Faculty of Ecology and Renewable Technologies by Lee Worton

Abstract For over a century, Barrow-in-Furness's fortunes have been intrinsically linked to the local shipyard. In this age of global disarmament the shipyard is struggling, since the end of the cold war Barrow with less than 70,000 inhabitants has suffered 14,000 redundancies. It has long been recognised that the town's over dependence on an industry that only brings prosperity in times of war cannot continue. Diversification is desperately needed. Finally it seems that change and diversification is coming. Barrow has targeted itself as the gateway to Britain's energy coast, which is a major proposal to use the natural assets (wind and waves) and existing nuclear skills base to transform the west coast of Cumbria into a hotspot of renewable energy generation and innovation. Barrow itself has just seen planning consent granted for two new offshore wind farms, which will add 132 new wind turbines to the existing 30 turbine strong wind farm. It is claimed that the largest of these two new wind farms will generate enough energy to power every residential property in Cumbria one and a half times over. The aim of this thesis is to fuse the study of renewable technologies and ecology into a single university faculty. The intention i to: â&#x20AC;˘ provide a skilled workforce in order to ensure the future success of the renewable sector within Barrow. â&#x20AC;˘ help ensure that proposals of the renewable sector will not damage the rich and diverse ecology of the area. â&#x20AC;˘ encourage cross discipline learning which should help inspire technological innovation through biomimicry.

The Brief:

Contents

Brief

Vital Information: Barrow-in-Furness

13-28

Geographical Information: Barrow-in-Furness Photographic Survey: Barrow-in-Furness (Urban) Photographic Survey: Barrow-in-Furness (Rural) Historical Information: Barrow-in-Furness Statistical Information: Barrow-in-Furness Local Perceptions

15-18 19-20 21-22 23-24 25-26 27-28

-Background Summary -Response -Clients -Potential hazards -The Brief -Students/public -Staff -Quality Statement -Design Intent -Schedule of Accommodation Brief Analysed: -Surrounding Features -Site Access -Noise Pollution -Locality -Nature Reserves Brief Analysed: Design Issues -The University of Cumbria -Talented Minds -The Energy Coast of Cumbria -Wildlife Attraction -Views

Synthesis of issues: Relative to Barrow-in-Furness

29-42

Precedents Study

Vital Information: The Site

43-54

Geographical Information: The Site Historical Information: The Site -1851 Ordnance Survey -1873 Ordnance Survey -1891 Ordnance Survey -1933/1956 Ordnance Surveys

45-46 47-54 47-48 49-50 51-52 53-54

Photographic analysis: The Site

55-66

Section Introduction Major precedents: WISE -Environmental ethos -Schedule of Accommodation Major precedents: Walney lighthouse Major precedents: Nottingham Old Market Square Major precedents: Nuclear Submarines Major precedents: University of the West of England Minor precedents:

Site analysis

67-99

Endnotes, Bibliography and Appendix

Urban Grain 1:2000 Building uses 1:2000 Private/Forbidden areas 1:2000 Listed buildings 1:2000 Routes 1:2000 Access 1:2000 The Panoramic view Future Developments: The Marina Village

69-70 71-72 73-74 75-76 77-78 79-80 81-88 89-90

Endnotes Bibliography -Books -Magazines/Journals/newspapers/leaflets -Internet Appendix -Brief dated overview of Barrow's history

Abstract

Contents

3-4

List of Illustrations

5-8

Acknowledgements Thesis Information Economy Education/youth flight Nature Reserves Design proposal

8 9-12 11 11 11 12

Environmental and ecological sit analysis

91-102

Environmental Analysis: General Environmental Analysis: Wind speed Environmental Analysis: Rainfall Environmental Analysis: Sunshine Duration Environmental Analysis: Frost and Ground Temperature The local ecology: Magic maps

93-94 95 96 97 98 99-102

103-108 105-106 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 106 106 106 107 107 107 107 107 107 108 108 108 108 108 108 109-122 111-112 113 113 113 114 115 116 117-118 119-122 123-130 125 126 126 126 126 127 127

List of Illustrations

[Internet] Available from: <http://www.panoramio.com/photo/10445381 > [Accessed 26.01.2010]

Cover

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Cover

Google Earth, 2009, Barrow-in-Furness, UK

15-16

Google Earth, 2009, Barrow-in-Furness, UK

17-18

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SteveMG, Walney Island Lighthouse [Internet] Available from: <http://www.panoramio.com/photo/34782327> [Accessed 11.05.2010]

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the.one.who.knows.no..., Lighthouse in South Walney Nature Reserve [Internet] Available from:<http://www.panoramio.com/photo/24898371 > [Accessed 11.05.2010]

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Duncan Darbishire, South Walney Lighthouse [Internet] Available from:<http://www.panoramio.com/photo/7182217 > [Accessed 11.05.2010]

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Space Syntax, Nottingham, Old Market Square [Internet] Available from:<http://www.spacesyntax.com/en/value.html > [Accessed 11.05.2010]

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I dedicate this thesis to my parents, Anne and Dave Worton, their unconditional support over the past six years has been greatly appreciated. I would also like to thank Paul Wrathall, my personal tutor for his passion and support, Bob Felix, course leader, for his guidance Special thanks to my brother, Gary Worton, for sharing his

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Royal Navy, Astute, Astute Photo Gallery, Astute launch day 08 June 2007 [Internet] Available from: <http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/submarineservice/future-submarines/astute/photogallery/*/changeNav/00h001003004006002/imageIndex/81/ > [Accessed 05.02.2010]

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experiences, knowledge and for his truly outstanding computer skills.

Thesis Information

Thesis Information This thesis brings three key components related to the town of Barrow-in-Furness together and intertwines them to inform the project.

Economy As a designated submarine centre of excellence and the UK's only designated nuclear submarine build yard1, its hardly surprising that the economy of Barrow-in-Furness is highly dependant on it's shipyard, which is currently owned by BAE Systems. It is estimated that in wages alone, the shipyard pumps £70 million per year into the Barrovian economy2. However, in an age of nuclear disarmament there is the continual threat of the shipyard closing down, This would be a “devastating economic blow3” to the town as “Submarines are our bread and butter, they are our "niche" market.4" The end of the cold war demonstrated the impact that a drop in demand for submarines can have on the local economy: over the course of the 1990's, ten thousand shipyard workers were made redundant and a further four thousand were made redundant from companies which depended on the shipyard for work5. Fortunately for the town, BAE is still winning contracts. They have

Education/youth flight

Nature Reserves

A perceived lack of opportunities within Barrow had resulted in a

The surrounding environment is a stunning contrast to the town

worrying trend known as youth flight. 18-30 year olds were leaving Barrow for better employment and lifestyle prospects. Whilst youth flight

itself and includes 4 nature reserves, boasting: •

remains a problem, the trend reversed in 2005 for the first time in a

Europe's largest mixed breeding ground of Herring and Lesser Black backed gulls,

decade. Talented minds is an organisation set up to help tackle youth

•

The most southerly breeding ground of Eider ducks,

flight; part of the work they do is to involve school children to become

•

Over 130 bird species of migratory birds,

•

25% of the UK's Natterjack toads, Britain's rarest amphibian,

•

Over 400 species of moths and butterflies,

•

In excess of 450 species of plants, including the Walney

actively involved in the regeneration process . The principles of the issues stated thus far are reflected throughout much of Cumbria—for this reason The University of Cumbria was established on the 1st of August 200710. The University's main campus is in Carlisle, with numerous satellite faculties spread throughout Cumbria. The University of Cumbria currently has no presence within Barrow, although a small branch is planned in association with Furness 11

College .

