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India: Air Marshal Anil Chopra (Retd) Group Captain Joseph Noronha (Retd) Europe: Alan Peaford USA & Canada: LeRoy Cook

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Air Chief Marshal V.R. Chaudhari is leading from the front, driving the capability enhancement and modernisation of the Indian Air Force for multi domain operations in the future.

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27 Force Multiplier

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Air Chief Marshal V.R. Chaudhari Chief of the Air Staff, Indian Air Force

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Embraer is Open to Technology Transfer

EXCLUSIVE

CAS Interview

Air Chief Marshal V.R. Chaudhari Chief of the Air Staff, Indian Air Force

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Airpower Beyond Boundaries

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Address by CAS on 91st Anniversary of IAF

14 Modernisation

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30 Hall of Fame

Sud-Aviation Caravelle: The Forgotten Jet Airliner

31 NewsDigest 32 Last Word

Develop Anti-Drone Technology

Threat Assessment and Modernisation Challenges

19 Technology

Reshaping Aerial Combat

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ISSUE 9 • 2023

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A WORD FROM EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

“It is essential that we must be able to ‘see first and see the farthest, reach first and reach the fastest, and hit first and hit the hardest.’ Battlespace transparency, flow of information, and multi-domain solutions are key to success in future wars.”

— Air Chief Marshal V.R. Chaudhari Chief of the Air Staff, Indian Air Force

The Indian Air Force has been a crucial asset and a symbol of pride for India. The IAF has been serving the nation and touching the sky with glory for over nine decades now.

Recently, the IAF celebrated its 91st anniversary. On this occasion, the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal V.R. Chaudhari conveyed his best wishes to all enthusiastic readers of SP’s Aviation in a letter featured in the magazine.

This edition features an exclusive interview of Air Chief Marshal V.R. Chaudhari on a range of subjects from threat perception, capability development, supporting the Atmanirbharta agenda, investing in indigenous products and Human Resource developments in the IAF. On the modernisation of the IAF, the Chief said, “We are in the process of shifting from ‘threat based and demanded’ to ‘capability demanded’ force requirements” and also without referring to any particular ability to imbibe, he mentioned that “we should seek to enhance existing capabilities in quality and quantity to match the threat.”

The theme for this year’s Air Force Day was “Airpower beyond Boundaries” and was celebrated with the usual pomp and show. In a change of venue from last year, this year the IAF hosted its annual Air Force Day ceremonial parade at Bamrauli Air Force Station in Prayagraj, marking 91 years of “touching the sky with glory” on October 8, 2023. A full report on the celebrations including the scintillating and mesmerising flying display is included in this issue. The complete address by CAS on the IAF Day Parade is also a part of this edition.

Continuing our special IAF coverage in this ‘Annual IAF Special’ issue, we have Air Marshal Anil Chopra (Retd) write about how the IAF needs to secure the skies through Air Power parity amidst rising Regional Challenges, adding that there’s a need to refocus the priorities on doctrines, force levels, modernisation, and training. Air Marshal Sukhchain Singh (Retd) talks about the adoption of the latest technologies in transforming the IAF into a modern, 21st-century Air Power. He writes that Air Power has logically expanded to Aerospace Power and

the need to defend space-borne assets and their ground-based infrastructure. This doctrine serves as a roadmap for absorbing future technologies in the conduct of its missions and transforming from a contemporary to a future-ready force.

From combat-ready to compassion-driven, Group Captain (Dr) Dinesh Kumar Pandey elaborates on the humane side of the IAF, highlighting its illustrious legacy of conducting Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) missions within India and abroad to provide aid and rescue to people affected by natural calamities, conflicts, or crises. India still remembers the missions undertaken by the IAF in rescuing the Indian diaspora stranded in Ukraine/Poland/Sudan and elsewhere, whenever the need arises.

Brazilian manufacturer Embraer recently visited India for their KC-390 Millennium Day festivities. The delegation took the opportunity to underscore their nation’s commitment to exploring technology transfer possibilities in India for which they are exploring engagements with various private enterprises as well as the Indian Air Force. A report on the same by Ayushee Chaudhary is a part of this issue.

All this and more in this issue of SP’s Aviation. Welcome aboard and we wish you many happy landings!

Owned, published and printed by Jayant Baranwal, printed at Kala Jyothi Process Pvt Ltd and published at A-133, Arjun Nagar (Opposite Defence Colony), New Delhi 110003, India. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, photocopying, recording, electronic, or otherwise without prior written permission of the Publishers.

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AIR CHIEF MARSHAL V.R. CHAUDHARI pvsm avsm vm adc

n the occasion of the 91st anniversary of IAF, I would like to convey my best wishes to all enthusiastic readers of SP’s Aviation magazine.

On behalf of all air warriors, I pay homage to our fallen braves who made the supreme sacrifice in the line of duty and acknowledge the sheer hard work, perseverance and vision of our predecessors for their contributions and selfless service. As custodians of India’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, it is indeed a momentous day for us to celebrate our achievements and reaffirm our commitment to the nation.

Over the last nine decades, Indian Air Force has grown from strength to strength and we can look back with justified pride and satisfaction at our accomplishments. While the IAF is exclusive by profession, we remain inclusive in our service to the nation. From Operation Kaveri in Sudan, Operation Dost in Turkiye and Syria to HADR operations in Punjab, Haryana, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat and Uttarakhand, the IAF has swiftly responded to all contingencies and come out with flying colours.

With an aim to retain our strategic autonomy, the transformation of IAF will be with Atmanirbharta as the cornerstone and we are well and truly on the path of acquiring multidomain capabilities, synonymous with India’s growing global stature and expanding national interests. The centennial decade will usher in a technological transformation of the IAF to become an agile and adaptable air force that will provide decisive aerospace power in furtherance of our national interests.

My compliments to SP’s Aviation team for informative and credible reportage on contemporary aerospace issues over the past six decades and wish you success in all future endeavours. My best wishes to all readers of SP’s Aviation on the occasion of the 91st anniversary of IAF. Happy Landings and Jai Hind!

September 21, 2023

AIR CHIEF MARSHAL CHIEF OF THE AIR STAFF INDIAN AIR FORCE

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CAS INTERVIEW

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PHOTOGRAPH: INDIAN AIR FORCE

IAF HAS GROWN BY LEAPS AND BOUNDS TO BECOME THE FOURTH LARGEST AIR FORCE IN THE WORLD

QUEST FOR GLOBAL OUTREACH On the occasion of the 91st IAF Day, Jayant Baranwal, Editor-in-Chief, SP’s Aviation spoke extensively to Air Chief Marshal V.R. Chaudhari, Chief of the Air Staff, on a range of subjects concerning the Indian Air Force 4

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CAS INTERVIEW st SP’s: What is the most sought-after capability you would like to SP’s Aviation (SP’s): Heartiest Congratulations to you on the 91 anniversary of the Indian Air Force. As the Chief of the Air Staff, see the Indian Air Force must inherit without any delays? how do you perceive this great-long journey of our Air Force CAS: The evolving character of warfare has placed enormous emphasis on multi domain operations in modern war fighting. since its inception?

Chief of the Air Staff (CAS): From its modest beginning with Therefore, it is essential that we must be able to “see first and four Westland Wapiti aircraft in 1932, the IAF has grown by see the farthest, reach first and reach the fastest, and hit first leaps and bounds to become the fourth largest Air Force in the and hit the hardest.” Battle space transparency, flow of informaworld. Since its inception, IAF has emerged as a crucial instru- tion, and multi-domain solutions are key to success in future ment of military power to protect the sovereignty and territorial wars. Hence, without referring to any particular ability to imintegrity of our country. From its baptism by fire in 1947-48 bibe, we should seek to enhance existing capabilities in quality and quantity to match the threat. These to executing a well calibrated punitive transformations have already been set strike in 2019, it is a saga, the entire into motion and are enabling the IAF to country is proud of. be future ready.

IAF is equally proud to be at the forefront in nation building. Be it evacSP’s: Chandrayaan-3 has been a remarkuation of Indian diaspora from conflict able success story. We now have our zones outside the country or timely rover on Moon since August 23, 2023. aid to civil power in HADR operations, The country is proud of this superIAF has always taken the lead. Evacuachievement, thanks to relentless ation of Indians from Sudan as part of efforts of ISRO. How would you like to Operation Kaveri, is one such unique comment on this development? Can this achievement of the IAF, which makes achievement also contribute towards me proud of my dedicated air warthe potential space-based capabilities riors and asserts IAF’s dedication to of our country? the nation.

CAS: Chandrayaan-3 has made India The theme for this year’s Air Force proud. We are cognisant that ISRO has Day is “Airpower beyond Boundaries”. built an ecosystem of space related deIn our quest for global outreach, we velopment and manufacturing of niche carried out eight exercises this year technologies, thereby propelling absowith various Friendly Foreign Coun“Since its inception, lute self-reliance in the space domain. tries (FFCs) across the globe. In addiSpace is an invaluable asset and every tion, we also conducted six exercises in IAF has emerged as milestone in this domain takes us furIndia and more are in the pipeline. a crucial instrument ther in our quest to enhance our space based capabilities. Space based applicaSP’s: There is a saying that never underof military power tions like Positioning, Navigation & Timestimate your enemy who may otherto protect the ing (PNT), ISR and communication are wise appear to be smaller, on the face sovereignty and critical for air operations and we can of it. Could you kindly elaborate on the use the expertise and achievements of key factors? territorial integrity ISRO to further improve these capabiliCAS: Countries, irrespective of size, of our country.” ties. IAF sees the technologies used in economy or competence, in the quest the mission as an opportunity to develfor securing their national interests — Air Chief Marshal op proven spin off technologies which would take all possible steps to enV.R. Chaudhari, will find utility in air and space operahance their military capability. As Chief of the Air Staff tions in the future. military professionals, we constantly evaluate the geopolitical situation SP’s: As we continue working towards and assess the adversary’s military the goal of self-reliance in aerospace potential. and defence industrial capabilities, Given the generally volatile and unpredictable situation in our neighbourhood, our forces how do you view the progress of research & development in our need to be vigilant and proactive. Therefore, the key factors country? Do you think we are doing enough in R&D which is one to prepare against any threat, big or small, is to have the of the most crucial factors towards achieving the self-reliance capability to monitor the adversary continuously through and making our country Atmanirbhar? persistent ISR, secure communication, efficient command CAS: The progress of R&D in defence industrial capabilities and and control systems and shorter response times. Another especially in aerospace domain has been encouraging. While important factor is capability development wherein we are the DPSUs and bigger domestic players are actively engaged in in the process of shifting from ‘threat based and demanded’ developing high end systems, it is heartening to see the progto ‘capability demanded’ force requirements. This approach ress made by startups and MSMEs in the aerospace domain. permits us to build our capability to counter the adversary Due to India’s sustained efforts in “thinking out of the box”, we across the spectrum of conflict rather than aiming to counter are ranked as the world’s sixth most ‘Innovative’ Country as per only a specific threat. We are working on each of these criti- GE’s annual Global Innovation Barometer. IAF is fully commitcal factors and are prepared to address any threat posed by ted towards the Nation’s vision of achieving Atmanirbharta and we have charted a focussed approach for achieving it. ­Initiatives our adversaries.

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CAS INTERVIEW

FOLLOWING THE SUCCESSFUL PERFORMANCE OF NETRA, THE IAF’S AEW&CS PROGRAMME - THE JOINT PRODUCT BY DRDO AND EMBRAER THE AIR FORCE IS NOW PROCESSING THE REQUIREMENT OF SIX ADDITIONAL EMBRAER JETS BASED AEW&CS

squadrons and will be inducting 83 LCA Mk1A from 2024 onwards. We are also processing a case for additional LCA Mk1A. Going by the envisaged timelines for induction of the LCA Mk2 and AMCA, the IAF is also pursuing the case for induction of 114 MRFA to bridge the gap of depleting squadron strength and to have adequate numbers of 4.5 gen aircraft.

As far as force multipliers are concerned, IAF is in the process of inducting six more Embraer based AEW&C and additional six Airbus 321 based AEW&C Mk-II with enhanced capabilities to strengthen our operational capability.

We are actively pursuing the case for induction of additional Flight Refuelling Aircraft (FRAs).

IAF has taken a giant leap towards modernisation of our SP’s: Nowadays the world is abuzz about the sixth generation fighter programmes, would you give us your perspective on our Air Defence and conduct of Air Defence operations in a network stand on this front? Where our country stands as far as such centric environment. Akash, Medium Range Surface to Air Missiles (MRSAM), indigenous development of Long Range Surface level of capabilities are concerned?

