YUAN ZENG Postgraduate Dissertation by sophia508--曾媛

RESEARCH PART --- Introduction & Literature Review

PERIPHERAL INDUSTRIAL BROWNFIELD SITE REGENERATION STRATEGIES

BACKGROUND

STRUCUTRE OF RESEARCH & DESIGN

Definition of Brownfield Land

USA: brownfields are defined as ‘abandoned, idled, or under-utilized industrial and commercial facilities where expansions or redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination’ (US. Environmental Protection Agency, 2003 cited in Perovic,and Folic, 2012, p374) EUROPE: ‘Brownfield are sites that have been affected by the former use of the site and surrounding land, are derelict and underused, may have real or perceived contamination problems, are mainly developed in urban areas,and require intervention to bring them back to beneficial use’ (EU CLARINET, 2002. cited in Perovic and Folic, 2012, p374).

Reasoning & Motivation

In my hometown, there is also a large amount of derelict former industrial land; these brownfield sites are eyesores and may have some industrial pollution that is not beneficial to people's health. Brownfield sites are associated with high rates of unemployment in certain communities, bad quality of built environment and land decline in environemental, social and economic aspects. It is hard to get planning permission for greenfield development. In contrast, brownfield regeneration is supported and encouraged by governments because recycling land can prevent urban sprawl and realize sustainability.

＞ 60%

Research

Design

Research Topic

Case Study

Background

Case Selection

Research Question

Data Collection

Design Site Visit

Data Analysis

Aims & Objectives Evaluation Framework

Literature Review Regeneration Strategies/Approaches

Site

Analysis

Design

Brief

Design

Key Findings

Strategy

Design Concept Masterplanning

Design Principles/Guidance

Detail Design

RESEARCH QUESTION Regeneration strategies to develop peripheral industrial brownfield sites. (1) What alternative strategies are available to landowners to develop an industrial brownfield site in urban peripheral areas?

new development on brownfield land

KNOWLEDGE GAP A brownfield site that is located in the core of a city or a near city centre area is likly to have a high value and opportunities for regeneration. There is a gap with regard to the lack of strategies and alternative approaches applicable to peripheral brownfield regeneration without the added value of location. Tallon (2010, p270) illustrates that there is little research about regeneration of exurban areas and zones of transition in the UK. This is the knowledge gap in terms of the strategy guideline applied to different locations of brownfield sites.

SCOPE OF RESEARCH

The weaknesses of brownfield sites are that they can ruin the surrounding social fabric and cultural identity. Moreover, development of a brownfield site should ensure that environmental, economic and social objectives are met so as to realize sustainable development. Without such considerations, attention is placed on economic and environmental impacts rather than on social and cultural impacts. Therefore, in the short term the regeneration is successful, but gradually the project can give rise to eyesores and a derelict area of the future. It is important to pay more attention to achieving social and cultural benefits to realize social sustainability.(CABERNET Coordination Team, 2006 )

METHODOLOGY

(2) What are the physical objectives of achieving social sustainability and how to evaluate them by urban design aspects? (3) How to promote social and cultural benefits through regeneration management methods and urban regeneration approaches.

RESEARCH AIMS Identify brownfield site regeneration strategies and set evaluation criteria about successful regeneration strategies and urban design aspects in terms of realizing social sustainability in peripheral areas. Develop a "design proposal" for peripheral industrial brownfield land that adds social, cultural, economic and environmental value to the urban environment, so as to transform brownfield land in sustainable ways.

STRUCTURE OF LITERATURE REVIEW

In this literature review, the focus was to examine the literature in three broad areas. First, to define the meaning of peripheral industrial brownfield land. Second, to explore regeneration strategies for industrial brownfield land. Third, to find out what is sustainable brownfield regeneration and the main objectives of this process.

Peripheral Industry Brownfield

The literature review explored regeneration strategies to realize Sustainable sustainable development objectives in peripheral industrial brownfield Urban land and set criteria to evaluate successful strategy and design Regeneration interventions.

Regeneration Strategy

Literature Review

Case Study

The literature review aims to find different regeneration strategies for industrial brownfield land which focus on realizing the social and cultural benefits ofsustainable brownfield development. In addition, the meaning of "peripheral" will be defined as used in the research topic, which provides selection criteria for case studies and creates an evaluation framework for the case studies.

In the post-industrial city, brownfield regeneration is an urgent and valuable part of the urban regeneration process. Every city will have an exclusive urban context and background. Through the case study, the basic task is to explore alternative approaches in each regeneration strategy and how urban design spatial aspects may influence social and cultural benefits in sustainable development.

LITERATURE REVIEW PERIPHERAL INDUSTRIAL BROWNFIELD LAND

REGENERATION STRATEGY

Definition

There are different land use patterns for the city structure. The term of peripheral as used in the research questions refers to the transitional zone as well as the edge of the inner city area in the UK context. Tallon (2010) illustrated that the transitional zone is located between the central city area and rural and suburban areas, which are dominated by past terraced housing, derelict factory warehouses ,a mix of office,and retail,leisure uses and forms a "support economy " for the central business district.

Urban Park

Stakeholder--- WHO Stakeholders and their interest in the regeneration process Stakeholder

Government/Municipal

Interests Redevelopment funding /regulatory Employment rate Industry upgrading Social stability Minimize regeneration cost and uncertainty risks Land ownership Balance liability against return on investment Added value of land

Developer/Prospective owner Increase diversity of business activities Employee welfare Maximize return on investment

Business company

Urban Structure Diagram 1.CBD 2.Transition Zone 3.Zone of small terrace houses in sectors 4.Post-1918 residential area 5.Community distance “dormitory”town

Mann’s Model of a British City (Source: Cronodon, 2007)

Burgess Concentric Rings Model (Source: Rodrigue, 2015)

Community/Residents

City center-high land value

Funding ......

less connectivity due to traffic connection or river

A-B-C Brownfield Redevelopment Model (Source: CABERNET, 2015)

Local Government

Project Identification Public Participation Design CompetItion ......

Top-down & Bottom-up Model

(1) The introduction of pedestrianisation can attract more people walk on the street and improve accessibility for specific mobile groups.

(4) The improvement of car parking and public transport networks are basic goals for traffic enhancement.

(2) Reusing historic buildings or other infrastructure, retain the historic identity od spaces and improve tourism and commercial gentrification

(5) Various social and cultural activities can provide potential of attracting people and help increase vitality of the land.

Housing-led Regeneration Strategy Housing-led regeneration strategies include two elements. The first is gentrification of housing, which is related to urban landscapes as well as being beneficial to derelict spaces.Gentrification increases investment and economic development and it is beneficial to unemployment people; the second part is about creating communities on the land with good built environment, and physical connections as well as social cohesion. (Tallon, 2010, p220). Most best practice of industrial brownfield regeneration uses housing-led strategies due to high housing for local people.

Culture-led Regeneration Strategy

Regeneration Strategy--- How INDUSTRIAL BROWNFIELD SITE REGENERATION STRATEGY

Cultural Quarter

Open-space based Intervention Urban Park

Tourism-led approaches(heritage-led is the most popular) cultural city

Built-form based Intervention

Culture-led Strategy

Temporary Uses Knowledge economy with creativity events and festivals

Retail-led Strategy Housing-led Strategy

fragmented landuse in peripheral brownfield land

Bottom-up

X X

Set up nuclear organization

State Government Top-down

Project Initiation

Retail-led Regeneration Strategy

Seatle Gas Park

(3) Waterfront development of retail stores will create more potential and possibilities for regeneration.

A multi-sector and multi-agency partnership approach is successful in terms of regeneration policies such as A-B-C brownfield redevelopment models and top-down & bottom-up models. In general, most of industrial brownfield regeneration projects are implemented in top-down models.

Features & Issues of Peripheral Industrial Brownfield sites Peripheral area -low land value

Living environment Accessibility Adequate public facilities Improve quality of life Eliminate pollution on the land

The urban park with dross -cape is a common strategy used to regenerate brownfield sites.The term of rosscape is a design framework to resue dross or waste land into productive uses through landscaping and provide support for brownfield regeneration.

creative city

Cardiff University / MAUD / Research Based Design Project / C1410811/Yuan Zeng

RESEARCH PART --- Literature Review & Case Study

PERIPHERAL INDUSTRIAL BROWNFIELD SITE REGENERATION STRATEGIES SUSTAINABLE URBAN REGENERATION

Definition and Contents of Sustainable Urban Regeneration

Montgomery (1995, cited by Tallon, 2010) outlines the following good standards for a successful cultural quarter. It should: (1) Fit the surrounding urban context and morphology. (2) Improve diversity and culture-led activities and events. (3) Foster usage of local facilities. (4) Create a sense of public space. (5) Revitalize the evening economy and programming of events and festivals. (6) Rebrand the city and the quarter to attract visitors and tourists. (7) Provide good build environment with fine grained blocks, various building types and good quality of public spaces.

Environmental

Social

Sustainable Development

Economic

Social

Economic

Definition and Contents of Sustainable Urban Regeneration The Urban White Paper of the UK emphases the significance of sustainability principles in all types of development (Jones and Evans ,2008). In addition, the paper also points to a final vision of sustainable brownfield regeneration that stimulates the space to provide more inclusive, accessible, mixed-use development and high quality public spaces.

