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SPACE • INDIA’S FIRST SOLAR OBSERVATORY HEADED TO ITS DESTINATION • DUAL USE DOMAIN

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A WORD FROM EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

The ‘Climbing. Fast.’ initiative, a new advocacy campaign launched by business aviation leaders at the 2023 NBAA Convention & Exhibition, aims to set the record straight on the industry’s many societal benefits, including its leadership role in sustainability, underscored by a sharp focus on achieving net-zero carbon emissions

The 2023 NBAA Business Aviation Convention & ­Exhibition was held on October 17-19, 2023 and was the largest NBAA-BACE in history, with over 1,000 exhibitors and more than 70,000 attendees from over 100 countries. The event highlighted the industry’s determination to achieve net-zero flight emissions, celebrated the innovators and technology propelling this vision forward, and displayed advancements in sustainable airborne mobility. In addition to its focus on safety and sustainability, NBAA-BACE also showcased the latest and greatest in business aviation products and services, including new aircraft models, avionics, maintenance technology, and more. This issue contains a report by Ayushee Chaudhary with some key highlights from this year’s edition of the NBAA-BACE. Also included is a report by Rohit Goel detailing the ‘Climbing. Fast.’ initiative by business aviation leaders unveiled at the NBAA-BACE 2023. The initiative showcases the business aviation industry’s pioneering work in developing eco-friendly aircraft with ultraefficient engines, the production of sustainable aviation fuels, and the implementation of smarter, more efficient routing.

The Indian Aerospace industry is soaring to new heights, with significant advancements in space exploration, commercial aviation and aerial combat capabilities. This issue explores the diverse landscape of these sectors through a variety of stories. In a significant stride for India’s space programme, following the successful Chandrayaan-3 mission to the moon, India launched Aditya-L1, a dedicated satellite designed for an in-depth study of the Sun. Aditya-L1 is India’s inaugural spacebased mission headed to its destination, the Lagrange Point 1 of the Sun-Earth system. A report in this edition looks at AdityaL1’s journey so far. Further to that, countries have been looking at space defence strategies, and as space emerges as a domain of strategic significance, the space industry in India is also adapting to its expanded role in defence and security. A detailed report by Ayushee Chaudhary in this edition elaborates on the dual use of this domain.

On the aviation side, the civil aviation industry in India has emerged as one of the fastest-growing industries in the country.

Both government and private sectors are investing significantly in infrastructure development to facilitate this growth. A report looks at the industry’s market size and underlines some key drivers as well as certain challenges that the Indian aviation industry is facing. In another report, Sanjay Julka also spotlights that the Indian economy and aviation industry are currently going through the Golden Age. He extensively writes about the regulatory changes that are needed for a thriving industry and states that empowering Indian aviation regulators is key to propelling growth. This issue also highlights why DRDO and the DPSUs in India must take the lead and spearhead the responsibility of developing an effective aerospace manufacturing ecosystem in India.

As we look at the future, a report by Joseph Noronha touches upon futuristic weaponry and new arms races – ranging from hypersonic weapons to autonomous drone swarms to directed-energy weapons (DEW), and perhaps many more.

Some futuristic weapons are still in the concept stage or in early development, while others are already deployed or are nearing maturity and this report looks at a few of them.

All this and more in this issue of SP’s Aviation. Welcome aboard and we wish you many happy landings!

Owned, published and printed by Jayant Baranwal, printed at Kala Jyothi Process Pvt Ltd and published at A-133, Arjun Nagar (Opposite Defence Colony), New Delhi 110003, India. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, photocopying, recording, electronic, or otherwise without prior written permission of the Publishers.

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SPACE

ADITYA-L1

LAUNCH OF ADITYA-L1 BY PSLV-C57

INDIA’S FIRST SOLAR OBSERVATORY HEADED TO ITS DESTINATION The satellite will be positioned in a halo orbit around the L1 of the Sun-Earth system, approximately 1.5 million kilometers from Earth

PHOTOGRAPH: ISRO / X

By AYUSHEE CHAUDHARY In a significant stride for India’s space programme, following the successful Chandrayaan-3 mission to the moon, the nation is now embarking on a journey toward the sun with Aditya-L1. Launched on September 2, 2023, aboard the PSLV-C57 rocket, Aditya-L1 is a dedicated satellite designed for an in-depth study of the Sun. The satellite boasts seven distinct p ­ ayloads, five

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of which are developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), with the remaining two being a collaborative effort between Indian academic institutes and ISRO. Aditya-L1 is India’s inaugural space-based mission dedicated to the study of the Sun. Aditya, meaning “Sun” in Sanskrit, derives its name from its mission to study the Sun. The “L1” s­ignifies

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PHOTOGRAPH: ISRO / X

SPACE

ADITYA-L1

its destination: the Lagrange Point 1 of the Sun-Earth system. For context, L1 is a unique location in space where the gravitational forces of two celestial bodies, in this case, the Sun and Earth, are perfectly balanced. This equilibrium enables an object positioned at L1 to remain relatively stable concerning both celestial bodies.

The journey of India’s first solar observatory commenced with the launch of Aditya-L1. Following liftoff, the satellite is to remain in Earth-bound orbits for 16 days. During this period, it will execute five maneuvers to attain the necessary velocity for its interplanetary journey. On September 3, 2023, just a day after launch, the first Earth-bound maneuver was successfully executed at ISTRAC, Bengaluru, followed by the second on September 5, 2023, and the third on September 10, 2023.

Subsequently, Aditya-L1 will embark on a Trans-Lagrangian1 insertion maneuver, marking the commencement of its 110-day trajectory towards the L1 Lagrange point. Upon reaching the L1 point, another maneuver would bind Aditya-L1 to an orbit around L1, a region of gravitational equilibrium situated between Earth and the Sun. Throughout its mission, the satellite orbits L1 in an irregularly shaped path, roughly perpendicular to the line connecting Earth and the Sun. The satellite will be positioned in a halo orbit around the Lagrange point 1 (L1) of the Sun-Earth system, approximately 1.5 million kilometers from Earth.

This unique vantage point offers continuous, uninterrupted observations of the Sun without eclipses or occultations, providing real-time insights • VELC: Visible Emission Line Coronagraph is designed to into solar activities and their impact on space weather. study solar corona and dynamics of coronal mass ejections.

The satellite’s strategic location at the L1 Lagrange point The payload is developed by the Indian Institute of Astroensures constant surveillance of the Sun and access to solar radiphysics, Bengaluru in close collaboration with ISRO. ation and magnetic storms before they are • SUIT: Solar Ultra-violet Imaging Teleinfluenced by Earth’s magnetic field and scope to image the Solar Photosphere and atmosphere. Additionally, the stability of Chromosphere in near Ultra-violet (UV) the L1 point minimises the need for freand, to measure the solar irradiance variaTo study how solar quent orbital adjustments, optimising the tions in near UV. The payload is developed wind particles and satellite’s operational efficiency. by the Inter-University Centre for AstronIn an exciting development, ISRO omy and Astrophysics, Pune in close colmagnetic fields shared an image taken by Aditya-L1 on laboration with ISRO. travel through September 7, 2023, of Earth and the • SoLEXS HEL1OS: Solar Low Energy moon. The selfie image also showcased X-ray Spectrometer and High Energy L1 interplanetary a portion of the spacecraft including Orbiting X-ray Spectrometer are designed space, the Visible Emission Line Coronagraph to study the X-ray flares from the Sun over measurements (VELC) and the Solar Ultraviolet Imaging a wide X-ray energy range. Both these Telescope (SUIT) instruments. payloads are developed at U R Rao Satelmust be taken lite Centre, Bengaluru. from a location • ASPEX PAPA: Aditya Solar Wind ParADITYA-L1 PAYLOADS ticle EXperiment and Plasma Analyser Equipped with seven payloads, Aditya-L1 far removed from Package for Aditya payloads are designed will observe the photosphere, chromoEarth’s magnetic to study the solar wind and energetic sphere, and the outermost layers of the field ions, as well as their energy distribuSun’s corona using electromagnetic, partion. ASPEX PAPA was developed at the ticle, and magnetic field detectors.

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SPACE

ADITYA-L1

PHOTOGRAPH: ISRO

s­ignificance as it is the closest star, offering insights into the workings of stars in our Milky Way and other galaxies. The Sun’s dynamic nature, including eruptive phenomena and the release of vast energy into the solar system, necessitates scientific exploration. Understanding solar phenomena is crucial for mitigating their potential impact on Earth, including disturbances to spacecraft and communication systems, as well as threats to astronauts. The extreme thermal and magnetic conditions of the Sun also serve as a natural laboratory for studying phenomena impossible to replicate in a controlled laboratory environment.

Observing the Sun from space is essential because the Earth’s atmosphere and magnetic field block many harmful solar radiations, making space-based observations necessary. Additionally, to study how solar wind particles and magnetic fields travel through interplanetary space, measurements must be taken from a location far removed from Earth’s magnetic field, hence Aditya-L1 will be observing the Sun from the L1 point.

The Sun’s constant emissions, including radiation, heat, particles, and magnetic fields, significantly influence Earth and other planets. The solar wind, composed mostly of high-energy protons, fills the entire known solar system and can affect the space environment near planets. Solar events like Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) and solar flares can disrupt the Earth’s magnetic field and impact the functioning of space assets. Understanding space weather is crucial as we rely increasingly on technology in space, and insights into nearEarth space weather can provide insights into the behavior of space weather on other planets.

­ hysical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad. PAPA is develP oped at Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram.

• MAG: Magnetometer payload is capable of measuring interplanetary magnetic fields at the L1 point. The payload is devel- WHAT MAKES ADITYA-L1 UNIQUE? oped at Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems, Bengaluru.

• First-time spatially resolved solar disk in the near UV band Aditya-L1’s payloads are expected to provide critical data • CME dynamics close to the solar disk (~ from 1.05 solar radius) on various solar phenomena, including coronal heating, corothereby providing information in the acceleration regime of nal mass ejections, solar flares, solar wind CME, which is not observed consistently dynamics, and magnetic field measure• Onboard intelligence to detect CMEs ments in the solar corona. and solar flares for optimised observaMajor science objectives of Aditya-L1 tions and data volume L1 is a unique include: • Directional and energy anisotropy of • Understanding the Coronal Heating solar wind using multi-direction obserlocation in and Solar Wind Acceleration vations. space where the • Understanding initiation of Coronal Aditya-L1’s mission to study the Sun Mass Ejection (CME), flares, and nearfrom space represents a significant step in gravitational earth space weather advancing our understanding of solar pheforces of two • To understand the coupling and nomena and their impact on space weather. celestial bodies, dynamics of the solar atmosphere This pioneering endeavor will also harness • To understand solar wind distribution India’s technical prowess and contribute in this case, the and temperature anisotropy. to global efforts to comprehend the Sun’s Sun and Earth, are complex dynamics, ultimately benefiting space exploration and our knowledge of WHY STUDY THE SUN? perfectly balanced stars beyond our solar system. SP Studying the Sun holds immense

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ISSUE 10 • 2023

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SPACE

TECHNOLOGY

IRNSS-1G SPACECRAFT INTEGRATED WITH PSLV-C33

DUAL USE DOMAIN Going ahead, space for defence in terms of technology is as crucial as is defence of space in terms of security and strategies

PHOTOGRAPH: ISRO

By AYUSHEE CHAUDHARY In an era where the frontier of space exploration transcends scientific boundaries, nations worldwide are grappling with the complexities of space militarisation. India, home to a rapidly evolving space programme, finds itself at a critical juncture, seeking to harness space technology for national security while ensuring peaceful exploration and cooperation.

As a nation with diverse security concerns, looking at space militarisation is a strategic imperative. Securing its vast borders, maintaining effective communication, and monitoring potential threats necessitates reinforcing space capabilities. The Kargil conflict in 1999, where access to GPS data was denied, exposed the vulnerabilities of relying on foreign-controlled systems. India responded by stepping up efforts to develop an indigenous navigation system - Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC) ensuring unfettered access to crucial space-based services.

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In March 2019, India accomplished an extraordinary feat with Mission Shakti, becoming only the fourth country to test an anti-satellite (A-SAT) weapon system. The successful interception of a live satellite demonstrated India’s ability to neutralise potential threats in space. While the test faced international scrutiny due to space debris concerns, it underscored India’s strategic intent to protect its space assets and deter potential adversaries.

Recognising the significance of space situational awareness (SSA), ISRO launched Project NETRA in September 2019. This ambitious project aims to monitor, track, and analyse space objects to protect Indian satellites from collisions and potential hostile actions. By developing an indigenous SSA capability, India enhances its understanding of space dynamics and ensures uninterrupted access to critical space assets.