CAS: Development of future technologies is an ongoing process. to Air Missiles (LRSAM), High Power Radars (HPR), Medium Power Radars (MPR), Low Level Light R&D followed by production of a modWeight Radars (LLLWR), Low Level ern fighter is a very long process takTransportable Radars (LLTR), Mouning many years. We have successfully tain radars are few examples. We have developed Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) revamped our control and reporting Mk1 in-house and the LCA Mk1A is al“Another important structure with operationalisation of ready flying. Development of LCA Mk2 factor is capability multiple Networked Tactical Nodes and AMCA will herald us into the fifth development wherein (NTN) by integrating various sensors generation technology regime. These that includes our airborne Air Defence programmes will serve as stepping we are in the process (AD) platforms, radars and Surface to stones towards development of sixth of shifting from ‘threat Air Guided Weapon (SAGW) systems. generation fighter aircraft.

Our transport fleet is a modern, flexbased and demanded’ ible and credible fleet with a varied mix SP’s: Kindly give us an update on the curto ‘capability of aircraft. From strategic airlift to tactirent status of: Fighter Squadrons, Forcedemanded’ force cal airlift and from HADR to operations Multipliers, Weapons and Armament, Air from Advance Landing Grounds (ALGs), Defence, Transport Helicopters. requirements” our transport fleet is fully capable of CAS: IAF currently has 31 fighter

PHOTOGRAPH: SP GUIDE PUBNS

through in-house R&D, iDEX and MAKE etc are helping us in our pursuit to acquire niche technologies.

Impetus towards self-reliance and strategic autonomy is something which has happened in a big way in the last one decade. While I am aware that a lot is being done, I feel that much more needs to be done. Recently the National Research Foundation has been instituted which will have dedicated funds for R&D. The private sector is also slowly stepping up its own R&D. This Government-User-Private partnership is a crucial step being executed seamlessly and has brought in selfreliance in certain critical areas of defence production.

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SPECIAL

CAS INTERVIEW

PHOTOGRAPH: PIB

THE MINISTER OF STATE FOR DEFENCE AND TOURISM, AJAY BHATT HANDING OVER TWIN SEATER LCA TEJAS TO THE INDIAN AIR FORCE, IN BENGALURU ON OCTOBER 4, 2023

taking on any challenge. With the recent induction the C295 air- special needs is provided by IAF through Indian Air Force Benevolent Association (IAFBA) and Air Force Wives Welfare Assocraft, IAF’s transport fleet size and prowess has received a fillip.

The helicopter fleet is undergoing a major modernisation pro- ciation (AFWWA). IAF is also providing various welfare schemes gramme. Induction of Light Combat Helicopter (LCH), Advanced like scholarships, vocational training, grants and subsidy to our Light Helicopter – Weapon Systems Integrated (ALH WSI), and Veer Naris for acquiring dwelling units.

IAF has given special impetus on resettlement training since planned induction of Indian Multi Role Helicopter (IMRH) will bolster our helicopter fleet. Nine LCHs Limited Series Production it improves post retirement employability in various sectors.

(LSP) aircraft have been handed over to the IAF. The tenth heli- Pre-release courses from premier institutes like IIM and IIT are copter is planned to be delivered in FY 23-24. Further procure- being offered to personnel for their second career.

Induction of Agniveer has been a revolutionary change in the ment of LCH Series Production (SP) helicopters is under progress.

The procurement of 6 Light Utility Helicopter (LUH) Mk-I is also armed forces. MoU’s between IAF & Indira Gandhi National Open under progress, with IA as the lead service. As far as the IMRH University (IGNOU) have been signed for academic enhancement is concerned, the design, development and procurement of IMRH and award of degree for aspirational Agniveervayu personnel.

HR planning and management has

by HAL is being progressed. HAL had always been the focus area of the IAF carried out Preliminary Design Studies to meet the aspirations of all personnel of IMRH in 10-15 Tonne class considwith regards to their promotions, postering the requirement of Indian Mili“It is essential that ings and release. tary Services and has arrived at a Preliminary Configuration for basic IMRH we must be able to SP’s: In the recently held IPACC Conplatform on the basis of Operational ‘see first and see the ference, US Army Chief said that India Requirements (ORs) given by IAF. The farthest, reach first is perceived as a Regional Power. Can HAL proposal for the same is under we ask you what all is needed be a scrutiny by IAF and Indian Navy (IN). and reach the fastest, Regional Power? and hit first and hit the CAS: What he said is absolutely corSP’s: Kindly share some updates on rect. The elements which are required the key welfare schemes aimed to offer hardest.’ Battle space to assert national power and influence not only complete care to the human transparency, flow can be summarised by the acronym resource but also to keep them fully of information, and DIME - Diplomatic prowess, Informarejuvenated. tion, Military and Economic factors CAS: IAF is fully committed towards multi-domain solutions and these are all the pillars of design ensuring the well-being of our people are key to success in to be written as a regional power. We and their families. Financial assistance are on our way globally to be recogand support to personnel and their future wars.” nised as regional power. SP families with physical disabilities and

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CELEBRATIONS

AIR DISPLAY ON SANGAM: NEARLY 25 LAKH PEOPLE WITNESSED THE AIR DISPLAY BY SURYA KIRAN AEROBATIC TEAM (SKAT), ORGANISED BY THE IAF’S CENTRAL AIR COMMAND AT PRAYAGRAJ.

AIRPOWER BEYOND BOUNDARIES PHOTOGRAPH: INDIAN AIR FORCE

IAF hosted its annual Air Force Day parade in Prayagraj this year, marking 91 years of the IAF “touching the sky with glory”

By STAFF CORRESPONDENT The Air Force Day parade at Prayagraj on October 8, 2023, marked a historic moment in the Indian Air Force’s journey, showcasing its commitment to advancement and innovation.

In a magnificent display of grandeur and pride, the Indian Air Force (IAF) commemorated its 91st anniversary with an impressive ceremonial parade at Bamrauli Air Force Station in Prayagraj. This celebration was just the beginning of a series

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of events to honor the IAF’s legacy and look ahead to a future brimming with innovation and progress.

To commemorate this significant day, the IAF hosted its annual Air Force Day parade in Prayagraj. This move marked a departure from tradition, as the parade was historically conducted at the Hindon airbase near Delhi until 2021, after which it was relocated. Last year, the celebration took place in Chandigarh.

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PHOTOGRAPHS: INDIAN AIR FORCE, IAF_MCC / X

(CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT) CHIEF OF THE AIR STAFF AIR CHIEF MARSHAL V.R. CHAUDHARI AT THE IAF DAY PARADE; THE CAS UNVEILED NEW ENSIGN OF THE INDIAN AIR FORCE; C-17 OF THE IAF ALONG WITH THE SURYA KIRAN AEROBATIC TEAM (SKAT); FOR THE FIRST TIME, P-8I OF THE INDIAN NAVY, FLANKED BY IAF MIRAGES, JOINED THE FLYPAST REFLECTING ON THE GROWING BONHOMIE BETWEEN THE SERVICES.

Air Chief Marshal V.R. Chaudhari, the Chief of the Indian Air Force, unveiled a new Ensign during this significant occasion. The Ensign, a symbol of the IAF’s identity, now proudly showcases the Air Force Crest in the top right corner, signifying a forward-looking approach. This transformation isn’t merely symbolic; it’s a reflection of the IAF’s commitment to evolving in alignment with India’s vision of becoming a developed nation by 2032. The transformation of the IAF’s Ensign, reflecting its core values and future aspirations, is a symbolic testament to the force’s commitment to progress, innovation, and readiness. As the IAF marches forward into its 92nd year, its vision is clear: to be among the best air forces globally, ensuring the safety and security of the nation.

During the Air Force Day parade at Prayagraj, Air Chief Marshal Chaudhari addressed the audience, emphasising the need for excellence in all aspects of the IAF’s operations. He underscored the importance of leading in technology and innovation, advocating for cutting-edge research, development, and acquisition to ensure technological superiority. Chaudhari emphasised that innovation should become an integral part of the IAF’s DNA, enabling the force to adapt to emerging challenges effectively.

Chaudhari’s vision extended to leadership within the IAF, urging leaders to set an example by upholding core values of mission, integrity, and excellence. Recognising the pivotal role

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of the IAF’s personnel, he prioritised their well-being, professional development, and readiness as the foundation of the force’s strength.

The Air Force Day celebration witnessed an awe-inspiring flypast, attended by senior military figures, veterans, and distinguished guests. The event also saw the Sarang helicopter display team’s daring feat, expanding from a four-helicopter team to a five-helicopter military display unit.

Adding to the day’s significance, the newly inducted C295 transport aircraft made its debut appearance in an Indian air display, while the venerable MiG-21 Bison took its likely final bow before its planned phasing out by 2025.

The IAF Day in 2023 carried the resounding theme of ‘IAF - Airpower Beyond Boundaries.’ This theme encapsulated the force’s unwavering commitment to excellence, innovation, and its vital role as the guardian of India’s skies.

The Air Force Day celebration in 2023 also brought forth a remarkable display of jointmanship among the three armed services: the Indian Army, IAF, and the Indian Navy. The parade witnessed the combined musical brilliance of the Army, Navy, and IAF bands performing in harmony. During the air display, ALH Dhruv helicopters from the Indian Army and a P-8I aircraft from the Indian Navy joined IAF aircraft in a spectacular 108-aircraft air display.

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PHOTOGRAPH: INDIAN AIR FORCE

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CELEBRATIONS The distinguished gathering included Chief of Defence Staff General Anil Chauhan, Chief of Air Staff Air Chief Marshal V.R. Chaudhari, Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief (AOC-in-C) of Central Air Command (CAC) Air Marshal R.G.K. Kapoor, and seven former Air Chiefs.

The ceremonial parade was a spectacle of discipline and pride, with 361 impeccably turned-out air warriors marching in perfect synchronisation. Leading this impressive display was Group Captain Shaliza Dhami, the first woman officer in the IAF to command a combat unit, serving as the Parade Commander.

Shaliza Dhami’s remarkable journey also includes being the first woman officer to command a combat unit. Additionally, the parade featured an all-women contingent, the Agniveer Vayu, making their debut at this grand event.

Air Chief Marshal V.R. Chaudhari, in his role as the reviewing officer, inspected and reviewed the parade. During this momentous occasion, he presented Unit Citations to four distinguished IAF Units, including 16 Squadron, 142 Helicopter Unit, 901 Signal Unit, and 3 Repair Base Depot, recognising their exceptional contributions to the service.

Notably, the parade featured a contingent of 31 newly inducted women Agniveers (Vayu), marking their debut in this grand event. Women officers also led several marching contingents, demonstrating the IAF’s commitment to inclusivity and gender equality. Of the 361 air warriors participating, 47 were officers, and the contingent included 40 women.

Adding to the parade’s vibrancy, soldiers and officers from the IAF’s esteemed ‘Garud Commandos’ showcased their skills. The air warrior drill team demonstrated remarkable rifle handling, while another team displayed their swift abilities by dismantling and reassembling a four-wheeler with precision.

Addressing the parade, ACM Chaudhari acknowledged the challenges faced by the IAF, emphasising its ability to transform these challenges into opportunities. He highlighted the current geopolitical landscape, which has spurred the development of indigenous capabilities, reducing dependence on imports.

The theme for this year’s Air Force Day, ‘IAF Air Power Beyond Boundaries,’ perfectly encapsulates the global reach and significance of air power. ACM Chaudhari stressed the importance of understanding the evolving nuances of air power, asserting that it plays a decisive role in future conflicts. Air Force operations extend far and wide, enabling rapid mobility, global reach, humanitarian assistance, disaster relief, and peacekeeping missions, all of which are integral to preserving peace and, if necessary, securing victory in times of conflict.

The 2023 IAF Day celebration showcased the IAF’s resilience and adaptability, underscoring its commitment to safeguarding India’s interests through innovation and superior airpower. The Day was a testament to the IAF’s unwavering commitment to excellence and its role as the guardian of India’s skies.

A significant addition to the parade was the participation of the Garud Commandos of the IAF. Their inclusion in this year’s parade was particularly meaningful as they commemorated 20 years of dedicated service to the nation.

Following the parade, the spectators were treated to a captivating air display along the banks of the Triveni Sangam in Prayagraj. This spectacle featured approximately 108 IAF aircraft,

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including Dhruv Advanced Light Helicopters from the Indian Army and a P-8I aircraft from the Indian Navy. The display also featured the Surya Kiran and Sarang aerobatic teams, whose precision flying left the audience in awe. Despite the scorching heat, countless people flocked to the Sangam area, cheering loudly as they witnessed this impressive display of aerial maneuvers.

The air display showcased a wide array of aircraft, from frontline fighters like the Rafale, Sukhoi Su-30, and the recently inducted Tejas, to proven warhorses like the Jaguar and Mirage 2000. The spectacle was a mesmerising testament to the IAF’s airpower capabilities.

