SP's Land Forces Issue 4 - 2019

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2019

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192 ND Gunners Day Special

ROUNDUP

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The ONLY magazine in Asia-Pacific dedicated to Land Forces

>> LEAD STORY

In This Issue Page 4 Artillery Ammunition and Missiles: Destruction Power of Artillery

During 1850, solid shot, which was spherical in shape, and black powder were standard ammunition for guns. Howitzers fired hollow powder-filled shells which were ignited by wooden fuses filled with slowburning powder.

Lt General Naresh Chand (Retd) Page 6 Indian Artillery Celebrates 192nd Gunners Day The Artillery is presently engaged in modernising in terms of equipment and support systems under ‘Make in India’ initiative of the Modi Government.

Lt General P.C. Katoch (Retd) Page 9 Strategic Partnership for ‘Make in India’ In order to achieve the goal of self-reliance through ‘Make in India’, it is necessary to invest in long term indigenous capabilities through special partnership model.

Jayant Patil Page 10 Equipment for Law Enforcement for Minimum Invasive Violence Modern day law enforcement personnel have to operate in a more transparent society with increasingly complex laws of the land which include human rights where they are subject to greater accountability.

Lt General Naresh Chand (Retd) Page 12 Defeat the Night with Image Intensifiers Sensor fusion combines image intensifier and thermal imaging technologies into one device. Such a combination enables a user to view the image in much greater part of the light spectrum which spans from visible to near-infrared to long-wave infrared and to see the image in the visible and thermal spectrum.

Lt General Naresh Chand (Retd) Page 14 20 Years of DSEI: Latest Land Warfare Developments Out of six zones that make up the DSEI event, the Land Zone stood out with a vast array of innovative industrial advancements throughout the event.

Ayushee Chaudhary Plus News in Brief

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Modernisation of Artillery: Bigger Bang for the Buck ‘Future battlefield will be characterised by short and intense engagements requiring integrated and coordinated employment of all fire power resources including precision and high lethality weapon systems in a hybrid warfare environment.’  Lt General Naresh Chand (Retd)

Role of Indian Artillery

Artillery Rationalisation Plan 2000 There had been no acquisition of guns for the Indian Artillery since 1987 when the acquisition of 39-calibre 155mm FH77B howitzers from Sweden’s AB Bofors

The artillery has always been a battle winning factor as it can shower death on the troops in the open and also destroy bunkers with deadly accuracy. This was clearly evident in Kargil where the Indian Artillery pulverized Pakistan bunkers, kept their heads down and made the task of assaulting Indian infantry easier.

Modernisation of Indian Artillery is based on the envisaged role in the current and future battle milieu. The role could be defined as the integrated and coordinated employment of all available firepower resources to shape the battlefield and to degrade the enemy in contact and in depth battle to achieve decisive victory of the enemy. The fire power could include all types of guns, mortars, missiles and where required the Indian Air Force.

Future battlefield.

The future battlefield will be characterised by short and intense engagements; nonlinear battles; simultaneity of operations; increased On the 192nd Gunners’ Day, we reaffirm our battle field transparency; commitment to support the Indian Artillery’s integrated and coordinated quest for modernisation and bespoke employment of all fire power solutions. At BAE Systems, we are delighted resources including preto have begun delivering the M777 Ultra cision and high lethality Lightweight Howitzer enabled by assembly, weapon systems in a hybrid integration and testing in country. warfare environment. The baesystems.com battle will be fought under the shadow of a nuclear, biological and chemical warfare threat.

in 1987 got embroiled in kickbacks and corruption. This lead to large voids in fire power when on the other hand the war scenario visualised a two front war. This dictated that the strength of artillery should

Wishing You a Happy Gunners’ Day

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E D I T O R I A L

>> LEAD STORY This issue coincides with the Gunner’s Day which is celebrated on September 28 every year.

The origin of the raising day is traced back to formation of the 5 Mountain Bombay (now Mumbai) Battery on September 28, 1827.

The motto of the Regiment of Artillery is Sarvatra Izzat-o-Iqbal (Everywhere with Honour and Glory).Thus this issue is dedicated to the Regiment of Artillery which also includes a message from Lt General K. Ravi Prasad, Director General Artillery.

The lead article is on modernisation of Regiment of Artillery. Modernisation of any arm will be based on its role in the modern battlefield. For Artillery it could be defined as the integrated and coordinated employment of all available firepower resources to shape the battlefield and to degrade the enemy in contact and in depth battle to achieve decisive victory of the enemy.

During the last couple of years,

the modernisation of Artillery has accelerated at a faster pace, after decades of stagnation. The next article is on Artillery ammunition which includes ammunition for guns, rockets, mortars; and missiles. The current thrust is on Precision Guided Munitions (PGM) which is a guided munition designed to precisely hit a specific target. The terminal guidance unit is designed to sense emitted or reflected electro-magnetic radiation. During the Cold War period, the Soviet Union’s superior tank force presented a serious conventional threat to US and NATO forces in Europe which was partly offset by US nuclear weapons but the requirement was to provide a non-nuclear offset which started the evolution of PGMs. Then there is an interesting article on equipment (including weapons) for Law Enforcement Agencies as these agencies are dealing with own citizens and at

the same time the fire power in the hands of these citizens has become more lethal. This leads to the perennial vexed question of the degree of force to be applied.

The Law Enforcement profession probably first began with “an eye for an eye” however modern day law enforcement personnel have to operate in a more transparent society with increasingly complex laws of the land which include human rights and greater accountability. In India the main threat is terrorism/low intensity conflict operations in J&K, terrorism in other states and Left Wing Extremism.

In such an operating environment the selection of equipment and weapons requires deep reflection and intense training. In modern battle field it is very important to defeat the night with modern technology thus read all about it in this issue.

Defence & Security Equipment International (DSEI), one of the largest and most significant

arms fair in the world wrapped a successful 20th year, held from September 10 to 13, 2019, in London. We have a report on this biennial event is a principal event that brings together governments, national armed forces, industry leaders and the global defence and security supply chain on an unrivaled scale.

Then there is the usual news digest and flag postings. We wrap this edition with wishing a Happy Gunners Day on September 28th. May you succeed in every battle with Honour and Glory. We also wish our discerning readers happy Dussehra and Diwali.

Jayant Baranwal Publisher & Editor-in-Chief

Photographs: BAE Systems, SP Guide Pubns

be such that it could support a two front war fought simultaneously.

Seeing the alarming state of the nation’s firepower capability, Gunners after a hiatus of thirteen years came up with the Field Artillery Rationalisation Plan (FARP) in 2000. As part of FARP, 155mm calibre was made the standard gun system for Indian Artillery. Accordingly, ‘Artillery Profile’ was conceived and promulgated with emphasis on Mediumisation’ of Artillery. The plans were rather ambitious and involved the acquisition of about 3000 plus guns by 2025 at an estimated cost of $8 billion.

These guns included: l 1,580 towed gun systems (TGS) l 814 mounted gun systems (MGS) l 100 self-propelled howitzers (SPHs) l 145 BAE Systems M777 155mm/39 calibre lightweight howitzers for the mountains Expect for M777, all other gun systems were of 155mm/52 calibre or 45 calibre.

Existing inventory was to be upgraded to add to the numbers.

dure’ in Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP)-2016. The revised procedure has been finalised after a series of consultations held with industry and is aimed ‘better bang for the buck’.

Current Status of FARP

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The Blue Print for 3000 Guns Following aspects are part of the strategy: l Involving the Indian industry to trigger the growth and establishment of a robust military industry complex. l Becoming self contained in armaments by encouraging indigenous development; encourage competition amongst the government and private industry to attain efficiency. l Gainfully employing the trained manpower and infrastructure of India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and defence public sector undertakings (DPSUs) along with the private sector to accelerate the production rate of guns to meet the target of about 3,000 guns in a reasonable time frame. This could be achieved by giving the manufacturing contract for the same system to more than one company.