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SPACE

TECHNOLOGY

In addition to bolstering national security, India’s space endeavors have led to significant advancements in dual-use technologies. The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) is a prime example, providing accurate and reliable navigation services to civilians, defence forces, and various sectors of the economy. Such dual-use technologies contribute to India’s overall technological prowess while serving vital defence purposes.

As space emerges as a domain of strategic significance, the space industry in India is adapting to its expanded role in defence and security. Advanced reconnaissance satellites, communication systems, and remote sensing capabilities have been harnessed for defence applications, enhancing India’s intelligence gathering and surveillance capabilities.

In recent times, the convergence of space technology and defence has become more pressing than ever before. Various factors are contributing to this urgency, including the rapid expansion of space infrastructure, increased participation in space activities by nations, evolving geopolitical scenarios, the pursuit of superpower status, and ongoing technological advancements that can potentially disrupt space operations.

The utilisation of space technology for military purposes is not a new concept though. For decades, satellite communication, surveillance, weather forecasting, navigation services, and highresolution remote sensing imagery have been integral to military operations. In fact, the exploration of space itself had its origins in military motives with the famous space race between the Soviet Union and the United States during the Cold War. The history of space exploration itself traces back to technologies derived from wartime applications, such as the V2 rockets.

This dual-use nature of space technology has existed since its inception, leading to the growing recognition of the significance of integrating defence and space capabilities in modern times.

DEFSPACE Space has transcended its role as a domain for exploration and socio-economic development. It has become a force multiplier, enabling strategic advantages, and a vital domain for national security. Many space-faring nations are now actively pursuing the militarisation of space and establishing dedicated space forces to address the emerging frontiers of war. India, with its thriving civil space programme, has also recognised the necessity of integrating space and defence efforts. In 2020, the Prime Minister of

India launched the DefSpace challenges, marking a significant step toward aligning the space and defence industries. Driven by the vision of Atmanirbhar Bharat with Indian characteristics, the Ministry of Defence (MoD) took this step to leverage the potential of the Indian space industry. The aim is to present challenges that synergise the national technological capability and contribute to DefSpace challenges, involving various stakeholders like the defence forces, tech providers (ISRO, DRDO, industry), academia, and diplomacy. The mission aims to encourage innovative solutions and strengthen the forces, presenting 75 challenges focused on leveraging the innovative potential of the private sector to support national security requirements. The challenges address critical technology gaps, subdivided into component challenges for startups under the guidance of the Defence Space Agency. The focus is on building resilience and redundancy in space-based infrastructure, and space sector reforms, supported by Mission DefSpace, are elevating India’s aspirations in the right orbit.

Many of the private startups like Pixxel, InspeCity, etc have won contracts with the Indian Armed Forces. Through initiatives like iDex, DefSPace challenges and events like DefSpace Symposium and DefSat Conference, the tri-services are coming forward to break the silos and collaborate with the industry to make use of the technologies.

The term “DefSpace” refers to the convergence of defence and space capabilities, highlighting the increasing importance of utilising space technology for defence purposes. From the early days of space exploration during the Cold War, military space systems were used for strategic missions, including missile warning, intelligence, and command and control.

Space, with its vast potential and dual-use nature, has been a domain of exploration, security, and commercialisation. Projections indicate that by 2060, 10 per cent of Global GDP may come from space-related activities. As space emerges as the “5th dimension of warfare,” countries are investing in disruptive technologies to bolster national security. Establishing space forces and enhancing space superiority have become crucial components of future military strategy, aligning with land, sea, and air dominations.

Some of the countries with a dedicated defence-related space force include: • Russian Space Force (2015): Responsible for space-related military operations and defence of Russian space assets.

USE OF SPACE FOR ENHANCING MILITARY OPERATIONS INFORMATION SUPERIORITY

COMMUNICATION AND OODA LOOP

ISR1

PNT² FOR PRECISION KINETIC ATTACKS

NON-KINETIC WARFARE

Communication

Navigation

Electronic Warfare

Imagery

Signal Detection

SSA

High Frequency

Ultra High Frequency

Super High Frequency

Global Positioning System

Active Jamming

Maritime Surveillance

Signal Intelligence

Electronic Intelligence

Extremely High Frequency

Advanced EHF

TTC3

GNSS4

Passive Jamming

Early Warning

Missile Detection

Building-use Analysis

Cyber

Satellite Internet

6G Network

RNSS5

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2

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Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR); Position, Navigation and Timing; Telemetry, Tracking and Command; Global Navigation Satellite System; Regional Navigation Satellite System; Source: PwC

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ISSUE 10 • 2023

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SPACE

TECHNOLOGY

DEFENCE SPACE DOMAIN IN INDIA Strategic ○ Kargil War - a turning point for use of space for military purposes ○ Publication of the ‘Defence Space Vision 2020’, calling for more dualuse assets and the development of dedicated military satellites ○ Work on ASAT technologies to improve its deterrence capacities

Organisational ○ Creation of the Integrated Space Cell within the headquarters of the Integrated Defence Staff ○ Creation of the DSA with DIPAC and DSCC ○ Creation of Defence Space Research Organisation ○ Simulated space warfare exercise – IndSpaceEx ○ Creation of INSPACe under DoS to boost private participation ○ DSA, DSRO, ISRO and INSPACe collectively form India’s space strength

Upstream and Downstream Capabilities ○ Test of an ASAT missile ○ Two operational satellites: GSAT-7 (Rukmini) satellite for the Indian Navy and GSAT-7A (Angry Bird) for the Indian Air Force ○ Navy’s order to procure the GSAT7R satellite approved - has Rukmini as communication satellite over the Indian Ocean region ○ Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) approves the proposal to procure GSAT-7C satellite for the IAF

Source: PwC analysis; secondary sources

China’s PLA Strategic Support Force (2015): Integrating space, cyber, and electronic warfare capabilities to support China’s military objectives.

• The US Space Force (2019): Dedicated to protecting US space assets and ensuring space superiority for national security.

• India’s Defence Space Agency, DSA (2019): Focused on enhancing India’s space capabilities and integrating space into its defence operations.

• French Air and Space Force (2020): Responsible for both air and space operations, ensuring France’s presence and security in space.

• Japan’s Space Operation Squadron (2020): Tasked with space situational awareness and monitoring space debris to ensure secure space operations.

• German Space Command (2021): Responsible for planning, executing, and coordinating space operations to safeguard Germany’s space assets and support national security objectives.

• Australia Defence Space Command, DSpC (2022): Overseeing Australia’s space capabilities and contributing to national defence through space operations.

The transformation of warfare and the militarisation of space are undeniable trends, drawing global attention and concerns. However, the convergence of defence and space industries has become inevitable. India’s space programme originally prioritised socio-economic development, setting it apart from countries with established military space programmes. However, in today’s interconnected world and volatile geopolitical environment, things are moving towards integration. Emerging and disruptive technologies are reshaping the space domain, leading to the emergence of dual-use applications with both commercial and military capabilities. This shift towards commercialisation has blurred the lines between civil and military space activities. While India’s space programme may not be on par with major players like China or the US, it has achieved significant milestones with homegrown spacecraft launch •

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c­ apabilities and a thriving industry supporting remote sensing and Earth observation.

India’s ISRO has successfully launched rockets like GSLV, PSLV, and SSLV, and manufactures diverse payloads, from remote sensing to navigation. Private players like Digantra, Sky Root, and Pixxel have contributed to the nation’s success stories in space exploration. As the space domain becomes more complex, safeguarding national space-based assets becomes crucial. Military users require advanced capabilities, including relaunchable vehicles, nuclear power for interplanetary missions, high-resolution imagery, and resilient satellite communications.

Ground infrastructure, space situational awareness, and counterASAT capabilities are also essential to ensure national security.

As space technology advances, countries are leveraging space assets for both civil and military purposes, leading to a complex and competitive space domain. The absence of international treaties or binding regulations on space weaponisation poses significant challenges. Additionally, counter-space operations and emerging trends like anti-satellite weapon systems, advanced missiles, high-altitude pseudo-satellites, electronic warfare, and cyber warfare are transforming the dynamics of space warfare.

The military’s requirements in space are expanding, from resilient satellite communications to advanced intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities. Ground infrastructure, space situational awareness, and counter-ASAT technologies are crucial for safeguarding space-based assets. To enhance India’s DefSpace capabilities, collaboration between the government and private entities is vital along with a defence space policy, joint space doctrine, and cyber-space integration are needed. As the space domain evolves, governments globally must also adopt holistic strategies, support space start-ups, and promote innovation to navigate the challenges posed by space militarisation.

Creating a regulatory framework and nurturing scientific temperament will be crucial for achieving long-term success in this transformative era of space exploration. Going ahead, space for defence in terms of technology is as crucial as is defence of space in terms of security and strategies. SP

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BUSINESS AVIATION

NBAA 2023

SAFETY WAS A PIVOTAL THEME AT THE 2023 NBAA-BACE, REAFFIRMING ITS CENTRAL ROLE IN BUSINESS AVIATION

ELEVATING BUSINESS AVIATION Safety, Sustainability and AAM take Center Stage in Business Aviation at the recently concluded NBAA-BACE 2023

PHOTOGRAPH: NBAA

By AYUSHEE CHAUDHARY One of the largest gatherings of the business aviation industry came to a conclusion after three days of business, discussions, display and way forward. The 2023 Business Aviation Convention & Exhibition (NBAA-BACE), hosted by the National Business Aviation Association (NBAA), took place from October 17 to October 19. The event not only highlighted the industry's determination to achieve net-zero flight emissions but also celebrated the innovators and technology propelling this vision forward. The event brought together visionary industry leaders who presented exciting product launches and breakthroughs in propulsion, efficient aircraft, and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) that reduce emissions while enhancing mobility. Keynote speakers, including tennis legends Andre Agassi and Stefanie Graf, as well as Shark Tank investor and FUBU CEO Daymond John, inspired audiences with stories of resilience and positive change in people's lives.

The event featured over 800 exhibitors, showcasing innovative concepts, including unmanned aircraft systems and AAM

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vehicles in the Emerging Tech Pavilion. Henderson Executive Airport and the Las Vegas Convention Center served as the stage for unveiling remarkable new aircraft, including Textron Aviation's Cessna Citation CJ3 Gen2, the Honda Echelon, Embraer Phenom 100EX, Airbus ACJ220, Beechcraft Denali, and Bombardier's certified pre-owned Challenger 300.

In an attempt to invest in the Next Generation of Industry Professionals, the NBAA Career Center hosted its inaugural, two-day Career Fair at NBAA-BACE, allowing employers to meet face-to-face with the industry’s best and brightest. NBAA’s Collegiate Connect programme welcomed local students to explore the latest career opportunities in business aviation and network with other young professionals. The 2023 NBAA-BACE Maintenance Competition featured five student teams from area schools, competing in a variety of events to test their skills.

NBAA also highlighted its latest class of Business Aviation’s Top 40 Under 40, a diverse roster of professionals who are leading our industry to an exciting future.

ISSUE 10 • 2023

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BUSINESS AVIATION

NBAA 2023

The event showcased government-industry collaboration in the pursuit of a sustainable future for aviation. Throughout NBAA-BACE, events such as the Single-Pilot Safety Standdown, the Small Operators Symposium, and the National Safety Forum addressed risk management, runway excursion prevention, and leadership development in small flight departments. Safety was a cornerstone of the drive to decarbonise business aviation. A keynote discussion with NBAA President and CEO Ed Bolen, National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Chair Jennifer Homendy, and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Deputy Administrator Katie Thomson highlighted their collaborative efforts to enhance aviation safety and efficiency.

PHOTOGRAPH: NBAA

SAFETY TAKES CENTER STAGE AT NBAA-BACE 2023 Safety was a pivotal theme at the 2023 NBAA-BACE, reaffirming its central role in business aviation. The event included discussions led by industry safety experts, recognition of safety

Chris Rocheleau, NBAA Chief Operating Officer, mentioned the FAA's transition toward a compliance philosophy and the adoption of voluntary safety reporting programmes to encourage open reporting of potential safety issues without fear of retaliation. To further strengthen a flight department's safety culture, Bob Rufli from the Air Charter Safety Foundation recommended the appointment of a dedicated safety officer, expediting safety initiatives.

In a separate panel led by Jon Damush of Iris Automatons, Inc., advanced air mobility (AAM) implementation challenges in the National Airspace System were discussed. This included significant regulatory work, such as a notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) for powered-lift airman certification and operations, as well as policy work on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS).

The discussion highlighted that UAS operations often rely on waivers and exemptions due to an ill-fitting regulatory framework. The upcoming Part 108 NPRM, focusing on beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) UAS operations, aims to reduce the need for exemptions. This shift from waivers to regulations is considered vital for UAS integration into the National Airspace System.