The skies above the Sangam witnessed the roar of over 100 IAF aircraft, capturing the essence of the confluence of the Ganga, Yamuna, and Saraswati rivers. This breathtaking display featured choppers and helicopter gunships such as the Chinook, Apache, Mk-III and Mk-IV versions of the Advanced Light Helicopters

SARANG HELICOPTER TEAM’S DARING DISPLAY ON IAF DAY

(ALH), and the Mi-17, alongside heavy to medium transport aircraft like the C295, C-130J Super Hercules, and C-17 Globemaster.

Furthermore, the parade featured vintage aircraft, including the Tiger Moth HU-512, Harvard Trainer HT-291, and Dakota.

Of note, the Tiger Moth HU-512 and Harvard Trainer HT-291 were fully restored and operated in the Luv and Kush formations. These vintage aircraft showcased the IAF’s commitment to preserving aviation history.

The air display’s highlights included performances by the Sarang helicopter display team and the Surya Kiran Aerobatic Team (SKAT), both demonstrating exceptional flying skills. This was followed by a display of precision by the renowned Akash Ganga skydiving team of the IAF. The 2023 IAF Day Parade was a historic and awe-inspiring event that celebrated not only the IAF’s prowess but also its commitment to diversity, innovation, and excellence. It was a day that will be etched in the annals of the IAF’s rich history.

These celebrations have not only paid tribute to the past but have also set a clear path for the IAF’s future as it continues to evolve as one of the world’s premier air forces. SP

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CAS ADDRESS

CHIEF OF THE AIR STAFF AIR CHIEF MARSHAL V.R. CHAUDHARI ADDRESSING THE GATHERING ON OCTOBER 8, 2023

ADDRESS BY CAS ON 91st ANNIVERSARY OF IAF PHOTOGRAPH: INDIANAIRFORCE_MCC / YOUTUBE

Complete Address by Air Chief Marshal V.R. Chaudhari on October 8, 2023, celebrating the Indian Air Force Day General Anil Chauhan, Chief of Defence Staff, Former Chiefs, Air Marshal R.G.K. Kapoor, AOC-in-C, Central Air Command, Senior Officers from the three services, Esteemed Veterans, Air Warriors on parade, distinguished guests, members of the Media, Ladies and Gentlemen.

On our 91st Anniversary, I extend my best wishes to all personnel of the Indian Air Force.

My compliments to AOC-in-C, Central Air Command, AOC AF Station Bamrauli and their teams for putting up such a befitting show. My compliments to the Parade Commander and all Air Warriors on parade for your immaculate turn out, exacting drill movements and josh.

Good Show and Keep it Up!

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Today, we come together not only to celebrate this day, but also to reflect on our rich history, our present achievements and chart our future as custodians of India’s sovereignty and territorial integrity. We have inherited a proud legacy of professionalism, perseverance and passion, curated by our predecessors.

I would like to acknowledge the contributions of our veterans who have played a pivotal role in shaping the Air Force’s identity, capabilities and ethos.

On behalf of all Air Warriors, I would like to pay homage to our braves, who made the supreme sacrifice in the line of duty. It is our solemn responsibility to preserve their legacy and uphold the values for which they fought.

The last one year had brought its fair share of challenges

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PHOTOGRAPH: INDIAN AIR FORCE

THE CEREMONIAL PARADE WAS A SPECTACLE OF DISCIPLINE AND PRIDE LED BY GROUP CAPTAIN SHALIZA DHAMI, THE FIRST WOMAN OFFICER IN THE IAF TO COMMAND A COMBAT UNIT

our way. I am happy to note that the IAF has performed exceed- flicts. Air Force operations extend worldwide, providing rapid ingly well and passed every test with flying colours. We have not mobility and global reach. This reach allows a nation to project only circumvented challenges but also turned those challenges air power beyond boundaries in the form of rapid deployment, into opportunities. The current geopolitical landscape has pro- HADR and peacekeeping missions. We need to understand the vided us an opportunity to reduce dependency on imports by nuances of evolving air power, setting the pace to preserve peace and if and when necessary, to fight and win wars. developing indigenous capability.

Over the past nine decades, IAF has constantly evolved and We have successfully inducted the first batch of Agniveers and subsequent batches, including women Agniveers, are pres- transformed into one of the finest air forces in the world. But ently undergoing basic training. The rigour of training has been is that enough? If India is on the path to become a developed increased across the board for all training curriculums with nation by 2047, then IAF must be one of the best, if not the best, by the time we complete 100 years in 2032. The vision, as more emphasis on self-learning and self-education.

In this year alone, IAF has carried out eight exercises across laid down in our doctrine, is to be an agile and adaptable air the globe with friendly foreign countries and performed exception- force that provides decisive aerospace power in furtherance of ally well. For the first time our indigenously built LCAs have partic- our national interests. In order to make our vision a reality, we ipated in an overseas exercise, showcasing our professional acu- must all play our respective parts diligently. We must reform, or men and enhancing our stature as a potent Air Force. IAF carried become a relic; we must innovate, else become mundane and out extensive HADR operations in Turkiye, Sudan and Syria airlift- we must transform, else become irrelevant.

First and foremost, I would like to ing critical supplies and rescuing stranded urge you to strive for excellence in everyIndian nationals. Within the country, we thing you do. This is non-negotiable. We have been actively involved in fighting formust hold ourselves to the highest stanest fires and carrying out flood relief opera“We must dards in every facet of our operations, tions in many states. As first responders, we training, maintenance and administrahave always maintained a high state of alert prioritise tion. We must strive to be leaders in techand taken on all emerging situations. well-being, nology and innovation. We must invest in In my first address to the IAF, two cutting edge research, development and years ago, I spoke of what my expectaprofessional acquisition to build technological superitions were from all air warriors so that development and ority. Innovation must become a part of the IAF remained relevant and contemporeadiness of our our DNA, enabling us to easily adapt to rary. In my address to you in 2022, I spoke emerging threats and challenges. There is of the requirement for transformation and air warriors above a need for us to candidly assess ourselves how hybrid warfare and multi-domain everything else. and address any inhibitions to change. operations highlight the need to redefine, The force structure that we need to reimagine and recalibrate ourselves. This Your dedication develop must be future ready. Joint planyear, I would like to focus on my vision for and skills are ning and integrated application of combat IAF, where we are and what we need to the foundation power will be the sine-qua-non of future do, to make that vision a reality. wars. Developing unique tactics, carrying The theme for this year’s Air Force of the air out realistic training and incorporating Day is IAF- Air Power Beyond Boundarforces’ inherent relevant lessons learnt will go a long way. ies. The theme aptly reflects the inherent Our people are our most valuable asset. global reach of air power and how air strength.”

We must prioritise well-being, professional power will prove decisive in future con-

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PHOTOGRAPH: INDIAN AIR FORCE

ADDING TO THE PARADE’S VIBRANCY, DYNAMIC AND ENERGETIC SOLDIERS AND OFFICERS FROM THE IAF’S ESTEEMED ‘GARUD COMMANDOS’ SHOWCASED THEIR SKILLS

development and readiness of our air warriors above everything successfully face all challenges, secure in the knowledge that our else. Your dedication and skills are the foundation of the air values and dedication will guide us to ever greater heights in the forces’ inherent strength. We must embrace changes in the char- years to come. To quote a verse from the Bhagvad Gita – acter of warfare because, in the words of Guilio Douhet, “Victory smiles upon those who anticipate the changes in the character of war, not upon those who wait to adapt themselves after the change occurs”. From multi-domain operations to hybrid warfare, the air force needs to recognise that modern warfare transcends traditional boundaries. We must seamlessly integrate air, space, cyber and ground capabilities to dominate the battlespace.

The question we must ask ourselves is, “what more can I do”? Do The world is changing at a rapid pace and we must meet all not limit yourselves to the needs of today. Think beyond today new challenges coming our way. We must continue to foster a culand you will realise that there is so much more to be done. ture of discipline, integrity and remain ever vigilant in the face of Air Warriors must be valued for their unique skill set, per- emerging threats. Our commitment to the defence of our nation spectives and contributions to foster and develop a culture of remains steadfast and we will continue to protect our territory, inclusivity and diversity. The working environment must nurture deter potential adversaries and ensure the safety and security innovation and give opportunity to each air warrior to contrib- of our people. Indian Air Force is not just a military force, it is ute towards making the air force better. We must empower and a symbol of our nation’s collective strength and determination. delegate at all levels and be mindful that with empowerment As we start a new chapter in the history of IAF, let us all strive comes accountability. Empowered air warriors are a force multi- to be the change that we want to see. Let us work together to take plier, provided they take ownership and pride in every task they our air force to greater heights and let us use our commitment undertake. Be assured that while we will constantly endeavour and collective capacity to achieve excellence in all that we do. to improve the quality of life within the IAF, I urge you to remain Our Air Force is recognised as a service that provides focussed on your primary job. excellent opportunities for families to In this complex and dynamic strategic bond together as a community, with environment, refining our strategy, buildnewer avenues for women empowering robust all round capabilities and more ment. I take this opportunity to acknowl“In our quest importantly, developing a flexible mindedge the force behind the force and the for becoming an set to prosecute future wars will prove wind beneath our wings. The unwaverdecisive. In our quest for becoming an air ing support and resolve shown by the air and space and space force, we must recognise the spouses of our Air Warriors has kept us force, we must importance of the space domain and congoing for the last nine decades. My salute tinue developing our space capabilities. to all of them! recognise the A word about leadership. Ethical leadOn behalf of my wife Neeta, I would like importance of ership should be the cornerstone of our to congratulate everyone on the 91st annithe space domain organisation. We must lead by example and versary of the Indian Air Force and may uphold our core values of mission, integrity the IAF always Touch the Sky with Glory. and continue and excellence in all that we do. My vision Thank You and Jai Hind!! SP developing our is one of strength, adaptability and unwavering commitment to our nation and its Chief of the Air Staff address on IAF space capabilities” people. Together, as a united force, we will Day is courtesy IAF

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MODERNISATION

INDUCTION OF RAFALE HAS GIVEN A FILIP TO THE COMBAT CAPABILITIES OF THE IAF

THREAT ASSESSMENT AND MODERNISATION CHALLENGES PHOTOGRAPH: IAF_MCC / X

IAF needs to secure the skies through Air Power parity amidst rising Regional Challenges

By AIR MARSHAL ANIL CHOPRA (RETD) China’s global ambitions in recent years meant higher defence allocations and a much bigger flip to air and sea power.

“The air force is a strategic military service that has a vital position and plays a vital role in the overall situation of national

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security and military strategy,” said Xi Jinping, in April 2014.

The growing Chinese indigenous aviation industry has been supporting much faster growth of PLA Air Force (PLAAF). Notwithstanding China’s main interest in the South and East China Seas,

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PHOTOGRAPHS: IAF_MCC / X, WIKIPEDIA / FLYINGDAGGERS45SQUADRON

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MODERNISATION and the Western Pacific, they continue to work to contain India. The Line of Actual Control (LAC) has remained active since the Galwan skirmish of 2020. China is strengthening airfield infrastructure and supply lines across LAC. MODERNISING PLAAF APPROACH PLAAF is fast acquiring top-end systems and weapons of global class and reach. There is much greater emphasis on modern technologies, including stealth, hypersonic, Artificial Intelligence (AI), cyber, electronic warfare, and long range missiles. PLAAF also reoriented its flying training and tactics, and there is much higher emphasis on realistic exercises. The PLAAF has made major changes in its operational doctrine based on global reach requirements. Air defence of critical assets; long-range offensive precision strikes; integrated battlefield support missions; intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR); information operations; and strategic air-transport reach are on priority. Integration of air and space will support both offensive and defensive operations. PLAAF is preparing for hybrid network-centric war.

CHINA’S GROWING AIR POWER ASSETS The PLAAF is the largest air force in the region and the third largest in the world, with nearly 1,700 combat aircraft of which, nearly 800 are (TOP) WITH ALL THE PLANNED INDUCTIONS, LCA WILL BECOME THE MAIN STAY OF THE IAF’S COMBAT 4th generation-plus. Nearly 150 fifthFLEET; (ABOVE) AMCA WILL PROVIDE THE IAF WITH 5TH GENERATION COMBAT AIRCRAFT. generation, J-20 stealth fighters, have been built. Second stealth aircraft, J-31 PLAAF will be coordinating with the People’s Liberation development is being hastened. They also have over 160 H-6 jet bomber variants. The extended-range H-6K variant can Army Rocket Force (PLARF). China’s extensive constellation of carry six air-launched Cruise missiles. The long-range stealth surveillance satellites with short revisit cycles greatly support bomber H-20, to strike regional and global targets, will be ready surveillance and targeting. PLAAF gives greater importance by 2025. Over 50 Y-20 (60 tonne) heavy transport aircraft have to information, electronic and cyber warfare. The PLAAF also been inducted. The Flight Refueller Aircraft (FRA) and AEW&C coordinates closely with PLA Strategic Support Force (PLASSF).