Geranium, which is unique to Walney Island, •

Ecologically significant habitats including: mudflats, sandy beaches, pebble ridges, salt marshes, sand dunes, rough pastures, freshwater and brackish pools12 13. There are proposals to give the accidentally, artificially heated

Cavendish Dock (heated by a nearby power station using the dock water as a coolant) the status of a wetland nature reserve, as a unique

recently completed the first of at least three, potentially seven, Astute

ecology has developed and a special habitat for many species

Class nuclear submarines;6 however, Barrow remains overly reliant on

including wildfowl and mute swans14.

the success of its shipyard. Diversification is seen as a means of

In case all this isn't enough, Barrow is surrounded on three sides

securing Barrow's economic future. Plans are in place to transform

by Morecambe Bay, the Duddon Estuary and the Irish Sea, where

Barrow into the gateway of Britain's Energy Coast; a proposal to use the

basking sharks, whales, dolphins, porpoises, leather back turtles and

natural assets and existing skills base, particularly in the nuclear sector,

seals, amongst many other species, can be seen15. On the fourth side

of the west Cumbrian coast. The plan is to create a hotspot for the

the Lake District, serves as a beautiful backdrop to the town and is just

production and, potentially, manufacture of renewable energy7. To

20 minutes drive away.

accommodate the businesses and workers that it is hoped that Britain's Energy Coast will attract, vast swathes of derelict land are being transformed into a business park (The Waterfront Development), which hopes to provide 1,500 new jobs and a residential development (The Marina Village), which also includes numerous leisure facilities8.

Design proposal The proposal for this project is to bring the University of Cumbria to Barrow-in-Furness with a Faculty of Renewable Energy and Ecology. The intention is that the presence of a higher education establishment will help to retain more local young people, as well as attract students to the town and redress the problem of youth flight. Bringing the study of renewable energy to the town will ensure that there is a young, skilled and talented workforce readily available to secure Barrow as the gateway to the energy coast of Cumbria and boost the towns future economy. It is undeniable that Barrow's ecology is stunning and needs preserving and protecting. A faculty of ecology within the town can ensure that it is. The hope of combining the two subjects into one faculty is that they may benefit one another; for instance, more productive forms of renewable energy may emerge due to biomimicry, or more ecologically responsible technologies through exchanges of ideas.

Vital Information Barrow-in-Furness

Geographical Information

Image 1

Geographical Information: Barrow-in-Furness Barrow-in-Furness is located in the south west of Cumbria, at the end of the Furness peninsula. It is geographically remote and is â&#x20AC;&#x153;famously at the end of the longest cul-de-sac in Englandâ&#x20AC;?16. The Irish Sea, Morecambe Bay and Duddon Estuary surround Barrow on three sides; the Lake District occupies the fourth. It takes forty minutes driving to reach the M6, one hour by train to Lancaster and connections to the rest of the country, making Barrow economically isolated.

Image 2

Photographic Survey Barrow-in-Furness (Urban)

Photographic Survey Barrow-in-Furness (Rural)

Historical Information: Barrow-in-Furness Barrai, later Barrow Village, was listed as a hamlet of Furness Abbey in 119017. Barrow remained a sleepy farming village until 1770 when the decision was made to mine the local iron ore on a commercial scale. Furness Haematite is a rare type of pig iron, possessing a high iron content, which is free of phosphoric impurities. In 1876 The Barrow Haematite Steel Company, established in 1866, had become the worlds largest steel works. At the time, the Bessemer process only worked with iron ore as pure as Furness Haematite, meaning that Barrow was free of competition. However, in the 1880s, as the mines got deeper and became increasingly prone to flooding, advancements in the Bessemer process left The Barrow Haematite Company vulnerable to competition. Over time the steelworks became less and less of an economic force within Barrow. In 1963 it finally closed down. In 1895, the shipyard, established in 1870, came to the fore front of Barrow's economy, with the launch of the cruise liner Powerful. 1899 saw HMS Vengeance launched: she was the first warship to be built, armed and engineered in one yard. 1901 brought Holland 1, the Royal Navy's first submarine and in 1960 Dreadnought was launched: she was the first Barrow built nuclear submarine. As a town manufacturing tools of war i.e. battleships, submarines, tanks and missile launchers, etc, Barrow's economy benefits from war. WW1 caused the population and employment levels to peak. Whilst wars bring prosperity, wars ending bring recession. At Barrow's 1917 peak, the shipyard employed 31,000 workers. Five years later, in 1922, this had dropped to just 3,150. WW2 brought boom years back to Barrow. This time, however, the bust years didn't come until the end of the cold war in 1991, when employment at the shipyard fell from 15,000 to 5,000 in four years. The workforce currently stands at 3,50018. To date Barrow has built 312 submarines, 373 merchant ships and 148 naval surface ships19.

Statistical Information: Barrow-in-Furness Population (Town): 59,182 Population (Borough): 71,981 Density: 9.2 persons per hectare With 99.2% of Barrow's population classed as white, 97.7% of the population born in the UK, 81% of the population considering themselves Christian and representation for all ethnic and religious minorities below the national average, Barrow could be said to lack cultural diversity. The percentages of individuals that are either unemployed, long term unemployed or permanently sick or disabled are all well above the national average and the health of Barrovian's appear to be amongst the worst in the country20. Barrow has been described as the most working class town in the country21. The statistics support this hypothesis. Statistics on car ownership, properties with central heating and employment suggest that there is an above average number of residents on a low to average wage and a well below average number of wealthier residents. There are fewer students in Barrow than the national average. At just 13% Barrow also has amongst the lowest percentage of degree graduates of any ward in the country. 32.8% of the population posses no qualifications. The percentage of 20-29 year olds is noticeably below the national average. This is possibly linked to the problem of youth flight. Barrow has one of the highest percentages of vacant properties in the country22.

Barrow-in-Furness NOW

Barrow-in-Furness AS IT COULD BE

Local Perceptions For many years Barrow has been portrayed in a negative light by locals

•

and outsiders alike, however there is a strong sense of optimism returning to the town.

years ago has been stemmed”26. •

In 2003 “unemployment was above the national average – and

Cumbria, was losing its young people at twice the national rate. It was

Education in the region has dramatically improved, and the local youth have become actively involved with the changes

rising. On top of this the BAE SYSTEMS shipyard had given notice that it intended to lay off up to 1000 workers. Barrow along with west

“The unhealthy haemorrhaging of talent that we suffered six

happening to the town. •

The love Barrow campaign has caught on and is causing locals to consider their opinions of the town.

partly because they were going outside the area to be educated – and

A town which had been perceived as lacking enterprise and

not coming back because job prospects were poor. Cumbria's

entrepreneurial spirit is now, through Furness enterprise, winning

education offer was weak. We had as many schools in the county

national awards, including the Enterprising Britain Award and the

under special measures as the whole of London. The Further Education

Combating Worklessness award. Barrow was also the top improver in

College in Barrow was struggling – with poor OFSTED reports and

both Economic Dynamism and Enterprise, and second Overall Improver

precarious finances. The town was demoralised following the outbreak

in the region, after Knowsley

of Legionnaires Disease eighteen months earlier. Our local press was virulent and negative on many fronts, particularly when attacking the 23

local authority. The town looked depressed. Because it was” . In the seven years that have passed Barrow has undergone significant changes and improvements: •

the local economy is much stronger, partly due to the shipyard having turned itself around and unemployment has dropped to

