Introduction to project For over a century, Barrow-in-Furness's fortunes have been intrinsically linked to the local shipyard. In this age of global disarmament the shipyard is struggling, since the end of the cold war Barrow with less than 70,000 inhabitants has suffered 14,000 redundancies. It has long been recognised that the town's over dependence on an industry that only brings prosperity in times of war cannot continue. Diversification is desperately needed. Finally it seems that change and diversification is coming. Barrow has targeted itself as the gateway to Britain's energy coast, which is a major proposal to use the natural assets (wind and waves) and existing nuclear skills base to transform the west coast of Cumbria into a hotspot of renewable energy generation and innovation. Barrow itself has just seen planning consent granted for two new offshore wind farms, which will add 132 new wind turbines to the existing 30 turbine strong wind farm. It is claimed that the largest of these two new wind farms will generate enough energy to power every residential property in Cumbria one and a half times over. The aim of this thesis is to fuse the study of renewable technologies and ecology into a single university faculty. The intention i to: • provide a skilled workforce in order to ensure the future success of the renewable sector within Barrow. • help ensure that proposals of the renewable sector will not damage the rich and diverse ecology of the area. • encourage cross discipline learning which should help inspire technological innovation through biomimicry.
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Geographical information Where is Barrow-in-Furness?
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Geographical information Barrow-in-Furness
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Geographical information The Site
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Roof plan in context @ 1:500
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Ground floor plan in context @1:250
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First floor plan @1:250
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Second floor plan @1:250
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Third floor plan @1:250
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Forth floor plan @1:250
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Fifth floor plan @1:250
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Rendered image
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Sections AA and BB @1:250
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Section CC @1:250
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Structures
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Structures
Provisions for lateral stability In the case of the tower lateral forces are naturally counteracted
Structural Form
through the towers leaning design, however for additional support the
The buildings structure is treated differently in different parts of
structure ties back into the core. Another threat to the tower is twisting,
the building. In the library wing columns and beams are hidden as much
in order to prevent this a series of ring beams are placed at intervals of
as possible. However on the ground floor they are used to free up the
at most 6m apart throughout the towers height, this also helps to reduce
faรงade and aid in making the building appear lightweight. The tower on
the risk of buckling within the columns. The library obtains its lateral
the other hand is the complete opposite of the library wing, where the
stability for the two cores which run through it.
structure is exposed and expressed in the form of an exoskeleton. This was done to both free up the internal spaces (which may have been a bit cramped with internal columns) and to break up the towers faรงade in order to make it more aesthetically interesting. Foundation type The site has only ever been used as a railway sidings and has never been built on. It was reclaimed/claimed from Barrow channel during the 1860's as part of the construction of the dock system and a large retaining wall separates the site from the adjacent dock. Given that the site boasts, moisture rich soil, poor ground conditions and a risk of subsidence, it seems wise to opt for piled foundations, as is the case for all buildings in the area. Construction material On environmental grounds, timber would have been the material of choice, however given the scale of the design (particularly the 52m high tower) it seemed impractical. The decision was made therefore to provide high tech building solutions, which also address environmental ideas where possible. The decision has been made to use steel as the primary structural material, this is due to its capacity to carry high loads on reasonably small structural members and for the obvious historical reference, of Barrow once boasting the largest Iron and steel works in the world. Tarmac Hollowcore and solid plank flooring will sit between beams, the system will allow shallower floors and for the use of less concrete.
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Identification of live and dead loads
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Structural organisation
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Foundation detail
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The imposed load of the first floor (Library) is:
Column calculations
The greatest distance the column will span without any bracing is 4590mm.
4 KN/m2 x 5m x 14m= 280KN
First column calculation
The second moment of area is given in cm4 but for the purposes of the
In order to calculate the size of UC (universal column) required, the
The imposed load upon the second and third floors (classrooms) and
weight it will need to support must first be calculated. This consists of
the roof (requires regular access) is:
Euler buckling modulus it needs to be converted to mm4. Therefore: 1548cm4 x 10,000= 15,480,000mm4
calculating the slab weight and the imposed loads (dead and live 3KN/m2 x 5m x 14m= 210KN
loads).