Make in India. Prime Minister Narendra Modi had unfurled his ‘Make in India’ vision. Such advance systems could not be developed and manufactured solely by Indian companies in a desirable time frame thus the Indian companies were allowed to collaborate with foreign companies for transfer of technologies with they still being the prime contractor. This would further accelerate the progress towards achieving the objects of FARP.

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(Top) BAE Systems’ M777 155mm/39 Calibre Ultra Lightweight Howitzers (ULH); (above) Indigenously built Dhanush 155mm x 45 calibre long-range artillery gun has a strike range of 38 km.

Boosting ‘Make in India’ in Defence Production by Make-II As a major boost to ‘Make in India’ in Defence, the Defence Acquisition Council, chaired by the then Defence Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, in its meeting on January 16, 2018, had cleared a simplified ‘Make-II’ procedure which will enable greater participation of industry in acquisition of defence equipment. This process will greatly help import substitution and promote innovative solutions. This simplified ‘Make-II’ procedure will amend the existing ‘Make Proce-

The plans were rather ambitious and involved the acquisition of about 3000 plus guns by 2025 at an estimated cost of $8 billion

BAE Systems’ M777 155mm/39 Calibre Ultra Lightweight Howitzers (ULH).

The M777 is the world’s first 155 mm Howitzer weighing less than 10,000 lbs (4,218 kg). Selected by the US Marine Corps and US Army as their next generation Medium Artillery weapon, designated M777, the gun has undergone an engineering and manufacturing development programme in the US. M777 is now in full rate production for the US Armed Forces. The contract for procurement of 145 numbers of 155mm/39 calibre ULH was signed with US Government in November 2016. These howitzers are being procured under US Foreign Military Sales Programme. As per the contract, US Government will deliver 25 fully formed howitzers from USA/UK and balance 120 howitzers will be assembled in India. The delivery of these howitzers will be completed over a period of four years. The first two guns were handed over to India in July 2018 and the remaining guns will be assembled in India by BAE Systems in partnership with Mahindra Defence.

Dhanush. Ordnance Factories Board (OFB) had been contracted to produce a 45-calibre 155mm howitzer based on the Transfer of Technology obtained from Bofors in the 1980s. The Defence Acquisition Council approved a proposal from the OFB to manufacture 144 pieces of 155mm/45calibre howitzers with the option to acquire another 400 provided the prototypes successfully meet the army’s specifications in user trials. The gun completed the Field Evaluation Trials successfully and as a result the OFB received a bulk production order from the Ministry of Defence for 114 Dhanush guns. The OFB also handed over six Dhanush artillery guns to the Regiment of Artillery in a ceremony held at the Gun Carriage Factory during April 2019. l Dhanush is the first indigenously built 155mm x 45 calibre long-range artillery gun with strike range of 38 kilometres. It is also a major success story of the ‘Make in India’ initiative. Some operational details given by OFB are: – Automated technology allows three to six guns to be fired simultaneously

>> Lead Story / message

Lt General K. Ravi Prasad, VSM Director General Artillery & Colonel Commandant Regiment of Artillery

Message

I congratulate you on your efforts in providing quality information on Armed Forces.

Your publications have been a valuable source of information on Armed Forces and help bridge the gap between the stakeholders and concerned organisations.

Please accept my compliments on becoming the largest publishing house in the entire Asia Pacific and Middle East regions. My best wishes for your pursuit for excellence in future.

With warm regards Yours sincerely

(K. Ravi Prasad) Lt General

Photograph: L&T Heavy Engineering

at a single target. Rate of fire of the gun is 42 rounds/hour.

– The gun is equipped with inertial navigation-based sighting system, autolaying facility, on-board ballistic computation and an advanced day-night direct firing system.

Dhanush is a joint effort by the OFB, the Army, DRDO, Directorate General Quality Assurance, PSUs Bharat Electronics Limited, SAIL, and private firms.

155mm/52 Calibre Towed Howitzer Nexter of France has offered their gun Trajan and have tied up with Larson & Toubro (L&T).

Elbit of Israel has offered their gun ATHOS 2052 and have tied up with Kalyani Group/ Bharat Forge. Howitzers of both Nexter and Elbit Systems underwent competitive trials in response to the Ministry of Defence’s tender of 2011/12 for 1,580 guns which was concluded in November 2015. The two guns were to undergo General Staff evaluation by the army before one was shortlisted and price negotiations begin. The army plans to acquire 400 guns under the DPP’s ‘Buy and Make’ category and license build the remaining 1,180 howitzers. It was then reported that fresh trials have been ordered for both the systems but it appears that Elbit Systems has won the competition as the Elbit-Bharat Forge bid for the Athos 2052 howitzer was found significantly lower than that of Nexter.

In fact it is understood that it is even less than Dhanush. The Ministry of Defence has the choice of opting for the indigenous Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System (ATAGS), being developed by the Defence Research and ­ Development Organisation in partnership with Tata Power SED and Bharat Forge. The picture will get clear in the near future but logically India should opt for ATAGS which is a homegrown system.

Self Propelled Howitzers (SPH) K9 Vajra-T. During December 2015 the Ministry of Defence began price negotiations with L&T for 100 modified South Korean SPHs, worth around `5,600 crore (about $800 million). The K9 Vajra-T, an L&T version of Samsung Techwin’s K9 Thunder 155mm/52 calibre gun customised for India’s 2012 SPH tender, was shortlisted for acquisition in late September after undergoing trials along with Russia’s MSTA – selfpropelled gun, which had been modified to 155mm/52 calibre standard and mounted on a T-72 tank chassis. According to industry sources, the K9 is being procured under

L&T’s Self Propelled Howitzers (SPH) K9 Vajra-T

the DPP 2012 ‘Buy Global’ category. L&T had won the contract in 2017 to supply 100 units of K9 Vajra to the Indian Army under the Centre’s ‘Make in India’ initiative. The K9 is expected to contain some 13 major indigenous subsystems, including its fire control, ammunition handling, and nuclear, biological, and chemical system and muzzle velocity radar, to help it bypass the 30 per cent offset obligation. It is learnt that the contract has already been signed, and includes a follow-on option for additional 50 K9 guns.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi on January 19, 2019, inaugurated the Armoured Systems Complex of Larsen and Toubro in Gujarat, the first private facility in the country where the K9 Vajra self-propelled Howitzer guns will be manufactured.

The company has set up the Armoured Systems Complex at Hazira, around 30 km from Surat, to manufacture and integrate advanced armoured platforms, such as selfpropelled artillery Howitzers, future infantry combat vehicles, future-ready combat vehicles and future main battle tanks.

The manufacturing complex is executing the ‘K9 Vajra-T 155mm/52-calibre tracked self-propelled Howitzer guns’ programme.

814 Truck-mounted guns. The Acquisition of 814 truck-mounted Guns has been approved by the Defence Acquisition Council in November 2014 and will be undertaken under the ‘buy and make in India’ category with transfer of technology.

While the first 100 guns will be imported,

the remaining 714 will be produced in India. Tata Power SED with its 155mm truck mounted gun system and L&T-Ashok Leyland-Nexter with their 155mm gun are among the private companies in India that are reported to be interested but at present the acquisition appears on low priority. The other aspect is that OFB has announced that they will produce two more versions

Modernisation of Indian Artillery is based on the envisaged role that could be defined as the integrated and coordinated employment of all available firepower resources to shape the battlefield and to degrade the enemy in contact and in depth battle to achieve decisive victory of the enemy

of the Dhanush, one of them being a truck mounted version.

155/52 Calibre Self Propelled Howitzer. It was earlier reported earlier that Bhim self-propelled howitzer was being developed as a private venture of the South African company Denel in collaboration with DRDO but no details are known. It is also reported that L&T is expected to develop this system.