•

the town remains only just above the lowest ranking areas in terms of economic performance and overall resilience27. This aside, however, Barrow's ongoing transformation has resulted in notable changing of local perceptions, simply “People are realising that Barrow is a better place to live, work and invest”28. Seven years ago Barrow wasn't ready for a university faculty: it

3.8% which is less than the national average.

would have brought false hope, there were no jobs for graduates to take

Through plans for the Marina Village and Waterfront

up and no sign of new jobs becoming available. Now, however, Barrow

developments, Barrow has begun to re-brand itself as the

has secured an abundance of new job prospects and is full of energy

gateway to Britain's energy coast. Numerous industries involved

and enterprise, much like in its rich industrial past. Now, a faculty of the

in the renewable energy sector have expressed an interest in

University of Cumbria will help ensure the transformations Barrow has

moving into the Waterfront business park24. Danish giant Dong

undergone, and is undergoing, are a sustained success.

energy is building a new service base in Barrow and will be involved in the construction of an offshore wind farm, comprising 102 turbines capable of generating 1,400 gigawatts of renewable energy per annum (enough to power 320,000 homes or one and a half times Cumbria's entire housing stock). A second offshore wind farm is to be built by Swedish state energy firm Vattenfall, which will be capable of powering a further 125,000 households25.

Barrow has improved dramatically in the last seven years, but

Synthesis of issues Relative to Barrow-in-Furness

Synthesis of issues Synthesis of Issues Barrow's economy is overly dependant on its shipyard29. The shipyard and Barrow thrive with war disarmament the shipyard and Barrow are in decline30. This has resulted in negative perceptions of the town a consequence of which has been youth flight aka brain drain31. These issues are being addressed through education32 and the diversification of job prospects, of particular interest is Britain's Energy Coast which through renewable technologies hopes to use global warming to boost the economy of the west Cumbrian coast33. A concern of the proposal is that Barrow boasts a rich and diverse ecology of international importance, with about 17,000 breeding pairs of seagulls as well as numerous endangered species34 35. The aim of this project is to bring a faculty of the University of Cumbria to Barrow, where renewable technologies and ecology are studied and researched, the faculty should; •

encourage an understanding between the two subjects studied at the faculty, to ensure the future security of the local ecology and success of renewable technologies in the area.

•

attract youth's to the area and help to retain more local youth's and therefore play a big part in tackling youth flight.

•

Provide a skilled workforce to ensure that Barrow becomes the gateway to Britain's Energy Coast.

•

Play a part in turning negative perceptions into positive ones.

•

provide a diverse range of renewable technologies for students to study, which will ideally provide renewable energy beyond the buildings requirements and help power the local community.

•

Provide a suitable environment on the buildings roof for nesting birds in order to bring some wildlife to the students and to help alleviate the problem of seagulls nesting on chimneys within the town.

•

Vital Information The Site

Geographical Information: The Site The site is situated at the historic gateway to Barrow. Since the closure of the old railway station in 188236, the site had become a largely neglected corner of the town. The recent construction of a Morrisons, introduction of a floating nightclub and the laying of a promenade has breathed some life back into the area. To the south of the site is Buccleuch Dock, used by the shipyard, which is on the opposite bank. At present there is a nuclear submarine undergoing repairs within the dock directly opposite the site. Within a comfortable two minute walk of the site are: Barrow town centre, an abundance of vacant properties and Cavendish dock (exhibits a unique ecology). Once The Waterfront Development is complete graduate job opportunities will become available, also within two minutes walk of the site. North Walney, South Walney, Foulney Island and Sandscale Haws nature reserves, the Duddon Estuary, Morecambe Bay and the Irish Sea are all within close proximity and roughly, equidistant from the site.

Historical Information: The Site 1851 Ordnance Survey In 1851 Barrow was still named Barrowhead/Barrow village. The population was just 70037 and Barrow Island was still independent of the mainland. The site could be found in a quay beneath the waves in Barrow Channel38. Iron ore was loaded onto and coal was unloaded from boats in the quays. The coal was deposited in the adjacent coal yards as was the iron ore, brought from the Furness mines by horse and cart, only in the adjacent iron ore yards39. A limekiln could also be found north of the site. Furness Railway, established in 1846, had a station to the east of the site. Haematite (Iron ore) from the Furness mines would be brought to Barrow pier by train and loaded on to ships. The success of the railway would see the quays broken up and used as fuel for the locomotives40.

1956 Ordnance survey

Photographic analysis The Site

Photographic analysis The site

Site analysis

Site analysis: Urban Grain 1:2000

Site analysis: Building uses 1:2000

Site analysis: Private/Forbidden areas 1:2000

Site analysis: Listed buildings 1:2000

Site analysis: Routes 1:2000

Site analysis: Access 1:2000

The Panoramic view Available on site at a height.

Future Developments: The Marina Village

Environmental and ecological site analysis

Environmental Analysis: Wind speed The power of the 15-20 knot winds around Barrow60 are already being harnessed by a 30 turbine strong offshore wind farm, each turbine generates 3MW of power, which amounts to a net total of 90MW of power61. Barrow's high wind speeds are as a result of being at the end of a peninsula and being surrounded by water on three sides, leaving the town exposed to vapour laden winds coming from the Irish Sea62.

Environmental Analysis: Rainfall The vapour laden winds coming from the Irish Sea are a cause of Barrow and Furness's high levels of rainfall63. Calculations based on MetOffice information suggest that on average in Barrow every 1m2 of ground will receive 0.516m3 of rainfall per annum. The hope is that this high level of rainfall will be able to supply the building's grey water demands, and possibly even the building's entire water requirements. Barrow's slogan is, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Where the Lakes meet the seaâ&#x20AC;?. A large proportion of the high levels of rain that falls on the Lakeland fells drains into the sea around Barrow. This makes Barrow an ideal area for the study of a new form of renewable energy known as osmotic energy. Osmotic energy works by forcing fresh water (river water) and salt water (sea water) into adjacent chambers, separated by a membrane, through which the fresh water will pass but salt water cannot. The result is an increase in pressure in what was the salt water chamber. This pressure is then released to drive a turbine64.

Environmental Analysis: Sunshine Duration Barrow receives 1200 to 1400 hours of sunshine per annum65. Whilst coastal areas receive more sunshine than inland areas, the south receives noticeably more than northern areas66. This suggests that Barrow may not be the best place for the study of photovoltaics and solar panels but that both could contribute to the building meeting its own energy and heating demands.

Environmental Analysis: Frost and Ground Temperature Coastal areas tend to have fewer days of air/ground frost and enjoy warmer ground temperatures67. This is due to the insulation provided by the sea. As a result of Barrow being surrounded by sea on three sides, this effect has likely been intensified. Barrow has 20-40 days of air frost, significantly less than much of the country. This indicates that air source heat pumps could prove exceptionally efficient in the area. The town sees 60-80 days of ground frost, which is again significantly less than most of the country. The average annual 30cm soil temperature is 10-110C, making the ground of the Furness peninsula the warmest in Cumbria and one of the most northern English settlements with such high ground temperatures68. This suggests that ground source heat pumps and possibly geothermal energy may prove highly efficient in and around Barrow.

The local ecology: Magic maps A wealth of diverse ecology surrounds both Barrow and the site. Areas of ecological significance such as Morecambe Bay, The Duddon Estuary and Walney channel are all easily accessible from the site and will become even more accessible with the planned Marina within Buccleuch Dock, which will allow direct access from the dock to the Irish sea. The maps on the following few pages serve to highlight the wealth and significance of the ecology surrounding Barrow.