Now that all the inputs have been identified for the equation it's time to
150mm deep Tarmac Hollowcore slabs have been selected as the slab 2.
of a composite floor system. They have a self weight of 2.42KN/m 2.
For the purposes of the calculation, KN/m needs to be converted to KN/m3 . Therefore:
1000mm / 150mm=6.666 x 2.42KN/m2 = 16.13KN/m3
The next stage is to combine the weight of the slabs and the imposed
apply them. Therefore the critical load of a 203 x 203 x46 UC over a
loads together, in order to calculate the load that any given column
4590mm span is:
needs to support. 169.35KN + 280KN = 449.365KN (total load of first floor) 169.35KN + 210KN = 379.365KN (total load of second, third and roof floors) 449.365 + (379.365 x 3) = 1,587.46KN (total load) Given that any given column will be supporting only one quarter of the slab the total load can be divided by 4 however all columns, excluding
The calculation used for working out the slab weight is:
end columns are supporting one quarter of two seperate slabs, therefore any given column is supporting half the total load of a slab and
Weight of material x depth of slab x width of slab x length of slab = of slab
weight
As a 203 x 203 x46 UC can support 1,501.120915KN and the load acting upon any given column within the building is 793.73KN, the specified UC is large enough to deal with the buildings loads. However it is common practice to apply a factor of safety by doubling the load acting on any given column. Therefore:
the implied loads acting upon it, so: 793.73KN x 2 = 1,587.46KN 1,587.46KN / 2 = 793.73KN (load acting upon any given column)
The slabs span 5m between beams and 14m along the beams. Now that the total load has been calculated, the Euler buckling modulus
Therefore the slab weight is:
Pcrit = π2 x 207,000 x 15,480,000/45902 = 1,501,120.915 / 1000 = 1,501.120915KN
This means that whilst a 203 x 203 x 46 UC could support the specified weight, it is advisable to specify a larger steel.
will be used to work out how much load a 203 x 203 x46 UC can take before buckling. The equation for this is:
16.13KN/m3 x 0.15 x 5 x 14 = 169.365KN
Therefore a 203 x 203 x 52 UC with a second moment of area in the y-y axis of 1778cm4 has a buck²ling load of:
Now that the slab weight has been identified, the imposed loads need to be calculated. With the below calculation.
Pcrit = π2EI / L2 This translates as:
Imposed load in KN/m2 x width of slab x length of slab = total imposed load in KN
Critical load = π2 x Young's modulus (can be obtained from tables) x Second moment of area (can be obtained from tables) / distance between column bracing2 (usually floor to floor distance).
Pcrit = π2 x 207,000 x 17,780,000/45902 = 1,724,155.677 / 1000 = 1,724.155677KN
A 203 x 203 x 52 UC will support the building loads without buckling.
Imposed loads: Library
4KN/m2.
In this instance the Young's modulus of steel is 207,000N/mm2 and the
Class Rooms and similar spaces
3KN/m2
second moments of area are 4568cm4 in the X-X axis, and 1548cm4 in
Imposed loads were taken from table 3 on pages 446-447 of the new
the y-y axis. As a UC could buckle in any dimension the weakest
metric handbook.
second moment of area (the y-y axis) will be applied to the equation.
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1778cm4 x 10,000 = 17,780,000mm4
Column calculations
Load acting on any given column:
Second column calculation (the tower columns).
Inputs for the Euler buckling modulus for a 273mm diameter and 12mm
As the loads and spans of the tower are significantly different to the
thick Cold-formed circular hollow section:
5,643.975KN /2 = 2,821.9875
lower portion of the building, the columns for the tower shall also be
Young's modulus of steel =
207,000N/mm2
worked out. Cold-formed circular hollow sections will be used for the
Second moment of area = 8,400cm4 x 10,000 = Maximum distance between column bracing =
84,000,000mm 6000mm
tower for both and aesthetic reasons and that higher loads can be supported with slimmer sections.