155mm/52 Calibre Advance Towed Artillery Gun System (ATAGS). ATAGS is India’s first indigenous 155mm/52-calibre towed gun system which is being developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation along with two private-sector firms, Tata Power SED and the Kalyani Group/Bharat Forge. During January 2017, two ATAGS prototypes had been made and were under trials. During September 2017, former Defence Minister Nirmala Sitharaman also attended the trial along with the COAS and the DG Artillery. Finally there will be a requirement of 1,500 towed guns costing about $4.5 billion but the initial order is for the immediate requirement of 114 guns.

It is claimed that the ATAGS is the world’s only gun with a six-round “automated magazine” that fires a six-round burst in just 30 seconds. Most other existing 155mm, 52-calibre guns have three-round magazines, which must be reloaded after firing three rounds. The gun has several significant features including an all-electric drive.

Catapult. This is the Interim Solution for Self-Propelled Howitzers (SPH) in which the army is expected to induct 40 indigenously developed Catapult Mk II SPHs, which mount a 130mm gun on the chassis of the locally designed Arjun MBT. These will replace the Catapult Mk I, designed in the early 1980s by mounting the 130mm gun onto the extended chassis of an OFBbuilt Vijayanta (Vickers Mk I) MBT.

Ammunition It has been decided that all ammunition for the guns will be made in India. The OFB which has the longest experience in the manufacture of ammunition will really have to modernise and upgrade their infrastructure to enable manufacture of modern ammunition which includes fair amount of electronics. Fuze is one of the critical components which also include time and radio fuze (also called variable time fuze) which will require a level of expertise. Efforts should be also made to bring the private sector on board to pool their skill. SP

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>> artillery

Artillery Ammunition and Missiles: Destruction Power of Artillery During 1850, solid shot, which was spherical in shape, and black powder were standard ammunition for guns.

Howitzers fired hollow powder-filled shells which were ignited by wooden fuses filled with slow-burning powder.

Photograph: US Army

High Explosive Guided Mortar (HEGM)

 Lt General Naresh Chand (Retd)

A

rtillery ammunition includes the projectile or shell; propellant; primer to ignite the propellant; cartridge case to hold the propellant, bursting charge and fuse. The size of the projectile is expressed in terms in terms of calibre, which is the diameter of the projectile as measured in mm or inches.

Precision Guidance Munition (PGM) A PGM (also called smart weapon, smart munition, smart bomb) is a guided munition designed to precisely hit a specific target. The terminal guidance unit is designed to sense emitted or reflected electro -magnetic -radiation. PGMs is the area where artillery can improve radically to provide devastating, accurate and almost instant fire. PGMs could also punish infrastructure targets with less collateral damage; engage radars, integrated air defence systems, and command and control centres effectively.

PGMs would be self guided and thus could be launched from a longer range when operating from an airborne platform thus reducing the risk to the pilot and the aircraft. PGMs used by US Forces have been successful in the Middle East, forcing the adversaries to change their tactics by widely dispersing their forces. PGM Components include a Guidance Unit which discriminates differences in energy received by its sensor; and a Tracker Unit which controls the flight of the PGM to the target.

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Some examples of current PGMs M982 Excalibur. This is a 155mm extended range guided artillery shell developed by Raytheon Missile Systems and BAE Systems AB. It is a GPS-guided munition, capable of being used for close support of within 75-150 m of friendly troops. It has a range of 40-57 km and CEP (cumulative error of probability) of around 5-20 m.

M712 Copperhead. This can be fired from a 155mm calibre gun, is fin-stabilised, terminally guidance by laser, explosive shell is designed to engage hard point targets such as tanks, self-propelled howitzers or other high-value targets. It can be fired from many types of 155mm calibre artillery guns like M777, M198, etc. The projectile has a minimum range of 3 km and a maximum range of 16 km. For Copperhead to function, the target must be illuminated with a laser designator. Once the laser signal is detected, the on-board guidance system will operate the steering vanes to manoeuvre the projectile to the target. Copperhead operates in two modes. Ballistic mode is used with good visibility and high cloud ceiling. Glide mode is used with low visibility and low cloud ceiling.

M898 155mm Sense and Destroy Armour (SADARM) shell. SADARM can be fired from a normal 155mm artillery gun.

SADARM shell has a nose-mounted M762/ M767 fuse set to burst at 1,000 m above the

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SP’s Land Forces 4/2019

M982 Excalibur 155mm round leaves the barrel of an M777 Howitzer during a live fire shoot

target for releasing two SADARM submunitions. The submunition is ejected from the projectile with the help of two parachutes.

Each sensor with the submunitions has a milli- meter radiometre radar which scans an area of 150 m in diameter, tracks and guides the submunition onto the target.

Non-Line-of-Sight Launch System (NLOS-LS) The NLOS-LS was a technology demonstration programme focused on beyond line-ofsight fires for the Army’s Future Combat System. The programme was earlier managed

by DARPA (NetFires). The aim was to develop and test a containerised, platform-independent multi-mission weapon concept as an enabling technology element for the FCS. The NLOS-LS is claimed to defeat all known threats, is air deployable and enhances the situation awareness and survivability due to standoff target acquisition and extendedrange, non-line-of-sight engagements. Both missile types have a self-locating launcher and a command and control system compatible with the FCS. The NLOS-LS is one of the alternative system to provide artillery support in place of the Crusader artillery system. The system is platform independent with the concept of vertical-launch set of missiles with a command and control system in a box. Normal artillery is dependent upon the platform. The system has 16 compartments out of which 15 hold missiles and one compartment holds the command and control system. The missile has a soft launch which means that the recoil is very little unlike a gun which has a heavy recoil.

Type of Missiles. It has two type of missiles. The first is a Precision Attack Missile (PAM), which was formerly developed

by Raytheon Corporation alone. The PAM can be utilised for both hard and soft targets at a range of 0.5-50 km. The second is a Loitering Attack Missile (LAM), which has continued to be developed by both Lockheed Martin and Raytheon. It carries a laser

detection and ranging (“ladar”) seeker, a turbojet motor, and wings that extend on launch. The missile has a 70 km range with a 30-minute loiter time. It is able to loiter over targets of interest, do automatic target recognition and attack targets on its own.

When fully developed, LAM will enable the Army with a single shot, to search large areas for specific targets with a single missile. LAM is envisioned as an autonomous, loitering hunter-killer with a 200+ km range and a 45-minute flight time.

DARPA’s Magneto Hydrodynamic Explosive Munition (MAHEM) Programme Explosively formed jets (EFJ) and fragments and self-forging penetrators (SFP) are used for precision strike against targets such as armoured vehicles and reinforced structures. The Magneto Hydrodynamic Explosive Munition (MAHEM) programme offers the potential for higher efficiency, greater control, and the ability to generate and accurately time multiple jets and fragments from a single charge. The programme will demonstrate compressed magnetic flux generator (CMFG)-driven magneto hydrodynamically formed metal jets and SFP with significantly improved performance over EFJ. MAHEM offers the potential for multiple targeted warheads with a much higher EFJ velocity, than conventional EFJ/SFP which will increase precision and lethality.

MAHEM could also be packaged into a missile, projectile or other platform, and delivered close to target for final engagement.

Nuclear shells US developed one of the first artillery guns called ‘Atomic Annie’, in 1953. The gun fired a 15-kiloton atomic projectile to a range of 17 miles (about 27 km) and weighed 85 tonnes which became completely unwieldy in the field. It was replaced by a 203mm how which could fire nuclear projectiles with a yield ranging from 0.1 to 12 kilotons.