PLA Navy (PLAN) has two operational variants are ready. PLAAF has a variety aircraft carriers and nearly 500 airof indigenous and Russian utility and craft. Two more carriers are under conattack helicopters. PLAAF also has a struction and two further, larger ones, large number of indigenous unmanned on drawings boards. aerial vehicles (UAV) of global stanBut PLAAF has its limitations. The dards. Many of these carry armaments still don’t have time-tested aero-engines (UCAV). of any genre. There AESA, Stealth, EW China is developing a large number and avionics technologies are still far of aerial precision munitions, which behind international class. include the long range Beyond Visual Range (BVR) Air-to-Air missiles (AAM) such as PL-12, PL-21, and the PL-15.

IAF CURRENT BROAD CAPABILITIES China has significant inventory of land IAF has around 31 fighter squadrons. attack cruise missiles with a 1,500 km The Rafale aircraft is clearly superior to range. The PLAAF’s advanced long the China’s J-10, J-11, and Su-27 fighter range SAM systems, include Russian jets. Only the Su-35S and J-20 will perS-300, and S-400, and domestically haps compete with the IAF’s Sukhoi produced HQ-9.

Su-30 MKI. Mirage 2000 and the MiG-

China’s PLA Air Force (PLAAF) is rapidly enhancing its capabilities with top-end globalclass systems and technologies like stealth, hypersonic, AI, and long-range missiles

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MODERNISATION 29 have all been upgraded. IAF has a significant transport fleet with global reach and airlift capability. The helicopter fleet numbers are good, and more indigenous ALH variants are inducting.

IAF is a little low in number of AEW&C and FRA aircraft for the continental sized country and the two front threat, and the need to cover the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).

The air defence radar cover and the Integrated Air Command and Control System (IACCS) make a good potent combination. Indigenous surface-to-air missile systems are inducting, and the five Russian S-400 systems are under delivery. To cover the large Chinese border, more systems are being inducted.

With induction of the MICA, Meteor, Astra, SCALP, BrahMos and Hammer, among others, IAF has a significant aerial weapons inventory. The future is unmanned. Artificial Intelligence supported autonomous systems will fly independently or in conjunction with each other in a swarm or with manned aircraft as a team. IAF has Israeli Heron and Searcher UAVs and Harpy and Harop Loitering Munitions. The American Predator MQ-9 Reaper drones are expected soon. DRDO’s Tapas and Ghatak platforms are work in progress. Large number of smaller drones too are being inducted.

PHOTOGRAPHS: IAI, USAF

IAF’S STRATEGIC REACH IAF has already been demonstrating combat reach from the Persian Gulf to the Straits of Malacca, and the island territories up to Mauritius in Indian Ocean, using long range aircraft supported by FRA and AWACS. More airfields are becoming operational in the southern peninsula, and in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The transport fleet has demonstrated global reach and first responded capability during calamities and Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) missions.

AIR POWER ACROSS HIMALAYAS China has around 11 airfields facing India in Tibet and Xinjiang.

They are mostly dual use airports. But infrastructure, including hardened aircraft shelters are being built. Most of these airfields are at high altitude of nearly 10,000 feet. But all types of aircraft including the Su-30s, J-10s, and J-20 have been operating detachments in the area. In Comparison, IAF has nearly 25 airfields facing China. Most Indian airfields are at below 2,000 feet altitude. IAF thus has advantage of load carriage and number of missions it can launch. India’s military assets and infrastructure build up and assets positioning towards China is happening.

The ALG at Nyoma has become operational. Thoise hosts fighter aircraft now. IAF has upgraded its Advanced Landing Grounds (ALG) near China border. All IAF airfields are getting hardened aircraft and equipment shelters. IAF’s many operational aircraft including Rafale, Su-30 MKI, C-130, Chinook and Apache have all been positioned in the east in significant numbers. China is likely to initially use cruise missiles and glide bombs against IAF airfields. IAF has to have strong air defences to take on cruise missiles, and also modern runway repair facilities.

India must work towards achieving local sectorial air superiority. It must be remembered that the effect of neutralising just two Chinese airfields in each sector would have much more severe implications for them than if the same was to happen for India. India should thus

IAF IS ENHANCING ITS COMBAT CAPABILITIES THROUGH (TOP) PRECISION MUNITIONS LIKE IAI HAROP; AND (ABOVE) DRONES LIKE GA’S MQ-9 REAPER.

concentrate on neutralising PLAAF airfield using surface and airlaunched missiles, and build inventories accordingly.

Interdiction will pay high dividends in the mountains.

Destroying a few bridges could throttle logistics chains and supplies. Creating weapon triggered landslides could block roads.

Attacks against convoys on the very few roads would create bottle-necks. Air can provide both kinetic and non-kinetic options with pin-point accuracy. It will influence outcomes and actions of the surface forces. Both, the fighter aircraft and attack helicopters will be employed for this. UCAVs and drones would be used for interdiction, Demonstrating battlefield strikes and anti-tank and anti-personal operations. The transport its combat reach and helicopters would also provide the from the Persian airlift of troops and military hardware inter and intra sector. Inter-valley air Gulf to the Straits transfers maybe required in changof Malacca, IAF ing battle situation. IAF has significant is positioned to reach and capability on this count.

The radar cover has terrain related dominate regions constraints in the mountains. However, vital to India’s there are also vantage points for their positioning. Yet, much greater depeninterests dence would have to be on AWACS.

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to being capability-based. IAF is likely to have around 37-38 fighter squadrons by 2030. The target is to get to 42 squadrons by 2038. The major additions would be the LCA variants, six of the new fighter, and four of Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA). These figures are achievable as long as timely decisions are taken, and there are no serious development delays in AMCA. Effectively IAF may have to stretch the Mirage and MiG-29 fleets. IAF must also target to have eight large and 10 smaller AWACS, at least 12 FRA aircraft by 2030. IAF requires additional unmanned platforms including the indigenously developed DRDO’s TAPAS BH-201 and “Ghatak”. The 10 deficient fighter squadrons and nearly 12 more to retire by 2038 will require significant funding. Capital budget would have to increase.

IAF’S DOCTRINE APPROACH IAF’s Doctrine 2022 clearly reflects the change of IAF from just an Air Power to Aerospace Power. IAF is fast transforming from a continental air force to one with global reach. It now has trans-domain operations capability, and prides itself for its reach, flexibility and versatility, responsiveness, and offensive lethality. It works towards favourable asymmetry. All top end fighters refuel in the air. IAF repeatedly flies long 8-10 hour missions. It is in a position to dominate from Malacca Straight to Gulf of Aden. There is a need to strengthen the air infrastructure and assets at the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. IAF’s capability for Anti-Access and Area Denial (AA/AD) is increasing. IAF is totally networked and its automated Integrated Air Command and Control System (IACCS) allows combat engagements control across the sub-continent. IAF is working closely with other services for joint operations. The joint doctrines are continuously being updated.

(TOP) IAF IS IN URGENT NEED FOR MORE FLIGHT REFUELING AIRCRAFT AND (ABOVE) ADDITIONAL SURFACE TO AIR MISSILES SYSTEMS.

PHOTOGRAPHS: EMBRAER, ENG.MIL.RU

Numbers will have to go up. Satellites and UAVs would have to be used for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR).

Drones will also be a great asset for surveillance.

Effects based, network centric operations would be employed. The side that better employs electronic warfare and cyber means and tools will have advantage. Securing own networks and denying the same to adversary will be important. Air and space platforms will greatly support cyber and electronic warfare operations much deeper into the enemy territory.

PLAAF-PAF COLLUSIVITY Pakistan Air Force (PAF), though smaller in numbers, continues to modernise. With nearly 75 F-16s, 25 J-10C, 150 JF-17s, and operational exposure in exercises, they remain a significant force that cannot be ignored. PLAAFPAF have annual Shaheen series exercises. With 60 per cent of PAF being of Chinese origin, interoperability will support coordinated fighting against India.

REBUILDING IAF NUMBERS The IAF will have to continue to transform from just being platform-based

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TRAINING AND EXERCISES The IAF has continuously been reviewing basic and combat training. Large force engagements supported by UAVs, AEW&C, FRA and the huge ground radar network are being exercised continuously. IAF is also exercising regularly with major air forces of the world. The recent exercise ‘Pitch Black’ at Darwin in Australia had 17 air forces participating. IAF is working and exercising closely with the QUAD air forces in particular. They recently carried out an exercise with the Japanese Self Defence Air Force (JSDAF) in Japan. IAF will hold its largest ever multinational exercise ‘Tarang Shakti’ in 2024. IAF also has a structured annual plan of exercises with the other two services.

FLIGHT SAFETY Notwithstanding some sceptics, the IAF has maintained an excellent aerospace safety record because of great innovative initiatives. Today there is automation in accident/incident reporting. Preventive maintenance, and better technical defect assessment have shown results. Operational safety environment has been enhanced through militarycivil cooperation. Bird strikes have greatly reduced because of mitigating measures. Air Safety training, awareness and responsiveness has been enhanced, and continued training on crew resource management has been increased. In last four years IAF has had just 12 accidents. There has been

Transitioning from an air power to aerospace power, IAF’s Doctrine 2022 underscores its global reach and versatility

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PHOTOGRAPH: BRAHMOS.COM

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MODERNISATION tant. SSMs and Cruise missiles are going to be important. India has a good missile program.

The BrahMos, Akash, Helina, and Astra missiles are a success, and newer variants must be hastened.

India needs to ATMANIRBHARTA invest more in gameTHE ONLY WAY AHEAD changer technologies.

India is the fifth largThese include cyber est economy and the and electronic warfare, fourth most powerful stealth, artificial intelmilitary. For its global ligence, unmanned profile and stature, systems, hypersonic, and defence requireBRAHMOS-II HYPERSONIC CRUISE MISSILE among others. Hyperments, India must sonic flight and weaphave a vibrant defence industry. One of the biggest lessons of Ukraine conflict has been ons will act as force multipliers against high-value targets. There that global supply chains can be easily disrupted. In the recent is a lot of action in Directed Energy Weapons (DEW). Lasers that past Atmanirbharta (self-reliance) in defence is being pushed at can burn incoming missile electronics or dazzle electro-optical the highest level. Global defence manufacturers are coming to sensors. For India to become significant, it must also master airIndia in large numbers. Many Indian large business houses are craft engine, and AESA radar technologies. Joint venture route now in defence manufacturing. DRDO has begun involving private is the best to imbibe high-end technologies. We need very long partners and transferring technology. HAL has been outsourcing range weapons, including aerial missiles with around 400 kiloSu-30 MKI and LCA fuselage aero-structures manufacturing to metres ranges. Similarly, air-launched cruise missile with ranges private sector. A large MSME eco-system has got build. Some of of around 1,500 kilometres.

There is a backlog of modernisation. The fighter squadron the greatest advantage of Atmanirbharta actually accrues in aerial systems and platforms because of higher rate of obsolescence numbers are at all-time low. This is the first concern that needs and much higher costs. The Drone Federation of India (DFI) has to be addressed. The approach to get back the numbers is well become very active and driving indigenisation. The IAF is closely understood at all levels, but there is a need to hasten actions. interacting with industry and academia to promote indigenisa- The LCA variants development and manufacture has to be tion. They conducted the Mehar Baba competition for drones. accelerated. Also, most feel that the Advanced Medium Combat Indigenisation has to be a whole of country approach. The steps Aircraft (AMCA) may get into squadron service only after 2035. taken by the government of expanding the positive indigenisation This would put us over 20 years behind the PLAAF. The whole of list and earmarking increased percentage of Defence Capital Bud- nation approach will be required for this project. India will have no choice but to buy the 114 fighters from abroad as a onetime get for Made-in-India products would promote atmanirbharta. measure. The Request for Proposal (RFP) must go out quickly.

Without taking sides, if the Indian Navy were to choose Rafale-M, WAY AHEAD IAF While IAF has been modernising steadily, more needs to be then it would perhaps make good sense for the IAF also to go for done. IAF must get back to the authorised force levels of 42 more Rafale and they be Made-in-India. Having already paid for squadrons. Some often suggest that since Rafale and Su-30 MKI India specific modifications, the increased numbers would make good economic-cum-combat sense. can achieve much greater effects than While India takes indigenous route the older MiG-21s, why IAF should confor FRA and AEW&C using the Ex-Air tinue to seek 42 squadrons. The arguIndia airliners, the timelines are at ment is flawed. India’s adversaries are With trans-domain least 6-8 years for modification and already having fifth generation fighters. operationalisation. In the interim, They are not cutting down numbers. operations capability options like lease of FRAs need to be Type of aircraft and weapon platforms and a networked explored with vigour. must be comparable to the adversary.

