iteration explores the use of pulleys, gears, and levers to move the wall. Pulleys allow for more complex actions, however, there needs to be more testing to assess the reliability of pulleys.
Moving Wall Prototype The intent was to explore with the experience of the deconstruction a solid wall. This model worked smoothly and was successful. Future iterations would explore with more moving components and gears.
Gears can move the modules in and out of the wall
Moving Wall Prototype 2 Instead of a solid wall, I wanted to explore with a wall made up of smaller fragments. There were 20 sub sections, which made assembly extremely difficult.
Moving Wall Prototype 3 By reducing the number of sections, the prototype could be successfully assembled. However, laser cut plywood and acrylic were not durable, hence the prototype kept breaking, even before testing could be carried out.
1:50 Fragment Model I designed a sliding door of a 1:50 space.
Design Iteration Two
Roof Strategy I started looking at how the roof of my building can relate to the surrounding context.
Public Space
Extension of the hill on Superkilen Park.
1:200 Proposed Roof Design on site.
Viewing Platforms I designed the viewing platforms because of earlier research into Jan Gehl’s ideas that having a well-populated city increases safety.
Earlier iterations of masterplan had the cycling track cut through Mjolnirparken.
Overlooking into Møjlnirparken A viewing platform could increase safety of the neighborhood by overlooking into the enclosed estate of Mjølnirparken.
Ground Floor Model
First Floor Model
Roof Model
3D Model The plans and sections were further explored in 3D.
1:500 Massing Models and sketches Using smaller massing models, I created paths that extended the hill of the park.
Spatial Exploration
DESIGN ITERATION 3
Aggregation studies I explored with the geometry of packing solids.
Short Section Iteration 2
Truncated Octahedron and Associated geometries The truncated octahedron was an extremely useful massing tool as it could tessellate in both 2 dimensions and 3 dimensions.
Grid created from the truncated octahedron.
Digital Massing Studies Using the truncated octahedron, I created combined spaces. I then reduced the faces to create larger spaces.
Circulation studies from iteration two.
Surfaces were trimmed down by the Append to Polygon tool in maya
Design iteration three, iteration one This model combines elements from previous design iterations, whilst adding massing elements from the truncated octahedron.
Design iteration three, iteration two
Spatial Reordering for multiple functions, First floor plan Enclosed areas