The logic of Evaluation Framework (Source: author)

Table Evaluation Framework CREDIT

percentage of change of social or affordable housing

Adaptively and flexibility of buildings and infrastructure; provide safe dwellings with the layout of buildings and spaces

block pattern &active frontage

Reuse and integrate existing structures and buildings

percentage of change in number of listed buildings and infrastructure

0: none

Reveal and protect the area's specific natural features

description of before and after interventions of natural features

0: accomplishes the objective poorly 1: moderately 2: well

Enhance existing urban fabric and use local materials

figure ground analysis; description of building facade

0: accomplishes the objective poorly 1: moderately 2: well

0: ＜20% 1: 20%-50% 2: 50%-100%

0: hard to adapt 1: moderate to adapt 2: easy to adapt(fine grain)

2: ≥5

Green the city

1: 0-5

CASE STUDY SELECTION CRITERIA

GOAL FIVE

Mix of house tenure and type; provide affordable housing and integrate social networks

0: ＜30% 1: 30%-60% 2: 60%-100%

GOAL FOUR

percentage of change in number of housing dwellings/units/density/floor ratio

Provide good environment for living and work;ing

GOAL TWO

Conserve local culture heritage Form local identity

Increase housing availability

Provide adequate local services,

INDICATORS

public facilities and create diversity on the site

GOAL ONE

Build complete communities Provide housing to meet need

OBJECTIVES

GOALTHREE

increase accessibility within the city

Sustainability

OBJECTIVES Integrate the development within the locality

Strategy

Evaluation Framework

Social sustainability

Protect countryside and decrease car use

Improve environmental quality

Enhance quality of life and attract investment Decrease ecological footprint of urban areas

Use energy efficient buildings Rejuvenate housing stock Attract development and create jobs Mixed-use developments (combination of retail, residential and businiess) Mixed communities (in terms of age, ethnicity, family structure and income) Inclusive decision-making

The qualitative evaluation framework is based on socially sustainable objectives in the brownfield regeneration process. In order to visualize the key findings of research, all social objectives are related to the urban design spatial section.

INDICATORS

Enhance existing street network and provide multiple links to adjacent neighbourhood

CREDIT

description of before and after street network and connections

0: accomplishes the objective poorly 1: moderately 2: well

views and vista of landmark; building heights

0: accomplishes the objective poorly 1: moderately 2: well

Improve accessibility to surrounding public services

description of connection with public services and amenities

0: accomplishes the objective poorly 1: moderately 2: well

Utilize green roof, rain water circulation system and any other energy efficiency methods

description of before and after interventions

0: accomplishes the objective poorly 1: moderately 2: well

Form landmark and preserve iconic buildings, featured landscaping to increase legibility

Increase the diversity of land use and functions

description of before and after interventions

Improve multiple activities indoors and outdoors

description of activities. For example: do they have 24 hours day-night activities

Increase the quantitative of green spaces

percentage of change numbers of green spaces

0: ＜10% 1: 10%-50% 2: 50%-100%

Increase accessibility to green/open spaces

walking distance to green spaces

0: accomplishes the objective poorly 1: moderately 2: well

Improve the quality of green spaces and public spaces

description of before and after interventions

0: accomplishes the objective poorly 1: moderately 2: well

(1) Information for case study and literature review comes from online resources and may not be reliable, because it does not update in time. (2) The most notable limitation is that short timing has restrained the number of case studies as well as detailed information. In addition, each case study will have specific issues and urban conditions. Short timing will not allow me to distinguish the uniqueness. Some case studies are located in a foreign country and some information cannot be collected from primary resources.

(2) Industrial contamination of the land has been removed and the site has high land value and potential to be reused. (3) The location of the brownfield site should be in a transition area, which is between the city centre and rural area or at the edge of the city centre.

(3) The evaluation of each case study and the scoring of their level of social sustainability are a little subjective.

(4) Regeneration strategies that are implemented should be built-form based interventions within mixed-use developments.

Retail-led Regeneration Strategy Granville Island,Vancouver,Canada

(4) This dissertation is finished individually; some information and perspectives are also a little subjective.

Housing-led Regeneration Strategy

Culture-led Regeneration Strategy

Trevenson Park South, Cornwall, UK

Hacney Wick & Fish Island,London,UK

N N

site N

central of london

POOL

CITY CENTRE

LOCATION

0: accomplishes the objective poorly 1: moderately 2: well

LIMITATION

(1) Former land use of the site should be industrial and the site has been abandoned and derelict for a long time.

Olymipic Sites

SITE

15 ha PARTNERSHIP

54 ha

14.17 ha

Development

Programming

private sector public sector

Developer: (1) Canada Mortage & Housing Corporation: implement and manage the development of Granville Island project (Private Sector) (2) Granville Island Trust: provide advice for development; represent local residents and city of Vancouver (Public Sector)

DEVELOPMENT

Revitalise city centres Improve local economy Decrease car use (live, work and play in same area) Increase social intergration Respond to local needs and tincrease social capacity

Design--Qualitative

(1) Self-sustainability Establish regeneration policies and marketing strategies to guarantee a long-term management as well as continuous investment in the regeneration process. (2) Partnership Link public and private sectors in a multi-agency partnership involved in brownfield regeneration and encourage them to participate in maximizing land value.

Partnership

Reason

Re-use derelict land for high-density development

Policy-Quantitative

EVLAULATION FRAMEWORK

Successful urban regeneration

Goal

Element of sustainablity

Tenants (1) Public sector: Emily Carr University of Art and Design; False Creek Community Centre

Encourage development of retail business,which receives adequate development capitals Encourage creative culture ( art/design studios) industry, which forms unique identity

Programming

Development PARTNERSHIP

TENANT REVENUE

private sector public sector

(1) Councils: deliver key guidance such as planning guidance (Public Sector)

Create industrial heritage urban park for tourists and local residents

(2) Carillion-Igloo and Coastline Housing: set up housing project and build housing (Private Sector) (3) Big Lottery Fund and European Union:invest £35 million fund into heartland industrial heritage park projects. (Public Sector)

MORE PEOPLE

private sector

PARTNERSHIP

public sector

(1) Boroughs: borrow the capital at the beginning of the regeneration; organize whole programmes; deliver key guidance such as planning guidance (Public Sector)

TOURISM +REPUTATION

New residential development to meet housing demand and obtain high profits

Phasing N

Phase One

Encourage housing transformation, which provides cheaper dwelling for students/artists.

TOURISM+ RENTS+

Phasing

Encourage creative cluster to improve social network. Generate revenues from firms--rents

RENTS

(2) Olympic Park Legacy Company (and potential interest parties): manage long term uses; negotiate with other partners to transfer assets (Private Sector) (3) Transport for London: provide £3billion annual capital budget for transportation (Public Sector) (4) London Thames Gateway Development Corporation:Have power to grant strategic planning application (Public Sector)

(2) Non-profit sector: arts/club/theatre (3) Private sector: markets/restaurant/creek house/Hotel/Kid's market

Programming

Development

Phasing

PROFITS

Encourage local retail business; provide public facilites; improve public realm Reduce work places and create more affordable housing for students and TOURISM+ artists RENTS

Phase One: West Point & Market Realm Phase Two Phase Three

Phase Two: Artists & Institutional Realm Phase Three: East Point & New Realm

Phase Two

Phase One Phase Two

Phase One: Heartland urban park project

Phase One

Phase One: Hackney Wick + Fish Island North part

Phase Two

P h a s e Tw o : Tr e v e n s o n P a r k South housing development

Phase Two: Fish Island middle and south part

Cardiff University / MAUD / Research Based Design Project / C1410811/Yuan Zeng

RESEARCH PART --- Case Study

PERIPHERAL INDUSTRIAL BROWNFIELD SITE REGENERATION STRATEGIES Housing-led Regeneration Strategy

Retail-led Regeneration Strategy

GOAL ONE---HOUSING PRPOVISION

DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Granville Island,Vancouver,Canada

Trevenson Park South, Cornwall, UK

1. variety in land use & activities

2. high quality of environment 3. accessible to all kinds of people (age/income)

4. pedestrain-friendly street

5. reflect maritime experience 6.public access to waterfront edge in activities and buildings

1. improve connectivity

2. utilise heritage regeneration

4.high quality of environment

Hacney Wick & Fish Island,London,UK

3. local neighborhood centre

5. accessible to all kinds of people(age/income)

1. vital mix-used neighborhood

2. improve connectivity

Housing Availability & Affordable Housing

4. heritage-led regeneration

5. local neighborhood center 6. dispersed cluster of activities

7.high quality of architecture

8. public realm &green spaces 9. canalside renewal

Housing Availability & Affordable Housing

0 percent housing buildings

35-50 percent affordable housing

25/30 percent affordable housing

Flexibility of Spaces

Adpation of Buildings

Flexibility of Spaces

Ceiling

ďź&#x17E;3.5m Floor

Living Floor

KFC

Studio

Floor

Because of high ceilings and large spaces of historic factory buildings, there is a large potential to transform the function of the building.

100%

Reuse Existing Structure & Buildings --listed buildings

Reuse Existing Structure & Buildings--listed buildings

Spaces are defined by heritage and form a cultural cluster.

Maintain Existing Buildings

(Source: Project for Public Spaces, 2012)

Before Public Market

(Source: Baidu, 2014)

Warehouse facade is transformed into glass material, which provides a good view through inside and outside. It is a good way to create active frontage.

After Kid Market

(Source: Baidu, 2014)

buildings of townscape merit listed buildings conservation area

Before: 20 existing and listed buildings After: 33 existing and listed buildings

Reveal Natural Features

Before Kid Market

Reveal Natural Features (Source: Vancouver Heritage Foundation,2013)

The high popularity of the canal makes it important to preserve. At the same time, water features provide a distinct character for local people and give tourists more opportunities to explore the site and then improve the local economy.

Waterfront

SITE

Creek

False Creek forms a clear edge to the area and improves permeability of the site. Water features create the unique identity of public spaces in Granville Island.

Reuse Existing Structure & Buildings (Source: Stephen Feber Limited, 2015) Ponds

Colourful building facade forms identity in industrial heritage complex and canbe regarded as focal point.

SITE

Retain Local Industrial Material and colour

Enhance Existing Local Material

Building material and pavement continue adopting stones and sands, which form continuous form and demonstrate industrial history.