The role of the HEGM is to provide an integral indirect mortar fire capability that can support the infantry at close quarters in all weather and terrain conditions. It will be the most suitable weapon for manoeuvring battalions and special operations. Its accuracy will provide ‘first shot- bulls eye’ thereby removing the ‘Ranging Process’ which will reduce the quantity of mortar bombs required for an operation, reduce the time of mortar fire and minimise the collateral damage in an urban environment. The XM395 will engage targets as close as 500 m threshold (T) and 1,000 m objective (O). This implies that own infantry can get safely to the target as close as 500 m when the target range is 1,000 m. In another scenario the range can be 6,500 m (T) and 15,000 m (O). The 120mm cartridge is being developed in an incremental manner to increase range, system manoeuvrability, improve lethality etc. Full Operational Capability is likely to be achieved by the middle of 2022.

Rocket Launcher A modern US multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) is a high-mobility automatic system based on a M270 weapons platform.

The basic MLRS tactical rocket warhead contains 644 M77 munitions, which are dispensed above the target in mid-air. The dual-purpose bomblets are armed during freefall and a simple drag ribbon orients the bomblets for impact. Each MLRS launcher can deliver almost 8,000 munitions in fewer than 60 seconds at ranges exceeding 32 km.

Other mission-oriented rockets include the extended-range (ER) rocket, the reducedrange practice rocket (RRPR) with a range of 8 km to 15 km and the AT2, which dispenses 28 anti-tank mines a round. The extendedrange rocket, first fielded in 1998, carries 518 improved munitions in excess of 45 km.

Indian Perspective Guns. There is no development in gun ammunition although a statement was made in 2016 that India make its own ammunition for all gun systems in India. Defence PSUs and the private sector will really have to gear up to the challenge of modern artillery ammunition, rockets and missiles.

Rocket Launcher. India has great success with the DRDO developed Pinaka MLRS. The system has a maximum range of 40 km for Mark-I and 75 km for Mark-II, and can fire a salvo of 12 HE rockets in 44 seconds.

The warhead is 100 kg HE with option of Fragmentation HE; Incendiary; Anti-tank/ anti-personnel and anti-tank bomblets.

Sudarshan. Sudarshan is an Indian laser-guided bomb kit, developed by DRDO’s Aeronautical Development Establishment with technological support from Instruments Research and Development Establishment for the Indian Air Force.

Missile Systems. India has a surface to surface Prithvi missile and BrahMos cruise missile, both of them are being further improved in precision, range and lethality. SP

K9 VAJRA-T - 155 mm / 52 Cal. Tracked Self Propelled Gun

>> artillery

Indian Artillery Celebrates nd 192 Gunners Day The Artillery is presently engaged in modernising in terms of equipment and support systems under ‘Make in India’ initiative of the Modi Government Photographs: MoD Twitter, PIB

 Lt General P.C. Katoch (Retd)

www.spslandforces.com

R

egiment of Artillery, the second largest arm of the Indian Army, will celebrate its 192nd Gunners’ Day on September 28, 2019.

As is the norm, Wreath Laying Ceremony will be held at Amar Jawan Jyoti by the Director General of Artillery and Colonel Commandant, Lt General K. Ravi Prasad, senior veterans and serving officers. The day has a special significance for the Regiment of Artillery as the first Indian Artillery Unit, 5 (Bombay) Mountain Battery equipped with 2.5 inch Guns, was raised on this day in 1827. Presently it forms part of 57 Field Regiment.

Post the 1857 mutiny, majority artillery units were disbanded, retaining only mountain batteries for deployment in the North West Frontier during Afghan Wars. Babur used artillery in the first battle of Panipat in 1526 to decisively defeat Ibrahim Lodhi.

Mughal emperors, Tipu Sultan and Nizam of Hyderabad all used artillery, but maximum use was made by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The modern Indian Surveillance and Target Acquisition (SATA) Gunner evolved from putting ‘Nine Originals’ together in 1925 at the School of Artillery, Kabul, to form the First Survey Section. This nucleus by 1942 expanded to become the 1st Indian Survey Regiment. World War II saw Indian Gunners in action in East and North Africa and Middle East. Indian gunners had won 1 x Victoria Cross (Havaldar Umrao Singh), 1 x George Medal, 15 x Military Crosses, 2 x IOMs, 22 x IDSMs, 18 x Military Medals, 5 x OBEs, 1 x MBE, 3 x BEMs, 13 x Burma Gallantry Medals and 467 x Jangi Inams.

In 1945, Indian Artillery was awarded the title of ‘Royal’ Winston Churchill rose in the House of Commons to pay tribute to their decisive role in the Battle of Bir Hachiem against Rommel’s Panzer Army.

During Independence, Indian Artillery consisted of Field, Air Defence, Counter Bombardment, Coastal, Air Observation Post branches. India was allotted eighteen and half all types of artillery regiments while remaining nine and half units went to Pakistan. In wake of the 1947 Pakistani invasion, personnel of 2 Field Regiment (SP) and 13 Field Regiment wore uniform of 1 SIKH and proceeded as a composite company of the 1 SIKH to J&K. They operated as infantry till first week November 1947 when 4 x 3.7 inch howitzer were inducted.

Thereafter, they supported infantry to drive out the infiltrators along Srinagar-Baramula road. Later, artillery assisted in defending Srinagar airfield and subsequent route of Pakistanis from Jammu and Kashmir Valley. Artillery played a dominant role in recapture of Poonch, Rajauri, Tangdhar, Tithwal, Dras and Kargil during 1947-48.

On October 23, 1962 when Chinese invaders attacked Indian positions through Bum La Pass, they were immediately engaged by 7 (Bengal) Mountain Battery which broke the attack. Artillery kept supporting infantry till Tawang was abandoned. Subsequently guns of 116 Mortar Battery, 34 Heavy Mortar Battery, 5 Field Regiment, 22 Mountain Regiment and 6

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SP’s Land Forces 4/2019

(Top) M777 Ultra Light Howitzer of BAE Systems; (above) Pinaka 214 MM Multiple Barrel Rocket Launcher System on Rajpath, New Delhi.

Field Regiment provided covering fire to the infantry units of 4 Mountain Division to extricate themselves and launch counterattacks. Similarly, 17 Para Field Regiment and 71 Heavy Mortar Battery provided support in Walong Sector. In Ladakh Sector also 13 Field Regiment and 38 Field Battery played significant role in holding the enemy and defending Chushul heights.

Major restructuring and equipping of Indian Artillery happened after 1962. In 1964 Coastal Artillery was transferred to Indian Navy. Prior to the 1965 IndoPak War, 11 Field Regiment, 17 Para Field Regiment and Air Observation Post helped thwart Pakistani designs in the Rann of Kutch. During the 1965 Indo-Pak War, 164 Field Regiment, a battery from 7 Field Regi-

After over two decades of not a single new gun added, induction of three new models of the 155mm has taken place: M777 Ultra Light Howitzer of BAE Systems; tracked selfpropelled K9 Vajra-T of L&T, and; OFB’s Dhanush

ment, a medium and a mountain battery assisted capture of Haji Pir Pass. In the Eastern Sector during the 1971 Indo-Pakistan War, artillery improvised extensively to get guns, ammunition, vehicles across rivers.

49 Para Field Battery was para-dropped with 2 PARA to capture Pongli Bridge. In the Western Sector, artillery played major role in capture of Pakistani posts in Ladakh, Kashmir, Rajauri, Jammu, Punjab and Rajasthan. It was also instrumental in defeating Pakistani designs to capture areas in Poonch and Chamb in J&K, Hussainiwala and Fazilka in Punjab and Laungwala in Rajasthan. In Siachen, guns were initially dismantled and air dropped in 1983-84.

Today, medium and field guns are providing close support to infantry in Siachen.