The obsolescence sets in much IAF also urgently needs additional Integrated Air faster for aerial systems. To stem the AEW&C and FRA. IAF needs to invest Command and increasing gap with China, India permore into UCAVs. IAF will need more Control System, haps needs to increase its defence alloair defence SAM systems and there is a cations, from current 2.15 per cent of need to accelerate inductions of larger IAF is poised for GDP to around 2.5 per cent. IAF is well numbers of indigenous air defence sysjoint operations trained and operationally well exposed, tems. The lessons from Ukraine conflict but once the numbers increase, IAF will indicate the need for large weapon stockand collaborations be much better placed. There is thus a ing and therefore there is need for conwith international need to refocus the priorities on doctinuous review. Kamikaze drones have partners trines, force levels, modernisation and turned game-changers and having large training. Time act is now! SP inventories of these has become imporsteady lowering of accident rate, which today stands at an all-time best of 0.12 per 10,000 hours of flying. This compares well with modern air forces of the world.

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TECHNOLOGY

THE IAF IS EMBRACING NETWORK CENTRIC WARFARE (NCW) WITH OPERATIONS CONDUCTED SYNERGISTICALLY THROUGH IACCS

RESHAPING AERIAL COMBAT Adoption of Latest Technologies is Transforming the Indian Air Force into a Modern, 21st Century Air Power

PHOTOGRAPH: SP GUIDE PUBNS

By AIR MARSHAL SUKHCHAIN SINGH (RETD) The Doctrine of the Indian Air Force 2022, elucidates that the two pillars of Air Power, air defence and offensive air power are indivisibly interlinked. IAF’s Integrated Air Defence System (IADS) which is networked by its Integrated Air Command and Control system (IACCS), will form the backbone of all air operations in India’s future conflicts. Air Power has logically expanded to Aerospace Power and the need to defend space borne assets

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and their ground-based infrastructure. This doctrine serves as a roadmap in absorbing future technologies in the conduct of its missions and to transform from a contemporary to a future ready force. The shift from a legacy ‘threat based and demanded’ approach to a ‘capability demanded’ approach demands indigenous research and development in niche areas, and ‘plug and play’ capabilities with the Army and the Navy. The technological

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PHOTOGRAPH: PIXABAY / GERD ALTMANN

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TECHNOLOGY dynamics of the emerging technologies have a profound impact in the conduct of Aerospace Warfare.

For the 21st century transforming of IAF we need to deliberate the Indian ecosystems for innovation and the various scenarios for possible engagements, whilst integrating current capability trends and existing orders of battle. Also, technologies that are still emerging worldwide have to reach the necessary level of maturity to have a significant effect on the employment of Aerospace Power in Indian context.

NETWORK CENTRICITY Network Centric Warfare (NCW) is now fundamental to IAF’s power projection, with Offensive and Air Defence Operations being conducted synergistically through IACCS. At the same time, enterprise level digitisation drives the THE IAF HAS ESTABLISHED AN AI CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE techno-logistics and administration aspects of the IAF. A technology-driven major overhaul of conventional warfare is inevitable tory in 1999 Kargil war. Precision strike of ammunition during in the near future. Smaller, smarter, potent and cheaper combat 2019 strikes on terror camps in Balakot also ensured India’s entities, linked and networked, will be at the heart of future success in the operation. Ammunition in modern battlefields warfare. With IAF modernisation plans and acquisition chal- once programmed can automatically take inputs, make course lenges, it would be an endeavour to keep pace with future envi- corrections and target the appropriate location at the right time.

Earlier, only the size and explosive capacity of bombs mattered, ronment and challenges in the 21st century.

Network centricity of warfare is evolving fast to gain military but now their smartness is equally important.

Most of the modern weapon platforms like fighter aircraft advantage by incorporating Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT) and other disruptive technologies. These technol- are expensive state-of-the-art systems which are highly capable ogies are increasingly edging out humans from what is called as with multiple capabilities resident in a single platform. With the ‘human-in-the-loop’ to ‘human-on-the-loop’. HAL is developing passage of time, the obsolescence of systems and technologies the Combat Air Teaming System (CATS) of which CATS Warrior in monoliths will require expensive upgrades. This is the chal(Teaming drone), CATS Hunter (Air-launched cruise missile) lenge which the IAF will have to regularly address.

The vulnerability of monolith platforms like multi-role and Alpha-S (Glider drone), all of which are unmanned systems remotely controlled via secure data links, and equipped with fighter aircraft or ISR platforms is tackled by distributing varielectro-optical and infrared sensors. Substantial use of long ous capabilities and roles among a large number of low-cost, range and very long-range missiles with terminal guidance, as independent machines. These would be networked together as demonstrated in the ongoing Ukraine conflict are the next mass- a package, either directly or through a central Combat Management System network, to accomplish a mission. The possibilproduced combat identities gaining operational relevance.

The modern high technology weapons in battlespace have ity of using cheaper commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) equipment enhanced precision, kill probability, easy mobility and trans- like single-use drones suitably modified as weapons instead of portability with greater reliability. The increased lethality in using military grade hardware. Distributed capability among a large number of systems in the battle the battle area, demands a conceparena would also reduce the capability tual relook at the deployment of modloss per kill by the enemy, as against ern high value warfighting assets. monoliths, where every kill would mean The Defence Research & Development a substantial capability loss.

Organisation (DRDO) is developing sevThe confidence that the IAF reposes eral such new munitions that include in the Tejas is borne by its order for 83 Rudram Anti-Radiation Missile, Smart LCA Mk-1A which will have updated Anti-Airfield Weapon (SAAW) and avionics, as well as an Active ElectroniASTRA a state-of-the-art BVR air-to-air cally Steered Radar, updated Electronic missile to engage and destroy highly Warfare suite and a Beyond Visual manoeuvring supersonic aerial targets.

Range missile capability. The new variThe employment of precision guided ant will be capable of firing a plethora ammunition at ‘Muntho Dhalo’ base of weapons from increased stand-off played an important role in India’s vic-

The IAF’s focus on AI training and collaboration with academia and industry indicates a strategic approach to its integration

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PHOTOGRAPH: PIB

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TECHNOLOGY from “cradle to cockpit”. With the increasing use of 3D printing in aviation manufacture the trust to ensure conformance and avoid counterfeits in the supply chain are addressed by deploying blockchain based process and secure the 3D printing systems. This at some time in the future soon will be used in the manufacture of military-standard components directly in the field for which India must be prepared.

India is embarking on its most ambitious indigenous military aviation project to build the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) with advanced stealth features as well as ‘super cruise’ capabilities.

Production of fifth-generation jets is extremely complex and expensive. This is bound to create a competitive and collaborative aviation eco-system that has to be nurtured and regulated for efficiency from its inception. The trust and transDRDO HAS CONDUCTED SUCCESSFUL FLIGHT OF AUTONOMOUS FLYING WING TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATOR parency in the aviation consortium of designers, developers, manuranges, precision munitions and BVR of indigenous origin. The facturers, after sale support, MRO participants is very essential LCA MK-1A will see a substantial increase in the overall indig- for the Atmanirbhar fighter in India. Blockchain implementation enous content of the aircraft which will ensure a reliable main- needs to be a strategic imperative in the Indian A&D industry. tenance supply chain support for enhanced availability of the platform. In the years to come, the LCA and its future variants ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) will form the mainstay of the Indian Air Force.

AI’s capability to process a large amount of data in a very short time will be a crucial wartime advantage, allowing quicker and better decisions. First of all, AI’s capacity to react on machine BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY The sensor to shooter cycle has to be based on the ability to speed will accelerate the pace of combat. Second, the current miliverify the trust and eliminate any man in the middle attack tary structure and organisations are going to change as new conon the information. This is known as data provenance and is cepts of operations evolve (eg. Swarm Drones). Third, AI may proincreasingly important in any information exchange within the vide the opportunity to cope with a huge amount of data available armed forces which is being provided by the use of blockchain for analysis. By addressing this data, AI systems will be able to provide results or solutions that humans may not be able to think algorithms in the structures.

The aviation sector is a complex web of various participating about, especially during combat. This would then be an advantage industries who are partnering, collaborating & competing within over the enemy, as the machines will be more accurate and faster themselves and generating an eco-environment for start-ups. The than humans in logistics, battlefield and decision making. Furthertraceability of the origins of design, materials, manufacture, deliv- more, with the help of AI, the military can perform high risk missions for a long period of time, something ery routes in supply chain, unauthorised that cannot be done by humans. modifications etc to avoid counterfeits Since India is just beginning its jourbeing deployed on the war fighter is to ney on integrating AI into its defence be ensured. With so many players in the The development of forces, the MoD has in the right spirit Indian aviation environment there are Unmanned Combat ordered for the introduction of AI trainbound to be areas of dispute and the ing courses and AI training of the obvious choice is to have Inter & Intra Air Vehicles (UCAVs) defence personnel, keeping in mind the data of the industry on trusty blockchain. and autonomous need of our country to adapt to the modThe Indian military aviation fighters’ ernisation process. By providing for a programme in the Indian aviation indussystems like AURA specific budgetary allocation, the MoD is try needs to incorporate ab-initio a Block is presented as a envisaging a strategic and realistic intechained verified identity. significant step gration of AI into the country thereby The use of COTS hardware and softrevolutionising our human and techniware in aviation sub systems is gaining towards bolstering cal systems. India is home to world class importance. Creating the provenance the IAF’s capabilities academicians in computer science and of every CPU, system mother boards, engineering spread across the IITs, IISc, firmware component and the resident in the next decade NITs and IISERs. An academia-industrysoftware is crucial in the entire loop

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TECHNOLOGY policy synergy is of utmost importance to realise the strategic, societal and cultural implications of AI in Aerospace. The IAF has established an AI Centre of Excellence at Rajokri, New Delhi, in collaboration with UDAAN (Unit for Digitisation, Automation, Artificial Intelligence, and Application Networking) for handling all aspects of Analytics, Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing, Neural Networks and Deep Learning algorithms.

ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING OR 3D PRINTING Most manufacturers in the aerospace industry utilise Conventional Manufacturing methods that leave a large amount of unused raw materials, thus wasting far more materials than it actually needs.

3D Printing methods however, use raw materials only needed for manufacturing the desired aircraft HIGH SPEED EXPENDABLE AERIAL TARGET (HEAT) - ABHYAS parts which save raw materials and minimising weight of the parts.

To meet demand for replacement parts, aircraft manufactur- IAF BIG DATA ers keep an inventory of parts on hand. However, storing an inven- With the IAF investing in integrated Command, Control, Comtory of extra parts either at an aircraft manufacturer or at a client munications, Computers and Intelligence (C4I) capabilities, adds to the cost of spares and deploys resources in its sustenance. information overload and deluge of data is a possibility. The While 3D printing is welcomed in military aviation, it will require reconnaissance and surveillance tasks are carried out by the key changes in ERP systems to control every element of the manu- military prior to operations, the success of the mission depends facturing, maintenance and support chain processes to manage on the correct analysis of the available information. Big Data the possibility of counterfeit parts entering the support chain. Cer- analytics will quantitatively deal with this information overload tified materials and printers to make qualified metal parts don’t as well as to qualitatively improve intelligence assessments by exist in today’s military MRO establishments. The unique benefits drawing out patterns and insights from data. “Battles in the of rapid build time and unique microstructural control to avoid future, large or small, may be decided by smart machines that counterfeiting in the 3D printing processes cannot be fully realised learn, decide and act in real time, and augmented military syswith existing long airworthiness certification times. Accelerated tems that extend the human perceptive, physical and cognitive Certification of Additively Manufactured Metals initiative must be abilities,” and hence the need to by IAF to institutionalise data undertaken by CEMILAC now for the 21st century. and carry out predictive analytics using artificial intelligence.

The IAF has its Integrated Materials Management On Line System (IMMOLS) and combined with the Electronic ManageAI IN E-MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (E-MMS) The new era of Big Data and sophisticated analytics for pre- ment System (EMS) for its fleet maintenance a ready Big Data dictive maintenance has drawn the interest of MRO because for analysis to achieve enhanced operational availability. If the modern war fighters are so reliable, it is almost impossible the Air Operations and Flight safety, structured as well as unto obtain data samples for every type of fault. The most useful structured data is also integrated, new insights into enhancing approach is to learn from the mass of healthy data in order to the IAFs combat capability can emerge. A homegrown analytics detect abnormalities or departures from healthy patterns. Tra- from the Indian IT industry in various spheres will be an asset ditional OEM analytic tools are decades old, not designed for to the armed forces. Similar platforms and areas are there in massive data analysis and often not flexible enough to incorpo- the Indian Army and the Navy which can also be delved into.

Opening up these avenues would be great idea for the ‘Make in rate machine learning. These are ending “slowly.”

The existing e-MMS which is implemented in the IAF will India’ and the “AI for All” initiative. need to be reviewed and plans formulated for big data analytics on the huge amount of data that it generates. The integration of UCAV& AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS IMMOLS with E-mms is part of the IAF project which will cap- The various projects on UAVs by DRDO are in progress. Abhyas ture each other’s touch points in a seamless application for pan is a High-speed Expendable Aerial Target (HEAT) being built IAF weapon platforms. This integrated application would need by the Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE). HEAT restructuring using big data analytical disruptive mode. Wipro, offers a realist threat scenario for practice of weapon systems.