The buckling mass of a 273mm diameter and 12mm thick Cold-formed 150mm deep Tarmac Hollowcore slabs with a self weight of 2.42KN/m2. Shall be used again, however 400mm deep Tarmac Hollowcore slabs with a self weight of 5.28 KN/m2 will be used for the floor supporting the roof garden (trees) and the roof is glazed, plate glass has a self 3
weight of 2787 KN/m .
circular hollow section is: Pcrit = π2 x 207,000 x 84,000,000/60002 = 4,767,018.926 / 1000 = 4,760.018926KN A 273mm diameter and 12mm thick Cold-formed circular hollow section is not strong enough to support the required load. Is a 273mm diameter and 16mm thick Cold-formed circular hollow section strong enough?
The slab weights are:
Second moment of area = 10,700cm4 x 10,000 = 107,000,000mm
Roof 2787 KN/m3 x 0.025 x 5 x 7 =
2,438.625KN
Cafe floor 2.42KN/m2 x 5 x 7.5 = Multi-purpose floor 2.42KN/m2 x 5 x 8 = Roof garden 5.28KN/m2 x 5 x 17 = Rake of auditorium 2.42KN/m2 x 5 x 15 =
90.75KN 96.80KN 448.8KN 181.5KN
Pcrit = π2 x 207,000 x 107,000,000/60002 = 6,072,274.108 / 1000 = 6,072.274108KN A 273mm diameter and 16mm thick Cold-formed circular hollow section is strong enough to support the loadings of the tower including the
Imposed loads per KN/m2: Roof
0KN/m2
Cafe floor Multi-purpose floor Roof garden Rake of auditorium
3KN/m2 5KN/m2 20KN/m2 5KN/m2
factor of safety.
Imposed loads upon slab in KN: Roof
0KN 2
Cafe floor 3KN/m x 5 x 7.5 = Multi-purpose floor 5KN/m2 x 5 x 8 = Roof garden 20KN/m2 x 5 x 17 = Rake of auditorium 5KN/m2 x 5 x 15 =
112.5KN 200KN 1,700KN 375KN
Total load of slabs and imposed loads combined: 2,438.625KN + 90.75KN + 96.80KN + 448.8KN + 181.5KN + 112.5KN + 200KN + 1,700KN + 375KN = 5,643.975KN 29
Beam calculations
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Environment and services
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Environment and services There are two distinct levels of environment, which will be addressed in this section. They are the buildings internal environment (local) and the impact that the building has on the global environment in both its construction and use.
Local environment Buildings must provide their users with a comfortable internal environment. The core considerations for providing a desirable internal environment are the temperature, air quality, lighting quality and acoustics. Each of these core considerations will be discussed in greater depth in relation to the proposed building over the preceding pages.
Global environment Due to the significant negative impact that buildings can have on the global environment, it is essential that buildings are designed so to minimise the amount of energy required to provide the core internal considerations discussed above. Ideally all new buildings would be carbon neutral or even supply renewable energy beyond its needs so to supply its neighbours with renewable energy. Intelligent material choices and construction techniques can also be used to reduce the buildings carbon footprint.
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Environmental Analysis: General Barrow's coastal diversity, independent weather patterns1 and existing skills base make it an ideal location for renewable energy testing and innovation. The following few pages will analyse Barrow's weather patterns in order to identify the potential renewable forms of energy that may be suitable for use on the site.
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Environmental Analysis: Wind speed The power of the 15-20 knot winds around Barrow2 are already being harnessed by a 30 turbine strong offshore wind farm, each turbine generates 3MW of power, which amounts to a net total of 90MW of power3. Barrow's high wind speeds are as a result of being at the end of a peninsula and being surrounded by water on three sides, leaving the town exposed to vapour laden winds coming from the Irish Sea4.