Retail/shops

Producing

Entertainment

Related water

Historic local material Colorful building facade. All public-related services are on the ground floor in order to improve pedestrian accessibility

Industry

Street Network & Connection Medium Scale Street Connection

Street Network & Connection

Small Scale Street Connection

Legend

After

SITE

The block pattern is courtyard with large open spaces inside with mixed-use development. Residential area is semi-closed spaces.

Street Network & Connection Different hierarchy of streets will control traffic speed.

Vehicular Access Ferry Routes Site Boundry

Residential

Retain local industrial material and colour (Source: Lavigne Lonsdale, 2011) Before

GOAL THREE ---WITHIN LOCALITY & CONNECTIVITY

Floor

Ceiling

Floor

Before Public Market

Ceiling

(Source: A-side, 2015)

Retail

Ceiling

ďź&#x17E;3.5m

Ceiling

SUBWAY

3. creative&productive future

6. public realm & green spaces

7. reuse existing infrastructure & buildings

Reuse Existing Structure & Buildings--listed buildings GOAL TWO --- CULTURE HERITAGE & FORM IDENTITY

Culture-led Regeneration Strategy

Before

Legend

After

Vehicular access Pedestrian Access Bus 276 route Bus 488 route Key cycle route London underground bus stop connection

Legend

Parking Area

Vehicular access Pedestrian& Cycling Routes

2 bus routes 2 private ferry routes 1428Car Parking Spaces 248 Ferry Stops 1.3 KM coastline

SITE

Independent Walking System

Building Heights & Views

Increased Vehicular access Increased Pedestrian Access Increased bus 339 route Increased cycle route London underground

Vehicle road N

Main road

Secondary road

Building Heights & Views

The Bridge can be regarded as reference point for orientation. All buildings' height should be lower than 15 metres.

Low-rise buildings, large area of green spaces, which provide a high quality of living.

1 2

1F 2F 3F

Along A12 routes, the building height can be h i g h e r, b e c a u s e i t c a n reduce traffic noise and provide good views for park.

4F 3

5F 6F 7F 8F

Energy Efficiency

Diversity of Spaces

1. solar gain

Interior buildings

New streets to connect the site with the east part and improve the east-west connection.

Legend

2. cooling insulation

3. rain garden harvesting

4. minimise car parking

1 & 2 storey 2 storey

SITE

2-3 storey

Small/compact buildings---complex spaces long buildings---linear spaces

3 storey 4 storey

5. maximise cycling parking

Exterior buildings

Cardiff University / MAUD / Research Based Design Project / C1410811/Yuan Zeng

RESEARCH PART --- Case Study & Key Findings

PERIPHERAL INDUSTRIAL BROWNFIELD SITE REGENERATION STRATEGIES Housing-led Regeneration Strategy

Retail-led Regeneration Strategy Granville Island,Vancouver,Canada

Trevenson Park South, Cornwall, UK

Land Use

Land Use Legend

Retail

GOAL FOUR ---LOCAL FACILITIES & DIVERSITY

Education Art &Culture Industry

Hacney Wick & Fish Island,London,UK

Land Use

Activities

canal shops/restaurants/cafe

Heritage Cultural Centre

237 SHOPS & SERVICES

50 SHOPS & A MARKET 16 RESTAURANTS/CAFE/HOTEL 23 LOFT & DESIGN COMPANIES 16 THEATRE/PERFORMANCE PLACE 26 CHILD RELATED SHOPS 6 INDUSTRIES 54 PROFESSIONAL SERVICES 18 GALLERIES 5000 RESIDENTS LIVE AROUND 14 TRADITIONAL SILK SHOPS

9:00---24:00

Park (weekday+weekend)

Community /Residential

creative exhibition 9:00---18:00

3000 EMPLOYMENT

Activities

Legend

(weekday+weekend)

Residential Shops

art festival/gallery

Restaurant/bar

9:00---22:00

Leisure Institution Factory

Activities

(weekday+weekend)

West Point Realm ---waterfront activities

street market

Market Realm ---Street (Farmer) Market activities

9:00---18:00 Street Market (Source: Heartlands, 2015)

Music Festival (Source: A-side, 2015)

(weekend) playground 9:00---22:00

Access Realm

South Shore Realm--Children-dominated activities

East Point Realm New Realm

Artisans/Institutional Realm ---Festival/Exihibition

Legend Residential

(weekday+weekend)

Retail

art painting/decoration

Residential+Business Leisure Institution

Community Events (Source: Heartlands, 2015)

Green Spaces

Business+Retail Leisure+Retail

Green Spaces

Still Water Feature

m in ut

public green spaces

31.9%

refurbished restaurant

8% 8.2% 40%

refurbished entertainment

ponds

refurbished public market

n mi

s te

s ute

u in m 3 1

lk wa

Botanic Garden waterfront dock

waterfront event spaces

. Views & Gateway

leased open spaces road public open spaces

(Source: googlemap)

parking

It is difficult to access green space for pedestrians and cyclists. A new Canal Park will be built and green corridor added. Large open spaces are dominant along the canal as well as courtyard, which f o r m n o d e s for people to congregate.

(Source: googlemap)

9.3% 2.6%

(Temporary use)

Business+Factory

Wedding Events (Source: Heartlands, 2015)

Public Spaces and indoor spaces provides various types of community and cultural events

Green Spaces GOAL FIVE ---GOOD ENVIRONMENT

Culture-led Regeneration Strategy

(Source: Baidu, 2014 as edited by author)

Legend public green spaces

Views

waterfront dock

private green spaces entrance

Focal Point

buildings

Cluster of Landmarks

Legend Semi-public(residential)

Semi-public Spaces

Private(residential) Public spaces

Public Spaces

Private(business/retail)

planting define street profile

Public Spaces

Semi-public

A12

Active Frontage

noise

planting reduce noise from A12

Moving Routes Public Spaces (Source: author) Planting Strategy (Source: GUY BRIGGS | USPD, 2008)

KEY FINDINGS Regeneration Strategy Retail-led Strategy

Phasing development will make possible regeneration more selfsustainable and collect investment by different stages.

PERIPHERAL

Conserve heritage/ form identy

INDUSTRIAL BROWNFIELD LAND

LESS CONNECTIVITY

POLLUTION BAD INDUSTRY IMAGES

LOW LAND VALUE

Granville Island,Vancouver,Canada

adaquate local facility/ diversity

LESS ACCESSIBILITY

Within locality/ increase accessibility

Housing Provision/ Complete Community

Housing-led Strategy

Programming & Phasing Different regeneration objectives lead to different regeneration strategies. Market-led will tend to choose retail-led regeneration strategy due to quick profits.in order to meet the need of public services, housing-led regeneration strategy will be choosen because of high demand of housing provision.

6 5 4 3 2 1

good live/work environment/ green city

However, bottom-up methods are usually implemented in the culturalled regeneration strategy,which maximise an individualâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s interest and ablity in regeneration process. In conclusion, multi-agency and multi-stakeholder involvement is the best way to regenerate industrial brownfield land.

Housing Provision/ Complete Community

ISSUES

Most regeneration projects are topdown management, because of low risk of investment as well as stable and powerful regeneration plans.

SUMMARY

good live/work environment/ green city

Trevenson Park South, Cornwall, UK

6 5 4 3 2 1

adaquate local facility/ diversity

INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE Conserve heritage/ form identy

POTENTIAL

Partnership

EVALUATION

INDUSTRIAL MEMORY POTENTIAL LAND FOR PRODUCTIVE USES

How to attract more people?

Within locality/ increase accessibility

How to connect the site within context?

Housing Provision/ Complete Community

Cultural-led Strategy

good live/work environment/ green city

6 5 4 3 2 1

adaquate local facility/ diversity

RETAIL-LED Conserve heritage/ form identy

STRATEGY

MANAGEMENT

Public & Private Spaces

planting help flood risk (Source: author)

HOUSING -LED CULTURE-LED

Within locality/ increase accessibility

Hacney Wick & Fish Island,London,UK

Cardiff University / MAUD / Research Based Design Project / C1410811/Yuan Zeng

RESEARCH PART --- Key Findings

PERIPHERAL INDUSTRIAL BROWNFIELD SITE REGENERATION STRATEGIES Housing-led Regeneration Strategy

Retail-led Regeneration Strategy

MANAGEMENT & PHASING

DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

Granville Island,Vancouver,Canada Derelict Industrial Brownfield

Trevenson Park South, Cornwall, UK

MANAGEMENT: self-sustainability of funding/bottom-up private sector dominant

peripheral area public & private community involvement sector

PHASED: building renovation 2-3 years for each phase

reset function

Derelict Industrial Brownfield peripheral area

CONNECTIVITY

industrial heritage

Hacney Wick & Fish Island,London,UK Original Industrial Function Decline

MANAGEMENT: top-down/market-led funding public sector dominant

mixed-use development

peripheral area

PHASED: new neighbourhood 2-3 years for each phase

reset function

Retail land use

Cultural land use

Residential land use

Urban park

Residential land use

low rents for working /living

PHASED: 2-3 years for each phase

art/cultural district

high standard community

MANAGEMENT: self-sustainability of fomer industrial funding/bottom-up private sector dominant buildings style

attract artists/tourists

urban park (public open spaces mode)

P3 Culture+Retail land use

Retail landuse

Culture landuse

Residential landuse physical public transport and tube to connect the site within other parts of city and green link to connect the whole site into surrounding

CITY

CITY 2

physical public transport to connect the site.

physical public transport and street to connect the site within other parts of city

Land Use

Land Use ATTRACT MORE PEOPLE ---- MIXED-UED DEVELOPMENT

Culture-led Regeneration Strategy

Main land use

13.6%

8.7%

20.1%

Main land use

Residential, retail and --For retail working office are usually --For art/culture/creative concentrated along the industry studios canal. --For residential Along highway,avoid (live-work units) locating residential.