100

101

102

103

The Brief

104

Brief: Background Summary Barrow-in-Furness is a declining industrial town that is too reliant on its increasingly specialist shipyard. Barrow is seeking to change this with numerous initiatives. 1.The town is targeting itself as the gateway to Britain's Energy Coast, a scheme planned to take advantage of the natural conditions and existing skills base of the west Cumbrian coast by transforming it into a hot spot of renewable energy production and possibly manufacturing69. 2.The Waterfront Development is a major development planned to provide office and workshop spaces for, amongst other businesses, new renewable energy companies. There will also be new residential properties to house the new workforce, as well as numerous new leisure facilities70. 3.The University of Cumbria has its main campus in Carlisle, with numerous satellite faculties spread throughout Cumbria71. As yet the University of Cumbria has no presence within Barrow, although a small faculty is planned in conjunction with Furness College (a vocational college)72.

Response

The Brief

The project is to be:

There are three key groups of individuals, each with independent

- A faculty of ecology and renewable energy for the University of

and shared requirements, that the building needs to serve. Whilst

Cumbria

students are undeniably the primary users, it is essential to ensure that

- Situated within and integrated with The Waterfront Development

the project isn't seen as a piece of elitism forced upon Barrow. This can

master plan.

be achieved by the design actively encouraging the public to engage

It should seek to:

with the building.

- address the problem of local youth flight, by helping retain existing youth and by attracting new youth from outside the area to the

Students/public

university.

All student spaces will also be available for public use, but for the

- help support the new renewable energy sector, due to move to the

most part at different times. Spaces simultaneously open to students

town, by developing a strong and well educated workforce.

and the public include the cafe, library, foyer and an exhibition space,

- aid in the preservation of the existing fauna and flora.

where the public and students alike can be informed of the faculty's

– merge the two disciplines of renewable energy and ecology to

latest work. In order to aid in the teaching of renewable technology and

help innovate and potentially develop new renewable

ecology, a diverse range of educational spaces are required, these

technologies which produce greater power yields and are more

include:

ecologically responsible.

•

be hired out for talks, debates, meetings etc.

Clients

•

The University of Cumbria is the client, funding—as with all of the university's developments will be provided by the Higher Education

•

Funding Council for England (Hefce) .

5.There are four nature reserves in and around Barrow. They support over 100 species of nesting migratory birds, including Europe's

Potential hazards There are a few areas in which the project could fall down, the

A very large workshop, in which prototypes of ideas may be built and tested.

•

problem of youth flight73.

Large and small classrooms to accommodate different sized groups; they may also be used as conference rooms.

4.Talented Minds is a scheme set up to address the worrying

A lecture theatre, for presentations to large groups; it may also

A plant room, in which the equipment is exposed for students to study.

•

A green house for ecological experiments.

•

numerous computer rooms for general use, as well as analysis of

largest breeding ground of Herring Gull, Lesser Black-backed Gull and

primary threat being that locals will not accept the university, seeing it as

Eider Ducks, 25% of the UK's rarest amphibian, the natterjack Toad,

an inaccessible piece of elitism, inappropriate for Barrow. Another

the building's environmental impact and analysis of research

400+ species of moths and butterflies and 450+ species of flowering

potential hazard is one of future use, a time will come when the building

carried out in the workshop/plant room.

plants, including the Walney Geranium, which is unique to Walney

use needs to change. It would be embarrassing if a building designed

All of these educational spaces will also be available to the public for

Island74 75.

for studying renewable technologies was itself not renewable.

evening classes.

Other significant challenges for the project include, finding a blend between the studies of renewable technologies and ecology and placing a modern design at Barrow's historic gateway, whilst being respectful of the beautiful Victorian buildings of Saint Georges Square.

Staff All remaining spaces are predominantly staff only. These spaces include offices, stores, food preparation areas and the staff room. The offices have the problem of being reasonably private, whilst also being semi accessible to students.

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Quality Statement

Schedule of Accommodation

The building should seek to facilitate a high standard of cross

Entrance space

curricular education, by designing and opening up stimulating

Reception

20m2

educational spaces and by providing highly sociable spaces.

Computer area

30m2

WC's

10m2 x2

High environmental standards shall be sought, ideally with the building going beyond autonomy and supplying renewable energy to its context, effectively becoming a small, environmentally friendly power plant. A large variety of environmentally conscious technologies should

Cafe Seating area

210m2

Kitchen

50m2

be used to both meet the buildings requirements and aid in the students' studies.

store room

20m

bin store

10m2

Servery

15m2

Cleaners store

5m2

Design Intent

WC's

The scheme should seek to:

Educational areas

•

Actively encourage public engagement.

Large lecture theatre (200 seats)

•

Be of the very highest environmental standards.

•

Provide a diverse range of renewable technologies for students

•

10m x2 135m2

Stage

50m2

Projection room

30m2

Equipment store

30m2

to study and experiment.

Cleaners store

5m2

Employ a modern design ethic, whilst also being respectful of

WC's

10m2 x2

the sites historic context.

3 large classrooms (60 seats)

90m2 x3

•

Attract the local ecology to the building, where appropriate.

5 classrooms (30 seats)

45m2 x5

•

Provide highly stimulating educational spaces.

•

Encourage conversation and social interactions between

Computer area 4 store rooms

individuals studying different subjects to increase the likelyhood of innovation taking place, by providing highly sociable spaces and by opening up classrooms, where appropriate.

Print room

50m2

Store room

10m2

Cleaners store

5m2

WC's

10m2 x2

Staff and Admin 5 tutors offices

70m2 x5

Staff room

100m2

Admin office

125m2

Cleaners store

5m2

WC's

10m2 x2

Goods delivery Security desk

10m2

Store room

10m2

Grand Total (3780m2 + 20% for circulation)

4536m2

10m2 x4 5m2

WC's

10m2 x2 600m2

Plant (will also act as a teaching area)

400m2

Store room

50m2

Cleaners store

5m2

WC's

10m2 x2

Greenhouse

20m2 x2

50m2

Cleaners store Workshop

2 group rooms

400m2

Computer room

50m2

Store room

10m2

Cleaners store

5m2

WC's

10m2 x2 625m2

Library Reception

15m2

Office

30m2

106

Brief Analysed: Surrounding Features Each of the site's four sides will demand different architectural solutions. To the north of the site is Saint George's Square, Barrow's historic gateway, with a collection of beautiful Victorian buildings,

Noise Pollution

Nature Reserves

On the opposite side of Buccleuch dock is a part of the shipyard,

The Irish Sea, Morecambe Bay, the Duddon Estuary and the five

where ships and submarines are fitted out and repaired. Whilst this

nature reserves in and around Barrow, all within close proximity of the

does cause noise pollution it is minimal, just a distant hum of machinery,

site, offer an abundance of fauna and flora for ecology students to

as opposed to continual obnoxious banging. Of more concern, yet still

study. Together, Barrow's surrounding ecology consists of: basking

minimal concern, is traffic passing through the reasonably busy Saint

sharks, whales, dolphins, porpoises, leather back turtles83, 130+

George's Square.

migratory bird species, 400+ species of moths and butterflies, 450+

including the stunning Saint George's Church. To the south is Buccleuch Dock, fronted by a newly built promenade. On the opposite bank is a collection of sheds and cranes, which make up a part of the shipyard. Currently docked opposite the site is a nuclear submarine Also in the dock are three battleships, several cargo ships and the Princess Selandia (a floating nightclub). East and north east of the site is derelict/brownfield land with the occasional workshop/warehouse. This land, including the site, is due to become a part of the proposed Marina Village. Buccleuch Dock is to be used as the marina77. To the west of the site is a short access road for the promenade and service area of the adjacent Morrisons. This area could also be used for service access to the proposed building. The site itself is occupied by a small timber yard, an empty warehouse and the grade 2 listed78 old railway building, which, until 1882, was Barrow's main railway station79. Barrow's first town council was also held here80. More recently the old railway had been used as the Railway Men's Club (a Working Men's Club), however, it is currently unoccupied.