IBM, Ramco, Infosys etc are software giants which can exploit LAKSHYA is a Pilotless Target Aircraft (PTA), which is a reusthis disruptive technology to better the military MRO in improv- able aerial target system. Nishant is a UAV also developed by ing the combat potential of our war platforms.

ADE which is primarily designed for intelligence gathering,

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PHOTOGRAPH: ISRO

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TECHNOLOGY communications support to the IAF’s fighter fleet, ground radar stations, operational bases and own Airborne Early Warning and Control System platforms. A sizable satellite’s transponder bandwidth is also being used by the army, which includes Army Aviation helicopters and UAVs. The GSAT-7B satellite under the Buy Indian (Indigenously Designed, Developed and ManufacturedIDDM) category likely to be deployed by 2026 would help the Indian Army enhance its surveillance in border areas. It will provide a backbone for a plethora of Indian army’s communication needs, from tactical communication support to deployed troops and surveillance/targeting control of remotely piloted aircraft, to Air Defence platforms, as well as operational communications between Formation Headquarters GSAT-7A SATELLITE HAS ENHANCED THE NCW CAPABILITIES OF THE IAF and strategic inter-Service communications. The availability of reconnaissance, training, surveillance, target designation, artil- dedicated military satellites for all three Services, with planned lery fire correction, damage assessment, ELINT and SIGINT. future redundancies, indicates the focus and priority which has Nishant is one of the few UAVs in the world in its weight-class been accorded for ensuring an enhanced operational efficiency capable of being catapult-launched and recovered by using well into the 21st century. parachute, thus eliminating the need for a runway as in case of conventional take-off and landing with wheels.

AR & VR IN TRAINING Autonomous Unmanned Research Aircraft (AURA) is an Virtual Reality (VR) environment is experienced through headautonomous unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV) being devel- mounted displays or other gear, limiting user interaction. Augoped for the Indian Air Force and Indian Navy under Project mented Reality (AR) on the other hand, overlays machine-genGhatak which was initiated as a successor to the 2009 AURA. It erated digital elements onto the real world, enhancing the user’s is UCAV with long range and have properties of ‘Stealth’ which perception of reality. The combination of AR and VR creates makes it almost undetectable by air defence radars. Unlike mixed reality, where virtual objects interact with the real world. other UCAVs which are only armed with missiles the AURA will This immersive technology is transforming various industries, be capable of releasing missiles, bombs and precision-guided including aircraft maintenance where it significantly simplifies munitions. It will act as the ultimate ‘force multiplier’ and ‘game tasks in the complex aircraft environment. They can simulate changer’ in any battle scenario of the future. The Project Ghatak complex procedures, such as disassembling and assembling programme is also meant to complement other programmes to aircraft components, without the need for physical equipment. provide the IAF with the best technically advanced UCAV which It is revolutionary in skill development and maintenance trainwill form the backbone of the IAF in the next decade. DRDO ing. The Vayu Agniveer training will benefit greatly by incorpohas progressed the Tactical Air-Borne Platform for Surveillance- rating this mixed reality in reducing the training period and aid Beyond Horizon 201 (Tapas-BH 201) which was known as Rus- quick assimilation. IAF is now using immersive tech to train tom-2. It is also expected that most of the basic technological cadets at AFS Hakimpet. Various modules of IAF’s mission planrequirements for developing the UAV/UCAV will be tested on ning systems, along with weapons and radar systems incorpoTAPAS programmes first before being implemented on to the rating mixed reality are being developed by defence startups AURA project. The DRDO is going to use the Kaveri engine to using indigenous technology. This will mature for applications power this unmanned vehicle. The DRDO Netra is a UAV for pan IAF in operational planning and training. surveillance and reconnaissance operations. It has been jointly developed by DRDO and ideaForge, a Mumbai-based private FINAL WORDS firm. ideaForge is also working on a more advanced version of Air Chief Marshal V.R. Chaudhari, Chief of the Air Staff (CAS), Netra, which will have an increased flight time. delivering a keynote address at a capstone seminar organised by the IAF and Centre for Air Power Studies in June 2023 has advocated “re-educating an entire generation of officers” to keep up MILITARY SATELLITES India has only two dedicated military satellites; the GSAT-7 with the “accelerated technology infusion” and “fight the tomor(Rukmini) and GSAT-7A (Angry Bird) used by the Indian Navy row’s wars”. This sums up the adoption of latest technologies and Air Force respectively. GSAT-7A satellite has enhanced the in progress towards transforming the IAF into a modern, 21stNCW capabilities of the IAF by providing seamless real-time Century Aerospace Power. SP

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HADR

(ABOVE) RELIEF OPERATIONS BY THE IAF IN FLOOD AFFECTED PARTS OF SIKKIM USING CHINOOK, MI-17 V5, CHEETAH AND ALH HELICOPTERS.

WINGS OF COMPASSION From evacuations to emergencies, the Indian Air Force has a remarkable legacy of Disaster Relief Operations and Global Humanitarian Missions

PHOTOGRAPHS: EAC_IAF / X

By GROUP CAPTAIN (DR) DINESH KUMAR PANDEY The IAF engages in soft power projection through various non-combat operations, such as civilian evacuation operations, participation in international exercises, involvement in UN peacekeeping operations, showcasing air displays, and conducting international relief operations, specifically overseas HADR operations. The Indian Air Force (IAF) boasts a rich and illustrious legacy of conducting Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) missions within India and abroad to provide aid and rescue to people affected by natural calamities, conflicts, or crises. The repatriation of Indian citizens from disturbed Afghanistan during the withdrawal of NATO forces, as well as the evacuation of Indian citizens from East European nations amidst the Russia-Ukraine conflict, exemplify the implementation of our foreign policies aimed at safeguarding and promoting our national interests on a global scale.

Additionally, the IAF has actively collaborated with other

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nations to enhance collective HADR capabilities. The significant quantity of HADR operations conducted by the IAF in swiftly transporting COVID-19 vaccines to allied nations has bolstered the nation’s soft power reputation. The IAF has played a significant role in transcontinental contingencies, particularly in situations necessitating the mass evacuation of the Indian diaspora and individuals of various nationalities from conflict zones. This active involvement has positioned the IAF as a leading force in safeguarding India’s national interests and foreign policy.

THE DYNAMICS The successful execution of humanitarian assistance and disaster response (HADR) operations is a direct result of the collaborative efforts and coordinated actions of the HADR team. Hence, apart from the aircrew, many unacknowledged individuals contribute to the smooth operation of aviation, including the security team,

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PHOTOGRAPH: IAF_MCC / X

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HADR medical personnel, technical ground crew, air traffic control personnel, and support workforce. The efficacy of disaster relief operations is contingent upon the effort exerted by the HADR team.

The IAF’s transport fleet has consistently played an outstanding part in HADR operations by exhibiting its professionalism, adaptability, and reactivity. IAF has garnered widespread admiration and appreciation from numerous nations and individuals through its altruistic endeavours during times of crisis.

The IAF has a fleet of aircraft that can accomplish a wide range of HADR tasks. The strategic heavy-lift transport aircraft C-17 Globemaster and IL-76, tactical load platform C-130J Super Hercules, transport workhorse and medium transport aircraft AN-32, medium-lift helicopter Mi-17 V5 and Advance Light Helicopter Dhruv undertake the HADR operations.

GLORIOUS HADR MISSIONS India has conducted humanitarian operations in response to crises caused by civil/military unrest or natural calamities. The noteworthy HADR Missions, regarded as significant achievements that evoke a sense of pride among the Indian populace, encompass ‘Operation Maitri’ (2015) conducted in Nepal, ‘Operation Sankat Mochan’ (2016) carried out in South Sudan, ‘Operation Ganga’ (2022) executed in Ukraine, as well as ‘Operation Vande Bharat’ (2020) and ‘Operation Dost’ (2023).

Operation Maitri: This humanitarian mission was conducted in Nepal after the devastating earthquake in April 2015.

The Indian government promptly initiated a response to the earthquake, mobilising ten teams from the National Disaster Response Force, as well as medical teams, engineering task forces, and aircraft. The objectives of this response were to facilitate the evacuation of both Indian and foreign nationals, provide essential supplies such as food, water, and tents, and restore electricity in the areas affected by the earthquake.

Operation Sankat Mochan: The mammoth endeavour was undertaken by the IAF to facilitate the safe evacuation of Indian citizens and foreign nationals from the conflict-ridden region of South Sudan during the South Sudanese Civil War in July 2016.

The military manoeuvre was executed in response to the 2016 Juba clashes and entailed the deployment of two C-17 Globemasters from the Indian Air Force.

Vande Bharat Mission: The largest civilian rescue of Indians stuck overseas due to coronavirus travel restrictions. It exceeded the 1990 Gulf War airlift of 1,77,000 passengers. The mission’s 10th phase began in May 2020. Inbound and outgoing travellers total 32 lakhs. The mission prioritised Indian residents with “compelling reasons to return,” such as those whose jobs have been terminated, whose visas have expired and are unlikely to be extended, or who had lost family members.

Operation Rahat: In April 2015, the IAF was mobilised for Operation Rahat, a mission aimed at facilitating the evacuation of Indian citizens stranded in Yemen due to the ongoing civil conflict. The IAF utilised its C-17 Globemaster aircraft to transport many evacuees, exceeding 4000 individuals, from Djibouti to India.

Operation Kaveri: The Indian government launched ‘Operation Kaveri’ this year, to repatriate Indian nationals stranded in Sudan. In addition to various other rescue missions from the country, on the intervening night of April 27 and 28, an IAF C-130J heavy-lift aircraft successfully executed a courageous mission to evacuate a total of 121 individuals from a small airstrip located in ‘Wadi Sayyidna’, approximately 40 km north of Khartoum, the capital of Sudan, which has been plagued by ongoing violence.

The airstrip exhibited a deteriorated surface lacking navigational

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IAF EMPLOYED IT’S C-17 AND C-130J AIRCRAFT FOR THE RESCUE EFFORT TO REPATRIATE INDIAN NATIONALS STRANDED IN SUDAN

aid, fuel, and, notably, landing lights, essential for facilitating nocturnal aircraft landings. Approaching the airstrip, the aircrew employed their Electro-Optical/Infra-Red sensors to ascertain the absence of any obstacles on the runway and to verify the absence of hostile entities in the surrounding area. After confirming the necessary preparations, the aircrew executed a strategic manoeuvre while utilising Night Vision Goggles (NVG) under limited visibility on a nocturnal occasion. This was one example of the highest degree of professionalism by the IAF team.

Operation Dost: After the 2023 Turkey-Syria earthquake ravaged both nations on February 6, 2023, despite Turkey’s anti-Indian and pro-Pakistan position on numerous diplomatic forums, the Indian government quickly began the HADR effort. It extended continuous search and rescue efforts and medical aid to Syria and Turkey. The operation is denoted by the term derived from the Hindi and Turkish lexeme denoting ‘friend’. This manifested the Indian vision of the ‘Whole Word is One family’.

Globally nations have a great deal of admiration and respect for the capabilities of the IAF since it is a significant supplier of HADR in the area. A high level of professionalism in HADR missions has been accomplished by implementing dedicated and well-disciplined execution strategies that have been thoroughly tested and refined. The UN has called on the IAF for help on multiple occasions, and the IAF has responded with peacekeepers to the conflicts in Congo, Somalia, and Sudan. In these missions, the IAF has assisted UN troops with transportation, medical care, and technical assistance.

CHALLENGES OF HADR OPERATIONS HADR missions do have a multitude of variables. These variables are a mix of external as well as internal factors. The

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HADR HADR team faces unexpected and intricate factors, such as adverse weather conditions and an unfavourable political and civil atmosphere at the destination. There are inherent factors, like crew-Fatigue, the physical and mental health of the HADR team, and aircraft technical health, other factors the supervisor must be conscious of for air safety.

The effective implementation of HADR operations in challenging weather conditions and during nighttime requires adding-on measures that ensure the smooth completion of the mission. The successful completion of the mission necessitates the employment of a cohesive team that shares the same strategy.

The IAF has a long and proud history of involvement in HADR operations. This is indicative of the professionalism of HADR teams. The IAF’s HADR operations are typically coordinated with the Indian government and other international organisations. The IAF has a well-established HADR standard operating procedure. The IAF personnel are trained to operate in a variety of disaster scenarios. The IAF’s HADR assets include a fleet of transport aircraft, helicopters, and special forces.

security teams, is imperative. Furthermore, ensuring the proper upkeep and maintenance of the technical inventory utilised for humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) operations is paramount.

The shift towards foresight and readiness to minimise injuries and damages. International disaster relief efforts need to be better coordinated. This merits partnerships among governments, NGOs, and the commercial sector. The need for a coordinated international response to disasters will become even more critical as the world becomes more interconnected.