Additionally, the conversation addressed powered-lift aircraft, notably electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicles. The need for establishing an initial group of certified pilots for these aircraft was emphasised.

Safety remained the central theme, ensuring that innovations in AAM and electric aircraft are developed while upholding safety standards. Collaborative partnerships between original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and regulators, along with data sharing and transparency, were highlighted as crucial for constructing safe aircraft for airspace operations.

The continuous advancements in AAM and electric aircraft are bringing the future of sustainable aviation closer to reality. Many AAM operations are targeting commercial service by 2025, but challenges such as infrastructure, operational safety, and airspace integration must be addressed in this evolving landscape.

TREADING A PATH TO NET-ZERO EMISSIONS NBAA-BACE demonstrated the industry's commitment to sustainability. SAF was readily available at Las Vegas-area airports. SeventyTHOUSANDS OF ATTENDEES INTERACT WITH EXHIBITORS ON THE CONVENTION FLOOR eight leading companies pledged to reduce their carbon footprint and waste as part of the advocates, and an exploration of safety management systems NBAA-BACE Exhibitor Sustainability Pledge.

The 2023 NBAA-BACE took a determined stance on sustain(SMS) as fundamental to fostering a positive safety culture.

The event shed light on the existence of negative safety cul- ability, addressing misconceptions and the industry's committures, characterised by detrimental attitudes and behaviors, ment to achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. This conwhich were identified as obstacles to effective SMS. NTSB mem- versation emphasised the crucial role of sustainable practices in ber Michael Graham drew attention to how toxic cultures can the aviation sector.

While aviation's carbon emissions are relatively small on a undermine safety initiatives.

JD Witzig, Vice President of Aviation at Pfizer, highlighted the global scale, the rate of growth in these emissions is a source of importance of nurturing a safety culture that extends from front- concern. The spotlight fell on SAF as an effective short-term soluline employees to upper management. Consistency and dedica- tion for reducing carbon emissions from aviation. SAF stands as tion were identified as key elements in cultivating such a culture. a true drop-in replacement for conventional aviation fuels.

Operators were encouraged to contribute to emissions The discussions also addressed potential conflicts arising from executive pressures to meet travel objectives that clash reduction through initiatives like book-and-claim services and with safety culture. Educating executives about safety bound- carbon credits. These efforts extend to addressing emissions aries and securing strong senior leadership support for chief from less obvious sources, such as spilled fuel and de-icing fluids. The importance of embracing sustainability, even through pilots were deemed crucial.

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BUSINESS AVIATION

NBAA 2023

PHOTOGRAPHS: DASSAULTFALCON / X, NBAA

(CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT) FAMILY FORMATION AT THE DASSAULT STATIC DISPLAY; EMBRAER EXHIBIT DREW CROWDS; VOLOCOPTER’S 2X ELECTRIC VERTICAL TAKEOFF AND LANDING (EVTOL) AIRCRAFT FLEW DEMONSTRATION FLIGHTS; ATTENDEES INTERACT WITH BOEING BUSINESS JET (BBJ).

incremental steps, was underlined. The NBAA's Sustainable Flight Department Accreditation Program was highlighted as a valuable resource for operators aiming to reduce their emissions. The push for a greener aviation industry was seen as an enabler for technology development, benefiting not only the environment but also the aviation sector was underlined.

Business aviation leaders introduced the "Climbing. Fast." advocacy campaign, emphasising the industry's pivotal role in sustainability and its commitment to achieving net-zero carbon emissions. This campaign seeks to inform policymakers and thought leaders about the industry's sustainability endeavors.

NBAA President and CEO Ed Bolen emphasised, "At NBAABACE, we made clear: business aviation is on a mission to net zero." The campaign centers on innovations such as ecofriendly aircraft featuring ultra-efficient engines, the production of SAF, and the use of more efficient routing. "Climbing. Fast." unites ten stakeholder organisations in support of its mission, with the aim of reshaping perceptions about business aviation and sustainability, while nurturing the industry's commitment to a greener and more sustainable future.

ADVANCED AIR MOBILITY FOR A SWIFT FUTURE IN AVIATION A panel led by Jon Damush from Iris Automatons, Inc. scrutinised AAM's integration into the National Airspace System, reflecting on substantial regulatory advancements. UAS have often navigated a web of regulatory waivers and exemptions due to limitations in the existing framework. Anticipations rested on the forthcoming Part 108 Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM), primarily addressing BVLOS UAS operations.

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This proposal could potentially reduce the reliance on waivers for BVLOS operations.

Furthermore, the conversation revolved around the burgeoning eVTOL aircraft industry, where the initial need for certified pilots emerged. Forecasts by industry experts projected certifications for some of these aircraft as early as 2025. The discussion didn't stop at electric aircraft; it also encompassed hybrid and electric aircraft propulsion systems. Numerous experts emphasised the criticality of dual power sources to ensure safety and efficiency.

In a parallel session, leaders in business aviation vocalised their support for AAM and electric-powered aircraft as pivotal components of the industry's grand mission: achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. A key theme revolved around the utilisation of multiple fuel sources and the indispensable role of collaboration between OEMs and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in guaranteeing the safety and triumph of these innovations.

Wisk, a subsidiary of Boeing, is currently deep in certification testing for its AAM vehicle, but their vision stretches beyond technology. It encompasses airspace integration and community engagement, recognising the paramount importance of demonstrating safe operations and dispelling misunderstandings regarding AAM. Amidst the numerous opportunities, a spectrum of challenges emerged. These include ensuring the harmonious coexistence of AAM with traditional aircraft, developing requisite infrastructure, and grappling with the potential burden on regional power grids stemming from AAM operations. Notably, several industry stakeholders are resolute in commencing

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NBAA 2023

PHOTOGRAPH: BOMBARDIER / X

small-scale commercial AAM operations by 2025, with ambitious targets to achieve this milestone even sooner.

Tim Arel, Chief Operating Officer of the FAA's Air Traffic Organisation, laid out the FAA's "Innovate28" initiative. This blueprint aims for complete integration of all airspace participants, including AAM, in the Los Angeles basin by the 2028 Los Angeles Summer Olympics.

AAM and the eVTOL industry have been longstanding interests of business aviation stakeholders. Companies like Wisk are advancing AAM technology while ensuring seamless integration into airspace and community acceptance. Challenges remain, but the industry's determination to commence small-scale AAM operations by 2025 signals an imminent transformation in the aviation landscape. The FAA's "Innovate28" initiative offers a tangible pathway towards comprehensive airspace integration. Additionally, after a successful introduction two years ago, NBAA again partnered with BLADE Air Mobility to offer a look at the future of on-demand air transportation with by-the-seat helicopter flights between the LVCC and the outdoor aircraft display at Henderson.

SOME KEY HIGHLIGHTS FROM DEALS, DISPLAY AND ANNOUNCEMENTS • Airbus Corporate Jets debuted the ACJ TwoTwenty in North America, featuring a spacious cabin with three times the room of traditional long-range jets.

• Textron Aviation’s Beechcraft Denali single-engine turboprop debuted at the convention. Textron Aviation also showcased the Cessna Citation Ascend and unveiled the upgraded CJ3 Gen2, with flyExclusive as the fleet customer.

• Volocopter, an AAM pioneer, showcased its 2X multirotor personal air vehicle. The vehicle conducted a demonstration flight each day of the show.

• F/LIST and Pilatus Aircraft introduced biobased material, F/ LAB Aenigma, at the Pilatus static display.

• XBrand and 3 Delta Fox exhibited high-tech aerial camera ships, specialising in aerial photography.

• Bombardier celebrated the 150th delivery of its Global 7500 ultra-long-range jet, also securing a Challenger 3500 order.

• The show floor displayed three aircraft used in the filming of "Top Gun: Maverick": an Aero L-39 "Cinejet," Embraer Phenom 300 Camera Jet, and an Airbus H125 Camera Helicopter.

• Lufthansa Technik and Pilatus Aircraft announced a strategic cooperation for the Pilatus PC-24 Super Versatile Jet cabin management system.

• Avfuel introduced the Avfuel Zero sustainability programme, aiding operators in managing and reducing carbon emissions.

• Dassault Falcon partnered with AviationManuals to integrate the "Ready Flight International" compliance and safety programme for Part 91 operators.

• CAE and Sun Air Jets established a pilot development programme allowing young pilots to gain experience on Beechcraft King Air 350s.

• P&W Canada appointed Duncan Aviation as a designated overhaul facility for PW300 and PW500 turbofan engines.

• Textron Aviation marked the delivery of its 100th Beechcraft King Air 360 and introduced McCauley Propeller Systems' C780 propeller.

• FlightAware expanded its flight-tracking service to include helicopters, offering tailored features for rotorcraft operators.

• Gama Aviation agreed to sell its US MRO business, Jet East, to West Star Aviation.

• Boeing-owned eVTOL company Wisk announced plans to conduct test flights in the coming year. SP

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BOMBARDIER RAMPS UP ECOJET PROJECT

Bombardier unveiled its EcoJet research project’s ­second test phase to the attendees of NBAA-BACE 2023. The promising flight tests were conducted with an 18-foot-wide demonstrator and have generated important results, contributing to the advancement of this pivotal project.

Bombardier continues its industry-defining work in sustainable aviation by ramping up the second phase of testing on the EcoJet research project by flying an 18-foot-wide test vehicle designed as a blended wing body (BWB) aircraft to reduce business jets emission by up to 50 per cent through a combination of aerodynamic, propulsion and other enhancements.

EcoJet is a sustainability-focused research and technology initiative which started 15 years ago. This project has successfully materialised into a family of Blended Wing Body (BWB) test vehicles, with flight tests being conducted to develop and mature relevant technologies, bound to be applied to more sustainable, future business aircraft.

The 18-foot-wide prototype of Bombardier’s EcoJet research project has flown for the first time in 2022 and can fly autonomously. Flight campaigns on scaled test vehicles allow the organisation and its academic partners to explore the behavior of BWB designed vehicles in free flight. Comprised of several free-flight campaigns, the flight-testing programme will be held over multiple years to generate increasingly precise data in real-world, representative environments. SP

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NBAA PRESIDENT AND CEO EDWARD BOLEN INTRODUCED THE 'CLIMBING. FAST.' INITIATIVE, HIGHLIGHTING BUSINESS AVIATION'S SUSTAINABILITY LEADERSHIP, TO ATTENDEES AT NBAA 2023

BUSINESS AVIATION’S ‘CLIMBING. FAST.’ SUSTAINABILITY LEADERSHIP PHOTOGRAPH: CLIMBINGFAST / X

The new multi-media advocacy campaign was launched at the annual National Business Aviation Association’s (NBAA’s) 2023 Business Aviation Convention and Exhibition (NBAA-BACE) in Las Vegas

By ROHIT GOEL Business aviation leaders gathered to unveil ‘Climbing.

Fast.’, a new advocacy campaign aimed at setting the record straight on the industry’s many societal benefits, including its leadership role in sustainability, underscored by a sharp focus on achieving net-zero carbon emissions from flight in the years to come. The new multi-media advocacy campaign – intended

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to coordinate and elevate a message about the game-changing technologies that are fostering business aviation sustainability on the ground and in the air – was launched during the annual Media Kick-off Breakfast held at the National Business Aviation Association’s (NBAA’s) 2023 Business Aviation Convention and Exhibition (NBAA-BACE) in Las Vegas.

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NBAA 2023

PHOTOGRAPH: AEA_AERO / X

BUSINESS AND GENERAL AVIATION LEADERS CAME TOGETHER TO UNVEIL 'CLIMBING. FAST.', A NEW ADVOCACY CAMPAIGN AIMED AT SETTING THE RECORD STRAIGHT ON THE INDUSTRY'S MANY SOCIETAL BENEFITS

programme utilise a strategic approach to spreading the “The business aviation industry has long been essential ­ in providing economic opportunities for a next-generation industry’s message on sustainability, through a dedicated new workforce, helping companies of all sizes succeed, connect- website ClimbingFast.com, which will serve as a promotional ing America’s communities and delivering humanitarian vehicle and advocacy resource for the industry, a multi-chanassistance for those in need,” said NBAA President and CEO nel social media presence, focused on building engagement Ed Bolen. “Equally important, our industry has long made around the industry’s sustainability commitment and a taran ambitious commitment to sustainability, with measurable geted media-relations programme that serves as an authoritative source for news coverage about the results. Our new, branded ‘Climbing. industry’s sustainability leadership.

Fast.’ initiative will take this message The ‘Climbing. Fast.’ campaign to policymakers, opinion leaders and emphasise business aviation’s value other key audiences, informing percepas an incubator for innovation. Thanks tions about the industry’s sustainability The 'Climbing. to investments in airplane winglets, record and value.”