Site Access Once The Marina Village is completed, the site will be accessible to pedestrians and cyclists from all sides. Vehicular access will be available from three sides, the exemption being Buccleuch Dock, to the south; however, the new marina means individuals will be able to approach by boatâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;this may prove especially useful for ecology students going on excursions in the Irish Sea. The vast majority of individuals are expected to approach from Saint George's Square.

107

species of plants, Europe's largest mixed breeding ground of Herring

Locality

and Lesser Black Backed gulls, the most southerly breeding ground of

The site lends itself to a Faculty of Renewable Energy and

Eider ducks, ecologically significant mudflats, sandy beaches, pebble

Ecology for the University of Cumbria. From a students perspective, a large number of Barrow's vacant properties, which could become student accommodation, are only a few minutes away, as is the town centre, including Cornwallis Street with its nightclubs. Food supplies can be obtained from the Morrison's literally next to the site. From an ecological perspective, Cavendish Dock, is within a minutes walk (due to the dock being artificially heated by a nearby power plant a unique ecology has evolved as well as a special habitat for wildfowl and mute swans)81. The site is also within close proximity of, and roughly central to, North Walney, South Walney, Foulney Island and Sandscale Haws nature reserves, and the Duddon Estuary and Morecambe Bay. As a coastal town there is easy access to the Irish Sea and the Lake District is just twenty minutes away. From a renewable energy perspective, Barrow is targeting itself as the gateway to The Energy Coast of Cumbria and there is already a substantial offshore wind farm. When The Waterfront Development is complete, potential future employers of the students will be just a couple of minutes walk away. Barrow's coastal diversity, independent weather patterns82and existing skills base make it an ideal location for renewable energy testing and innovation.

ridges, salt marshes, sand dunes, rough pastures, fresh water, brackish pools84 85and an artificially heated ecologically unique dock86.

Brief Analysed: Design Issues

Waterfront and Marina Village developments are to be successful.

Wildlife Attraction

Fortunately for Barrow it possesses some fairly impressive boasts to aid

Seagulls nesting on chimneys is becoming an increasing

it in claiming this title:

problem within Barrow. They are noisy and can be ferociously protective

Morecambe Bay the Duddon Estuary and Walney Channel all

of their young, dive bombing at and excreting on passers by. A patch of

The University of Cumbria

have large and regular tides, making them ideal places for tidal

derelict land, not dissimilar to the site, although inaccessible other than

Bringing the University of Cumbria to Barrow will help to tackle

power.

by air, has become a well used breeding ground for seagulls. If the

Due to Barrow being “Where the Lakes meet the sea”, it's a

proposed building provides an equally safe habitat for the gulls, then the

suitable location for the testing of osmotic energy.

building could help to alleviate the problem of chimney nesting seagulls

Low levels of air frost mean air source heat pumps should be

and bring some of Barrow's ecology to the building for the students to

exceptionally efficient.

study.

•

the local youth flight, boost aspirations and, in time, the economy. A

•

faculty of renewable technologies and ecology will help Barrow attain its targets of becoming the gateway to Britain's energy coast, whilst

•

ensuring that Barrow's unique and diverse ecology is preserved. The faculty also opens up the potential for innovations, through inter-

•

curricular conversation, to take place, particularly with renewable technologies.

Talented Minds

With high 30cm ground temperatures and few days of ground

Views

frost, ground source heat pumps should also be exceptionally

Views at ground level from the site are rich, diverse and

•

Talented Mind's two main objectives are to retain Barrow's

efficient .

interesting; however from, a higher level the views are incredible. A

Strong winds mean wind power,works well here, a 30 strong

stunning 3600 panorama consists of, to the north, Black Combe and its

wind farm has already been built90.

reflection in the Duddon Estuary, with Sandscale Haws nature reserve

Barrow is built on sandstone , a porous rock used in carbon

in the foreground. As you turn to the east you see the mountains of the

those that have obtained degrees. The simple reason for this is that

capture (where carbon dioxide is captured and pumped into

Lake District gradually disappearing into the mist. To the east are the

without the next generation to take the reigns, Barrow will find itself in a

sandstone as opposed to the atmosphere).

Furness foothills (large drumlins). Continuing turning towards the south,

existing youth and to attract individuals back to the area, particularly

•

severe, potentially irrecoverable decline. The means by which Talented

The town also has a large unemployed workforce many of whom have

the vast expanse of Morecambe Bay can be seen, with a silhouette of

Minds attempts to retain youth is by involving school children (this

been involved in the construction of nuclear submarines and therefore

the Peak District in the distance. To the south, Blackpool Tower stands in

project's future target audience) in Barrow's various regeneration

possess skills which could be applied to the manufacture of various

the distance, with a cluster of the Furness islands in the foreground,

projects . The core aspirations of Talented Minds and this project are

renewable technologies. There is evidence of Barrow having done

including Sheep Island, Foulney Island, Roa Island, the southern tip of

essentially the same: for this reason the faculty would look to have

similar in the past by applying existing skills to:

Walney Island and Piel Island, with its early 14th century ruin93. Between

close relations with the scheme.

•

The Energy Coast of Cumbria Britain's Energy Coast is a proposal put forward by West Lakes

•

of renewable energy production. Another element of the proposal is to

the south and north sits Walney island, with the Irish Sea beyond. To the

new boiler.

north east a silhouette of the Isle of Man can be seen shimmering in

Build the major anchor points for the worlds longest suspension

the Irish Sea.

bridge.

Renaissance. The plan is to take advantage of the west Cumbrian coast's natural assets I.e strong winds and tides, to create a UK hotspot

Give the world famous steam locomotive, the Flying Scotsman, a

•

Test the brake gears of Concorde.

And to provide advanced test facilities for the Eurofighter Typoon92.

take advantage of the existing skills base, particularly in the nuclear sector around Sellafield, and to dramatically increase the nuclear power capacity of the area. The hope is that the proposal will provide a much needed economic boost to the entire west Cumbrian coast88. As the largest and most southerly settlement on the west Cumbrian coast, Barrow is targeting itself as the gateway to the Britain's Energy Coast proposal, a title it most likely needs to claim if the

108

109

Precedent Study

110

111

Precedents Section Introduction Many precedents have informed this project. Understandably some have informed the final design more than others therefore this section has been broken down into two sections: major precedents and minor precedents. Major precedents have provoked thought and had a significant influence on the design approach, often resulting in significant changes to the design. They will be analytically discussed. Minor precedents have generally inspired subtle tweaks or guided the project's aesthetic values. These will be shown as a collection of images with brief captions beneath.