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Environmental Analysis: Rainfall The vapour laden winds coming from the Irish Sea are a cause of Barrow and Furness's high levels of rainfall5. Calculations based on MetOffice information suggest that on average in Barrow every 1m2 of ground will receive 0.516m3 of rainfall per annum. The hope is that this high level of rainfall will be able to supply the building's grey water demands, and possibly even the building's entire water requirements. Barrow's slogan is, “Where the Lakes meet the sea�. A large proportion of the high levels of rain that falls on the Lakeland fells drains into the sea around Barrow. This makes Barrow an ideal area for the study of a new form of renewable energy known as osmotic energy. Osmotic energy works by forcing fresh water (river water) and salt water (sea water) into adjacent chambers, separated by a membrane, through which the fresh water will pass but salt water cannot. The result is an increase in pressure in what was the salt water chamber. This pressure is then released to drive a turbine6.
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Environmental Analysis: Sunshine Duration Barrow receives 1200 to 1400 hours of sunshine per annum7. Whilst coastal areas receive more sunshine than inland areas, the south receives noticeably more than northern areas8. This suggests that Barrow may not be the best place for the study of photovoltaics and solar panels but that both could contribute to the building meeting its own energy and heating demands.
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Environmental Analysis: Frost and Ground Temperature Coastal areas tend to have fewer days of air/ground frost and enjoy warmer ground temperatures9. This is due to the insulation provided by the sea. As a result of Barrow being surrounded by sea on three sides, this effect has likely been intensified. Barrow has 20-40 days of air frost, significantly less than much of the country. This indicates that air source heat pumps could prove exceptionally efficient in the area. The town sees 60-80 days of ground frost, which is again significantly less than most of the country. The average annual 30cm soil temperature is 10-110C, making the ground of the Furness peninsula the warmest in Cumbria and one of the most northern English settlements with such high ground temperatures10. This suggests that ground source heat pumps and possibly geothermal energy may prove highly efficient in and around Barrow.
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Heating and ventilation strategy Due to the heating and ventilation strategies being intrinsically linked they will be discussed as such. The initial intention of the design was that it would be solely naturally ventilated, it was realised however that on an exceptionally windy, coastal site that there will be periods of time when natural ventilation would be impractical. For this reason the decision was made to consider a summer and winter heating and
Thermal Mass
increasing there efficiency and increasing the buildings potential to be
Each floor is supported by steel beams spaced an average of
carbon neutral.
five meters apart, spanning between the beams will be 150mm thick Tarmac Hollowcore concrete slabs. The large thermal mass of the concrete slabs will absorb heat from the sun's rays during the day, particularly in winter, and slowly release the heat during cooler periods (generally the evening). The advantage of this is that it helps to reduce the need for supplementary heating and thus the amount of CO2.
Ground source heat pump As previously highlighted, the ground temperature around
ventilation strategy. The strategy now uses a composite of natural principles and man-made technologies, which complement each other. The passive
Barrow-in-Furness is quite high due to the sea surrounding and insulating the town on three sides. For this reason it was felt that a ground source heat pump could prove exceptionally efficient in the area.
and active technologies to be used are:
The Christ the King Centre for Learning in Knowsley which is of a similar
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Natural ventilation
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Passive solar design
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Thermal mass
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A ground source heat pump
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An energy recovery ventilator (heat exchanger)
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Underfloor heating
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Chilled beams
Energy recovery ventilator
Natural ventilation
Due to the potential of the ground source heat pump, an energy
scale to this project , employs a ground source heat pump to supplement its heating requirements. The heat pump provide 75% of the buildings peak energy demands and 90% of its cooling demand13. If this level of efficiency could be attained within my building, and there is no reason to suspect it could not, then it would play a major role in the buildings efficiency.