Main land use

--For retail --For art/culture --For education

2.4% 0.5% 15.2% 16.5% 8.5% 4.5% 10%

Land Use --For residential

40%

Shops

Culture & Education

Reception

Restaurant

Industry

Others

Institution

Hotel

Parking

Residential

4.6% 4%

51.4%

Mixed-use

13%

Institution/Business

7% 5%

Large green space, low-rise buildings provide high quality of life

Workshop

Building Adaptability

30%

Green spaces

Building Adaptability

45%

Residential

Creative business

Retail

Leisure

Building Adaptability

Residential

Living-work units

vertical mixed-use development

Indoor Market

Abandoned factory buildings

Activities Drink

shopping

waterfront activity

eating

art studio/ workshop

Drink

Diversity of activities on brownfield lands will promote vitality and convert them into attractive public places.

art exhibition/festival (temporary uses)

vertical mixed-use for industrial existing buildings which can provide more possibility and vitality

wedding

street market eating

Loft

Living-work units

Abandoned factory buildings

Museum

Education

Activities

Retail

Living-work units

vertical mixed-use development

Art University/Workshp

Loft

Residential

coffee shop/ restaurant

Retail Abandoned factory buildings

Institution

vertical mixed-use development Studio/Workshp

Activities

shopping

Drink

walking dogs

fashion show

eating

grafftti

art studio/ workshop

art exhibition/festival (temporary uses)

mining museum

ATTRACT MORE PEOPLE ---- CONNECTIVITY & PUBLIC TRANSPORT

ATTRACT MORE PEOPLE ---- CONSERVE INDUSTRY & FORM IDENTITY

Method: all maintained

Continuous building facade Continuous building facade

paint

Maintain former factory building style and renovate them by painting in different colours. Continuous building facade helps to define good streetscape.

paint

production retail 2

related water entertainment

urban graffiti production

retail

related water entertainment

Transform warehouses into industrial museum Purpose: conserve and utilize industry

Method: all maintained

heritage to form unique identity of the site/attract more people and improve vitality and diversity

Orientation: cultural-led regeneration

Orientation: cultural-led regeneration strategy.

Management: the bottom-up method Management:the bottom-up method

depends on prosperous and unique depends on prosperous and unique industry history and heritage low rents industry history heritage lowand rents for for and live to attract creative artists. work and livework to attract creative artists. Rents can be invested into next stages. Rents can be invested into next stages.

Maintain local historical building material/colours/ Maintain 1local historical building material/colours/ pattern pattern

Method: all maintained

Purpose: conserve and utilize industry

heritage to form unique identity of the site/attract more people and improve vitality and diversity

industrial museums Promote the heritages to form a cluster or link to each other to form a whole Orientation: cultural-led regeneration strategy.

Management:the bottom-up method

depends on prosperous and unique industry history heritage and low rents for work and live to attract creative artists. Rents can be invested into next stages.

urban graffiti

reuse industry heritage as public art & In terms of existing industrial street furniture infrastructure that cannot Thesebe industry elements removed, urban graffiti method add cultural isatmoone of refurbishment, attractive sphere, make it possible colours and patterns make it to experience history and abandoned railway line possible attract people. beautiful to streetscape recall prosperous industry memory.

strategy.

industrial museums educational centre

site/attract more people and improve vitality

diversity Orientation:and cultural-led regeneration

strategy.

Management:the bottom-up method depends on prosperous and unique industry history heritage and low rents for work and live to attract creative artists. Rents can be invested into next stages.

Maintain former factory building style andUrban renovate graffiti method is one of them by painting in different colours. refurbishment Continuous building facade helps to define good streetscape. 2

Method: all maintained heritage to form unique identity of the site/attract more people and improve vitality Purpose: conserve and utilize industry and diversity heritage to form unique identity of the

Transform warehouses into industrial museum Purpose: conserve and utilize industry

educational centre 2

Promote the heritages to form a cluster or 3 link to each other form a whole Redecorate existingtoinfrastructure as productive function

retain historical/specific natural features brownfield lands

productive lands

brownfield lands

productive lands

remain urban fabric and street layout

reuse industry heritage as public art & street furniture abandoned marine anchor

abandoned railway line

attractive nodes

beautiful streetscape

abandoned factory pipes Street Layout

abandoned marine anchor

attractive nodes

These industry elements add cultural atmosphere, make it possible to experience history and recall prosperous industry continuous views/public art be memory. They can regarded as landmarks and improve navigation of the public spaces

street lighting

planting container (Source:muf architecture/art, 2013) 2

Street Layout 3

Street Layout

Redecorate existing infrastructure as N productive function

CITY CENTRE

abandoned factory pipes

SITE

Ring roads make it possible to link all the parts of the site and improve accesto active frontages. continuous views/publicsibility art Shared spaces applied in this project, which are anoth er way to control traffic speed and improve mobility experience.

Movement Strategy

street lighting

brownfield lands

productive lands

Parking Strategy

Public Transport

grid street ayout linkage waterfront path different hierarchy to realize traffic control

Parking Strategy

TAXI

on street parking on street parking TAXI

Public Transport Day time

Day time

Night time

Movement Strategy pedestrian-only area improve walkable environment(--) car free zone

Day time

ground car parking lot

productive lands

Different hierarchy of roads can control traffic 3 remain urban fabric and street layout speed. North-south and Grid Layout east-west connection improve permeability of Canal-oriented the site.

Movement Strategy

shared spaces to realize traffic control

Public Transport

brownfield lands

planting container

oneway street linkage ring street linkage

Parking Strategy

retain historical/specific natural features

on street parking

TAXI

Night time

Night time TAXI

courtyard parking

TAXI

off-street disabled parking

Cardiff University / MAUD / Research Based Design Project / C1410811/Yuan Zeng

RESEARCH PART --- Key Findings

& Site Analysis

PERIPHERAL INDUSTRIAL BROWNFIELD SITE REGENERATION STRATEGIES Housing-led Regeneration Strategy

ATTRACT MORE PEOPLE ---- DIVERSE SPACES EXERPERIENCE

Retail-led Regeneration Strategy Granville Island,Vancouver,Canada

Trevenson Park South, Cornwall, UK

Diverse Block Pattern (Waterfront)

community block pattern

3/4 storey canal house type -1

green roof

active frontage

residential

retail

studio

retail

enclosure

semi-enclosure

linear spaces

Diversity block patterns in community provide various space experiences. Low-rise buildings face green spaces, which provide good view for local people. Green roof methods are used to improve energy effciency.

Waterfront Spaces----linear street with broadwalk along water STREET

STREET

retail

2/3 storey Business/Office Shed residential business/studio

SHED

Green Spaces Network

Human-scale public spaces layout

Green Spaces Network

Green spaces are located in the edge of the site as well as near entrance. Green spaces can be regarded as landmarks and focal points for the site. Green planting and spaces can obtain rain water and reduce flooding risk. Fragmented human-scale public spaces are defined by former buildings. Ring street layout connects all segmented public spaces into a whole system. Human scale street furniture also helps to form peaceful and comfortable atmosphere.

green roof

High ceiling provides flexibility to change function of buildings. Linear spaces are defined by the buildings that can be used for work, exhibition as well as car parking.

SHED lINEAR SPACES

3/4 storey canal house type -2 towpaths and canal parks are street provided near waterfront area.

Different ceiling height provides more possibility of various land uses. Courtyard blocks also allow connections through the yard spaces and increase permeability

3m 2m 2m

Linear spaces form straight views to guide people to waterfront area. Boardwalk provides good views of waterfronts for pedestrians. Near waterfront area, ground floor are dominated by retail and restaurants, avoid residential on the ground floor due to flood risk.

buffer area towpath

residential

4/5 storey Perimeter Block

retail

Green spaces are accessible for local people and tourists.Water features are the key element in landscaping Green spaces are located at the entrance, which can form gateway.

office

Wales

street residential

business flood risk will influence ground floor residential function

3/4 storey studios street

55k

street

Green Spaces Network

public green spaces private green spaces

Canal side park/open spaces

Good views High quality of open spaces Attractive nodes of the site

planting defines street profile water planting helps flood risk and views A12

landscaping defines good quality of environment & streetscape

noise

1550:Large coalfields in south Wales (include Swansea) exporting coal to the world

Site

site

Swansea industry History

Swansea Bay

1764: Glamorgan Pottery founded .

summer to autumn

Site Development Morfa works founded harfod

main road railway river tawe site XXmin time of taking bus

Copperworks

1835

1717

The copperworks are closed. 1980

1924

Hafod works founded

Morfa

Two works had emerged

Lower Swansea Valley Development

11 Copperworks are located along the river tawe 1850

1840: Cardiff exceeds Swansea famous dockland.