112

Major precedents: WISE Full Title: Location: Architects: Client: Date:

Wales Institute for Sustainable Education Machynlleth (Wales) Pat Borer and David Lea Centre for Alternative Technology (CAT) Under construction

WISE has been included because the building's use is very similar to that of this project, as are its values and aspirations. WISE has been at the core of this project's design ethos, by demonstrating how working examples of environmental technologies can enable students to engage with and understand their subject more readily. It has also helped to inform the schedule of accommodation.

Environmental ethos â&#x20AC;&#x153;When students come to WISE to learn about green building techniques and other environmental principles, we will be able to use the building as an example of the best practice possibleâ&#x20AC;?94. WISE uses a range of environmental technologies and building techniques and displays them as working examples for the students to observe. The most striking is the semi-transparent photovoltaic glazing. Other methods include 500mm thick cellulose (Recycled paper) insulation, passive solar design, high thermal mass natural lighting and ventilation, where appropriate, rammed earth, a timber frame and limecrete as opposed to concrete where structurally viable95.

Schedule of Accommodation WISE is a mini-university where environmental principles are taught, therefore its accommodation needs are very similar to those of this project. Spaces that WISE shares with this project are: a lecture theatre (200seats), roof terraces, a laboratory, a library, seminar rooms, workshops, offices, a bar and breakout/relaxation areas for teaching and study96. WISE also caters for student accommodation on site, due to its remote location. This is not necessary for Barrow.

113

Major precedents: Walney lighthouse Location: Date:

Walney Island (Barrow-in-Furness) 1790

The phenomenal views obtainable from the site at a high level demand a tower so that they may be enjoyed. Initial designs of said tower evoked images of lighthouses, therefore the decision was taken to analyse lighthouses to see how they may influence the design of the tower. Walney lighthouse has been chosen as it is a beautiful example of a lighthouse, would be visible from the tower, is one of Barrow's oldest buildings and was the last manned lighthouse in Britain (it was automated in 2003)97. The prime aesthetic values that were taken was the evolution of a monolithic tower, topped with a 360 degree glazed element at the viewing level. Later in the design, as the submarine conning tower played a major part in the redesign of the tower, the visual relationship to the lighthouse became diluted. However, as the new tower became accommodation heavy and began to lose its aesthetic appeal, the lessons of the lighthouse re-informed the design resulting, in a tower which is somewhere between a conning tower and a lighthouse.

114

Major precedents: Nottingham Old Market Square Location:

Nottingham

As the project evolved it became apparent that providing all of the project's requirements, within a single building was impractical and so the project was broken down into four separate buildings. Eventually the spacial and social advantages of organising the four buildings around a square became apparent. It also became apparent that the newly created square was rather bland and required work to enrich it and make it the social focus of the project. The decision was made to look at public squares. The most influential to the project has been Nottingham Old Market Square. Nottingham Old Market Square is Britain's largest square at 5.5 acres98, so any ideas that have been informed by the square have been scaled down considerably. The square highlighted: – the need for squares to be flexible spaces, where various events can take place. – That symbology can be used to provide a sense of civic identity and pride. – That bodies of water, particularly fountains are a useful tool for breaking up space and often act as a social focus. – That shops, cafes and galleries should be encouraged to spill out into the space in order to create a hive of activity. – That public transport should be organised to allow quick access to the site. –

115

Major precedents: Nuclear Submarines The decision was taken to draw inspiration for the project from nuclear submarines. Barrow's history being intrinsically linked with the shipyard and since the launch of HMS Dreadnought in 1960, nuclear submarines. An other reason for the decision, along with submarines possessing beautiful and dynamic lines, is that a Barrow built nuclear submarine floats with little more than its conning tower poking out of the water, on the opposite bank of Buccleuch dock from the site. When the decision was made to use nuclear submarines to inform the design, the building's tower went under a radical change, becoming almost a giant replica of a submarine conning tower. This was later fragmented and distorted; however the basic outline still remains. In addition to the tower, the submarines sinuous lines informed the dynamism of the lower portion of the design. For a short period, the construction method of a submarine was informing a potential construction method for the building; however, design alterations resulted in this method not making sense.

116

Major precedents: University of the West of England The University of the West of England (UWE), is in Bristol. The decision was taken to analyse the university as it is based around reasonably small cluster campuses. These have been used to inform this project's campus layout. It became clear very quickly that all four of the campuses shown here are organised around squares and courtyards. This helps to maximise usable floor space, whilst not compromising the admission of light; however, they also provide sociable breakout spaces, where students can get out of the classroom and get some fresh air. It also became apparent that building uses are also clustered together, i.e sociable buildings are clustered together, as are educational spaces. The advantage of organising a campus in this manner is that the square around which the social buildings are arranged becomes a hive of activity and the square around which the educational buildings are arranged becomes a place of peace, quiet and reflection. Whilst campuses are arranged into sub clusters, it is worth noting that the sociable and educational spaces remain very close, often back to back, thus creating short transition spaces.

117

118

Minor precedents:

119

120

Minor precedents:

121

122

123

Endnotes, Bibliography and Appendix

124

Endnotes 1 BAE Systems, Astute Class Submarines, 2005[Internet] 2 Poston, Tony, BBC News, New nuclear sub is lifeline for Barrow, 28 August 2006[Internet] 3 Waiting, Terry, BBC News, New nuclear sub is lifeline for Barrow, 28 August 2006[Internet] 4 Waiting, Terry, BBC News, New nuclear sub is lifeline for Barrow, 28 August 2006[Internet] 5 Trescatheric, Bryn, The Barrow Story, Victorian farming village to shipyard town, 2000 6 Poston, Tony, BBC News, New nuclear sub is lifeline for Barrow, 28 August 2006[Internet] 7 West Lakes Renaissance, Britain's energy coast a Masterplan for West Cumbria– executive summary[Internet] 8 West Lakes Renaissance, The Waterfront Barrow-in-Furness[Internet] 9 West Lakes Renaissance, Youth ReAction Team[Internet] 10 University of Cumbria, Vision and Mission[Internet] 11 Chapples, Natalie, £40m revamp for Furness College, Evening Mail, August 29, 2009 12 South Walney Nature Reserve, tourist leaflet 13 North Walney Nature Reserve, tourist leaflet 14 West Lakes Renaissance, The Waterfront Barrow-in-Furness, Wetland Nature Reserve[Internet] 15 Irish Sea Study Group Report, Part 1,1990 16 Trescatheric, Bryn, The Barrow Story, Victorian farming village to shipyard town, page 76, 2000 17 English Heritage, Furness Abbey[Internet] 18 Trescatheric, Bryn, The Barrow Story, Victorian farming village to shipyard town, 2000 19 Submarine Heritage Foundation, History- Barrow Shipyard and Submarines [Internet] 20 Office for National Statistics, Census 2001, Barrow-in-Furness [Internet] 21 Davies, Caroline, The Observer, Barrow, capital of blue-collar Britain, page 19, 5 October 2008 22 Office for National Statistics, Census 2001, Barrow-in-Furness [Internet] 23 Barrow Regeneration, Business Plan 2010-2011, page 2 24 Barrow Regeneration, Business Plan 2010-2011 25 Walney windfarm plans to go on show, Evening Mail, February 04, 2010 26 Barrow Regeneration, Business Plan 2010-2011, page 4 27 Barrow Regeneration, Business Plan 2010-2011 28 Barrow Regeneration, Business Plan 2010-2011, page 3 29 Poston, Tony, BBC News, New nuclear sub is lifeline for Barrow, 28 August 2006[Internet] 30 Office for National Statistics, Census 2001, Barrow-in-Furness [Internet] 31 West Lakes Renaissance, Youth ReAction Team[Internet] 32 West Lakes Renaissance, Youth ReAction Team[Internet] 33 West Lakes Renaissance, Britain's energy coast a Masterplan for West Cumbria– executive summary[Internet] 34 South Walney Nature Reserve, tourist leaflet 35 North Walney Nature Reserve, tourist leaflet 36 Norman, K.J, Railway heritage, The Furness Railway: a recollection, 1994 37 Trescatheric, Bryn, The Barrow Story, Victorian farming village to shipyard town, 2000 38 Ordnance Survey, Barrow-in-Furness, 1851 39 Trescatheric, Bryn, The Barrow Story, Victorian farming village to shipyard town, 2000 40 Barnes, Fred, BARROW & DISTRICT AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 2nd Edition, 1968 41 Barnes, Fred, BARROW & DISTRICT AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 2nd Edition, 1968 42 Ordnance Survey, Barrow-in-Furness, 1873 43 Norman, K.J, Railway heritage, The Furness Railway: a recollection, 1994 44 Trescatheric, Bryn, The Barrow Story, Victorian farming village to shipyard town, 2000 45 Barrow-in-Furness, reference library, listed buildings booklet. 46 Marshall, John Duncan, Furness and the industrial revolution, 1958