In order to ensure that natural ventilation was a feasible option
recovery ventilator may be a step beyond the buildings needs. If on cold
within the building. The lower portion of the building has been
winter days the approach thus far discussed cannot meet the buildings
orientated to sit almost parallel to the prevailing wind (perfectly parallel is
heating demands then the energy recovery ventilator will be used to
structurally undesirable due to the increased wind loads). No room or
draw cool external air in to the building, heat it up, distribute it and then
floor has a depth to height ratio any greater than 4.2 to 1 (as a rule of
recycle it. The advantage of this system is that heat is retained, as
thumb, spaces with a depth to height ratio of 5 to 1 or less, can be
opposed to released as it is with natural ventilation and that the air is
naturally ventilated).
kept moving and thus doesn't become stagnant.
Passive solar Design
Underfloor heating
“To make the most of solar gain, the main solar collecting
Underfloor heating is to be used as it heats at ground level
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facades ” “should face within 30 of due south. Orientations further east
(where the people are at) and as such it requires less energy to keep
or west than this will receive less solar gain, particularly in winter when it
the buildings users comfortable, than traditional heaters which need to
is of most use12”. Currently the glazed area, which will be used to
heat the entire space before the room temperature is comfortable for
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maximise solar heat gains sits at exactly 30 of due south. Meaning that
the buildings users. The demand for less energy also puts less strain on
the building has been suitably laid out to take advantage of solar gains.
the ground source heat pump and energy recovery ventilator thus
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Working out passive solar angles
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Centralised plant and ground source heat pump
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Heating and ventilation strategy: Winter The winter heating and ventilation strategy is to use the heat provided by both the ground source heat pump and energy recovery ventilator to supply the underfloor heating. The heat given off by underfloor heating, people and machinery is allowed to rise naturally to the ceiling, here the warm air is ducted through the building back to the energy recovery ventilator, which releases the heated air to the outside world, importantly however it uses the heated air to heat new, cooler incoming air.
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Heating and ventilation strategy: Summer On hot days, when there is a surplus of heat and the act of retaining the heat would cause the building to become uncomfortably warm, a natural cross ventilation strategy will be employed. The lower portion of the building has been orientated almost parallel to the prevailing wind and depth to height ratios kept within the advised limits to make natural ventilation. The tower also employs natural ventilation, however in this portion of the building the stack effect is used.
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Alternative heating and cooling Sadly it is not plausible for all spaces within the building to be naturally ventilated. The following charts seek to identify the types of heating and ventilation that the various rooms within the building require. The information obtained from these flow charts will then be presented on a section.
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Lighting strategy A core objective of the environmental strategy was to maximise the amount of natural daylight that the building receives. The simple reasons for this is that natural daylight reduces the need for energy sapping artificial lighting and provides passive solar heat gains, which reduces the buildings heating demands.
Natural lighting When identifying the feasibility of the building being natural lit, the primary concern is, other buildings obstructing light entering the proposed building. This is worked out by drawing a line at 250 from either two meters above the ground or from the centre of the proposed windows. If any buildings are blocking the penetration of light, then the daily period of time at which natural light will not enter the proposed building should be worked out and deducted from the amount of sun received per annum. Fortunately having done this exercise, there should be no blocked light. The dock to the south of the site is over 200m wide and so there is not a building within 200m of the south facing facade, nor is it likely there will be in future. The only real building of concern was the reasonably nearby railway men's club, but as the study shows light should be able to comfortably enter the building from the north. This means that the building should receive the full 1400-1500hrs per annum of sunlight that Barrow receives. Whilst light to the proposed building is not blocked by any other building it was also important to ensure that the proposed building wouldn't block any light from accessing other buildings. Again the only building of concern was the railway men's club. The study shows that although close the proposed building doesn't block light to the railway men's club. That said it would be unwise to increase the height of the proposed building.