During the 1999 Kargil conflict, artillery helped pulverize enemy defences, enabling capture by infantry. The overwhelming superiority of fire power broke enemy will. By mid-July 1999, Pakistan’s intrusions on the Indian side of LoC had been undone. Artillery has been giving befitting response to ceasefire violations by Pakistan; destroying posts, terror launching pads and subduing enemy gun positions. The Artillery is presently engaged in modernising in terms of equipment and support systems under ‘Make in India’ initiative of the Modi Government.

After over two decades of not a single new gun added, induction of three new models of the 155mm has taken place: M777 Ultra Light Howitzer of BAE Systems; tracked self-propelled K9 Vajra-T of L&T, and; OFB’s Dhanush. 145 x BAE Systems M777 Ultra Light Howitzers (ULH) are being acquired through the FMS route from the US. BAE Systems is partnering Mahindra Defence Systems for assembly, integration and testing of the 145 howitzers in India.

25 x ULH are to be imported fully built and balance 120 assembled in India. K9 VajraT gun system is to be produced in India by L&T in collaboration its Korean partner. 10 x K9 Vajra-T are being imported from South Korea and balance 90 will be manufactured at L&T. MoD has indented 114 x Dhanush Howitzers and more orders could follow based on its performance.

The principle project to buy 400 x 155mm/52 caliber towed guns followed by the indigenous manufacture of 1180 x guns is undergoing confirmatory trials, with involvement of major private sector defence companies who have tied up with foreign vendors. DRDOs 155mm Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System (ATAGS) project in conjunction Kalyani Group, Tata Power and OFB to replace older guns is underway. Up gunning of the 130mm/39 caliber and 155mm/45 calibre guns is also being addressed. Six more regiments of indigenous Pinaka MBRL System are to be added to existing four.

Increasing range of Pinaka rockets from 40 to 75 km is being worked upon. SATA remains equipped with imported Heron and Searcher UAVs, however, indigenous ‘Swati’ weapon locating radar (WLR) is a good addition. 28 x Swati are planned to be inducted. All this will enable the Artillery deliver a much greater punch against our enemies. SP

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 Business Opportunities & Technology trends  Ministry of Defence organisation structures & Contact Directory of major buyer countries including India  Who’s Who, GDP, Military Expenditure, Military Equipment listing of about 45 countries  Procurement policies  Analysis of Budget  India’s Major Research & Development and Production programmes

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Malaysia Brunei Reefs built by China into artificial islands

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CONFLICTS TO WATCH

THE INDIAN ARMY

THE INDIAN ARMY

HQ Sub-Area Static Establishments

Director General Strategic of Defence

Director General Planning of Defence

Private Secretary of the Minister of Defense

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(Excluding temporary or special positions.)

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BUSINESS INDIAN DEFENCE

Provincial Cooperation Offices

SDF Regional Hospitals

SDF Central Hospitals

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WEAPONS EQUIPMENT VEHICLES TECHNOLOGY ASIAN WHO’S WHO

INDIAN DEFENCE

BUSINESS

Area : 89,342 sq km Capital : Amman Coastline : 26 km Maritime Claims Territorial sea : 3 nm Population : 1,02,48,069 (Note: increased estimate reflects revised assumptions about the net migration rate due to the increased flow of Syrian refugees (July 2017 est.))

Ethnic Divisions : Arab 98 per cent, Circassian 1 per cent, Armenian 1 per cent Religions : Muslim 97.2 per cent (official; predominantly Sunni), Christian 2.2 per cent (majority Greek Orthodox, but some Greek and Roman Catholics, Syrian Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox, Armenian Orthodox, and Protestant denominations), Buddhist 0.4 per cent, Hindu 0.1 per cent, Jewish <0.1, folk religionist <0.1, unaffiliated <0.1, other <0.1 (2010 est.)

Languages : Arabic (official), English widely understood among upper and middle classes Literacy : 95.4 per cent Government : Parliamentary Constitutional Monarchy Suffrage : 18 years of age; universal Administrative Divisions : 12 governorates

Cooperative Organizations SDF Physical Training School

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Self-Defense Forces (SDF) Supervised Units of Communication Systems

5-1 Honmura-cho, Ichigaya, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8801, Japan

Acquisition, Technology and Logistics Agency

5-1 Honmura-cho, Ichigaya, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8801, Japan

Ministry of Defense

SDF Intelligence Security Command

Ministry of Defense

Chief of Staff, Joint Staff

Cooperative Units

Regional Defense Bureaus

Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Defense

General Koji YAMAZAKI

Units and organisations of the Air Self-Defense Force

Hiroshi YAMADA

The Inspector General’s Office of Legal Compliance Defense Intelligence Headquarters

5-1 Honmura-cho, Ichigaya, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8801, Japan

Units and organisations of the Maritime Self-Defense Force

5-1 Honmura-cho, Ichigaya, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8801, Japan

Ministry of Defense

Units and organisations of the Ground Self-Defense Force

5-1 Honmura-cho, Ichigaya, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8801, Japan

Ministry of Defense

Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Defense

Air Staff Office Chief of Staff, Air Self-Defense Force

Address

Ministry of Defense

State Minister of Defense

Takako SUZUKI

Joint Staff College

Organisation

Minister of Defense

Kenji HARADA

Maritime Staff Office Chief of Staff, Maritime Self-Defense Force

Desiganation

Takeshi IWAYA

Ground Staff Office Chief of Staff, Ground Self-Defense Force

JAPAN: MoD Contact Details Contact

Joint Staff Chief of Staff, Joint Staff

Centre of Rehabilitation

National Institute for Defense Studies

Centre of Public Communication

National Defense Medical College

Centre of Data and Information

National Defense Academy

Department of Media Defence

Defense Personnel Review Board

Centre of Finance

Department of Education and Exercise

Defense Council

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Department of Research and Development

Central Council on Defense Facilities

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STRATEGY & PERSPECTIVES

STRATEGY & PERSPECTIVES

Vice-Minister of Defense for International Affairs

Director General Strength of Defence

(Internal bureaus)us)

Government of Maldives and while it did not involve much fighting, it demonstrated to the World the speed and efficiency with which the Indian Armed Forces could react. This period (1989 onwards) also saw the start of the terrorism and insurgency in Kashmir and deployment of additional troops in J&K. As indications of Pakistani intrusions came in starting from May 1999, it became clear that India was facing an attempt by the Pakistan to change the LoC using its regular troops. Air and artillery (155mm Howitzers) was employed with devastating effect to repel the intrusions and claim back the lost territories. Thereafter, a massive build-up by Indian Army was ordered in the wake of the December 13, 2001, terrorist attack on Parliament House. This 10-month-long mobilisation along the border with Pakistan generated high levels of tension, led to some positive changes in India’s military doctrine and hastened its military modernisation together with organizational changes.

The influx of terrorism from Pakistan continued unabated. On September 18, 2016, four terrorists from Pakistan struck a brigade headquarters administrative base at Uri and killed 17 unarmed and unsuspecting soldiers in their tents. On the night of September 28-29, Indian Army’s Special Forces struck at seven launch pads of the terrorists across the line of control along a frontage of about 200 km in two different Corps Zones thus achieving complete surprise over the Pakistani military establishment and inflicted considerable casualties on the terrorists and military personnel in the area.