Fast.' campaign light-weight airframe composites, sat“Business aviation is the technolellite-based navigation systems and ogy incubator for the aviation industry, aims to highlight other carbon-cutting technologies, as we lead the way in advancing safety the numerous emissions from business aircraft have and sustainability,” said General Aviasocietal benefits of been slashed by 40 per cent in just four tion Manufacturers Association (GAMA) decades, and new business aircraft are President and CEO, Pete Bunce. “Our business aviation, up to 35 per cent more efficient than the industry supports over 1.2 million total including economic previous generation. jobs and over $247 billion in total ecoThe ‘Climbing. Fast.’ initiative will nomic output in the United States. When opportunities, also highlight the pioneering work to you look at our industry, ‘Climbing. connecting make its net-zero carbon emissions Fast.’ truly describes the work we have communities, goal a reality, through the development been doing to foster aviation’s sustainof eco-friendly aircraft that use ultraability and technology, advance safety, and delivering efficient engines, including hybrid, elecstrengthen economic growth and prohumanitarian tric and even hydrogen-powered provide valuable services to communities.” pulsion; the production of sustainable As a cross-platform public affairs assistance aviation fuels (SAF), which can reduce campaign, the ‘Climbing.

Fast.’

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net-carbon emissions by 80 per cent; and, the use of smarter, future through advancements in technology, efficiencies and investments in the next generation workforce.” faster, more efficient routing that requires less energy.

“The industry’s collective environmental commitment comThe unified industry campaign already counts 10 stakeholder organisations in its ranks, whose leaders stated their pels us all to climb faster and aim higher in achieving carbon reduction goals,” stated National Air Transportation Association enthusiastic support for the new initiative.

“What business aviation contributes to society is immeasur- (NATA) President and CEO Curt Castagna. “We stand proudly able and its commitment to sustainability unmatched,” said Air- beside our association members and partners in relaying their craft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA) President and CEO meaningful stories through ‘Climbing. Fast.’, and providing Mark Baker. “The ‘Climbing. Fast.’ initiative will help showcase pathways for continuous sustainability improvements.”

“In business aviation, we move the world’s businesses the industry’s resolve toward positive change through sustainable programmes, and AOPA is pleased to support this admi- safely, efficiently and sustainably. Our members are committed to supporting the ‘Climbing. Fast.’ effort, which underscores the rable campaign.”

“As new technologies are developed, it opens more possibili- industry-wide commitment to a healthy and sustainable world ties to incorporate sustainable energy innovations to maintain for all,” said Elizabeth A. Clark, Executive Director of Women in and expand the worldwide benefits of aviation,” said Jack J. Corporate Aviation (WCA). “Women in Corporate Aviation will Pelton, CEO and Chairman of the Board with the Experimental continue to focus on the many benefits of the industry's sustainability commitment, including its Aircraft Association (EAA). “EAA memrole in driving workforce development bers have always been at the forefront and fostering solution-driven innovaof imagination and innovation for flight, tions that will benefit everyone, for so we’re excited for programmes such The initiative generations to come.” as ‘Climbing. Fast.’ and others to bring Can Business Aviation and Sustainopportunities for aviation’s future that showcases Business ability coexist, is the question from were not even imagined just a short aviation industry's skeptics? The fact is that BA/GA industime ago.” pioneering work try are doing their best already to do “The movement toward environsome amazing technological, sustainmentally friendly Vertical Take-Off and in developing ment-aimed objectives. One of the easiLanding (VTOL) aircraft is already eco-friendly est ones, and the first ones that they're underway, with both new entrants all doing is proving that they can operand existing manufacturers utilising aircraft with ultraate on 100 per cent Sustainable Aviation alternative fuels,” said Helicopter Assoefficient engines, Fuel. Also, Business aviation has been ciation International President (HAI) the production an incubator for technological developand CEO James Viola. “This evolution ments, whether it be the use of GPS or toward sustainability is the right direcof sustainable winglets; Bombardier flying the EcoJet, tion for the aviation industry. ‘Climbaviation fuels, and an 18-foot wingspan, blended wing ing. Fast.’ is necessary for the public body model; or GE Passport, which and policymakers to fully understand the implementation powers the high-end Global models how vertical aviation and all aviation is of smarter, more and Rolls-Royce's Pearl, both being working towards a greener tomorrow.” efficient routing, used for hydrogen research as part of “IADA proudly supports the busithe European Union's Clean Aviation ness aviation industry’s new ‘Climball contributing to program. Business aviation is at the ing. Fast.’ advocacy campaign,” said the goal of net-zero forefront of developing and certifying International Aircraft Dealers Associaelectric, hybrid and hydrogen propultion (IADA) Executive Director Wayne carbon emissions sion systems that will enable aircraft to Starling. “We are pleased to be a part of by 2050 fly carbon-free.'Climbing. Fast.' is on a this comprehensive industry initiative mission to net-zero by championing the to promote business aviation’s measurproduction and distribution of Sustainable, sustainable and ongoing progress able Aviation Fuel, which can reduce to improve our environment.” “‘Climbing. Fast.’ gives voice to the remarkable sus- net carbon emissions by up to 80 per cent and by producing tainability progress business aviation has made to achieve business aircraft that are 30 per cent more fuel efficient than net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, while meeting diverse the previous generation.

Now, NBAA along with eight other aviation associations has economic and societal needs,” International Business Aviation Council (IBAC) Executive Director Kurt Edwards said. released a new campaign called “Climbing Fast”, designed to “The campaign has a globally relevant message, and IBAC educate policymakers and opinion makers on what the induswill work with our members and other industry partners to try is doing to get to its net-zero goal by 2050. It is aimed at elevate it with policymakers around the world, underscor- the policymakers to show that the industry is uniting on this ing business aviation’s commitment to sustainability and advocacy campaign and it's climbing fast and it's doing a lot of things. ‘Climbing. Fast.’ is an initiative to showcase busibroader societal benefits.”

“NAFA is proud to support the ‘Climbing. Fast.’ initiative,” ness aviation’s many societal benefits, from driving opportunisaid National Aircraft Finance Association (NAFA) President Ed ties for today’s workforce, to leading sustainability innovations Medici. “We recognise the importance of a sustainable approach to achieve a commitment to reach net-zero carbon emissions to business aviation operations. NAFA members provide the by 2050. Business Aviation is on a mission to net-zero and is capital that allows the industry to realise a more sustainable ‘Climbing. Fast.’ SP

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REGULATIONS

AVIATION REGULATORS SHOULD BENCHMARK WITH GLOBAL STANDARDS AND ALIGN INDIAN AVIATION REGULATIONS WITH US AND EU STANDARDS TO ENSURE GROWTH OF THE SECTOR

EMBRACING CHANGE FOR GROWTH Empower Indian Aviation Regulators, to propel growth and ensure safety for a thriving Industry future

ILLUSTRATION: SP'S TEAM

By SANJAY JULKA, CEO TECHNICAL, AR AIRWAYS The Indian economy and aviation industry are currently going through the Golden Age. A social media viral post shows the aviation industry is one of the top ten things growing in India. Following phrases and figures have been floating around in various publications over the last year:

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Indian aviation growth is anticipated to be 6.3 per cent CAGR over the next 20 years, compared to 4.9 per cent for the rest of Asia (Airbus Forecast Global Market 2022-2041).

More than 100 aircraft per year are expected to be added to India’s inventory.

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The third largest domestic civil aviation market in the world (IATA DD5).

• India's location favours the growth of a big aviation hub: 50 per cent of the world's population lives within a 6-hour travel time, and 65 per cent of the population does so within a 10-hour flight time (IATA DD5).

• Approximately 90 registration/deregistration entries of Business aircraft were registered in 2021 and 2022 as opposed to 40 and 35 respectively in 2020 and 2021 (dgca.nic.in).

• There are more than 10,000 Business Jets for 600 Billionaires in the US. India is home to 132 Business Jets for about 166 billionaires. An average of 34 Billionaires are added to the list each year. India thus has to move from 132 Business Jets to even beyond 10,000 Business Jets.

• The number of operational airports has increased from 74 (in 2014) to 140 (in 2022) since the UDAN system was implemented, including 31 international airports. Within the next five years, this number will reach more than 200.

• The MRO sector is predicted to experience the biggest growth globally.

• The value of the aviation leasing market is $290 billion.

Leasing accounts for over 80 per cent of Indian airlines fleet.

Given that the order book is getting close to four figures, the government intends to keep generating money from leasing in India. The government as a result has established GIFT city leasing.

Such mammoth growth would require infrastructural and institutional support, of the magnitude that has never been wit-

nessed before. Each of the following verticals of aviation would need to be planned and implemented meticulously: • Pilots • Engineers • Managers • Airports, parking spaces and hangars • Training Infrastructure • MROs • Paint and Interior hangars • Regulators • Colleges • FBOs • Handling Agencies • Above all, a Competitive Aviation Tax and regulatory environment, comparable, if not better than the world.

THE IMPORTANCE OF TAX AND REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT The above growth would be largely determined by the environment. We need changes, ideally disruptive changes, to surpass our goals. We must at the very least adapt to international best practices. Since the FAA has the best aviation understanding and is the industry leader in aviation, one would personally advise adhering to FAA policies. At the very least, our policies should be in line with EASA if not FAA. RECOGNISING IMPEDIMENTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT There are numerous growth barriers that India needs to solve immediately. From more than two decades, these have

ILLUSTRATION: SP'S TEAM

IT IS TIME FOR INDIAN AVIATION REGULATORS TO BOOST GA AND BA INDUSTRY IN INDIA

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been existing, noticed, discussed, debated and put under the carpet. Now, these impediments must be removed. Otherwise, the above opportunity would be lost. Aviation being a communication industry, an opportunity lost in Aviation has a spiral effect on the economy of the country.

• Customs Duty on Private Aircraft: There was a period when the Business Aircraft Operator’s Association (BAOA) every year, approached Ministry of Civil Aviation (MOCA), who in turn approached the Ministry of Finance, to seek that this tax be removed, since it obviously impeded the expansion of Business Aviation in India. BAOA highlighted the amount of money lost as a result of this retrogressive tax, in its first industry report in 2016. The amount contributed to GDP as a result of fewer private aircraft inducted into India, far surpassed the amount collected by the government in customs tax on private aircraft. Successive governments have been turning a blind eye to this monstrous tax in order to avoid appearing to be favoring the uber rich.

The aviation industry is a communication industry. You put Business Aviation on the ground first, and then you build an industry around it. First comes a small business plane, then a larger business plane, then the small commuter plane and finally the large commuter plane. The town progressed as Aviation evolved in Raigarh, India. This is how a village grows into a town, towns grow into cities, and cities grow into metropolises.

That is how the economy expands and how India would rise to third place in the world economy. The example of Raigarh or other towns like Wichita in USA, must be explained to the nation, paving the way for India's tax and regulatory environment to be comparable, if not better, than that of the developed world.

• Fractional Ownership: In USA and Europe, an individual can purchase even a 1/16th stake of an airplane. Fractional ownership facilitates the maximum usage of a capital asset, in this case an aircraft. The government would have to make some bold decisions regarding the owner-operator idea, i.e. approve having a separate owner of a business aircraft and a separate operator, in order to introduce this to India. In order to reap the best dividends from this concept, for another reason, the government must abolish customs duty on all aircraft.

• Other Taxes in Aviation: Unlike other industries, Indian Aviation competes with airlines from surrounding nations.

Therefore taxes and regulations in aviation, have a much higher impact on ‘foreign competition’. Consider that your washing machine needs to be repaired. It would not be practical to send the washing machine abroad for repairs, regardless of the GST and taxes charged in India. On the other hand, due to the ability of aircraft to fly internationally, Indian aircraft can easily fly abroad for maintenance or a foreign aircraft can easily fly in and pick up Indian pax. At times, it is less expensive to charter an airplane out of Dubai (where fuel is more affordable) and fly it into India and then leave for abroad than it is to hire an aircraft based in India.

Using the same analogy, the aviation MRO sector has been able to impress upon the Government and has got the GST on foreign aircraft repair or on parts imported into India, exempted. The Same principle needs to be followed for all other verticals of aviation.