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Heat gains and glare One of the problems with maximising the amount of natural light
Acoustics
Materiality
Despite being situated in close proximity of the UK's largest
The material choices of this building may seem slightly unusual
entering the building, is that it maximises solar heat gains, whilst this is
naval shipyard and a nuclear submarine undergoing repairs directly
for a building which is seeking to be the embodiment of the subjects it
advantageous in the winter months, during summertime it leads to
opposite the site, on the other side of the dock, external noise levels are
has been designed to facilitate the teaching of (ecology and renewable
overheating and thus makes the users feel uncomfortable. Another
relatively low. The only real noise is caused by the steady flow of traffic
technologies). Steel and concrete are not exactly famous for their
problem with an abundance of natural lighting is glare, this is of
on the strand, roughly 40 meters away.
environmental credentials, it may be expected that a building of this use
particular concern on the first floor of the library, which is essentially a computer floor. There are numerous methods to control overheating and glare, an early solution within the design process was to provide louvres as
A tutors voice must be able to carry from the front of the classroom to the back, given that the distance is never greater than ten meters, this should not prove a problem. Noise from the plant will also be minimal as the building, as part
they block the heat of the suns ray from entering the building and allow
of a campus utilises a central and externally independent plant, the
the light to be bounced onto the ceiling to provide a diffuse light.
building itself has only a very small plant room.
however it was felt that they detracted from the aesthetic of the building. The proposed solutions to the problems are very simple, in order to keep the building cool, windows will be opened, allowing the natural
would be built with, timber, rammed earth, old car tires or recycled bottles. There are a few reasons this approach wasn't taken. The first was that the high level view on the site was to good to be ignored as such a tower was required of a height to great for all the aforementioned methods other than perhaps laminated timber. The second reason was the desire for the building to reference Barrow's past as having been the home of the worlds largest iron and steel works. The third reason was information was acquired which highlighted
ventilation strategy to keep the building temperature down and in order
that perhaps concrete and steel aren't quite as environmentally
to reduce glare, simple Venetian blinds will be fitted. The advantage of
damaging as had previously been assumed.
them being that they allow for the user to control them locally.
Whilst steel is highly polluting in its manufacture, particularly in
Artificial lighting
comparison to timber, it is endlessly recyclable unlike timber, in fact 99%
On occasions when spaces within the building are not
of structural steelwork and 94% of all steel products are recycled, this is
sufficiently lit by natural daylight I.e. in the evening, artificial lighting will
a greater percentage than any other construction material. In addition
be used as a substitute. The strategy is to have down lighters evenly
the high strength to weight ratio of steel allows less material to be used
spaced between the beams of the building. Within classrooms lighting
than other construction methods and because less material is used
will be user controlled, however in the library, particularly around the
fewer vehicles are needed to deliver the material to site, thus reducing
bookshelves the lighting will use a motion sensor and time switch so
transportation costs and emissions. Thanks to the large spans of steel
that the light is only turned on when a user is present. This system will
internal spaces are more flexible allowing the buildings use to be
be employed in all spaces where it is feasible. Individual task lights will
adapted more readily thus increasing the likely hood that the building
also be provided within the library for reading and computer use.
will have a long life span. Research also suggests that steel beams
This system increases the efficiency with which artificial lighting is used and allows the user full control of the lighting conditions within their localised environment.
allow floor depths and concrete slabs to be of the optimal depth for a good thermal mass14. The concrete floor slabs to be used within this building are 150mm thick hollowcore concrete slabs. Hollowcore salbs are, well hollow and so use less concrete in their manufacture and so are a more environmentally conscious choice than a standard concrete slab. There deign allows, much like a folded piece of paper, for the slabs to span greater distances with shallower depths than a traditional concrete slab.
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This further reduces the amount of concrete used in the construction, but also the amount of steel work required to support it, thus further reducing the carbon footprint of the building.