The incorporation of cutting-edge tools for boosting HADR efficiency. The development of new technologies will continue to play a role in the evolution of HADR, as they will help improve disaster response operations’ effectiveness.

The development of HADR is intricate and persisting. However, natural disasters are happening more often and with greater intensity, the necessity for a coordinated worldwide response is becoming more apparent, and new technologies are being developed, all of which are likely to affect the future of HADR.

PHOTOGRAPHS: IAF_MCC / X, MEAINDIA / X

(LEFT-RIGHT) IAF SENT AIRCRAFT TO TÜRKIYE AND SYRIA BEARING SEARCH & RESCUE TEAMS AND AN INDIAN ARMY MEDICAL TEAM WITH MEDICAL AND OTHER EQUIPMENTS AS PART OF A LARGER RELIEF EFFORT

THE WAY AHEAD The Prime Minister told the Turkish ‘Operation Dost’-team, “Whether there is a cyclone or any disaster in any part of the world, when people see you, your uniform, even from afar, their faith is restored. They trust you because they feel protected.

Your credibility increases exponentially. We must step forward.

We need to be the world’s top rescue teams.”

The IAF has consistently played a leading role in aiding the civil administration and relieving affected civilians. However, there are still areas that require the IAF, in collaboration with the civil administration, to effectively utilise its capabilities in mitigating the impact of natural disasters. However, the efficacy of addressing disaster relief operations can be further enhanced through the implementation of meticulous foresight and meticulous preparatory measures. The meticulous surveying of pathways, establishment of designated landing areas for helicopters, precise meteorological predictions, strategic placement of fuel resources, and effective communication systems all play pivotal roles in ensuring the triumph of these endeavours.

Consistent training for a diverse range of personnel, encompassing aircrew, medical staff, administrative support, and

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CONCLUSION The efficiency and effectiveness of IAF HADR operations have garnered international praise. The IAF possesses a highly skilled and proficient group of pilots, aircrew, and ground personnel capable of promptly addressing emergencies. The IAF also has various aircraft and tools suitable for HADR missions. The IAF is dedicated to delivering humanitarian aid and relief efforts during natural disasters and other emergencies.

HADR operations have been instrumental in preserving numerous lives and mitigating the distress of millions of individuals.

The process of HADR evolution is intricate and continuous. The future of HADR is expected to be influenced by several significant factors. These include the rising occurrence and intensity of natural disasters, the growing acknowledgement of the necessity for a coordinated global approach, and technological advancements.

The IAF has provided invaluable contributions to our nation and other nations, particularly in disaster relief operations, which have proven arduous and gratifying. These operations have effectively contributed to preserving human lives, helping individuals requiring support, and facilitating global peace and stability. HADR has provided an interface for strengthening the diplomatic relationship with other countries. SP

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MILITARY

FORCE MULTIPLIER

EMBRAER IS PITCHING THE KC-390 MILLENNIUM VERY STRONGLY FOR INDIA’S MTA PROGRAMME

EMBRAER IS OPEN TO TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Ahead of their KC-390 Millennium Day festivities, Embraer’s delegation took the opportunity to underscore their nation’s unwavering commitment to India, while underlining Embraer’s legacy of 54 years and its expansive portfolio of over 30 platforms.

PHOTOGRAPHS: EMBRAER

By AYUSHEE CHAUDHARY Embraer’s delegation, visiting India for the KC-390 Millennium Day festivities, underscored their nation’s unwavering commitment to explore technology transfer possibilities to India for which they are looking at engaging various private enterprises and the Indian Air Force. João Bosco Costa Junior, President & CEO of Embraer Defense & Security, emphasised that Brazil, the Government of Brazil, and Embraer collectively embrace adaptability, pledging to tailor their offerings

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to meet the bespoke requirements of India and the Indian Air Force. Notably, they expressed a keen interest in presenting the KC-390 Millennium as a versatile multimission transport solution for India, while underscoring Embraer’s remarkable legacy of 54 years and its expansive portfolio of over 30 platforms.

“We are here to put forth a valuable case for India. We are even open to exploring first-hand technology transfer and sharing some Intellectual Property if needed in India. We are also

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Since entering operation with FAB exploring new alternatives of supply in 2019, the C-390 has proven its chain options for KC-390 and facilitatcapacity, reliability, and performance. ing discussions about companies, proThe current fleet of six aircraft, all in duction, operations, and even MRO,” he the aerial refueling version, designated explained.

KC-390, has already accumulated more In light of the Indian Air Force’s than 9,500 flight hours. Recent fig(IAF) quest for medium transport airures show an operational availability craft (MTA), Brazilian aerospace beheof around 80 per cent, with a mission moth Embraer made a resounding completion rate above 99 per cent, declaration, suggesting its intent to demonstrating exceptional productivity establish an assembly line for the C-390 in the category. The C-390 Millennium Millennium aircraft within India, should has orders from Portugal and Hungary, it emerge victorious in the contract both NATO member countries. The competition. The Indian Air Force has Netherlands, also a member of NATO, been contemplating the acquisition of “We are here to put selected the C-390 Millennium in 2022.

40 to 80 medium transport aircraft to As part of its strategic agenda, replace its aging fleet of AN-32 planes. forth a valuable Embraer has embarked on a mission The Embraer delegation is meeting and case for India. We to bolster relationships and consolidate discussing details with the IAF during are even open to ties with the Government, the Air Force, this visit as well. and the industrial landscape in India.

Bosco affirmed that the company exploring firstTheir primary objective is to gain a prois actively engaged in discussions with hand technology found understanding of India’s requireHindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) ments and objectives, while also idenand select Indian private enterprises to transfer and sharing tifying potential local collaborators for explore the feasibility of forging strasome Intellectual the realisation of their joint localisation tegic partnerships and participating Property if needed plan. Bosco also suggested that discusin the bidding process. The contendsions with certain private companies ers vying for this prestigious contract in India. We are have been progressing positively, with include Embraer Defense and Security’s also exploring new forthcoming partnership announceC-390 Millennium, Airbus Defence and ments on the horizon.

Space’s A400M aircraft, and Lockheed alternatives of supply Underpinning these endeavors is Martin’s C-130J. chain options for KCthe firm backing of the Brazilian GovThe Embraer Defense and Secu390 and facilitating ernment, which is resolute in its comrity leadership ardently advocated the mitment to nurturing the relationsuitability of the C-390 Millennium to discussions ship between Embraer and India, the fulfill India’s specific requirements, about companies, Defense and Security CEO underlined. highlighting its cutting-edge technolThe leadership at Embraer emphaogy, multifaceted mission capabilities, production, sised the strategic significance of the operational flexibility, and cost-effecoperations, and even Brazil-India relationship, which has tiveness. Beyond just marketing the MRO,” been flourishing since the early 2000s. aircraft, Embraer Defense and Security They underscored the substantial comalso envisions setting up an assembly — João Bosco Costa monalities between the two nations, line in India to establish a Maintenance Junior, President including shared cultural ties, vast terRepair and Overhaul (MRO) facility. It’s ritorial expanses, and their status as worth noting that the IAF had initi& CEO of Embraer regional powerhouses. They assured ated the acquisition process in DecemDefense & Security that Embraer stands poised to actively ber of the previous year by issuing a contribute to India’s ‘Make in India’ Request for Information (RFI), to which initiative, offering resources such as Embraer promptly responded by protraining facilities, manufacturing units, posing the C-390 Millennium as the technology transfers, and solutions that will mitigate import preferred platform.

The C-390 can carry more payload (26 tonnes) compared expenditures and maintenance complexities.

Embraer is diligently advancing towards achieving a subto other medium-sized military cargo aircraft and flies faster (470 knots) and farther, being capable of performing a wide stantial turnover of $8 billion over the next couple of years, range of missions such as transporting and dropping cargo with an average Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 12 and troops, medical evacuation, search and rescue, firefight- per cent across its principal business units, spanning commering, and humanitarian missions, operating on temporary or cial aviation, executive aviation, defence and security, services unpaved runways such as packed earth, soil and gravel. In and support, and electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) its refueling version, the aircraft has already proven its aerial units, known as EVE. In terms of its presence in India, Embraer boasts a fleet refueling capacity, as well as an aircraft receiving fuel from another KC-390 using pods installed under the wings. It is the of 39 aircraft, comprising eight in the defence sector, eight in only aircraft in the world in the segment to carry out such an commercial aviation, and 23 in the executive category. During interactions with the media, Bosco extensively expounded operation.

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MILITARY

FORCE MULTIPLIER

EMBRAER IN INDIA FOR THE KC-390 MILLENNIUM DAY On the sidelines of the media briefing, Jayant Baranwal, Editor-in-Chief of SP’s Aviation asked a few quick pertinent questions to the Embraer Defense & Security leadership. Here are some excerpts from that interaction.

Q: Is there a distinction between C-390 and KC-390, both in nomenclature and their utility?

A: They are essentially the same. When we initiated our marketing efforts, we were uncertain whether a country would opt for the air-to-air refueling configuration. The platform is inherently capable of both scenarios; it’s ultimately up to the purchasing country to decide whether to include the air-to-air refueling kit. The aircraft is referred to as the C-390 Millennium, and air refueling is an additional, flexible capability that a country may choose to integrate based on mission requirements.

EMBRAER DEFENSE & SECURITY IS PRESENTING THE KC-390 CASE FOR INDIA, INCLUDING TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND SHARING OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Q: You’ve mentioned the full support of the Brazilian government for the relationship between Brazil and India. Could you elaborate on this?

A: The Brazilian Air Force is prepared to go to great lengths to support India’s needs. Mr. Lula has a strong rapport with India and is well-informed about our endeavors here. The Brazilian government is fully cooperative and committed to facilitating whatever is necessary. We have local financial institutions that are firmly behind our financial proposals. All relevant Brazilian entities are working in unison to make this collaboration feasible, both in financial and operational terms. Mr. Lula and his team, as well as the Ministry of Defence and the military, have been immensely supportive.

From my interactions with stakeholders in Brazil, they are prepared to offer whatever is required. They are keen on establishing a government-to-government partnership that can be showcased to the world.

upon the capabilities of the KC-390. In fact, on August 29, the company celebrated the KC-390 Millennium Day in New Delhi.

“The event was a great platform to deepen engagement with the players in the industry as we strengthen the case of the C-390 Millennium for India. The vibrant discussions have paved the way for us to carve a unique proposition for India and the Indian Air Force,” said Bosco.

Embraer has firmly established its presence in India, boasting approximately 40 aircraft across various domains, encompassing defence, commercial aviation, and executive aviation. Amidst ongoing inquiries and inevitable comparisons with established market counterparts, particularly the C-130, Embraer maintains unwavering confidence in the KC-390’s

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Q: How does Brazil intend to address India’s technological requirements?

A: We are open to sharing intellectual property if needed, as we are the proprietors of this intellectual property on behalf of the Brazilian government. We maintain a high degree of flexibility when discussing such matters with the Indian government. Our commitment extends beyond mere discussions on final assembly or factory-produced components.

Our objective is to impart knowledge and technology. We, as a flexible company and nation, are eager to foster this collaborative spirit.

Q: What would be the estimated age of this MTA from the time of induction? For how many years would it continue to be a healthy machine for the force?

A: We have defence platforms working for more than 30 years and we are confident that the C-390 can go beyond that with its flexibility and adaptability. SP

suitability for the Indian market. They stress that their intent is not to engage in competition with established players but rather to present a win-win solution for India.

“The company envisions a long-term partnership and we are actively considering the prospect of making India a hub in our localisation plan. We view India as a repository of valuable human resources and impressive technological capabilities. Embraer anticipates a fruitful collaboration marked by technology transfer and development opportunities, particularly in the MTA project and the C-390 aircraft—which is a great opportunity in line with our long-term vision,” said Frederico Lemos, the Chief Commercial Officer for Embraer Defense & Security. SP

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HALL OF FAME

SUD-AVIATION CARAVELLE: THE FORGOTTEN JET AIRLINER The Sud-Aviation SE 210 Caravelle was a technological marvel and helped usher in the jet age for a number of airlines across the globe, including state-owned carrier Indian Airlines

Perhaps hardly anyone today can remember the SudAviation SE 210 Caravelle. Once called “unbearably beautiful”, the Caravelle was the world’s first short/medium-range jet airliner, forerunner of today’s regional jets. Although the final Caravelle flight was nearly twenty years ago the plane does not deserve to be forgotten so easily. It was a technological marvel and helped usher in the jet age for a number of airlines across the globe, including Indian Airlines. The name Caravelle dates back to the 15th century when the caravel ships of Christopher Columbus, by virtue of their speed and ruggedness, opened the world to Europe’s intrepid explorers.