• Crew Having More Flight Time Requirements than other Nations: In India, if an experienced pilot decides to switch to a new type of aircraft, he does his type training on simulator, come back to India, then fly approx 100 hours with an instructor, and only after this does he get to fly as pilot in command of the new type of aircraft. The FAA and EASA do

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GIFT CITY: THE NEW HUB FOR INDIAN AIRCRAFT LEASING AND FINANCING

MRO GROWTH India's MRO Market in

2021

1.7 Bn

CAGR 8.9%

India's MRO Market in

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4 Bn

Global CAGR - 5.6%

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not mandate these 100h, and the pilot is regarded as competent as soon as the type training for the new type is finished on the simulator. If 100 aircraft are going to be added to India each year and 100 pilots are to retire, there would be two seasoned and experienced captains in the cockpit for 20,000 hours of flight time each year. In contrast to this, in developed countries the aircraft would be piloted for 20,000 hours by one experienced captain and one less experienced co-pilot. This anomaly needs to be removed. A wasteful and a cautious approach would create shortage of pilots and foreign pilots would need to be inducted. Besides increasing cost of operations, induction of foreign pilots is often found detrimental to flight safety.

Dual Captaincy: All over the Business Aviation world of developed nations, there is a practice of a pilot flying two to three different type of aircraft. The DGCA also permits dual captaincy, but because of its excessive caution, barely approves this. In some charter businesses and private airlines, the pilots fly barely 200 hours a year, although their best use would be about 1,000 hours a year. As explained in the previous paragraph, the significant underutilisation of pilots leads to pilot shortages and related effects. Thus, it is necessary to promote dual captaincy without inhibitions.

18-Year-Old Minimum Age to Import Aircraft: The FAA, EASA, and several advanced registries do not maintain an 18-year minimum age restriction for aircraft import. This is due to the aircraft's design, which allows it to sustain pressure cycles sometimes equal to 50 years of operation. In India, we forbid the induction of aircraft that are older than 18 years.

Businesses gets affected. Entrepreneurship in aviation is

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REGULATIONS

major repair, and overhaul of components. Establishing a impacted. Growth is hampered. If we are not discarding existrequirement that OEMs construct a base workshop in India ing aircraft in the country that are older than 18 years, then and hire and train local labour before introducing any new there is no logical reasoning to keep this restriction. aircraft into the nation is an excellent strategy to ensure The Helicopter Industry is Grossly Underutilised: State of this. Even otherwise, the government must hold hands with Alaska alone has 9,000 helicopters. In contrast, India as a businessmen who want to invest in MRO by negotiating with whole have about 275 civil helicopters. Helicopters are verOEMs and obtain the capabilities desired by these investors. satile vehicles. In addition to passenger transport, they can be used for a wide range of tasks such as rescue operations, law enforcement, heavy lift missions, power line repair, heli- ARE THESE IMPEDIMENTS DIFFICULT TO BE REMOVED? tourism, off-shore oil rigs, photography, surveys, and more. Above changes are a justified ask by the airline operators and India requires help from the State Governments to build heli- other stake holders. These are all followed by developed nations. pads across the state and to fund the hours and underwrite The Government has been maintaining a standard, non-comseats for medical or emergency relief operations or for pro- mittal response for more than a decade that ‘Indian flying condimoting any of the roles described above. Under utilisation of tions are not yet ready for a change’ and would begin comparing the helicopter's next-generation avionics and instrumenta- data with developing nations rather than developed countries. tion is a further issue that needs to be addressed. The funda- So, what exactly are these Indian flying conditions? Unfortumental reason for which helicopters are created is defeated nately, no one has been able to specify or point them out. And, if by our antiquated night flight regulations for helicopters and we don't know these conditions that prevail, how will we know our insistence on Heli runways for IFR operations. when they no longer exist? Here are some facts that imply that Filing of Differences in ICAO: We are reluctant to use this there are no such India specific conditions that justify maintainprovision; instead, we enforce ICAO directives verbatim ing these antiquated restrictions that impede progress: without considering how they might hinder the develop- • According to recent ICAO and FAA flight safety ratings, ment of aviation in the country. Many developed countries Indian performance has been very good. India has some of regularly submit these differences because the ICAO allows the lowest rates of accidents and incidents worldwide. for such filing. Insisting on FDR • Indians are in top positions all Type 1A for aircraft being imported across the world, with some even being into India is an illustration of this.

Prime Ministers and some running for While the developed nation filed President of Developed Nations. If they differences and adopted this as a are doing this in such large numbers, Exploit Technology prospective requirement on aircraft how can we dismiss caliber of Indians and leverage being manufactured, India adopted in India? innovation for this verbatim insisted on retro fit• In USA, the top notch or the cream ment of FDRs on existing aircraft, of a batch does not become a pilot. an efficient and despite this being a prohibitively Invariably the pilots in US are paid competitive Aviation expensive and sometimes very commuch below what the top notch of a plex modification. This has stalled batch are paid. In contrast, our pilots sector the induction of some lightweight and Engineers are paid as much as the aircraft into the country totally or top notch. So, if Indians are competent created difficulties for the same. (last Para) and amongst them, if the top The RBI's Restrictions to Remit notches are pilots and engineers, then Money Overseas: While the rest of the world uses credit what is creating the fear of failure? cards and fast bank transfers for payments, our regulations • We have risen to fifth place in the economies of the world, call for RBI permission prior to remitting foreign exchange after dislodging some of Europe's most advanced nations. abroad. Often this permission is given only after the DGCA So, at the very least, our limits today should not be more gives permission or other pre-requisites are fulfilled. Good stringent than those imposed by the four nations above us. market transactions are consequently lost, which has a neg- • At the forefront of affairs is a very youthful and active minisative impact on businesses. ter. We will never be able to implement world-class techniques Fully Signatory to Cape Town Convention: The governif we do not do it now. Time has come for the Regulators to ment did a good job by setting up GIFT city finance provibelieve in change and face these growth challenges head on. sions to promote aircraft leasing. However, recently, lessors were unable to repossess their aircraft from Go Air and CONCLUSION Spice Jet. This has discouraged lessors from leasing into No Venture, no gain! Success will not come if we are afraid of India. Aircraft leasing in India is destined to suffer until the failure. Similarly, Indian Aviation regulators need to be proconditions of lessee failure are aligned to the world stan- active and take prompt decisions that are believed to be in dard practice or developed country practice, i.e., in favour national interest. These highly required changes should not be of lessors. India therefore needs to be a full signatory to the questioned as long as the regulations match those of the United Cape Town Convention.

States or the European Union. The system would always have Boost in the MRO Sector: We must stop the money from some spoilers. Strong laws must be used to deal with them. leaving the nation. While starting to manufacture aircraft in Exploit technology. Have the harshest penalties for noncompliIndia will bring about a significant transformation, we must ance and violations of flight safety. Operators do not want the at least make sure that the foreign remittance in aviation regulator to be lenient on them. They only want decision-makMRO is decreased. India would need to have capable work- ers to provide the best tax and regulatory environment so as to shops equipped to handle component design, engineering, keep pace with the world, if not outpace them. SP

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CIVIL

INDUSTRY

AMID INCREASING DEMAND FOR AIR TRAVEL, INDIA IS EXPECTED TO REQUIRE 2,380 NEW COMMERCIAL AIRPLANES BY 2038

INDIA'S COMMERCIAL AVIATION DYNAMICS & ROAD AHEAD PHOTOGRAPH: DELHIAIRPORT / X

India's Commercial Aviation Sector is firmly on the fast track for a record-breaking growth despite facing some robust challenges

By AYUSHEE CHAUDHARY The civil aviation industry in India has emerged as one of the fastest-growing industries in the country. According to the India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF), the Indian aviation industry has recovered fully from the COVID-19 pandemic shock as indicated by the air traffic movement which stood at 327.28 million in FY23 compared to 188.89 million in FY22.

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India is expected to come behind China and the United States as the world's third-largest air passenger market in the next ten years, by 2030, according to the International Air Transport Association (IATA).

Both government and private sectors are investing significantly in infrastructure development to facilitate this growth.

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INDUSTRY

PHOTOGRAPH: AAIGAUAIRPORT / X

MINISTRY OF CIVIL AVIATION IS WORKING TO ESTABLISH SIX 'TWIN CITY' AIRPORTS BY 2030 TO DECONGEST MAJOR CITY AIRPORTS AND EXPAND INFRASTRUCTURE

Key drivers of this growth include rising household incomes, the emergence of low-cost carriers, increased FDI inflows, and a growing GDP. The market size of the industry right now is at an impressive scale, the passenger growth has witnessed a significant increase, and a large number of plane orders have emerged alongside the merger of AirAsia India and Air Vistara into Air India and a new number of regional airlines coming into the picture are some of the positive sides of Indian aviation industry’s landscape.

• Air India had this February ordered 470 aircraft from Boeing and Airbus with 400 single aisles and 70 wide bodies including A350s, Boeing 787s and B777X. This order has options and purchase rights for 370 additional aircraft to be procured from Airbus and Boeing over the next decade.

• IndiGo made history by placing the largest order ever by an Indian airline — for 500 Airbus A320 family single aisle aircraft. IndiGo’s order book, comprising a mix of A320neo (new engine option), A321neo and A321XLRs, has almost a 1,000 aircraft yet to be delivered well into the next decade.

• Akasa Air has ordered additional Boeing 737 MAX jets, taking its total order to 76 aircraft. The airline is also on course to announce another significant three-digit aircraft order by the end of 2023.

However, while there are many such growth symbols, there are also certain challenges that prevail as certain airlines look on the verge of shutting down as GoAir has filed for bankruptcy, SpiceJet is facing huge financial issues, Jet Airways is still unable to come back, Akasa encountering manpower issues, ATF prices are skyrocketing, supply chain issues, wafer-thin operating margins, delays in deliveries of aircraft by the OEMs, etc still hold down the industry.

Recent developments in the Indian aviation sector have been transformative, exemplified by record-breaking aircraft orders by major airlines. Air India and IndiGo secured remarkable orders for 470 and 500 aircraft, respectively, in early 2023, signaling growing industry confidence. IndiGo's market share in

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­ eptember 2023 increased by 10 basis points to 63.4 per cent, folS lowing three consecutive months of growth after GoFirst's cessation of operations. Vistara surpassed Air India to become the second-largest domestic carrier in September, claiming a 10 per cent market share. Air India maintained a 9.8 per cent market share.

AirAsia India retained its fourth position. Akasa Air faced market share challenges due to pilot shortages and carried 5.17 lakh passengers in September, securing a 4.2 per cent market share. The UDAN scheme has facilitated the entry of new players in the aviation industry, including StarAir, IndiaOne Air, and FlyBig, further expanding the Indian aviation industry. Amid increasing demand for air travel, India is expected to require 2,380 new commercial airplanes by 2038, and the Indian travel market, estimated at ~$75 billion in FY20, is projected to exceed $125 billion by FY27.

AIR TRAFFIC SITUATION September marks the seventh consecutive month of domestic air traffic surpassing pre-COVID levels in India. Domestic air traffic in September grew by 18.3 per cent year-on-year, with approximately 1.23 crore passengers carried. Air traffic for January-September increased by 29.1 per cent compared to the previous year. However, there were a few challenges in the H1 of FY24 in the shape of GoFirst stopping operations in early May and IndiGo seeing some grounding of aircraft due to engine issues. The industry managed to maintain its capacity despite these challenges, resulting in the highest-ever Q2 passenger numbers, illustrating the sector's resilience. While the first ten days of October have shown improvement compared to the previous month, a stellar quarter has yet to be confirmed, with the holiday season, including Dussehra, Diwali, Christmas, and New Year holidays, just beginning.

AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE EXPANSION India's airport capacity is on track to accommodate one billion trips annually by 2023, bolstered by the UDAN scheme's expansion of routes and airports. Challenges in airport i­nfrastructure

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CIVIL

INDUSTRY

INDIAN GOVERNMENT AND DOMESTIC MRO STAKEHOLDERS HAVE INITIATED THE DEVELOPMENT OF MRO HUBS IN VARIOUS REGIONS

PHOTOGRAPH: AIESL

involve the need for more modern facilities and increased runway capacity to manage escalating flight and passenger numbers. In line with that, many new Greenfield International Airports are also coming up in India. These airports coming up with adequate facilities is crucial because one of the main infrastructure challenges faced by the aviation industry in India is the need for adequate airport facilities. Another challenge is the need for more runway capacity. As the number of flights and passengers continues to grow, there is a need for more runways to accommodate the increased traffic.

The Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA) is working to establish six 'Twin City' airports by 2030 to decongest major city airports and expand infrastructure to meet surging air travel demand. The government aims to develop 100 airports by 2024 under the UDAN Scheme, investing an anticipated $1.83 billion in airport infrastructure by 2026. As of 2023, India has 148 operational airports, with plans to increase this number to 220 by 2025. Alongside airport expansion, enhancing the existing air traffic management system and improving connectivity between airports and other transportation modes are essential.