TRAIN STRATION

Hafod Morfa

1717 Copper industry starts in the lower valley

CONTEXT & CONNECTIVITY

Birdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Eye View

1960 Lower valley becomes the largest post-industrial brownfield area in Europe

DEMOGRAGPHY AGE STRUCTURE

POPULATION & DENSITY

Liberty Stadium

Site Age

Swansea Age

2min

14%

10 m in

Wales Age

23%

19%

250,000

24%

20%

23%

26% 30%

27%

25%

2011 18.2 people/ha

Site

240,000

copper quarter

29%

2001 18.52 people/ha

5.91people/ha

6.3 people/ha

230,000

Swansea 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100

Swansea bay

Reuse Historic Features

(1) Regenerate the site as a focal point to attract visitors to visit more city and region's historical sites (2) "Using Interpretation at the site to signpost other aspects of historic Swansea as "Intelligent Town", in parallel development in other areas such as science, learning and culture". (Goskar, 2012,p22)

(1) Green Lower Swansea Valley area (2) New identity as a visitor attraction and new community, which emphases the continuation of work and recreational activity. (Goskar, 2012)

1.40people/ha

210,000

Between the ages19-22, The site has less people aged 60-80, but there is a large increase- more people from aged 20-40, and aged Due to the flow of stu40-60 relatively. dents to Swansea University

POLICY CITY SCALE

SITE SCALE Working Landscape

0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100

92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 9 19 7 9 19 8 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 0 20 3 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 0 20 8 0 20 9 10 20 11 20 12 20 13

in 15m

Swansea train station

School

0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100

220,000

1.5 people/ha

Wales

n mi

River Tawe

(source:googlemap)

Swansea city center

Abandoned Interior

Derelict Chimney

bridge

HISTORY

1720-1850: Swansea becomes well-known

business

street

seasonal changes form identity

Swansea

Total area:12ha Industrial infrastructure: 15 Parking spaces: 354 (on the ground) Green space: 86,248ă&#x17D;Ą

residential

canal side open spaces

95km

street

Towpath

1960: Mumbles railway is closed due to the decline of Swansea industry. Swansea

enclosed courtyard

5 storey canal house type -3

planting reduces noise from rain garden/water circulation highway

SITE ANALYSIS LOCATION

green roof

street

grass

residential

10m

ATTRACT MORE PEOPLE ---- HIGH QULITY PUBLIC SPACES & PLACE-MAKING

Hacney Wick & Fish Island,London,UK

Diverse Block Pattern

Linear Spaces----shared spaces on street

main street

Culture-led Regeneration Strategy

From 1991 to 2013, there was an increase in the population of Swansea city. The density of Swansea and Wales has a slight increase. But the density of site reduces a little, which means that the site lacks attraction and has potential for development.

Connectivity

D.Riverside Development

(1) Ensure historic fabric and provide a number of (1) Ease of movement and access to surround new activities, including education, training, research, communities (Trevivian / New Copper Quarter (1) Connect city centre's Marine development to leisure and small business spaces. (Goskar, 2012,) residents) (Goskar, 2012) River Tawe area. (2) Attract and maintain focus of individuals,business (2) The site will become new green destination and and companies and provide creative learning, outdoor provide adequate public transport such as buses, (2) Create ferry and cruise tours with landing and indoor recreational areas and commerical and boats, bikes, cars and walking. stage and pontoons social organizations. (Goskar, 2012,p7) (3) Pedestrian access via a footbridge to connect (Goskar, 2012). (3) Reuse industrial buildings as new function, white Rock area in the east (Goskar, 2012). such as labtorary, exhibition spaces,educational classrooms. (4) Add cycle path and continuous riverside pedestrian path.

Cardiff University / MAUD / Research Based Design Project / C1410811/Yuan Zeng

DESIGN PART --- Site Analysis

PERIPHERAL INDUSTRIAL BROWNFIELD SITE REGENERATION STRATEGIES

HOUSE PRICE & INCOME

SITE CHARACTER

wales

site 2007-2008

£440 ＜

£540

2001-2005

£410 ＜

£500

Power House/Canteen Building-3

The Hafod Entrance-8

Household price and income of the design site area are all lower than the average level within Wales as well as the UK. The design site area is in a bad economic situation.

4 3

FLOOD RISK & RAINFALL

120

100

land assessed as having a 1 in 100 or greater annual probability of river flooding (>1%) land assessed as having between a 1 in 100 and 1 in 1,000 annual probability of river flooding (1% – 0.1%)

December

November

October

September

August

July

June

March

May

April

February

20 January

Swansea average rain days

Swansea average rainfall

Wales average rain days

Wales average rainfall

Chimney west of Vivian Engine House-10

Precipitation(mm)

Average rainfall days

Laboratory Building-4 1

Vivian Engine House-9

Rolling Mill-1

Hafod Lime Kiln-7

Canal Boundary Wall -5/6

Part of design site has floor risk,especially, near the River Tawe. In the west, a large area is also located in the flood risk area.Swansea’s average rain days are higher than the average level for Wales. In addition, the average rainfall is also higher .which means the city of Swansea has a large amount of rain during the whole year.

SPATIAL ANALYSIS MOVEMENT

PUBLIC TRANSPORT & STREET SECTION & INTERFACES View1 I1

I2 I2

car rent services

view1 view2 s2

Interface 2-2

residential

car rent services

restaurant

Interface 1-1

15m

Legend

warehouse

railway road secondary road primary road

25m

12m

Section1-1

Section 2-2

traffic junction

warehouse connect junction 9m

GREEN SPACES

85m Copper Chimney

70m River Tawe

Public spaces in residential

14m path

57m parking lot

18m railway

Open spaces for particular group Private green spaces

30m

15m

BUILDING TYPOLOGY

Public spaces along river

Legend Public green spaces

modern flat

warehouse

traditonal semi-detached house

mixed-used house

Legend Green spaces for school

Semi-detached house

Large green slope with bad connection

(-) Less accessibility to green spaces (-) Lack of public open spaces for local people. (-) Lack of recreational and education facilities for local people

LAND USE

Detached house Flat

BUILDING HEIGHT Legend

1. The typology of buildings in the surrounding is various. Flats can provide high-density residential area in new development area. 2. The east of site is dominated by warehouses, which are almost dead frontage. 1.Buildings on the west are predominantly 2 storey, buildings on the east are 3 or 4 storey.

Residential Office & Company car parking Institution& School Industry Heritage Entertainment

Legend

2. In terms of aesthetic quality of building, west area is poorer than east area.

1F 2F

Retail & Food River Tawe

Industry/ Warehouse

(+) West is residential and the east has more retail and entertainment functions, which is mixed-use development.

site west traditional

east modern

HIGHER

LAND TYPOLOGY

+ 17.4M

(-)There are a large amount of parking lots, which occupy the site without any vitality. + 20.4M

(-) Local community lacks entertainment facilities and existing industrial zone become an eyesore.

site

+ 19.8M

30M +

RAIN

16.8M +

RIVER

240M

(-) Less retail cannot support tourists’ needs + 35.7M

+ 30M

+ 16.8M

site

+ 16.5M + 28.6M

19.8M +

RAIN

16.8M +

270M

Cardiff University / MAUD / Research Based Design Project / C1410811/Yuan Zeng

DESIGN PART --- Design Brief

PERIPHERAL INDUSTRIAL BROWNFIELD SITE REGENERATION STRATEGIES

SWOT ANALYSIS Strength

Weakness

(1) Near waterfront; adequate water features and activities.It is possible to reinforce nature linkage from riverside to the wider context.

(2)A history of various industry history. Existing infrastructure become landmarks and improve navigation within site.

residential

(1) Railway line forms severance from west to east linkage.

stadium retail

site

industry

(3)There is a large amount of green spaces in surrounding, context, which potential to form a green system.

(4)There is a good connection from north to the south. The junction of the road can form the gateway of the design site.

site

school

existing south-north linkage

potential gateway existing east-west linkage

(5) There is an unsafe feeling of a rundown industrial area and abandoned land.

(8) The railway line will provide a noise problem.

(3) The site lacks recreational and educational facilities. In addition, monotonous land use in the surroundings cannot provide various activities. (6) The former land use of the site is heavy industria with soil pollution a big problem in the regeneration process.

(9)Due to the difference between land typology, the railway line will obstruct the view to the west.

X site

regeneration potential area

Threat (3) Land clearance process is ongoing,existing infrastructure can be reused.

(1) The site is located in the Lower Valley area, which has a flood risk.

(2) The pollution on the design site will damage health

urban fringe city center

(3) Brownfield regeneration is a long-term management process as well as high maintenance. brownfield

recreation office retail

art gallery/museum

retail

main road

(7) The site lacks accessibility to green spaces .The quality of green spaces is low due to little management and lack if comfortable landscaping. private

railway

waterfront

park

(2) Adequate local culture and history can attract people and stimulate city peripheral area.

school

city center

community park center

(5)The city of Swansea has a large number of tourist's spots as well as an attractive city brand. In addition, Swansea is a tourist-led city. Therefore, the site can attract people from city centre to improve the vitality of the site.

Opportunity (1) Mixed-use development is a good regeneration strategy for local residents, shop owners as well as tourists.

warehouse

site

(4) The site is located in the urban fringe area, which lack connection with city centre.

Landmark

(2) Low quality of pedestrian, cycling environment and open spaces .

greenland

stadium/sports festival

PROGRAMMING & SELECTION Target Group Local Residents

Tourists/ Visitors

(1)high quality of public and green spaces

(1)Passion on culture heritage and art activities(museums/galleries)

(2)recreation and education facilities Shop Owners

Regeneration Strategies Evaluation& Development Process

Artists

Retail-led Strategy

(2)keen on shopping & eating;participate in economy activities

(1)large flow of people

(1)low rent for dwelling

(2)low rent for business and workplaces

(2)low rent for working

dwelling27 culture36 retail118 office14 green spaces24

(3)adequate cultural background

Multi-objective regeneration strategies potential facilites/landuse

Housing Provision/ Complete Community 6 5 4 3 2 1

Open Spaces

Culture

museums galleries exhibition hall

events art/music festival sports

PHASE ONE: Develop retail and related services on accessible land

good live/work environment/ green city

Housing loft studios

Housing-led Strategy

PHASE TWO: Increase housing provisions and offices to support retail growth and demand

retail12 services8 dwelling127 green spaces-58

PHASE THREE: Increase cultural institutions and facilities to improve popularity

Conserve heritage/ form identy

Housing Provision/ Complete Community

good live/work environment/ green city

6 5 4 3 2 1

PHASE ONE: Residential development on available land to meet high demand and obtain initial funds to support next regeneration stages.

creative industry workshop

art market restaurant& coffee hotel

adaquate local facility/ diversity

good live/work environment/ green city

site

Within locality/ increase accessibility

adaquate local facility/ diversity

Within locality/ increase accessibility

adaquate local facility/ diversity

Cluster of Culture activies /recreational center River Tawe Liberty Stadium

city center

Retail-led strategies are always implemented on brown field sites in city center area with high land value and large flow of people. The design site is in opposite situation due to the peripheral location.