Indian Army continues to face four types of threats and challenges including traditional threats from China and Pakistan; contemporary threats in the form of terrorism; internal challenges; and out of area contingency threats. Indian Army

CONTENTS

CONTENTS WEAPONS EQUIPMENT VEHICLES

Director General Potential of Defence

TECHNOLOGY

HQ Independent Brigade (Armoured/ Infantry/Mountain/Parachute/Artillery/ Air Defence Artillery)

SDF Ethics Review Board

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(up to three people)

Administrative Vice-Minister of Defense

Bureau of Local Cooperation

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Special Advisers to the Minister of Defense State Minister of Defense

Bureau of Personnel and Education

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react was tested in the Rann of Kutch. In the second phase trouble was fomented in Kashmir. In the third phase an attempt was made to bottle up the Indian Army in Jammu and Kashmir by sealing the supply line in Chhamb-Jaurian sector of Jammu. Pakistan’s adventurism was foiled as Indian Army succeeded in making gains across the international borders and along the Line of Control (notably Hajipir). A cease-fire was agreed upon with effect from September 23, 1965 with UN efforts. The Tashkent Declaration and the subsequent agreement between the two countries led to the disengagement of forces and their withdrawal to positions occupied

HQ Divisions (Armoured/Infantry/Mountain/Artillery)

Minister of Defense Special Advisers to the Minister of Defense Secretariat General

Bureau of Defense Buildup Planning

in the right perspective

Security Environment

 General Information

Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Defense (two)

HQ Brigades (Armoured/Infantry/Mountain/Artillery)

by them before August 5, 1965. In the 1965 War, Pakistan suffered heavily in men and material with an estimate that Pak Army lost 5988 killed and many more wounded. Pakistan also lost 475 tanks.

The 1971 war between India and Pakistan was fought both on the eastern and the western fronts. India adopted aggressive strategy on the eastern front and a defensive strategy on the western front. On the Eastern front the Indian Army ably supported by the Mukti Bahini defeated four divisions and 30,000 para-military forces of the Pakistan Army in the thirteen days’ war. In the west, a large area of Pakistani territory was occupied by Indian troops.

On 16 December, Lt General Niazi of Pakistan Army surrendered to Lt General Aurora of Indian Army with 93,000 regular and paramilitary men. War on the Eastern front ended in a complete victory for India and liberation of Bangladesh.

The period after 1971 War saw the steady modernisation of the Indian Army with equipment for modern war. The Expert Committee under the Chairmanship of Lt General K.V. Krishna Rao submitted its report in 1976. Some of its major recommendations started getting implemented in the eighties. The expansion of mechanized forces was achieved as a result of this report.

On April 13, 1984, 34 soldiers of the Indian Army landed west of Siachen glacier and occupied the Bilafond La pass. This was the opening move in what is referred to as Operation Meghdoot between India & Pakistan which continues till date. During the period July 1987 to March 1990, Indian Army saw action in Operation Pawan where the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) was deployed in Sri Lanka in accordance with the Indo-Sri Lankan accord of July 29, 1987. On November 3, 1988, the Indian Army launched Operation Cactus in Maldives to prevent mercenaries from overthrowing the

Ministry of Defence

Inspectorat General

Bureau of Defense Policy

Source: MHA Annual Report

The result of Sino-India Conflict of 1962 encouraged Pakistan to seek a military solution of the Kashmir problem. A modernised Pakistan Army with an edge over India in armour, artillery and airpower prompted her to plan aggression on Kashmir in 1965. It was a three-phased programme. In the first phase the Indian capacity to

JORDAN

Cabinet Prime Minister

Minister’s Secretariat

Border with Bangladesh: 4096.7 km

Islands: 1197 with 2094 km with additional coastline

n and serious inadequacies in weapons and equipment

WEST ASIA AND NORTH AFRICA: JORDAN

JAPAN: MoD Organisational Structure

STRATEGY & PERSPECTIVES

Reserve Formations

TECHNOLOGY

Border with Myanmar: 3323 km

INDIA

MOD ORGANISATIONS & CONTACTS OF ASIAN COUNTRIES: JAPAN

WEAPONS EQUIPMENT VEHICLES

WEAPONS EQUIPMENT VEHICLES Army Headquarters Reserves

Training Establishments

STRATEGY & PERSPECTIVES

Army Training Command (ARTRAC)

HQ Areas/Sub-Areas Sub-Area HQ/Static Establishments and Designated Sector HQ

n major misreading of the prevailing geopolitical climate n total disconnect between the military and political leadership n inability of some in the military leadership to see the situation

MOD ORGANISATIONS & CONTACTS OF ASIAN COUNTRIES: INDONESIA, JAPAN

Structure Organisation of Defence Ministry of Indonesia

BUSINESS

HQ Corps

Coastline: 7516.6 km

ASIAN WHO’S WHO

INDIAN DEFENCE

Regional Commands (Northern, Western, Southern, South Western, Central and Eastern)

ASIAN WHO’S WHO

Border with Pakistan: 3323 km

China’s tenth Defence Whitepaper, released on July 24, 2019, after a gap of nearly 5 years is analysed by a Military Expert.

National Security Council

Border with Bhutan: 699 km

REGIONAL BALANCE

Border with Nepal: 1751 km

Ballistic Missile Defence Ballistic missile proliferation poses great threat to the region. All about BMD and how the S-400 will defend India.

INDONESIA: MoD Organisational Structure

Army Headquarters (Integrated Headquarters of the Ministry of Defence-Army)

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Chain of Command

Border with China: 3488 km

BMD development involves high risk and brings a burden on the national exchequer. International collaboration with friendly nations which are willing to enter in mutually beneficial agreements and to develop ballistic missile shields for the future. India must identify its envisaged threats, evaluate its own technological constraints to face them and collaborate with international players to build a missile defence architecture to enhance its air defence & nuclear deterrence capability and ensure nuclear stability in the subcontinent. Ballistic missile proliferation poses the greatest threat to regional security and needs an unfailing & perfect missiles shield against burgeoning nuclear weapons & missiles threats.

The US is offering to sell systems to India. As India is pursuing its own BMD, it welcomes any assistance from US and Arrow II system is the most sought after technology. India wanted to buy the Israeli Arrow-II System from Israel. MRSAM/Barak-8 is a long-range anti-air and anti-missile defence system being developed jointly by Israel Aerospace Industries and DRDO of India. The Spada 2000 kill probability is high, even against highly agile crossing targets & can engage upto four targets simultaneously with Aspide Missile.

As offensive missile capabilities continue to proliferate, missile defense cooperation with allies and partners has gained increasing importance to advance missile defence architectures for our protection, deterrence and assurance deepening interoperability in missile defence systems.

China’s Defence Whitepaper

Diagrammatic Layout of the Army’s Chain of Command

India’s Land Border Map Border with Afghanistan: 106 km

Missile defence is an essential component of national security and defence strategies. It contributes to the deterrence of adversary aggression and assurance to allies. Apropos, bigger nations with expeditionary forces would require these two kinds of BMD systems where as smaller nation can do it with an Integrated Air Defence system capable of neutralising multiple kind of targets in TBA. Drawing a corollary, it is evident that India would require two distinct kind of systems, one to protect the population/command and control/economic centers and second to protect its forces in TBA. System akin to Ground based Mid Course Missile (GMD) can be deployed in hinterland and Integrated Air Defence system akin to S-400 is required for the Air Defence for field formations.

ASIAN WHO’S WHO

INDIAN DEFENCE

CONTENTS

The ten most important global conflicts to watch particularly from the point of view of India and this region.

BMD for India

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tracking of ballistic missiles. Interceptors to engage incoming missiles earlier in flight than would be possible with other missile detection system.

REGIONAL BALANCE

Philippines

promising technology. n Space based tracking & Surveillance System for detection &

CONTENTS

INDONESIA

Vietnam

that could reach 500 kilowatts. Scaling it up in power while maintaining the beam quality would be the challenge. n Feasibility of particle beams for missile defence is yet another

Defence Total Armed Forces

Paramilitary Forces

: Active: 1,00,500 (Army: 74,000; Navy: 500; Air: 12,000; Special Operations 14,000) Reserves: 65,000 (Army: 60,000; Joint: 5,000) : Gendarmerie: 15,000 est, Civil Militia ‘People’s Army’: 35,000 est

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King Abdullah II of Jordan has had every reason to be pleased with himself lately. Following the January 2017 inauguration of President Donald Trump, he was the first Arab Leader invited to Washington to meet with the new administration. The visit was hailed a success by all involved— not only in terms of US-Jordan relations, but also as an opportunity for the King to caution Trump against moving the US embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.