WORKFORCE CHALLENGES The aviation sector's demand for a highly skilled workforce, encompassing roles like pilots, aircraft maintenance engineers, air traffic controllers, and ground handling staff, faces the significant hurdle of expensive training costs. Aviation training necessitates substantial investments in infrastructure and equipment, with many training facilities in India requiring upgrades to meet international standards. Addressing this challenge involves enhancing the affordability and quality of training, developing adequate training facilities, fostering collaboration between industry stakeholders and educational institutions, and tackling attrition issues. Resolving this requires substantial investments and commitments from industry players, the government, and educational institutions.

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According to CAPA India research, Indian scheduled operators are projected to require an additional 10,900 pilots by FY30.

Although the DGCA asserts that India produces an adequate number of pilots annually, airlines present a different perspective. Air India's Chief, Campbell Wilson, acknowledges the need to rely on expatriate pilots and has announced a reduction in flights to certain US routes due to crew shortages. Recent incidents, such as Akasa Air initiating legal action against former pilots for leaving without notice resulting in significant flight cancellations, have highlighted the core issue of pilot shortage.

While many pilots are being recruited, a significant mismatch exists between aircraft and the availability of experienced crew.

MRO MARKET GROWTH The projected surge in air travel in India is poised to amplify the demand for Maintenance, Repair & Overhaul (MRO) services.

Currently valued at around $900 million, the Indian Civil Aviation MRO market is expected to reach $4.33 billion by 2025, reflecting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 14-15 per cent. In parallel, the Indian drone industry anticipates a total turnover of up to $1.8 billion by 2026.

The allocation of land for MRO facilities in India was extended to 30 years in September 2021, signifying India's aspiration to become a 'Global MRO Hub.' The US has also committed to creating a global hub for MRO for high-end drones in India. The Indian government and domestic MRO stakeholders have initiated the development of MRO hubs in various regions, including a project at the twin airport facility in Noida. Uttar Pradesh plans to establish an MRO hub near Noida International Airport, offering land-related subsidies and other incentives. Additionally, South Indian states, such as Karnataka, Hyderabad, and Tamil Nadu, have also introduced specific MRO policies and increased efforts to develop MRO hubs in urban locations.

REGULATIONS, FRAMEWORKS, AND POLICY Government interventions significantly influence the growth

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INDUSTRY

THE ESTABLISHMENT OF FLIGHT TRAINING ORGANISATION (FTO) IN KHAJURAHO SIGNIFIES THE REGION'S EMERGENCE AS A HUB FOR AVIATION EDUCATION AND TRAINING, OFFERING STATE-OF-THE-ART FACILITIES AND TOP-NOTCH INSTRUCTION TO FUTURE AVIATORS

PHOTOGRAPH: MOCA_GOI / X

of India's aviation industry. The introduction of schemes like UDAN in June 2016 aimed to offer half of the flights at subsidised fares, supporting aviation development. However, the regulatory framework governing the industry is complex and often challenging to navigate due to multiple government agencies involved, including MoCA, DGCA, the Airports Authority of India (AAI), and the Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS). Key challenges in this regulatory framework include the need for greater clarity and consistency in policies, a slow pace of regulatory reform, and a requirement for enhanced transparency and accountability in the regulatory process. A more streamlined, clearer, and efficient regulatory framework is necessary for the industry's growth and development.

SUPPLY CHAIN To ease the supply chain issues that continue to arise due to the lack of spares in India, Air India has commissioned the construction of an engineering warehouse to store more than one million spare parts. The 54,000 ft.2 centralised warehouse will consolidate 16 locations throughout Delhi and Mumbai into a single facility and will house parts for maintenance, checks, and repairs of its aircraft and ground support equipment. In a statement, the airline said the facility will support its growing fleet and boost its operational reliability as a "one-stop solution" for engineering requirements.

The facility will be located near Delhi Indira Gandhi International Airport's Air Cargo Logistics division, with the aim of significantly speeding up

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t­urnarounds of the airline’s flights operating out of Delhi. It is also strategically positioned to support maintenance operations for Air India, Air India Express, and AIX Connect. Air India will use the warehouse to store aircraft spares, tools, and ground support equipment ranging from hardware to more complex avionics, hydraulics, structural, pneumatic, and mechanical components. Many more such facilities are required to manage the large supply chain discrepancies.

THE COST BURDEN The aviation industry in India faces substantial costs associated with aircraft acquisition, maintenance, fuel, labor, regulatory fees, and airport charges. The high cost of aviation turbine fuel (ATF), largely due to high taxes and levies, remains a significant challenge. Variability in airport charges adds to the overall cost structure, demanding greater transparency and consistency. To address cost issues, the industry needs to focus on reducing ATF costs, improving transparency in airport charges, investing in modern technology and equipment, and addressing overcapacity concerns.

In 2022, the contribution of India's travel and tourism sector to India's economy was worth $190 billion. By the end of this year, it would be worth $200 billion, as per the data released by the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC).

The forecast for the next ten years is worth an enormous almost $450 billion and this rise in demand for air travel in India has necessitated the development of a robust ecosystem and supportive government policies to ensure that the targets are matched sustainably. SP

Aviation training necessitates substantial investments in infrastructure and equipment, with many training facilities in India requiring upgrades to meet international standards

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MILITARY

TECHNOLOGY

HYPERSONIC WEAPONS CAN EVADE MOST SENSORS CURRENTLY USED TO TRACK BALLISTIC MISSILES, AS WELL AS THE INTERCEPTOR MISSILES DEPLOYED TO DESTROY THEM

FUTURISTIC WEAPONRY TO THE FORE While the true capability of hypersonic missiles and other futuristic weapons technologies may currently lag the hype there is no reason to believe it will always be so

PHOTOGRAPH: WIKIPEDIA / KREMLIN.RU

By JOSEPH NORONHA If you thought the world’s major nations were busy fighting the COVID-19 pandemic or climate change these past few years, think again. Behind the scenes they have been embroiled in some deadly new arms races – ranging from hypersonic weapons to autonomous drone swarms to directedenergy weapons (DEW). And perhaps many more. These races are even more fast and furious than the 20th century rivalries featuring nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) weapons.

At that time thankfully saner counsel prevailed. World leaders realised that weapons of mass destruction (WMD) could threaten the very survival of humanity, and they were controlled to some extent by international treaties and agreements.

But it is hard to see how the current contests can be curbed.

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Some futuristic weapons are still in the concept stage or in early development, while others are already deployed or are nearing maturity. Here we will consider three new types of weapons that have been used in combat or are close to that stage.

• Hypersonic Missiles: Missiles that can fly long distances at greater than five times the speed of sound (Mach 5) while retaining the ability to manoeuvre during the entire flight trajectory.

• Drone Swarms: Large numbers of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) dispatched simultaneously for a variety of missions, such as surveillance, bombing, or electronic warfare.

Drone swarms are growing increasingly autonomous or capable of operating without human intervention.

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MILITARY

PHOTOGRAPH: USAF-AFRL

•

TECHNOLOGY

Directed-Energy Weapons (DEW): Potentially very powerful and accurate weapons that generate a focused beam of electromagnetic energy to degrade, damage or destroy targets.

upgrade of the BrahMos medium range, supersonic cruise missile. BrahMos Aerospace is striving to produce the BrahMos-2 hypersonic missile, modelled on Russia’s Zircon that can fly at Mach 9. According to BrahMos Aerospace, once Indian government approval is accorded, it will take eight years before BrahMos-2 is ready for trials.

HOMING IN ON HYPERSONICS Hypersonic flight presents a number of technological challenges due to the extreme frictional heat generated. Manoeuvring is difficult and even gentle turns consume much of the missile’s DEFENDING THE INDEFENSIBLE? kinetic energy and slow it down. There are two main types of Hypersonic missiles are difficult to intercept and can deliver a hypersonic missiles: devastating payload. For the US, the most worrisome prospect is • Hypersonic glide vehicles (HGV) or hypersonic boost-glide that low-flying HCMs – possibly nuclear tipped – could evade even missiles are launched and accelerated to hypersonic speeds its sophisticated early warning system. The US might be blind to a by rockets, then glide hypersonically towards the target. missile attack and its ability to respond significantly constrained.

HGVs have already been used in conflict.

Even if the detection problem were somehow solved, the Patriot • Hypersonic cruise missiles (HCM) use their own engine power Advanced Capability (PAC-3) system and the Standard Missile-6 to maintain hypersonic speeds. They are powered by scram- (SM-6) are the main arrows America’s quiver. However, their jets (supersonic combustion ramjets) that have no moving effectiveness against manoeuvring hypersonic targets is limited. parts, but burn fuel in a stream of supersonic air compressed And such defensive missiles are costly – around $5 million per by the forward speed of the missile.

SM-6 – making their widespread use prohibitively expensive.

Speed alone is not what makes hypersonic weapons deadly. It Lasers as defensive systems are superior to projectile weapis their peculiar trajectory that renders them difficult to detect and their ability to manoeuvre that makes them near impossible to intercept. They can evade most sensors currently used to track ballistic missiles, as well as the interceptor missiles deployed to destroy them. Even if the launch of a hypersonic missile were detected, it would then fly outside the lineof-sight envelope of terrestrial radars and provide even advanced defensive systems inadequate reaction time. This could destabilise nuclear deterrence.

Russia was the first nation to field an operational hypersonic missile in 2019 with Avangard, an HGV with a claimed 6,000 km range. China followed suit in 2020 with the Dongfeng-17, an HGV with a range of 1,800 to 2,500 km. Russia is also developing the Zircon scramjet-powered, submarine-launched anti-ship HCM and several other types of hypersonic weapons. North Korea has tested the Hwasong-8, a short-range ballistic missile, claimed to include a hypersonic manoeuvrable re-entry vehicle. The MASSED DRONE ATTACKS ARE EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO TACKLE WITH CONVENTIONAL United States has several hypersonic missile develWEAPONRY AND THE DEFENDERS CAN USUALLY BE OVERWHELMED opment programmes running concurrently and is expected to deploy its own HGVs in the near future.

In March 2022, Russia became the first country to use a hyper- ons, having the advantages of instantaneous hits, pinpoint accusonic weapon in combat when it launched its Kinzhal (dagger) racy, scalable power requirements and negligible cost per shot. missile with a speed of Mach 10 and a payload of 480 kg to strike However, they also have huge energy requirements, get attenuan arms depot in Ukraine. However, military analysts believe that ated over distance and are susceptible to adverse weather condiKinzhal is actually an air-launched ballistic missile (a technology tions. Besides, very high-powered lasers are required to neutralthat is decades old). It is not really manoeuvrable in hypersonic ise hypersonic missiles and such lasers currently do not exist. flight and hence does not meet the definition of an HGV. Another possibility would be high-powered radiation that could China’s fascination with hypersonic missiles probably lies disrupt the missile’s radar guidance and navigation systems, and more in their use for conventional warfighting than for an all- deflect it from its intended path. For nations with space warfare out nuclear attack. For instance, a US aircraft carrier off Taiwan capability, anti-satellite weapons could be used to knock out the could be a juicy target for a Chinese hypersonic missile. If China enemy’s military satellites essential for targeting, tracking and were to build a sizeable arsenal of such weapons it would, to guidance of the hypersonic missiles. And the old maxim, “the some extent, neutralise the significant lead the US currently best defence is a good offence” also applies – in other words, enjoys in military power. a strong deterrent. If India is known to have viable hypersonic With China running a very ambitious hypersonic missile weapons it would probably deter adversaries from using them development programme, India cannot afford to be complacent. against the country for fear of massive retaliation in kind.

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is currently testing its scramjet-powered Hypersonic Technol- SWARM DRONES ogy Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV). However, the Indian Air Russia’s war in Ukraine has turned the spotlight on various Force’s main hopes of fielding a hypersonic weapon rest on an futuristic weapon technologies. With innovation happening at

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MILITARY

TECHNOLOGY

PHOTOGRAPH: LOCKHEED MARTIN

lightning speed, the conflict has become an ideal testing ground for emerging military systems. Military analysts are calling this the first commercial space war, the first full-scale drone war, and the first artificial intelligence (AI) war.

In fact, drones of all shapes and sizes crisscross Ukraine’s skies on a 24x7 basis. Never before have so many been deployed in conflict. Many drones were originally designed for commercial purposes or for hobbyists – cheap, simple to use and even dispensable. They fly low and slow, and can be easily destroyed with the right weapons. However, it often means that an expensive missile is used to destroy a cheap drone. In October 2022, Ukraine claimed it was shooting down 70 per cent or more of Russian Shahed loitering drones, procured from Iran, but the drones that got through were enough to incapacitate Ukraine’s electrical grid.

A drone swarm is a group of UAVs which cooperate with each other using advanced autonomy, communication and AI protocols to execute various mission objectives with minimal human intervention. They are inherently self-organising to ensure collision avoidance between one another and obstacle avoidance. All

about 150 km. These kamikaze drones can be launched in small batches but coalesce when airborne to attack or defend targets.