125

47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98

Ordnance Survey, Barrow-in-Furness, 1873 Marshall, John Duncan, Furness and the industrial revolution, 1958 Ordnance Survey, Barrow-in-Furness, 1873 Trescatheric, Bryn, The Barrow Story, Victorian farming village to shipyard town, 2000 Ordnance Survey, Barrow-in-Furness, 1891 West Lakes Renaissance, The Waterfront Barrow-in-Furness, Wetland Nature Reserve[Internet] Ordnance Survey, Barrow-in-Furness, 1891 Norman, K.J, Railway heritage, The Furness Railway: a recollection, 1994 Ordnance Survey, Barrow-in-Furness, 1891 Ordnance Survey, Barrow-in-Furness, 1933 Ordnance Survey, Barrow-in-Furness, 1956 Trescatheric, Bryn, The Barrow Story, Victorian farming village to shipyard town, 2000 Barnes, Fred, BARROW & DISTRICT AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 2nd Edition, 1968 Metoffice, Climate UK Averages [Internet] BOWind, It's windy …. and it's officially open, 25th September 2006 [Internet] Barnes, Fred, BARROW & DISTRICT AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 2nd Edition, 1968 Barnes, Fred, BARROW & DISTRICT AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 2nd Edition, 1968 Gregory, Mark, BBC News, Norway's Statkraft opens first osmotic power plant, 24 November 2009 [Internet] Barnes, Fred, BARROW & DISTRICT AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 2nd Edition, 1968 Metoffice, Climate UK Averages [Internet] Metoffice, Climate UK Averages [Internet] Metoffice, Climate UK Averages [Internet] West Lakes Renaissance, Britain's energy coast a Masterplan for West Cumbria– executive summary[Internet] West Lakes Renaissance, The Waterfront Barrow-in-Furness[Internet] University of Cumbria, Visiting Us [Internet] Chapples, Natalie, £40m revamp for Furness College, Evening Mail, August 29, 2009 West Lakes Renaissance, Youth ReAction Team[Internet] South Walney Nature Reserve, tourist leaflet North Walney Nature Reserve, tourist leaflet hefce, Universities and Colleges > HE institutions funded by the council [Internet] West Lakes Renaissance, The Waterfront Barrow-in-Furness[Internet] Barrow-in-Furness, reference library, listed buildings booklet. Norman, K.J, Railway heritage, The Furness Railway: a recollection, 1994 Marshall, John Duncan, Furness and the industrial revolution, 1958 West Lakes Renaissance, The Waterfront Barrow-in-Furness, Wetland Nature Reserve[Internet] Barnes, Fred, BARROW & DISTRICT AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 2nd Edition, 1968 Irish Sea Study Group Report, Part 1,1990 South Walney Nature Reserve, tourist leaflet North Walney Nature Reserve, tourist leaflet West Lakes Renaissance, The Waterfront Barrow-in-Furness, Wetland Nature Reserve[Internet] West Lakes Renaissance, Youth ReAction Team[Internet] West Lakes Renaissance, Britain's energy coast a Masterplan for West Cumbria– executive summary[Internet] Metoffice, Climate UK Averages [Internet] BOWind, It's windy …. and it's officially open, 25th September 2006 [Internet] Barnes, Fred, BARROW & DISTRICT AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 2nd Edition, 1968 BAE Systems, Astute Class Submarines, 2005[Internet] Welcome to Piel island, Piel island & Castle [Internet] Borer, Pat, Centre for Alternative Technology, Building on 30 Years Of Experience, 22 June 2006 [Internet] CAT Media Department: Press Release, Centre for Alternative Technology, Building on 30 Years Of Experience, 22 June 2006 [Internet] CAT Media Department: Press Release, Centre for Alternative Technology, Building on 30 Years Of Experience, 22 June 2006 [Internet] Striding Edge, 30 March 2008 [Internet] BBC, Where I Live Nottingham, Nottinghamshire record breakers, December 2003 [Internet]

99 English Heritage, Furness Abbey[Internet] 100Trescatheric, Bryn, The Barrow Story, Victorian farming village to shipyard town, page 36, 2000 101 Trescatheric, Bryn, The Barrow Story, Victorian farming village to shipyard town, page 64, 2000 102Trescatheric, Bryn, The Barrow Story, Victorian farming village to shipyard town, 2000 103Office for National Statistics, Census 2001, Barrow-in-Furness [Internet]

Bibliography Books Trescatheric, Bryn, The Barrow Story, Victorian farming village to shipyard town, Barrow Borough Council's Arts and Museum Service, Barrowin-Furness, 2000 Barnes, Fred, BARROW & DISTRICT, AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY, 2nd Edition, Barrow-in-Furness Corporation,1968 Norman, K.J, Railway heritage, The Furness Railway: a recollection, Silver Link, 1994 Marshall, John Duncan, Furness and the industrial revolution: an economic history of Furness (1711-1900) and the town of Barrow (1757-1897) with an epilogue, Printed by J. Milner for the Barrow-inFurness Library and Museum Committee, 1958

Magazines/Journals/newspapers/leaflets Chapples, Natalie, £40m revamp for Furness College, Evening Mail, August 29, 2009 South Walney Nature Reserve, tourist leaflet, Available from Barrow-inFurness tourist information North Walney Nature Reserve, tourist leaflet, Available from Barrow-inFurness tourist information Irish Sea Study Group Report, Part 1, NATURE CONSERVATION, Liverpool University Press, 1990 Davies, Caroline, The Observer, Barrow, capital of blue-collar Britain, page 19, 5 October 2008 Barrow-in-Furness, reference library, listed buildings booklet. Ordnance Survey, Barrow-in-Furness, 1851 Ordnance Survey, Barrow-in-Furness, 1873 Ordnance Survey, Barrow-in-Furness, 1891 Ordnance Survey, Barrow-in-Furness, 1933 Ordnance Survey, Barrow-in-Furness, 1956 Furness West Cumbria New Vision Urban Regeneration Co Limited, Barrow Regeneration, Business Plan 2010/2011 Walney windfarm plans to go on show, Evening Mail, February 04, 2010