It is a remarkable testament to French ingenuity that its aeronautical industry, practically destroyed during the Second World War, was able to produce an outstanding airliner like the Caravelle. In October 1951, the French government had expressed the need for an aircraft that could carry 55 to 65 passengers, plus 1,000 kg of cargo, on routes of up to 2,000 km, while cruising at about 600 km/h. This would facilitate greater connectivity between France and North Africa. The Caravelle prototype, the X210, made its first flight on May 27, 1955. It entered service with Scandinavian Airlines Service (SAS) on April 26, 1959, and with Air France on May 6. Earlier the de Havilland DH.106 Comet – the world’s first commercial jet airliner – entered service in May 1952. However, three Comets were lost within a year after suffering catastrophic in-flight break-ups.

The futuristic Caravelle was of all-metal construction, with clean wings swept back 20 degrees, a dihedral of three degrees, and flaps that covered 60 per cent of the trailing edge. The tail surfaces too were swept back. The designers used thicker fuselage skins and more structural reinforcement than the Comet, and so the Caravelle was spared the Comet’s terrible fate. The plane could boast of a wealth of technological innovations. It was the world’s first airliner to have rear-mounted engines. It was among the first twinjet airliners when four engines were the norm for such planes. It was said that the noisiest seat on board the Caravelle was only as noisy as the quietest seat in the quietest rival airliner. It was also the first commercial aircraft to fly with hydraulic servos, which made it the most comfortable to control of any civil aircraft then operational. Another striking feature was the large triangular passenger windows with widely rounded-off corners. This unique pear-shaped design emerged from a thorough study of passenger comfort. The upper section

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was kept narrow to limit the sun’s glare while the wider lower section gave passengers a clear view of the landscape below.

The Caravelle could land on all standard runways of the period. For shorter ones if necessary a tail parachute could be deployed, reducing the landing distance considerably. Pilots praised the airliner’s gentle touch and large wings that made it easier to execute a “kiss landing”. It was the first airliner in the world certified to make Phase III approaches, with just 50 feet visibility and 500 feet runway visibility. Air France once organised a spectacular publicity event to promote its safety.

A Caravelle was deliberately glided, without propulsion, for a distance of more than 262 km. The engine was restarted only on the final approach to ensure the safety of the passengers.

Within four years of entering service, because it effectively had almost no jet-powered rivals, 172 Caravelles had been sold. Improved models were introduced at regular intervals.

In 1961, the Caravelle Series VI became the main production variant. It offered a marked boost in performance thanks to its more powerful Rolls-Royce Avon engines with thrust 56.05 kN. In all, 282 Caravelles were built between 1958 and 1972 and sold to 35 customers in 27 countries.

Indian Airlines (IAC) – India’s erstwhile state-owned domestic carrier – chose the Caravelle as its first jet, and its fleet of Caravelle VI-N aircraft ultimately numbered a dozen.

Caravelle services were simultaneously launched between Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta and Madras on February 1, 1964.

The airliner’s annual utilisation rate was almost 3,000 hours per aircraft – amongst the highest in the world. Unfortunately, considering that the Caravelle was considered an easy-to-land plane, at least four IAC Caravelles were lost to landing accidents and a fifth was involved in a catastrophic mishap with the loss of all 95 lives aboard. IAC’s final Caravelle flight was in 1980. Pushpaka Aviation Pvt Ltd a Mumbai-based air charter company, purchased two Caravelles from IAC in 1978 and operated them for another five years mainly to carry cargo.

At the turn of the 1960s, Sud-Aviation began working on the Super-Caravelle – an early supersonic prototype that was later merged with efforts to produce the Anglo-French Concorde. Thus the Caravelle’s legacy extended even into the supersonic air transport age. SP — JOSEPH NORONHA

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NEWS

DIGEST

TWIN SEATER LCA TEJAS HANDED OVER TO THE IAF

APPOINTMENTS

AIR MARSHAL NAGESH KAPOOR TAKES OVER AS AIR OFFICER-IN-CHARGE PERSONNEL

Minister of State for Defence Ajay Bhatt said that the LCA Tejas symbolises India’s journey towards self-sufficiency in defence manufacturing. This programme has been a shining example of commitment to reduce country’s dependency on foreign aircrafts, and it serves as a beacon of hope for a self-reliant India. He was speaking at the handing over ceremony of LCA Tejas Twin Seater to the Indian Air Force in Bengaluru on October 4, 2023.

Minister of State for Defence further said that the LCA Tejas programme has been an inspiring saga of relentless dedication and innovation. The inception of the LCA Tejas aircraft was rooted in the dream of equipping our Indian Air Force with a world-class indigenous fighter aircraft. The HAL’s first Series Production twin seater of LCA Tejas is decked with state-of-the-art technology, agility, and versatility, It will provide suitable training to the Pilots of IAF. The IAF has already placed an order for 83 LCAs with HAL.

DCAS FLIES THE HINDUSTAN TURBO TRAINER HTT-40

Air Marshal Nagesh Kapoor took over as Air Officer-in-Charge Personnel (AOP) on September 1, 2023. An alumnus of the Defence Services Staff College and National Defence College, the Air Marshal was commissioned in the fighter stream of Flying Branch of the Indian Air Force on December 6, 1986. In a career spanning over 36 years, the Air Marshal has held various key field and staff appointments. Prior to his present appointment, he was Senior Air Staff Officer at HQ Central Air Command, Prayagraj.

VUMLUNMANG VUALNAM TAKES CHARGE AS SECRETARY, MINISTRY OF CIVIL AVIATION

Vumlunmang Vualnam assumed the charge of Secretary, Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA), Government of India. Vualnam is an IAS Officer of 1992 batch, from Manipur cadre. He has held many important positions in the Union Government, including Additional Secretary, Ministry of Finance, Joint Secretary, Ministry of Home Affairs, and Deputy Secretary, Ministry of Finance & Company Affairs.

EMBRAER APPOINTS CARLOS NAUFEL AS VICE PRESIDENT OF SERVICES & SUPPORT

Embraer announced that Carlos Naufel, is the new Vice President of Services & Support, effective September 1, 2023. With 27 years of experience in the aviation sector, Naufel graduated with a degree in Mechanical Engineering and earned a Master’s in Business from FAAP University, in São Paulo, among other specialisations.

tion of which will commence on September 15, 2025 and continue till March 15, 2030. The HTT-40 will enhance the quality of training of ab-initio pilots of the Indian Armed Forces. The procurement will also include a Full Mission Simulator for the aircraft which will supplement the aerial training, allowing pilots to practice different profiles on ground, prior to the sorties.

BHARAT DRONE SHAKTI 2023’ INAUGURATED

Air Marshal Ashutosh Dixit, Deputy Chief of the Air Staff flew the Hindustan Turbo Trainer Aircraft - 40 (HTT-40) Basic Trainer Aircraft, at Bengaluru. Manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), the aircraft has been indigenously designed and developed by the Aircraft Research & Design Centre of HAL and is based on the training requirements of the Indian Armed Forces.

The IAF signed a contract with HAL for the supply of 70 aircraft, the induc-

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Bharat Drone Shakti 2023, a first-of-itskind drone exhibition cum display was inaugurated by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh at Air Force Station, Hindan in Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh on September 25, 2023. It had been jointly organised

by Indian Air Force (IAF) and Drone Federation of India (DFI). The two-day event, held on September 25 & 26, 2023, featured over 75 drone start-ups from across the country.

The drones featured during the event can be employed for a variety of military and civil applications. By showcasing their capabilities through a series of

aerial & statics demonstrations, the IAF and DFI seek to bolster the Government’s initiative to make India a major drone hub by 2030.

‘FIRST C295 MW TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT INDUCTED INTO THE IAF

This medium lift tactical aircraft, which is capable of taking off and landing from unprepared landing grounds, will replace the HS-748 Avro aircraft. Through a post on X (formerly Twitter), the Defence Minister exuded confidence that the induction of C295 will bolster medium lift tactical capability of the IAF. He termed the defence and aerospace sectors as the two important pillars for making India self-reliant in the coming years.

While the first 16 of the 56 contracted aircraft will be delivered to the IAF in a ‘fly-away’ condition, the remaining 40 would be manufactured in India by Tata Advanced Systems Limited at their facility in Vadodara. The first IAF squadron to be equipped with the aircraft, 11 Squadron (The Rhinos), is also based at Vadodara. l

ISSUE 9 • 2023

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LAST WORD

DEVELOP ANTI-DRONE TECHNOLOGY

PHOTOGRAPH: LOONGUAV

In light of the long and hot border with China, which is a world leader in drone manufacturing, India needs to do a lot more to enhance its anti-drone capabilities Modern warfare is evolving with modern technology.

One such technology that had made a huge difference in today’s battlefields and has changed the dynamics on battlegrounds is the effective use of drones for a variety of purposes, not just for ISR but in combat roles as well where the basic method is to equip drones with gravity bombs or turn the drone into a miniature kamikaze-like weapon. Since they are relatively small, such drones are able to sneak up on unsuspecting targets during day and night and hit them when they might be most vulnerable.

Small, relatively cheap, and easy to use, these drones are effective against any target.

Recent conflicts, such as the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the days-old fighting between Israel and Hamas, show the growing importance of drones in war, especially the smaller ones which are relatively cheaper to procure and easier to handle. Even in earlier conflicts in Central Asia and the Middle East like the Nagorno-Karabakh war, the Yemen war, the long drawn war in Syria or the Afghanistan war, drones were used very effectively. The threat from drones is likely to increase as technical advancements such as artificial intelligence and machine learning increase their capabilities and as the costs of such systems come down.

Meanwhile, China has emerged as the unrivalled global leader in drone manufacturing, showcasing remarkable prowess across a spectrum of drone technologies, from combat drones to sophisticated drone swarms. China’s pioneering strides in drone swarm technology include the capacity to deploy hundreds or even thousands of drones concurrently, serving various purposes like surveillance, communication relay, and precision strikes. With substantial investments in research and development, both private Chinese companies and the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) have propelled China to the forefront of the drone industry.

China’s arsenal encompasses an extensive array of combat drones, designed for roles ranging from reconnaissance to precision strike missions and electronic warfare and have found export market into various countries across the globe, particularly the Middle East and Africa, where they have been used in conflict zones. Pakistan also is a significant recipient of Chinese drone technology and has effectively employed them in operations against militant groups in border regions.

The export of Chinese combat drones and drones with military applications is likely to continue to grow in the coming

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By ROHIT GOEL

years. Chinese drone manufacturers are becoming increasingly sophisticated and capable, and the global demand for combat drones and drones with military applications is growing. Additionally, the Chinese government is expected to continue to support the export of combat drones and drones with military applications, as it sees this as a way to advance its foreign policy goals.

These facts carry profound implications for the evolving landscape of modern warfare and surveillance capabilities, especially India which shares a large and hotly contested border with China. India’s anti-drone capabilities have been growing in recent years, but the country still has a long way to go to match the capabilities of China, the world leader in drone manufacturing. India has a number of indigenous anti-drone systems under development, but most of these are still in the early stages of testing and evaluation. The Indian armed forces have also procured some anti-drone systems from foreign suppliers, but the numbers are still relatively small.

One of the key challenges facing India is the development of a comprehensive anti-drone strategy. This strategy should include measures for detection, tracking, identification, and neutralisation of drones. It should also include measures to protect critical infrastructure from drone attacks.

Another challenge is the development of effective counter-drone technologies. There are two main ways to down a drone – kinetically and electronically. The first means shooting down a drone with bullets, rockets, or similar. The second means jamming or interrupting the signal between the drone and its operator(s). A more advanced version of this approach is to hack the drone and take over its command.

These technologies should be able to deal with a wide range of drones, from small commercial drones to large military drones. They should also be able to deal with drones that are equipped with advanced technologies, such as swarming and electronic warfare.

India needs to develop indigenous anti-drone technologies to reduce its dependence on foreign imports with a focus on developing new age anti-drone technologies, such as directed energy weapons and counter-swarm technologies. Also, India needs to invest more in research and development of anti-drone technologies. This will help the country to develop indigenous systems that are tailored to its specific needs and better protect itself from drone threats, especially from China. SP

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KC-390 MILLENNIUM

MISSION ACCOMPLISHED

AFTER AN EXTENSIVE TEST CAMPAIGN THE KC-390 MILLENNIUM IS CERTIFIED FOR FULL OPERATIONS. From the outset, the KC-390 Millennium was designed to set a new benchmark in the medium-size military transporter segment.

Developed with support from the Brazilian Air Force (FAB) and Brazilian Government, the largest and most complex aircraft ever built in the southern hemisphere has gone through a rigorous and challenging testing program, including 3,500 prototype flight test hours and close to 85,000 hours of lab tests.

In March 2023, it received the coveted Full Operational Capability certification from the Brazilian Military Certification Authority (IFI – Institute of Industrial Development and Coordination), with the platform meeting or exceeding all requirements.

This seal of approval, which is extremely difficult to attain, confirms the KC-390 Millennium is ready for full operational duties in all missions and showcases to the world its class-leading reliability, flexibility and performance.

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