On site renewable energy generation As a university faculty which specialises in the teaching of renewable technologies, it was decided to bring a rich and diverse range of renewable technologies to the project. For the most part the energy supplied by these technologies, particularly the osmotic power plant, will be negligible. However the key exemption is wind power, the site is large enough to allow several small turbines to be placed upon it and due to the exposed location of the site within a coastal town wind speeds are comfortably high enough to run wind turbines efficiently. As a rule of thumb if the average wind speed of a site is 6.5m/s or greater at 45m above ground level (agl) then wind turbines should be feasible. Using the windspeed database it is possible to identify the average windspeed within a 1km grid square of the proposed site at 10m, 25m and 45m agl. The site sees an average windspeed of 7.3m/s at 45m agl, therefore the tower turbine which will stand in excess of 60m agl should be highly efficient. However 45m is simply to high for the other turbines as they would begin to overwhelm the site, fortunately the wind speed at 25m agl is 6.7m/s meaning turbines just 25m tall would also be feasible, in fact turbines as low as 10m agl would still work reasonably well although would have nowhere near the energy output of the taller turbines. The average wind speed at 10m agl is 5.9m/s.
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Construction
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Construction This section of the technology report focuses primarily on the tower as it is by far the most complex part of the building. The building is steel framed with composite concrete floor slabs. The foundations are steel piles, piles have been used due to the risk of subsidence. The external envelope of the tower differs greatly throughout its profile, due to complex geometry, structural requirements and materiality. Simplified the tower consists of a structural exoskeleton on one half and a large preformed concrete mass on the other, upper floors are surrounded with glazing on three sides, whilst the auditorium on the ground floor is encased in concrete. A series of details follow over the preceding pages the part of the building they refer to is highlight on the section to the right. Areas highlighted in red are up to date details, whilst details highlighted in orange are no longer up to date as the design has evolved since they were drawn, however in all but a few details the changes are only slight. P.S please ignore the hand written detail numbering the typed numbers correlate to the numbering shown on the section, whilst for the most part the hand written numbering does not.
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Detail 1
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Detail 2
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Detail 3
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Details 4 and 5
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Details 6 and 7
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Details 7 and A
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Details 8 and B
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Detail B
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Details B and C
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Details D and 9
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Details 10, 11, F and G
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Fire: Travel distances
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Endnotes 1. Barnes, Fred, BARROW & DISTRICT AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 2nd Edition, 1968 2. Metoffice, Climate UK Averages [Internet] 3. BOWind, It's windy ‌. and it's officially open, 25th September 2006 [Internet] 4. Barnes, Fred, BARROW & DISTRICT AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 2nd Edition, 1968 5. Barnes, Fred, BARROW & DISTRICT AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 2nd Edition, 1968 6. Gregory, Mark, BBC News, Norway's Statkraft opens first osmotic power plant, 24 November 2009 [Internet] 7. Barnes, Fred, BARROW & DISTRICT AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 2nd Edition, 1968 8. Metoffice, Climate UK Averages [Internet] 9. Metoffice, Climate UK Averages [Internet] 10. Metoffice, Climate UK Averages [Internet] 11. Littlefair,P,J, Site layout planning for daylight and sunlight A guide to good practice, 2003, p.15 12. Littlefair,P,J, Site layout planning for daylight and sunlight A guide to good practice, 2003, p.15 13. Target zero, Key findings 14. Sustainable steel construction, Building a sustainable future
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Bibliography Books Littlefair,P,J, Site layout planning for daylight and sunlight A guide to good practice, BRE, 2003 Barnes, Fred, BARROW & DISTRICT, AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY, 2nd Edition, Barrow-in-Furness Corporation,1968
Magazines/Journals/newspapers/leaflets Target zero, Key findings Sustainable steel construction, Building a sustainable future
Internet BOWind, It's windy â&#x20AC;Ś. and it's officially open [Internet] Available from:<http://www.bowind.co.uk/press250906.shtml >[Accessed 08.12.2009] Gregory, Mark, BBC News, Norway's Statkraft opens first osmotic power plant [Internet] Available from:<http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8377186.stm >[Accessed 08.12.2009] Metoffice, Climate UK Averages [Internet] Available from:<http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/ukmapavg e.html#>[Accessed 16.10.2009]
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