The visit, however, was only a temporary distraction from the ongoing security and political crisis that has been unfolding in Jordan for the last year. Jordan has witnessed a rising number of homegrown terrorist attacks and security incidents. Additionally, the king’s apparent inability or unwillingness to institute substantive socio-economic reform, end corruption, and increase citizens’ rights has led to spiraling protests.

The growing threat of ISIS spillover from the conflicts in Syria and Iraq—as well as evidence of rising militancy at home—has increased concerns that Jordan faces new security risks. While Jordan has long faced the threat of terrorism, recent incidents have renewed and heightened fears.

Some in the Hashemite royal circle fear that Washington may not fully appreciate the challenges they face. In 2017, US approved $ 450 million in military assistance, paling in comparison to $3.8 billion in military assistance to Jordan’s neighbor Israel. King Abdullah repeatedly clashed with the Obama administration’s narrow focus on ISIS in Syria (and drew Jordan into that part of the strategic plan). However, the King never appeared to persuade the president to his view for a broader push. This is the challenge that Abdullah faces again with the Trump administration, and it may be that the rise in Jordan’s own domestic security challenges—coupled with the pressures that ISIS is putting on the border with Syria and Jordan—proves effective. Indeed, the US-led campaign against ISIS cannot succeed if Jordan’s role as the pivotal Arab state on the front lines of the crisis in Syria is imperiled.

ARMY Strength Force by Role Manoeuvre Armoured Armd Div

: 74,000

: 1 (strategic reserve) (3 armd bde, 1 arty bde, 1 AD Bde) Armd Bde : 1 Mechanised Mech Bdes : 5 Light Lt Inf Bdes : 3 Combat Support Arty Bdes : 3 AD Bdes : 3 MRL Bn : 1 Equipment by Type Armoured Fighting Vehicles MBTs : 572: 390 FV4034 Challenger 1 (Al Hussein); 182 M60 Phoenix; (274 FV4030/2 Khalid in store) Lt Tks : (19 FV101 Scorpion; in store) ASLT : 141 B1 Centauro Recce : 153: 103 FV107 Scimitar; 50 FV701 Ferret IFVs : 678: 13 AIFV-B-C25; 31 BMP-2; 321 Ratel-20; 311 YPR-765 PRI APC : 800+ APC (T) : 650+: 370: M113A1/A2 Mk1J; 200 M577A2 (CP); some Temsah; 77 YPR-765 PRCO (CP); 3 AIFV-B

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WEAPONS EQUIPMENT VEHICLES

MALAYSIA

Territorial Claims China

n LASER program based on a gas-dynamic carbon dioxide LASER

EXPERT COMMENT Some distinct inferences can be drawn from the 2019 Whitepaper: 1. China is keen to position itself as the pivot for “world peace,” but with clear red lines defined on its core “sovereignty, security, and development interests.” There is an endeavour to balance peaceful intentions and great power aspirations 2. China believes that “configuration of strategic power is becoming more balanced”. There is new found confidence in China’s military power, consequent to technological advancements, modernisation, structural changes in command and control and extensive training of the PLA. 3. At the same time the paper also highlights China’s perceived risks from technological surprise and growing technological generation gap. It acknowledges PLA’s lagging mechanisation and it has to develop capabilities moving ahead from ‘informationization’ to ‘intelligent warfare’. China’s rapid progress in developing unmanned systems, AI and robotics manifests in its outlook for future wars.

4. The paper emphasizes on “intensification of global military competition” and blames US for “undermining global strategic stability”.

5. Modernisation and restructuring of the armed forces is in line with Xi Jinping’s thinking of China’s future. In addition to evolving threats, priority is on loyalty to the Chinese Communist party, with emphasis on core military functions, discipline and curbing corruption.

STRATEGY & PERSPECTIVES

BRUNEI

MALAYSIA

The civil war in Syria started in 2011 as protests against President Assad’s regime. It quickly escalated into a full-scale war between the Syrian government—backed by Russia and Iran — and antigovernment rebel groups—backed by the United States, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and others in the region. Currently, there are three campaigns driving the conflict; coalition efforts to defeat the Islamic State, violence between the Syrian government and opposition forces, and military operations against Syrian Kurds by Turkish forces.

The Islamic State began seizing control of territory in Syria in 2013. After a series of terrorist attacks coordinated by the Islamic State across Europe in 2015, the United States, the United Kingdom, and France—with the support of Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and other Arab partners—expanded their air campaign in Iraq to include Syria.

Together, these nations have conducted over eleven thousand air strikes against Islamic State targets in Syria, while the US-led coalition has continued its support for ground operations by the SDF. Turkish troops have been involved in ground operations against the Islamic State since 2016, and have launched attacks against armed Kurdish groups in Syria. Meanwhile, at the request of the Syrian government in September 2015, Russia began launching air strikes against what it claimed were Islamic State targets, while Syrian government forces achieved several notable victories over the Islamic State, including the reclamation of Palmyra. According to the US-led coalition against the Islamic State, 98 per cent of the territory formerly held by the group in Iraq and Syria, including Raqqa and Deir al-Zour, has been reclaimed by Iraqi security forces and the SDF.

TECHNOLOGY

Spartly Oslands

BUSINESS

Itu Abu Island

INDIA

INDIAN DEFENCE

VIETNAM

Karachi

Arabian Sea

ASIAN WHO’S WHO

PHILIPPINES Scarborough Shoal

CAMBODIA

oday, with their has entered a new era.

THE STATE COUNCIL INFORMATION OFFICE interests and securiThe Chinese government OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA JULY 2019, ty intertwined, peois issuing China’s National ple across the world Defense in the New Era to FIRST EDITION 2019 are becoming memexpound on China’s defensive bers of community national defence policy and witha shared future. China is at a critical stage of completing the explain the practice, purposes and significance of China’s efforts to building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects and build a fortified national defence and a strong military, with a view embarking on a journey of building a modernised socialist coun- to helping the international community better understand China’s try in an all-round way. Socialism and Chinese characteristics national defence.

Haryana

REGIONAL BALANCE

South China Sea

PARACEL ISLANDS THAILAND

T

TECHNOLOGY

WEAPONS EQUIPMENT VEHICLES

Civil War in Syria

CONTENTS

WWW.SPSMILITARYYEARBOOK.COM

UN Convention’s 200 nautical mile limit

REGIONAL BALANCE

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TAIWAN

CHINA

LAOS

Role: Long-range anti-access/area denial Equipment: Each S-400 battalion has eight launchers, a command centre, two radars, mast and up to 72 missiles Range: 120 to 400 km, depending on missiles deployed Targets: Hostile aircraft, missiles, stealth jets, drones Missile speed: 17,000 kmph. Faster than any aircraft Reaction time: Vehicle stopping to missile firing is 5 minutes Numbers ordered: 5 systems

Himachal Pradesh

Lahore Punjab Quetta

S-400 Specifications:

PAKISTAN

BUSINESS

Rich in natural resources like natural gas, oil, coal, copper, sulphur, fluoride and gold, this is the least developed province in Pakistan.

Sunni Islam is the predominant religion.

The conflict in Balochistan is one of “nationalist/self-determination”. The Balochistan Liberation Army, designated as a terrorist organisation by Pakistan and Britain, is the most widely known Baloch separatist group. Other separatist groups include Lashkar-eBalochistan and the Baloch Liberation United Front (BLUF).

Pakistan repeatedly alleges involvement of India and Afghanistan in supporting the Balochi movement. The former American Af-Pak envoy Richard Holbrooke said in 2011 that Pakistan had failed to provide any evidence to the United States that India was involved in separatist movements in Balochistan.

He did not consider Pakistan’s accusations against India credible.