Internet BAE Systems, Astute Class Submarines [Internet] Available from:<http://www.baesystems.com/BAEProd/groups/public/document s/ss_asset/bae_subs_astuteleaflet.pdf >[Accessed 30.11.2009] Toby Poston, BBC NEWS, New nuclear sub is lifeline for Barrow[Internet] Available from:<http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5270640.stm>[Accessed 30.11.2009] West Lakes Renaissance, Britain's energy coast a Masterplan for West Cumbria–executive summary[Internet] Available from:<http://www.westlakesrenaissance.co.uk/WESTCUMBRIA %20PROJECTS/BRITAINSENERGYCOAST/WCSM_Summary(Final).pdf >[Accessed 27.09.2009] West Lakes Renaissance, The Waterfront Barrow-in-Furness, Waterfront Business Park [Internet] Available from:<http://www.westlakesrenaissance.co.uk/FURNESS %20PROJECTS/fp_waterfrontbusinesspark.html >[Accessed 01.12.2009] West Lakes Renaissance, Youth ReAction Team, Talented Minds: retaining Skills [Internet] Available from:<http://www.westlakesrenaissance.co.uk/FURNESS %20PROJECTS/TalentedMinds_MMtmp1ce04551/TalentedMindsRetainingSkills.html>[Accessed 01.12.2009] West Lakes Renaissance, The Waterfront Barrow-in-Furness, Wetland Nature reserve [Internet] Available from:<http://www.westlakesrenaissance.co.uk/FURNESS %20PROJECTS/fp_wetland.html >[Accessed 01.12.2009] English Heritage, Furness Abbey[Internet]Available from:<http://www.englishheritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.00100100101300600200b >[Accessed 02.12.2009]

Metoffice, Climate UK Averages [Internet] Available from:<http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/ukmapavg e.html#>[Accessed 16.10.2009] Gregory, Mark, BBC News, Norway's Statkraft opens first osmotic power plant [Internet] Available from:<http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8377186.stm >[Accessed 08.12.2009] (hefce) HIGHER EDUCATION FUNDING COUNCIL FOR ENGLAND, Universities and Colleges > HE institutions funded by the council [Internet] Available from:<http://www.hefce.ac.uk/unicoll/HE/#c >[Accessed 09.12.2009] Welcome to Piel island, Piel island & Castle [Internet] Available from:<http://www.pielisland.co.uk/index.php?page=castle >[Accessed 13.12.2009] University of Cumbria, Visiting Us [Internet] Available from:<http://www.cumbria.ac.uk/AboutUs/VisitingUs/VisitingUs.asp x >[Accessed 13.12.2009] Centre for Alternative Technology, Media Centre, Building On 30 Years Of Experience [Internet] Available from:<http://www.cat.org.uk/news/news_release.tmpl? command=search&db=news.db&eqSKUdatarq=33640 >[Accessed 11.05.2010] Striding edge [Internet] Available from:<http://www.stridingedge.net/walks/2008/03.%20March/30.03 .08.htm>[Accessed 11.05.2010] BBC, Where I Live Nottingham, Nottinghamshire record breakers [Internet] Available from:<http://www.bbc.co.uk/nottingham/sense_of_place/facts/recor d_breakers.shtml >[Accessed 11.05.2010]

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126

Appendix

1876

Brief dated overview of Barrow's history 1123 1147

1190

The Barrow Haematite Steel Company becomes the largest steel

1922 The shipyard now employs just 3,150.

works in the world, It also left behind the world's largest slag

1923 Over 10,500 unemployed.

bank.

1929 The Great stock market crash/depression was to test Barrow.

Furness Abbey founded by Stephen, Count of Blois, later King of

1879 Population stands at 45,000.

England

1880's It all started to go wrong, the iron reserves were becoming

1930 The Shipyard had gradually recovered and now employs 11,300, Unemployment has dropped to 3,600.

Furness Abbey passed to the Cistercians, it was to become

depleted and had become prone to flooding at the same time

1931

England's second most prosperous Cistercian abbey99. The

advancements in the Bessemer process opened the steel works

1933 Shipyard employment drops to 8,000, unemployment rises to

Monks are said to have discovered and mined, on a very small

up to competition. The towns founding fathers were ageing and

scale, the local iron ore, known as haematite, it contains a high

there were no replacements. Families began to migrate away

iron content and is free of phosphoric impurities.

from the town.

Barrai which later became Barrow Village/Barrowhead and

1886 The first of two experimental submarines built for a Swedish inventor.

eventually Barrow, was listed in 1190 as a hamlet of Furness Abbey. 1750 By the mid eighteenth century the population of Barrow village

population has dropped to 66,300.

9,450. 1935 The depression eased, Employment at the shipyard rose to 12,700, unemployment fell to 2700. 1937 Shipyard employment grew to 16,000. 1939 Breakout of World war two. The war provided a similar boom

1887 Barrow town hall opened.

time as the first world war, if not quite as major. However there

1895 The Naval Construction and Armaments Company, launched the

was no major decline preceding the war.

stood at about 50, it was a farming village with barns built of

cruise liner Powerful, this attracted the attention of the Vickers

sandstone and sea cobbles, with thatch roofs.

Brothers, who established Vickers shipyard.

1941

The town was described as “A private city of noise and steel...... a deafening cacophony …... the booming sigh of furnaces …... the

1770 Commercial scale mining of haematite begins.

1896 The Shipyard employs 5,500 workers.

insane, vibrating chatter of rivets. There would be no battle

1800 11,000 tons of haematite raised.

1899 HMS Vengeance is launched, it was the first warship to be built,

honours or naval victories without the workers toiling in blitz-

armed and engineered in one yard.

1840 Between 1770 and 1840 Barrow Village grew slowly the

Holland no1 was launched, it was the Royal Navies first

1960 Dreadnought launched, Barrow's first nuclear submarine.

tons of haematite was being raised.

submarine. For the next twenty nearly all royal Navy submarines

1963 The ironworks closed, it was no longer a major player in the

Barrow's population stands at 700.

were built in Barrow. The towns population stood at 57,800.

population was now 150 and there were 24 buildings. 75,000 1851

1901

threatened Barrow”101.

Barrovian economy.

1854 360,000 tons of haematite raised.

1908 Jubilee Bridge opened, linking Walney Island to the mainland.

1984 The steelworks finally stopped production.

1857 Furness railway made a permanent link with the outside world.

1910

The Shipyard employs 10,500 workers.

1991

1859 The ironworks is opened, previously all iron ore had been

1911

Barrow's Population rises to 63,700.

1913

Shipyard employs 15,600 workers.

1995 Employment at the shipyard drops to 5,000 workers102.

1914

The First World War causes boom years for Barrow, The

2001 Employment at the shipyard has continued to drop it now stands

shipped away. The population is now 800. 1865 A Bessemer steel plant was started. The population has risen to 10,000. 1866 The ironworks and Bessemer steel plant merge to form the Barrow Haematite Steel Company.

1917

1870 A small shipyard is established on Barrow island. 900,000 tons of

at 3,500, Population stands at 71,980, there are 2,168

workers.

Unemployed103.

The Population peaked at 90,000 as did the shipyard employing never been so prosperous”100.

nominated. 1919

The time immediately after the war was the worst in Barrow's history from 1919-1927 the town was almost bankrupt, the

haematite being devoured each year.

shipyard employed 22,300. 1921 127

15,000 workers.

Population rises to 68,000 and the shipyard employed 17,000

31,000 workers, Newspaper reports claimed that “Barrow has

1867 Barrow freed to form its own municipality, the first town council

The end of the cold war, at this time the shipyard employed

Population drops to 74,200.

128