Less connectivity and accessibility

site

City Center Swansea Bay

Lack Public Facilities

city center

salary

X Xcinema X site X

school

clinic

There are large amount of copper industry heritages on the design site, which provide adequate industry history background. Liberty Stadium and river Tawe also provide more cultural potential and form a cluster of cultural districts. Based on evaluation framework, cultural-led regeneration strategies play an important role in creating identity and diversity in regeneration process.

Low income/Unemployment

site

6 5 4 3 2 1

Conserve heritage/ form identy

Within locality/ increase accessibility

CONCLUSION OF INTERVIEW

Land value

business20 retail29 culture85 PHASE THREE: Sell high value land for residential dwelling20 green spaces-51 development at high price and provide some affordable housing for profesHousing Provision/ Complete Community sional people.

PHASE THREE: Increase cultural institutions and facilities to improve popularity and meet recreational and educational needs

Select Regeneration Strategies For Design Site

Land value

PHASE TWO: Provide retail and office to support cultural related activities and institutions

PHASE TWO: provide infrastructure for retail and offices to form economy self-sustainability and realize long-term sustainable regeneration

Conserve heritage/ form identy

PHASE ONE: Professional people occupied low land value land and reuse high profile culture facilities

Business

Retail

Cultural-led Strategy

gym

site

Housing-led strategies need high demand for residential provision. However, the design site is located in the Lower Swansea Valley area with low connectivity and high flood risks. Less density and high unemployment rate, lack public facilities are all not proper factors for this strategy.

(1) People wants to conserve heritage due to the valuable history of industry. (2) Need more and high qulity green spaces. Cultural-led Regeneration Strategy

(3) Need more lighting ,seating and any other recreational facilitest to improve sense of safety. (4) Mixed-use development is a good way to resue this industrial brownfield land due to high potential of stadium and also near local community.

VISION The site will have a strong identity due to the existing industry heritage and infrastructure, the River Tawe as well as the quality of surrounding natural environment, recreational and educational opportunities especially related to cultural industries and adequate culture activities. These images and identity will be reflected on the innovative and creative design of architecture and public spaces, making unique and valuable contribution to Swansea city and integrating well within the city context. Good pedestrian access, movement connection will be dominated this vibrant quarter with mix of uses, which also promote various cultural activities for leisure and education in good quality of green spaces, and environmental sustainability for the local people as well as tourists. The site will become a new tourist attraction of Swansea City.

Cardiff University / MAUD / Research Based Design Project / C1410811/Yuan Zeng

DESIGN PART --- Design Brief

PERIPHERAL INDUSTRIAL BROWNFIELD SITE REGENERATION STRATEGIES

DESIGN OBJECTIVE & STRATEGY

Objective 1 -- Linkage with city network/within context

Strategy 1.1 - Improve physical transport Strategy 1.2 - Connect green Strategy 1.3 - Create active riverside connections among the city linkage within the city environment

based on site analysis & policy review

Strategy 3.1- Land use diversity (horizontal) & Vertical mixed-use buildings landmark /public art in attractive nodes and improve visual legibility based on literature review & case study

Objective 2 -- Strong identity S t r a t e g y 2 . 1 - Tr a n s f o r m a b a n d o n e d Strategy 2.2 - Utilise existing industrial warehouses internal function into i n d u s t r i a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e a s with industrial heritage cultural, educational and trading activities

based on semi-structured interview & site analysis

Objective 3 -- High level of mixed use

attractive nodes/gateway

Objective 4 -- Vibrant quarter Strategy4.1-Create pedestrain-friendly environment with different street Strategy 4.2 - Fine Grain/Variation in spatial block spaces to form vibrant and with good quality of walking hierarchy and control car parking, rebuild new streetscape diverse spaces and create various experience of space environment Linear Spaces Enclosed Spaces Semi-enclosed Spaces based on site analysis & literature review

Objective 5 -- Environmental Sustainability/High quality of environment

Strategy 5.1 - Rain Garden to collect water and form water circulation system

Strategy 5.3 - Waterfront platform/elevated dams/ towpath to access waterfront area with adaquate aquatic planting

Strategy 5.2 - Green Roof

based on semistructured interview & site analysis Strategy 6.1 - Flexible spaces for temporary uses

Objective 6 -- Diverse activities

S t r a t e g y 6 . 2 - M i x o f Objective 7 -- Increase economic Strategy 7.1 - Phased target groups/people Regeneration Development investment potential based on literature review & case study

based on literature review & case study

DESIGN CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT INDUSTRY MEMORY

DOT--LANDMARK

SHAPE ---ZONES

WATER FEATURES

WATER GREEN SPACES

LIBERTY STADIUM

TRANSFORMATION

GREEN

Linear Street Network connect the physical street as Industry heritage buildwell as symbolize connect ings can be regarded industry past and future as landmark of site GREEN LINK

RED LINK

PEOPLE FLOW

Spaces are defined by circulation.Each spaces presents different land uses.

MASSING

CONNECTIVITY

x x

CITY CENTER

SWANSEA BAY

strip block define linear spaces semi-enclosed blocks define one-side oriented semi-enclosed spaces and street network

INDUSTRY MEMORY---red links

context street connection &main entrance

Bridges

Red memory concept reflects on different types of spaces. Continuous red link goes through the whole site and form unique industry history. In addition, green links--Industry Heritage Park connect the site within the whole context.

residential/community industry heritage park

secondary road

hotel leisure

high street green link Industry Infrastructure

creative /culture

main road

riverside road

History Wall

Green spaces form the green link that go through the whole site and connect the site to the train station and within the whole city fabric. Green spaces and N open spaces concentrate central of the site. Landmarks are located at the main entrances which the idea comes from Heartland precents. Most of landmarks are industry heritages.

TRAIN STRATION

Legend

Benches

housing/dwelling development

Open Spaces Linkage

TRAIN STATION

retail/office /business development

Street network is grid layout, which the idea comes from Hackney and Fish Island case study. The main idea is that connects the whole site and improves legibility. Main road orient the riverfront and lead people to gather waterfront area. Different hierarchy of streets control traffic speed.

FIRE

INDUSTRY

cultural activities/ institution

Physical Linkage

DESIGN FRAMEWORK LINE ---CIRCULATION

1 2 3

bridge gateway/landmark

Land Use Strategy Most of buildings are located at the edge of the site; active fronts are almost oriented to the green spaces, which are able to obtain good views. High street with N restaurants are pubs and located at northeast of the site, which near stadium and provide adequate facilities for the visitors and large flow of people. In terms of creative industry offices, studios and industry culture uses are located at the main entrances and form focal points.

Cardiff University / MAUD / Research Based Design Project / C1410811/Yuan Zeng

DESIGN PART --- Masterplan & Design Analysis

PERIPHERAL INDUSTRIAL BROWNFIELD SITE REGENERATION STRATEGIES

MASTERPLAN

CRITERIAL ONE---HOUSING Affordable Housing

LEGEND Community Green Spaces Entrance Green Spaces

51.3 per cent affordable housing (12,750 sqm) is provided for young people and artists. The waterfront residential area has a good view; they are sold as market housing.

Affordable Housing

Copper Industrial Museum

Market Housing

Main Road

CRITERIAL TWO--- CULTURE HERITAGE & IDENTITY

Botanic Garden

GREEN /WATER LINKS & RED LINES MODERN & HISTORY COEXIST

Tree Matrix Square

Pavement Material & Building Facade

Visitor Centre

Gravel

Creative Art Display

Pattern

Sky Observation Bridge

Natural

Outdoor Event Spaces Copper History Wall Industrial History Education Square

Residential Area

Bridge

Lighting & Street Furniture

Ferry Docking Station Waterfront Platform Outdoor Sitting Area Art & Culture Recreational Green Spaces

Dot Lighting Industrial History Statue

Bicycle & Pedestrain Promenade Outdoor Cafe

Unique Lighting Dot Lighting

Green Roof

Linear Lighting

CRITERIAL THREE--- WITHIN THE LOCALITY Road Hierarchy

Street Signage

Movement

Street Lighting

Landscape Linkage LEGEND Landscape Axis

LEGEND Outside Main Road

LEGEND

Key Spaces

Cycling Route

Landmark Building

Pedestrain Route

Key Views

Main Road Secondary Road

Waterfront Linear Park Landscape Focal Point

Entrance Open Spaces

Cardiff University / MAUD / Research Based Design Project / C1410811/Yuan Zeng

DESIGN PART --- Design Analysis

PERIPHERAL INDUSTRIAL BROWNFIELD SITE REGENERATION STRATEGIES

CRITERIAL FOUR --- LOCAL FACILITIES AND DIVERSITY Land Use

60m 20m

120m

80m

60m 20m

Museum & Leisure Retail (Food & Market) Hotel Residential (include work-live units) Creative Industry Office & Studio Education & Research Community Service

2015.3.21 10 AM

2015.6.21 10 AM

2015.9.21 10 AM

2015.3.21 4 PM

2015.6.21 4 PM

2015.9.21 4 PM

120m 80m

3.1% 3.4% 7.5%

TOTAL AREA (sqm) 6,050 13,800 4,900 24,850 25,900 2,700 1,875 80,075

LAND USE Museum & Leisure Retail (Food & Market) Hotel Residential Creative Industry Office & Studio Education & Research Community Service Total

Sun & Shadows

17% 32%

2015.12.21 10 AM

2015.12.21 4PM Major open spaces are exposed under the sun from spring to winter, which provides good quality and experience.