AWAITING DEW High-power lasers (HPL) and high-power microwaves (HPM) have emerged as the two main branches of DEW technology.

Unlike kinetic munitions, DEWs operate at the speed of light, enabling rapid engagement and a virtually unlimited magazine.

Their main drawback at present is that they are too low-powered to take out aircraft or large missiles. But they can be gainfully employed against small low-tech, low-lethality drones. In fact they may be the only viable response against swarms of small drones. They are perhaps also the only practical defence against a hypersonic missile attack.

In the development of DEW systems in India, it is the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and its adjunct, the Hyderabad-based Centre for High Energy Systems and Sciences (CHESS) that play a key role. There are reports of considerable progress. However, a practicable offensive or defensive weapon suitable for the IAF is yet to be deployed.

HYPE HELPS Over the next few years, hypersonic missiles, drone swarms and DEWs are likely to proliferate globally and perhaps overshadow conventional weaponry to some extent. Therefore, another race is simultaneously picking up speed – to develop effective sensors and defences against these revolutionary weapons. Each passing day also brings new advances in AI, and despite dire warnings of the threat AI could pose to humanity, it is already in use for military purposes. AI can guide missiles and control swarms of drones, keeping humans entirely out of the loop. Most likely it is also being employed to develop new types of fully autonomous weapons.

Some analysts believe that Russia and China could be considerably exaggerating their hypersonic prowess and the capability of their futuristic weaponry. Both nations have a history of doing so. It is LASERS SYSTEMS HAVE THE ADVANTAGES OF INSTANTANEOUS HITS, PINPOINT a game the US Department of Defense is willing to ACCURACY, SCALABLE POWER REQUIREMENTS AND NEGLIGIBLE COST PER SHOT play along with because unless US lawmakers are sufficiently alarmed by the perceived threat they are members in a swarm contribute to collective decision-making, unlikely to approve the huge funds necessary to develop and proadaptive formation flying, and self-healing, thus obviating the duce such weaponry. Some analysts also believe that although the need for a unique leader. Drone swarms move in groups perhaps military effectiveness of hypersonic missiles is not significantly widely dispersed at first, hiding from radar, only to converge on more than that of conventional missiles, their advantage is that the designated target at the last minute. The swarm can react to hypersonic weaponry has a certain psychological and propathreats without human intervention – changing course, speed, ganda effect, or can inspire terror. Still, for at least two or three or altitude and manoeuvring around heavily protected air space decades, hypersonic missiles will remain extremely expensive, so even countries with enormous military budgets like the US and – and can absorb huge losses without being deterred.

Massed drone attacks are extremely difficult to tackle with China will have to content themselves with small arsenals. In fact, conventional weaponry and the defenders can usually be over- Russia may soon run out of its hypersonic missiles.

War has a way of pitilessly exposing shortcomings and demolwhelmed. This has been evident in the high density Ukrainian drone attacks that successfully breached Russian defences and ishing tall claims. In March 2023, when Russia launched a coordestroyed fuel and ammunition dumps. True swarm drones offer dinated aerial attack over Ukraine, five out of six of its Kinzhal an even higher value of return and with bright chances of target hypersonic missiles were ostensibly destroyed by Ukraine using US-supplied Patriot missile systems. But while the true capabilsaturation and mission success.

Several countries across the globe are actively pursuing ity of hypersonic missiles and other futuristic weapons technoloswarm drone programmes. Veda Defense System, a New Delhi- gies may currently lag the hype there is no reason to believe it based start-up, has reportedly won an order to make 200 long- will always be so. India therefore has no choice but to accelerate range swarm drones costing `300 crore for the IAF. Expected to the development of its own arsenal of futuristic weapons, as well be ready for induction in 12 months, the UAVs will have a range of as defensive systems against such attacks. SP

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ISSUE 10 • 2023

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HALL OF FAME

JOE KITTINGER (1928–2022) This flight, lasting 13 minutes and 45 seconds from bailout, earned Kittinger several world records: the highest open-gondola balloon ascent, the highest parachute jump, the longest free-fall, and the fastest speed through the atmosphere attained by a human

Joe Kittinger was an officer in the United States Air Force (USAF) from 1950 to 1978. He participated in the Project Manhigh and Project Excelsior high-altitude balloon flights from 1956 to 1960. In the process he became the first person to visually observe the curvature of planet Earth. He held the world record for the highest skydive from 1960 till 2012. He was a fighter pilot during the Vietnam War. In 1984, he also became the first person to make a solo crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in a gas balloon. In 2012, Kittinger’s high-altitude expertise came in handy to direct Felix Baumgartner in his successful effort to break Kittinger’s 52-year old records for highest parachute jump and fastest velocity. Baumgartner’s own records were broken in 2014 by Alan Eustace.

Joseph William Kittinger was born in Tampa, Florida on July 27, 1928. He was attracted to aviation at a young age and soloed in a Piper Cub at age 17. He joined the USAF in March 1949 and completed his initial training a year later, receiving his pilot wings and a commission as a second lieutenant. Later he was assigned to the 86th Fighter-Bomber Wing based at Ramstein, West Germany, flying the F-84 Thunderjet and F-86 Sabre.

In the mid-1950s Kittinger was recruited for aero-medical research and soon assigned as a test pilot for Project Manhigh, which was initiated to study cosmic radiation, astronaut selection and training, and high altitude flight in general. In the first Manhigh ascent in June 1957 he remained aloft for almost seven hours as the balloon climbed to 29,300 m. Next came Project Excelsior that focused on a person’s ability to survive high-altitude bailouts. Kittinger almost tasted death in his first jump from about 23,300 m, when an equipment malfunction sent him into a flat spin and rendered him unconscious. Fortunately, the automatic parachute opener operated flawlessly just 1,600 m above the ground and saved his life.

On August 16, 1960, Kittinger set a new altitude record, soaring 1,02,800 feet (31,300 m) in Excelsior III, an open gondola. Protected by layers of clothing and a pressure suit, he survived temperatures as low as minus 70 degrees Celsius. He climbed to his maximum altitude in one hour and 31 minutes even though he began experiencing severe pain in his right hand caused by a failure in his pressure glove. After staying at peak altitude for about twelve minutes he leapt out into

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space. Thirteen seconds later, a two-metre parachute opened and stabilised his fall, preventing a flat spin. In another four minutes and 36 seconds, reaching a maximum speed of 988 km/h, he plunged down to about 5,330 m where his regular 8.5 m parachute opened. Describing his impressions of this phase he said, “You know you are going very fast, but you don’t feel it. You don’t have a 614-mph wind blowing on you.

I could only hear myself breathing in the helmet.” He finally executed a flawless landing at White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico. This flight, lasting 13 minutes and 45 seconds from bailout, earned Kittinger several world records: the highest open-gondola balloon ascent, the highest parachute jump, the longest free-fall, and the fastest speed through the atmosphere attained by a human. He had proved that human beings could function on the edge of space and that a safe parachute descent from there was feasible. His feat gained him the nickname “The Man Who Fell from Space”.

During the long-running Vietnam War, Kittinger served three operational tours of duty with a total of 483 combat missions on the Douglas A-26 Invader and later the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II. He was credited with shooting down a North Vietnamese MiG-21. However, he was himself shot down on May 11, 1972, just before the end of his third tour of duty. He spent 11 months as prisoner of war. He logged 7,679 flying hours in the USAF, including 948 combat flying hours. In addition, he flew over 9,100 hours in various civilian aircraft.

Kittinger retired from the USAF as a colonel in 1978.

Not done with ballooning, Kittinger set a world distance record for the AA-06 size category of gas balloons of 3,221.23 km in 1983. In 1984, he also completed the first solo balloon crossing of the Atlantic. This 5,703.03 km flight remains an official world aerospace record for the longest gas balloon flight in the AA-10 size category.

Describing his high-altitude experiences in National Geographic magazine, Kittinger said, “There is a hostile sky above me. Man will never conquer space. He may live in it, but he will never conquer it. The sky above is void and very black and very hostile.” Joe Kittinger died on December 9, 2022, from lung cancer, at the age of 94, and was interred at Arlington National Cemetery. SP — JOSEPH NORONHA

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DIGEST

MILITARY TRI-SERVICES COMMANDERS’ CONFERENCE 2023

Tri-Services Commanders’ Conference (TSCC)-2023 (Western Grouping) was held at Subroto Park, New Delhi on October 3 & 4, 2023 under the aegis of Western Air Command. The two-day conference was hosted by Air Marshal P.M. Sinha, Air Officer Commanding-inChief, Western Air Command. General Anil Chauhan, Chief of Defence Staff presided over the event.

The commanders reviewed the current geopolitical situation, deliberated on the means to enhance operational preparedness and synergy of operations in the area of interest. Discussions were also held on ensuring integrity of the borders and mitigating threats. Involved discussions and free exchange of ideas took place amidst an environment of bonhomie.

FIRST KC-390 ENTERS SERVICE WITH THE PORTUGUESE AIR FORCE

The first KC-390 Millennium of the Portuguese Air Force (FAP) has entered into service at the Beja Air Base. The aircraft meets the requirements set by the National Aeronautical Authority (AAN) of Portugal and includes standard NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) equipment already integrated into the aircraft. This integration results from an extensive flight tests campaign carried out in Portugal, in a joint effort between Embraer, OGMA, and FAP. In 2019, FAP ordered five KC-390 aircraft, a comprehensive services and support agreement and a flight simulator. The entry into

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service took place following a ceremony held Monday October 16, at the Embraer plant in Gavião Peixoto, Brazil.

The air-to-air refueling (AAR) configuration, designated the KC-390, has demonstrated its capabilities during operations with the Brazilian Air Force.

It is cleared to refuel several different fighter aircraft and is also able to refuel other KC-390s using the underwing pods. This is a unique feature for this type of aircraft.

Portugal is the largest international partner of the C-390 programme. Additionally, the multi-mission platform has orders from Brazil and Hungary and has been selected by the Netherlands, Austria and the Czech Republic.

CZECH REPUBLIC SELECTS THE C-390 MILLENNIUM

The Ministry of Defense and Armed Forces of the Czech Republic announced the start of negotiations on potential acquisition of the new-generation multimission Embraer C-390 Millennium, a military transport aircraft. The decision to start negotiating towards possible purchase the C-390 was based on a market assessment and analysis prepared by Czech Republic’s Ministry of Defense, which identified the C-390 as the most suitable solution for meeting the requirements of the Army of the Czech Republic.

Czech Republic intends to acquire two aircraft that will significantly increase its airlift capacity, allowing the Czech Army to perform missions such as air transport, air assault operations, aerial resupply, medical evacuation, humanitarian aid, air-to-air refueling and firefighting with these aircraft. Furthermore, the C-390 Millennium requires significant less maintenance than other aircraft, which translates into higher availability and lower life-cycle costs.

LCA TEJAS SUCCESSFULLY TEST-FIRES INDIGENOUS ASTRA

Tejas, Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) LSP-7 successfully fired the ASTRA indigenous Beyond Visual Range (BVR) air-to-air

missile off the coast of Goa on August 23, 2023. The missile release was successfully carried out from the aircraft at an altitude of about 20,000 ft. All the objectives of the test were met and it was a perfect text book launch.

ASTRA, a state-of-the-art BVR air-toair missile to engage and destroy highly maneuvering supersonic aerial targets, is designed and developed by Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL), Research Centre Imarat (RCI) and other laboratories of DRDO. The indigenous Astra BVR firing from home grown Tejas fighter is a major step towards ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’.

CIVIL CFM INTRODUCES UPGRADED HPT BLADE FOR CFM56 ENGINES

CFM announced that it is offering an upgraded High-Pressure Turbine (HPT) blade designed to enhance the durability of its CFM56-5B and CFM56-7B engines.

The new blade design leverages millions of hours of engine field data. Updates include increased wall thickness, optimised dovetail loading, and tightened manufacturing tolerances. The blade maintains the fuel burn benefit achieved with CFM56 Tech Insertion blade configurations launched in 2007.

The new HPT blades are being produced in Greenville, South Carolina. This state-of-the-art GE Aerospace facility, with 250 employees, has manufactured HPT blades for a diverse portfolio of commercial and military engines for more than a decade. On average, the site ships 1,000 parts per day, 5,000 part per week and 250,000 parts per year.

LUXAIR ORDERS FOUR EMBRAER E195-E2

Embraer and Luxair, flag carrier of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, have signed a firm order for four E195-E2.

Luxair has ordered four E195-E2s, with two options and three purchase rights for more aircraft, with conversion rights to E190-E2 as required. The first aircraft delivery is scheduled for Q4 2025.