31%

(1) Land use distribution depends on the analysis of Hackney & Fish Island case study that applied cultural-led regeneration strategy and makes it possible to be feasible in regeneration process. (2) Industrial heritage buildings are transformed into museums, and leisure center and retail function are located near the stadium, which attract people. (3) Due to the location ferry stops and bridges, retail function is also provided for large flow of people. (4) Cultural production provides business office and studio and form cultural cluster along the railway. (5)The south of site is relatively private, residential area is located.

Diverse Spaces Typology & Interfaces

Industry Museum

Interface 1-1

creative business

copper industry museum

1 1

Creative Business Courtyard

Interface 2-2

creative business

retail

HOTEL

retail Interface 3-3

Work-live Loft Unit

4 5

60m 20m

120m 80m

Interface 4-4 Variety in spaces provides different experience for tourists and local people. High-ceiling industry buildings transform into industry museum and event hall. Courtyard creative culture cluster provide business buildings with large green spaces. Linear work-live loft units stand out on the site and form strong vista.

WORK-LIVE UNIT

RESIDENTIAL

Interface5-5

RESIDENTIAL RESIDENTIAL

Cardiff University / MAUD / Research Based Design Project / C1410811/Yuan Zeng

DESIGN PART --- Design Analysis & Key Spaces

PERIPHERAL INDUSTRIAL BROWNFIELD SITE REGENERATION STRATEGIES

CRITERIAL FIVE --- GOOD ENVIRONMENT FOR LIVE/ WORK Street Section Street Section 1-1

Car Parking

Underground Parking

Courtyard Car Parking

On-street Car Parking Brick Inlay Grass

Streetscape

Street Section 2-2

Active Frontage The line of street planting defines clear views. Lighting, bins, benches planting and other street furniture form good pedestrian-friendly streetscape.

Overall Street Section 3-3

Entrance Active Frontage Active frontage improves connection between indoors and outdoor spaces. Shelters provides unique spaces.

Botanic Garden GATEWAY/ LANDMARK

Spring

Summer

Fragnant Plants

Outdoor Market (Farmer/Arts)

Wild Cherry: Gean

Lavender

Fragnant Plants Autumn

Winter

Outdoor Sports

Autumn Blaze Maple

Planting Education

Temporary Uses

Birch

Wild service tree

Fruit Trees

Temporary Car Parking Apple Tree

Prunus Armeniaca

RAILWAY NOISE

Music Festival

Art Display Artist Communicate Spaces

Outdoor Cinema

NOISE/ WIND

LANDSCAPE + BOUNDARY

ELEVATED TYPOLOGY

DIVERSITY SPACES

WEEKDAY

Activities Analysis Weekday-Day Time

Weekday-Night Time

Weekend-Day Time

Weekend-Night Time

Outdoor Cinema

WEEKEND

In weekdays, community green spaces are dynamic for local people to use. In weekend, the cluster of industrial heritage areas on the north and riverfront areas are dynamic

Active Green Spaces Active Buildings & Zones

Cardiff University / MAUD / Research Based Design Project / C1410811/Yuan Zeng

DESIGN PART --- Key Spaces & Perspectives Flood Control

1 Natural Slope Flood Management

PERIPHERAL INDUSTRIAL BROWNFIELD SITE REGENERATION STRATEGIES

1 2

Normal

100 year

500 year (Extreme Situation)

100 year

500 year (Extreme Situation)

2 Artificial Mound Flood Management Different flood control strategies provide different landscape and experience for people. Aquatic planting helps to create high quality of green spaces as well as control flood and form water circulation.

Aquatic Planting

Normal Reed canary-grass

Common reed

Water Hyacinth

Lythrumy

Phalaris arundinacea

Phragmites australis

Eichhornia Crassipes

Lythrum salicaria L

1 Main Entrance / Axis (From Stadium)

Industrial Heritage History Wall

2 Elevated Walkway & Industrial Heritage Square

Outdoor Sitting Area

5 Waterfront Restaurant & Towpath with Platform

Bird's Eye View & Continous Perspectives Red infrastructure form series views and create unique identity for the site. Green link goes through the site and connect the context and guide people to expose to site and improve vatility, which make it possible to transform unproductive land into productive site. High quality green spaces and place-making allows more people to have activities here.

6 Ourdoor Cafe & Southern Gateway

Cardiff University / MAUD / Research Based Design Project / C1410811/Yuan Zeng

Reference A-side, 2015. Heartland. [Online] Available at: hafodmorfacopperworks.com/the-future-2/[Accessed: 15 August 2015]. Adams, D., De Sousa, C. and Tiesdell, S. 2009. Brownfield Development: A Comparison of North American and British Approaches. Urban Studies 47(1), pp. 75-104. Baidu,2014.Granville Island Regeneration.[Online].Available at: http://wenku.baidu.com/ view/44df7777c5da50e2524d7ff7.html[Accessed: 31 July 2015]. BBC. 2015. Urban Environment. [Online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/zryqtfr/revision [Accessed: 12 June 2015]. Berger, A. 2006. Drosscape: Wasting Land in Urban America. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. Beautiful Vancouver.n.d.The Story of a People’s Place. [Online].Available at: http://petersvancouver.blogspot. co.uk/2013/06/vancouver-landmark-1.html [Accessed: 31 July 2015]. Bishop, P. and Williams, L. 2012. The temporary city. London: Routledge. CABERNET Coordination Team, 2006. Sustainable Brownfield Regeneration: CABERNET Network Report, Nottingham: University of Nottingham. CABERNET. 2015. Brownfield Redevelopment Types - the A-B-C Model. [Online].Available at: http://www.cabernet.org. uk/index.asp?c=1312 [Accessed: 15 June 2015]. Carter, A. 2005. Strategy and Partnership in Urban Regeneration. Urban Regeneration a Handbook. Publisher: SAGE publications, pp. P37-58.

Fuying Liu et.al . 2012. Germany North Duisburg Landscape Park - case study of Industrial Landscape Park . HanYi's web blog [Online] 10 October, 2010.Available at: http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_93ab648601019ed2.html [Accessed: 5 August 2015]. Frantál, B. K.et al, 2013. Location Matters! Exploring Brownfields Regeneration in a Spatial Context (A Case Study of the South Moravian Region, Czech Republic) . Moravian Geographical Reports 21(2). Freestock illustration, 2015. Water Park in Granville Island. [Online]. Available at: http://free-stock-illustration.com/granville+i sland+water+park?image=1224400352 [Accessed: 31 July 2015]. Getty images, 2015. People Dining on outdoor Patio, Granville Island . [Online]. Available at: http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/ detail/photo/people-dining-on-outdoor-patio-granville-high-res-stock-photography/92532211 [Accessed: 31 July 2015]. Goskar, T., 2012. Cu@ Swansea:An Industrious future from an industrial past Granville Island Map, 2015. Granville Island Map. [Online]. Available at: http://www.mappery.com/map-of/Granville-IslandMap [Accessed: 31 July 2015]. GUY BRIGGS | USPD, 2008. HACKNEY WICK/FISH ISLAND . [Online]. Available at: http://www.guybriggs-uspd.com/ projects/hackney-wickfish-island/ [Accessed: 22 July 2015]. Heartland, 2015. World Heritage Site Exhibitions . [Online]. Available at: http://www.heartlandscornwall.com/things-to-do/ world-heritage-site-exhibitions.php [Accessed: 17 August 2015]. Heartlands, 2015. Bird's Eye View of Heartlands . [Online]. Available at: http://www.heartlandscornwall.com/blog/heritageand-history/birds-eye-view-of-heartlands.php [Accessed: 17 August 2015].

Carousel Theatre, 2011. Crowd at Granville Island. [Online].Available at: http://www.carouseltheatre.ca/?attachment_ id=801 [Accessed: 31 July 2015].

Heartlands, 2015. APPLICATIONS NOW OPEN FOR STUDIO SPACE . [Online] Available at: http://www.heartlandscornwall.com/blog/creative-projects/applications-now-open-for-studio-space.php [Accessed: 5 August 2015].

Center for Creative Land Recycling, 2014. DUISBURG-NORD LANDSCAPE PARK. [Online] Available at: http://www.cclr. org/duisburg-nord-landscape-park [Accessed: 5 August 2015].

HTA Design LLP, 2013. Trevenson Park . [Online]. Available at: http://www.hta.co.uk/projects/trevenson-park [Accessed: 17 August 2015].

Cornwall Council, 2007. Trevenson Road Implementation Plan. [Online] .Available at: https://www.cornwall.gov.uk/ media/3641887/TRIP-2007-3-Planning-and-Design.pdf [Accessed: 24 August 2015].

Hollander, J., Kirkwood, N. & Gold, J.2010. Principles of brownfield regeneration: cleanup, design, and reuse of derelict land [M]: Island Press.

Cornwall Council, 2013. Camborne, Pool, Redruth,East – West link road and strategic infrastrucurue. [Online] Available at: http://camborneregenforum.org.uk/userfiles/file/2013%20CPR%20-%20East%20West%20Road%20leaflet.pdf [Accessed: 23 August 2015].

Hotwani, S. et al., 2011. Fringe Benefits: A regeneration project for Hackney Wick and Fish Island . Hackney Wick and Fish Island Regeneration.

Cronodon. 2007.The Structure of British and European Cities. [Online] .Available at: http://cronodon.com/PlanetTech/ Cities_British.html [Accessed: 12 June 2015]. City and County of Swansea, 2013. Swansea Bay: 5 Unique Destinations. [Online] .Available at: http://www. visitswanseabay.com/destinations/[Accessed: 7 June 2015]. City and County of Swansea, 2014. Swansea Profile. [Online] .Available at: http://www.swansea.gov.uk/keyfacts [Accessed: 7 June.2015] City and County of Swansea, 2015. hafod morfa copper works. [Online] .Available at: http://www.hafodm rfacopperworks. com/the-future-2/ [Accessed: 7 June 2015]. Dair, C. and Williams. K. 2006. Sustainable land reuse: the influence of different stakeholders in achieving sustainable brownfield developments in England. Environ. Plan. A 38(7), pp. 1345-1366. Ecumene, 2009. Settlement Change Review. [Online]. Available at: http://www.slideshare.net/ecumene/igcse-settlementchange-review [Accessed: 12 June 2015]. Environment Agency, 2015. Flood Map for Planning . [Online] Available at: http://maps.environment-agency.gov. uk/wiyby/wiybyController?x=357683.0&y=355134.0&scale=1&layerGroups=default&ep=map&textonly=off&lang=_ e&topic=floodmap [Accessed: 7 June 2015]. False Creek Real Estate, 2011.Granville Island For Kids . [Online]. Available at: http://falsecreekrealestate.ca/2011/07/ granville-island-for-kids/ [Accessed: 31 July 2015]. Focus on Architecture, 2013. Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord . [Online. Available at: http://www.iarch.cn/thread-10296-1-1. html [Accessed 5 August 2015].

Hrubý, K., Mandičák, T. & Mesároš, P., 2013.Values and possibilities of reuse brownfiel d. Business Trend. Inhabitat, 2008. Latvian National Art Museum . [Online]. Available at: http://inhabitat.com/factory-turned-latviancontemporary-art-museum/attachment/10594/ [Accessed: 19 September 2015]. Jone. Belausteguigoitia, 2007. Urban Recycling I REVIVING. The Contribution of Brownfield Interventions to a More Sustainable Urban .MA Thesis, the University of British Columbia Jay, B., 2012. Urban Projects Vancouver: Granville Island Photo Essay. [Online] . Available at: http://jaybanks.ca/vancouverr ealestatenews/2012/10/12/granville-island-photos/ [Accessed: 31 July 2015]. Jones, P. and Evans, J. 2008. Urban regeneration in the U K. Los Angeles: SAGE. Jones, P. and Gripaios, P. 2000. A review of the BURA awards for best practice in urban regeneration . Property Management 18(4), pp. 218-229.

Reference

Königs, M. 2012. It’s Not Just a Solution; it’s a Way of Life. [online]. Available at: http://theprotocity.com/its-not-just-asolution-its-a-way-of-life/ [Accessed: 13 June 2015].

Qiang Gen, 2015. Beijing Creative Cultural Landmark . [Online]. Available at: http://travel.qianggen.com/2009/1103/3476_5. html [Accessed: 19 September 2015].

Lemon, J. L. 2013. Worldwide Cornish e-Magazine. [Online]. Available at: http://www.cornwall24.net/2013/09/heartlandswhere-the-future-is-as-historic-as-the-past-part-1/ [Accessed: 15 August 2015].

RDH, 2014. Granville Island . [Online]. Available at: http://rdh.com/case-studies/granville-island-buildings/ [Accessed :31 July 2015].

Lavigne Lonsdale, 2011. Heartlands,Pool, Cornwall. [Online]. Available at: A-side, 2015. Heartland. [Online] Available at: hafodmorfacopperworks.com/the-future-2/ [Accessed: 15 August 2015]. Landscape Institute, 2015. Cultuurpark Westergasfabriek. [Online]. Available at: http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/ casestudies/casestudy.php?id=30 [Accessed: 5 August 2015]. Liangliang, T. 2014. Research on land renewal of Urban Inner fringe Area in the influence of urban space reconstruction: a case study of Changqing District, Hefei. A dissertation of Master Degree, Hefei University of Technology. (In Chinese) Longo, A and Campbell. D. 2007. What are the Determinants of Brownfields Regeneration? An Analysis of Brownfields in England. Proceedings of the Conference on the Science and Education of Land Use: A Transatlantic, Multidisciplinary and Comparative Approach, Washington, DC, USA, 24–26, September.

Roberts, P. and Sykes, H. 2000. Urban regeneration . London: SAGE. Rodrigue, P. J. 2015. The Geography of Transport Systems . [Online]. Available at: https://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ ch6en/conc6en/burgess.html [Accessed: 12 June 2015]. Siebe Swart, 2014. Westergasfabriek I Western gasworks. [Online]. Available at: http://siebeswart.photoshelter.com/galleryimage/Westergasfabriek-I-Western-gasworks/G0000t.wnb7wYWtw/I0000963Ge1aOUAA [Accessed: 5 August 2015]. Smith, G. 2010. Brownfield Planning: A tool for economically and socially effective . Nairobi, Kenya, 46th ISOCARP Congress 2010. Stephenfeber limited, 2015. Robinson's complex . [Online]. Available at: http://stephenfeber.com/robinsons-shaft-designdrawings/ [Accessed: 15 August 2015].

Lorber, L. 2011. Interdisciplinary methodological approach to the process of brownfield revitalisation of traditional industrial areas. Revija za geografijo, 6(1), 7-21.

SUSAN L. CHOW, 1999. Analyzing Visual quality In The Urban Landscape .MA Thesis, The Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Guelph

Mankus, M., 2015. Temporary Strategies. [Online]. Available at: http://volumeproject.org/2015/04/temporary-strategies/ [Accessed: 13 June 2015].

Tallon, A. 2010.Urban regeneration in the UK . London: Routledge.

Marchioretto, A., 2015. NDSM, or the resurrection of the shipbuilding industry leftovers. [Online] Available at: http://www. mediamatic.net/154905/en/ndsm-or-the-resurrection-of-the-shipbuilding [Accessed: 13 June 2015]. Matthews, P., 2011. Aquabus Parking. [Online]. Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/45553853@N04/5640378581/ [Accessed 31 July 2015]. Mehdipour, A. and Nia, H. R, 2013. The Role of Brownfield Development in Sustainable Urban Regeneration. Journal of Sustainable Development Studies, 4(2). Mehdipour, A. and Rashidi. Nia. H. 2014. Is Mehrabad Airport a Brownfield Site?. pp. CUS 02(01), pp. 13-19.Perovic, S. and Kurtovic. Folic. N., 2012. Brownfield regeneration–imperative for sustainable urban development.

The Trampery, 2014. Barbican and The Trampery to open new creative centre in Hackney Wick. [Online].Available at: http:// www.thetrampery.com/barbican-and-the-trampery-to-open-new-creative-centre-in-hackney-wick/[Accessed 25 July 2015]. The courtyard, 2015. THE COURTYARD BUSINESS OFFICES . [Online]. Available at: http://thecourtyard-egypt.com/ business-offices [Accessed: 19 September 2015]. Tower Hamlets&Urban Graphics, 2012. FISH ISLAND AREA ACTION PLAN . [Online].Available at: http:// queenelizabetholympicpark.co.uk/~/media/lldc/planning/cil%2012%20fi%20aap%20adopted%20versep%202012%20 reduced%20size.pdf [Accessed :23 July 2015]. Urban Community Partners, 2010. Granville Island – Vancouver British Columbia . [Online]. Available at: http://www. urbancommunitypartners.com/precedents/show/12-granville-island-vancouver-british-columbia [Accessed: 31 July 2015].

muf architecture/art, 2013. Hackney Wick & Fish Island Design and Planning Guidance 2013. [Online] Available at: http:// www.muf.co.uk/portfolio/hwfi-guidance [Accessed July 2015].

Vancouver Heritage FoundatioN, 2013. Granville Island: 40 Years Later – Authenticity that Ages Gracefully . [Online] Available at: http://spacing.ca/vancouver/2013/02/26/granville-island-40-years-later-authenticity-that-ages-gracefully/ [Accessed: 31 July 2015].

Neighbourhood Statistics, 2011. Office For National Statistics. [Online]. Available at: http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov. uk/dissemination/LeadHome.do?m=0&s=1419004964231&enc=1&nsjs=true&nsck=false&nssvg=false&nswid=1920 [Accessed: 30 June 2015].

Vancouver, BC, Canada Information, 2011. Granville Island Vancouver, BC – Truly Remarkable Place . [Online] Available at: http://vacouver.ca/vancouver-info/178/granville-island-vancouver-bc-truly-remarkable-place/ [Accessed: 31 July 2015].

Project for Public Spaces, 2012. How Granville Island Came to Be. [Online]. Available at: http://www.pps.org/blog/howgranville-island-came-to-be/ [Accessed: 31 July 2015].

Waldheim, C. 2006. The landscape urbanism reader . New York: Princeton Architectural Press.

Projects For Public Spaces, 2007. Granville Island. [Online]. Available at: http://www.pps.org/projects/granville-island/ [Accessed: 31 July 2015].

Perovic, S. and Folic, N. K. 2012. Brownfield regeneration–imperative for sustainable urban development. Građevinar, 64(05.), 373-383. Petríková, D., 2013. Brownfield Redevelopment in the Visegrad Countries [M]. Porter, L. and Shaw, K. 2009. Whose urban renaissance. London: Routledge. Portnov, B. and Pearlmutter, D. 1999. Sustainable urban growth in peripheral areas. Progress in Planning 52(4), pp. 239-308. Punter, J. 2011. Urban Design and the English Urban Renaissance 1999–2009: A Review and Preliminary Evaluation. Journal of Urban Design 16(1), pp. 1-41.

Williams, K. and Dair, C. 2007. A framework for assessing the sustainability of brown field developments. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 50(1), pp. 23-40. Yan, T.2007. The Experience of Brownfield Redevelopment in Ruhr Industrial Region. International Urban Planning, pp. Vol.22, No.3. YangShi, 2010. Case Study —- Westergasfabriek Culture Park. Yangshi's web blog [Online].Available at:https://yangshi26. wordpress.com/2010/10/10/case-study-westergasfabriek-culture-park/[Accessed: 5 August 2015]. Yin, R.K., 2009.Case Study Research: Design and Methods (Fourth Edition ). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publication, p240 Zoopla, 2015.Household Price in Swansea [Online]. Available at: http://www.zoopla.co.uk/market/sa1/ [Accessed: 10 June 2015].