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NEWS

DIGEST

BOEING, NASA, UNITED TO TEST SAF BENEFITS

SHOWN HERE, BOEING’S SECOND ECODEMONSTRATOR EXPLORER, A 737-10 DESTINED FOR UNITED AIRLINES WITH LEAP-1B ENGINES, WILL FLY WITH 100 PER CENT SAF AND CONVENTIONAL JET FUEL IN SEPARATE TANKS AND ALTERNATE FUELS DURING TESTING.

In a collaboration to strengthen sustainability in aviation, Boeing is partnering with NASA and United Airlines for inflight testing to measure how sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) affects contrails and non-carbon emissions, in addition to reducing the fuel’s life cycle climate impact.

Boeing’s second ecoDemonstrator Explorer, a 737-10 destined for United Airlines, will fly with 100 per cent SAF and conventional jet fuel in separate tanks and alternate fuels during testing. NASA’s DC-8 Airborne Science Lab will fly behind the commercial jet and measure emissions produced by each type of fuel and contrail ice particles. NASA satellites will capture images of contrail formation as part of the testing.

The researchers aim to understand how advanced fuels, engine combustor designs and other technologies may reduce atmospheric warming. For example, tests will assess how SAF affects the characteristics of contrails, the persistent condensation trails produced when airplanes fly through cold, humid air. While their full impact is not yet understood, some research has suggested certain contrails can trap heat in the atmosphere.

World Energy is supplying SAF for the tests from its Paramount, Calif., facility. Additional support includes: ○ US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is providing funding through the ASCENT Center of Excellence ○ GE Aerospace is providing technical expertise and project funding ○ German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt or DLR) is providing experts and instrumentation.

The project is the latest phase in a multi-year partnership between Boeing and NASA to analyze how SAF can reduce emissions and enable other environmental benefits. Compared to conventional jet fuel, SAF – made from a range of sustainably produced feedstocks – can reduce emissions by up to 85 per cent over the fuel’s life cycle and offers the greatest potential to reduce aviation CO2 over the next 30 years. SAF also produces less soot which can improve air quality near airports.

What the test partners are saying: ○ “We are honored to collaborate with NASA, United Airlines, and other valued partners on research that will strengthen the industry’s understanding of the benefits of SAF beyond reduc-

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ing carbon emissions,” said Boeing Chief Sustainability Officer Chris Raymond. “We’ve solved hard problems before, and if we continue to take meaningful actions, I’m confident we’ll achieve a more sustainable aerospace future, together.” ○ “Flight testing is complex and resource-intensive, yet it’s the gold standard for understanding how sustainable aerospace innovations affect changes in contrails and climate,” says Rich Wahls, NASA mission integration manager for the Sustainable Flight National Partnership. “This is why we’re bringing NASA’s DC-8 to bear on this collaboration, where the valuable flight data will improve our predictive models.” ○ “This collaboration between Boeing, NASA and United has the potential to not only help us better understand contrails but to provide the full scope of what our transition to SAF can provide beyond greenhouse-gas reductions,” said United Chief Sustainability Officer Lauren Riley. ○ “We at GE Aerospace proudly support this groundbreaking research collaboration that will deepen our scientific understanding of the impact of SAF on emissions for a more sustainable future of flight,” said GE Aerospace Vice President of Engineering Mohamed Ali. ○ “To achieve climate-compatible aviation, we need close international cooperation. The German Aerospace Center has decades of experience in research on the climate impact of the entire aviation system by advancing measurement technology and simulations,” says Markus Fischer, DLR Divisional Board Member for Aeronautics. “The continuation of transatlantic cooperation now finds a new summit and underlines the international commitment to reduce the climate impact from aviation’s CO2 and non-CO2 effects.”

The Boeing ecoDemonstrator programme was expanded this year to include Explorer airplanes focused on short-term, specific test projects. Boeing and NASA conducted SAF emissions ground testing on an Alaska Airlines 737-9 in 2021 and ecoDemonstrator 777-200ER and 787-10 flight-test jets in 2022. Boeing has committed to deliver commercial airplanes compatible with 100 per cent SAF by 2030.

The 737-10 is the largest airplane in Boeing’s single-aisle 737 MAX family, which reduces fuel use and emissions by 20 per cent compared to airplanes it replaces. SP

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Martyn Holmes, CCO, Embraer Commercial Aviation, said, “It’s great to welcome Luxair back to the Embraer Family; in the past Luxair has operated ERJ-145 and Emb-120. The E2 is perfectly suited to Luxair’s operations and ambitions, closely complementing Luxair’s existing and on-order fleet, ensuring the maximum level of fleet and network optimisation to the airline for the long-term. The E2’s special power is that its new technology, low noise and environmental footprint, make it possible for airlines to manage both their growth and sustainability goals.”

BUSINESS AVIATION EMBRAER UNVEILS THE ALL-NEW PHENOM 100EX

Embraer unveiled the Phenom 100EX business jet, the company’s latest evolution from the Phenom 100 series, which has served its loyal customers since 2008 with over 400 aircraft in operation. The new Phenom 100EX delivers superior cabin comfort, operational versatility and safety enhanced pilotcentric avionics to offer the ultimate flying experience.

The aircraft incorporates Embraer’s Design DNA, which influenced the combining of cabin controls into sleek upper tech panels, as well as the seat design, increased use of more sustainable materials and flush-to-the-wall tables that maximises workspace. The aircraft also includes interior enhancements, such as a baseline side-facing fifth seat and belted lavatory for additional passenger capacity. These detailed attributes throughout the cabin speak to the company’s commitment to delivering enhanced comfort, unparalleled in-flight experiences and even more productivity capabilities, while increasing the ease of maintainability.

THE NEW PC-24 IS HERE

Beginning with new aircraft deliveries in 2024, Pilatus has extended the payloadrange capability of its Super Versatile

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APPOINTMENT

AIR MARSHAL SADHNA SAXENA NAIR TAKES CHARGE AS DIRECTOR GENERAL HOSPITAL SERVICES (ARMED FORCES)

Air Marshal Sadhna S. Nair assumed the appointment of Director General Hospital Services (Armed Forces) in the office of DGAFMS on October 23, 2023, becoming the first woman to hold the position on promotion to the rank of Air Marshal.

A graduate from the Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Air Marshal Sadhna S. Nair was commissioned into the Indian Air Force in December 1985. She is the first and only woman Principal Medical Officer of Western Air Command and Training Command.

GLOBAL JET CAPITAL AMPLIFIES ITS ENVIRONMENTAL COMMITMENT Global Jet Capital, a global leader in financial s­ olutions for business aircraft, announced a strategic partnership with Azzera, an innovative provider of carbon offsetting and compliance solutions for business aviation. The partnership is purposed to bolster the company’s commitment to sustainability.

Global Jet Capital has teamed up with Azzera to design a multi-pronged approach to its sustainability platform, which includes conducting a comprehensive annual audit to assess scope 1 and 2 direct emissions.

Global Jet Capital intends to compensate for its scope 1 and 2 emissions by purchasing a carefully curated portfolio of highquality carbon offsetting projects identified

by Azzera that have been validated for their contribution toward achieving net zero.

Additionally, the partnership will extend to supporting the company’s ongoing CleanFlight programme which was originally launched in 2020. The collaboration with Azzera will allow Global Jet Capital to continue offering its clients a flexible and seamless pathway to measure and compensate the greenhouse gas emissions related to their business aircraft. Through the partJet to achieve a maximum range with six passengers of 2,000 nautical miles

V. KAUSHAL, CEO, GLOBAL JET CAPITAL

nership, clients will gain access to a diverse portfolio of regionally based carbon credit projects. These projects will allow Global Jet Capital’s clients to align their offsetting efforts with their unique needs and sustainability goals. Clients will also enjoy access to compliance management solutions, including a specialised CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation) specific portfolio which ensures adherence to CORSIA requirements. SP (3,704 kilometers). Pilatus also incorporated an array of new interior amenities, including a large side-facing divan which can be converted into a bed!

The new PC-24 features a 600 pound (272 kg) increase in full fuel payload and maximum payload capacity. This enables operators to increase the PC-24’s maximum range by 200 nm (370 km) with six passengers on board. The PC-24 now offers a full fuel payload of a single pilot plus 1,315 pounds (596 kg), and features a class-leading maximum payload capacity of 3,100 pounds (1,406 kg). l

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LAST WORD

PROMOTE INDIGENOUS MANUFACTURING

PHOTOGRAPH: IAF_MCC / X

DRDO and the DPSUs in India must take the lead and spearhead the responsibility of developing an effective aerospace manufacturing ecosystem in India The development of indigenous defence technologies by the Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs) in India has been a major focus of the Indian government in recent years.

The government has implemented a number of policies and initiatives to promote indigenisation, as a result of which, the DPSUs have made significant progress in developing indigenous defence technologies and manufacturing them, in some cases in collaboration with the Defence Private Sector.

The role of Defence Public Sector Undertakings and the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is pivotal in shaping and nurturing an effective defence manufacturing ecosystem in India. They can play a significant role in fostering a robust aerospace and defence manufacturing ecosystem in India.

Technological Innovation and Expertise: DPSUs, being state-owned enterprises, possess a wealth of technological expertise and experience in defence manufacturing and production. They can contribute to R&D by providing a platform for developing cutting-edge technologies, testing prototypes, and refining manufacturing processes. DRDO, as the primary agency responsible for defence R&D, can collaborate with DPSUs to leverage their existing capabilities, ensuring that research efforts are practical and aligned with manufacturing capabilities.

Collaboration and Knowledge Sharing: DPSUs and DRDO can foster collaboration among various stakeholders, including academia, private industries, and research institutions. By sharing knowledge, research findings, and best practices, they can create a synergistic environment that accelerates the development of new technologies and solutions. Such collaborations can lead to a broader exchange of ideas and the pooling of resources, ultimately enhancing the overall defence R&D ecosystem.

Indigenous Development and Self-Reliance: A strong defence manufacturing ecosystem requires a focus on indigenous development of critical technologies and equipment.

DPSUs and DRDO can work in tandem to reduce the dependency on foreign suppliers and enhance India’s self-reliance in defence production. By developing indigenous technologies and solutions, they contribute to building a resilient defence infrastructure that can withstand geopolitical uncertainties.

Human Resource Development: DPSUs and DRDO also play a pivotal role in nurturing a skilled workforce in the field of defence R&D and manufacturing. They offer opportunities for engineers, scientists, and researchers to work on challenging projects and gain hands-on experience in cutting-edge technologies. This helps in retaining and attracting talent, which

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By ROHIT GOEL

is essential for the continuous growth of the aerospace and defence manufacturing ecosystem in India.

Technology Transfer and Commercialisation: The efforts of DPSUs and DRDO can lead to the development of technologies that have dual-use applications in civilian sectors. By promoting technology transfer and commercialisation, they can contribute to the growth of the broader Indian industrial base, fostering innovation across various industries beyond defence.

Standardisation and Quality Assurance: DPSUs can play a crucial role in establishing standards and quality assurance processes for defence equipment and technologies. This ensures that products meet stringent requirements and adhere to international standards, enhancing the credibility of Indian defence products in the global market.

Risk-Taking and Innovation Culture: DPSUs and DRDO can create an environment that encourages risk-taking and innovation. By supporting unconventional and high-risk projects, they can pave the way for breakthrough technologies that might not receive immediate commercial interest. This culture of innovation can lead to the development of game-changing solutions for national defence.

The government’s focus on indigenisation has helped to reduce India’s dependence on foreign arms imports, and has also boosted the Indian defence industry. However, there is still more work to be done. The DPSUs need to continue to invest in research and development, and they need to work closely with the private sector to develop new and innovative defence technologies. This would be a major boost for the Indian defence industry, and it would create an effective aerospace and defence manufacturing ecosystem in the country and help ensure India’s security in the years to come. With continued investment and support, both DRDO and the DPSUs have the potential to become world leaders in the development and manufacturing of indigenous defence technologies.

The synergy between DPSUs and DRDO is vital for establishing a dynamic and effective aerospace and defence manufacturing ecosystem in India. Their combined efforts can drive technological advancements, promote self-reliance, foster collaboration, and contribute to the overall growth and security of the nation.

In the interest of national security, DRDO and the DPSUs must lead the indigenous aerospace industry of the nation, and strive to develop the technological capability not only to meet with the requirements of weapon systems for the Indian armed forces through indigenous production, but those of friendly nations and allies as well especially in the neighbourhood. SP

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LEAP turns heads in the boardroom.

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LEADERS AREN’T BORN. THEY’RE ENGINEERED.

LEAP-powered aircraft are achieving the highest days flown ratio* for their thrust class.

That means fewer spare aircraft and more flights, which helps profitability climb.

Another reason to say LEAP. By example. *Compared to 83% for competition, per third-party data.

92% asset availability