Holbrooke also strongly rejected the allegation that India was using its consulates in Afghanistan to facilitate Baloch rebel activity, saying he had “no reason to believe Islamabad’s charges”, and that “Pakistan would do well to examine its own internal problems”.

India too has categorically denied the allegations.

The stakes in Balochistan have gone several notches higher due to the development of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and the Gwadar Port. Resource-rich Balochistan is at the heart of the Beijing’s ambitious CPEC, which connects Gwadar Port in Balochistan with China’s Xinjiang province. The BLA is opposed to the CPEC, alleging that the project was aimed at exploiting the resources of the province. On November 23, 2018, three heavilyarmed suicide bombers stormed the Chinese consulate in Karachi.

The attack was claimed by the Baloch Liberation Army (BLA) which said it would not tolerate “any Chinese military expansionist endeavours on Baloch soil”. On May 12, 2019, Baloch militants carried out an assault in the heart of CPEC, the luxury Pearl Continental hotel in Gwadar. The attackers were killed, but only after killing five people inside the hotel and a soldier.

Pakistan has raised a special security force of around 15,000 troops to protect CPEC and Chinese projects. As this force proves to be inadequate, Chinese companies are expected to rely heavily on private security contractors, especially Chinese contractors that employ former PLA personnel. Use of security contractors also

The tenth Defence Whitepaper was released by China on July 24, 2019. From 1998 to 2010 China has issued a defence white paper every two years. The previous Whitepaper was published in 2015.

Lt General Subrata Saha (Retd), Military Expert and Consulting Editor, SP’s Military Yearbook analyses the White Paper put out by China.

Sargodha

INDIAN DEFENCE

South China Sea China claims sovereignty over the South China Sea, estimated to have 11 billion barrels of untapped oil, 190 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and fishing areas. Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam have competing claims. Since the 1970s, countries began to claim islands and various zones in the South China Sea, such as the Spratly Islands.

China maintains that under international law, foreign militaries are not allowed to conduct intelligence-gathering activities, such as reconnaissance flights, in its exclusive economic zone (EEZ).

CHINA’S NATIONAL DEFENCE IN THE NEW ERA

ASIAN WHO’S WHO

Sindh

Arabian Sea

Areas dominated by different major ethnic groups

CHINA

Jammu & Kashmir

Islamabad

REGIONAL BALANCE

INDIA

BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENCE: AFFORDABLE OPTIONS AND TECHNOLOGIES

How the S-400 will defend India

eng.chinamil.com.cn /Hu Jing & Sun Zhenqi

Delhi

STRATEGY & PERSPECTIVES

PAKISTAN Balochistan

17

TECHNOLOGY

Punjab

According to the United States, claimant countries, under UN Convention of the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), should have freedom of navigation through EEZs in the sea and are not required to notify claimants of military activities. In July 2016, the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague issued its ruling on a claim brought against China by the Philippines under UNCLOS, ruling in favour of the Philippines on almost every count. While China is a signatory to the treaty, which established the tribunal, it refuses to accept the court’s authority.

In recent years, satellite imagery has shown China’s increased efforts to reclaim land in the South China Sea by physically increasing the size of islands or creating new islands altogether. In addition to piling sand onto existing reefs, China has constructed ports, military installations, and airstrips—particularly in the Paracel and Spratly Islands, where it has twenty and seven outposts respectively. China has militarized Woody Island by deploying fighter jets, cruise missiles, and a radar system. China’s claims threaten SLOCs, which are important maritime passages that facilitate trade and the movement of naval forces.

The United States has challenged China’s assertive territorial claims and land reclamation efforts by conducting FONOPs and bolstering support for Southeast Asian partners. Japan has sold military ships and equipment to the Philippines and Vietnam in order to improve their maritime security capacity. The US defense treaty with Manila could draw them into a potential China-Philippines conflict over the substantial natural gas deposits or lucrative fishing grounds in disputed territory.4 India supports freedom of navigation and over flight, unimpeded commerce, based on the principles of international law. India believes that States should resolve the disputes through peaceful means without threat or use of force and exercise self-restraint in the conduct of activities that could complicate or escalate disputes affecting peace and stability.

BUSINESS

Islamabad

carries risks, as unregulated and relatively inexperienced contractors may exacerbate security problems. There are indications that China’s Marine Corps could become its principal ready response force in the region. A Marine company is already deployed to the Chinese base at Djibouti (which has facilities to accommodate up to 10,000 personnel). There are reports of Chinese security presence in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir to protect transport infrastructure and construction units, and there has been speculation about future deployments to Gwadar. Several Chinese military exercises in the Indian Ocean region are openly focused on using Chinese forces to protect BRI projects. But in protecting people and assets, China may also increasingly find itself drawn into the local security affairs. As China’s Global Times recently argued, “China has always adhered to the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries, but that doesn’t mean Beijing can turn a deaf ear to the demands of Chinese enterprises in protecting their overseas investments.”3

INDIAN DEFENCE

Kabul

IRAN

CONFLICTS TO WATCH

 Abbreviations at the end of the yearbook

Balochistan Conflict Historically Balochistan covers the southern part of Sistan and Baluchestan Province in Iran, the Pakistani province of Balochistan, and Afghanistan’s Helmand Province. The Gulf of Oman forms its southern border. Mountains and desert make up much of the region’s terrain. Balochistan is the largest province of Pakistan (comprising 44 per cent of the country’s total area), but it is the least inhabited, with only 5per cent of total population of Pakistan.

CHINA

ASIAN WHO’S WHO

CONFLICTS TO WATCH

AFGHANISTAN

REGIONAL BALANCE

www.spguidepublications.com

STRATEGY & PERSPECTIVE the face of Pakistan’s military incursions. In December 2007, the existence of the TTP was officially announced, under the leadership of Baitullah Mehsud. In 2014, former Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif’s attempts to negotiate a peace agreement with the TTP failed as they attacked the international airport in Karachi. In Jun 2014 the Pakistan government launched an offensive against TTP strongholds in North Waziristan. The TTP responded with several attacks, including the December 2014 attack on the Army Public School in Peshawar that killed nearly 150 people, mostly school children, in the deadliest terrorist attack in Pakistan’s history.

Following the Peshawar school attack, Pakistani political parties agreed on a comprehensive National Action Plan to combat terrorism and extremist ideology across the country, and Sharif lifted the death penalty moratorium to allow the execution of convicted terrorists. After nearly two years, in June 2016 the Pakistani military declared that the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) had been cleared of militants. Pakistan Army claimed that roughly 3,500 militants were killed and 500 Pakistani soldiers had died in the clearing operations.

Despite Pakistan Govt’s declaration of success; on the one hand TTP and other militants continue to carry out major attacks e.g. March 27, 2016, Lahore Gulshan-e-Iqbal Park Easter suicide attack and the 8th August 2016 suicide bombing in the Quetta Govt hospital; on the other hand Pakistan Army and ISI provide support to the Haqqani network, Lashkar-e-Taiba, and other militant proxy groups that carry out attacks in Afghanistan and India. Attacks claimed by the Islamic State in Pakistan are also a cause of concern as many fighting under the Islamic State’s banner in Afghanistan are believed to be former TTP militants who fled across the border, a phenomenon that has raised fears of an Islamic State-inspired campaign of violence inside Pakistan.

In 2018 the US administration suspended security assistance to Pakistan over their continuing unwillingness to target militants who receive sanctuary in Pakistani territory and carry out attacks in Afghanistan. More than $800 million in security assistance was suspended or redirected in 2018, and the US has cut off access for Pakistani military officers to US military training and education programmes, in an effort to pressure the Pakistani government to change policy. In June 2018 the Financial Action Task Force placed Pakistan on the so-called “grey list” of countries not doing enough to stop money laundering and terrorist financing.

The withdrawal of US forces from Afghanistan could increase regional instability by allowing militants from Pakistan to establish safe havens in Afghanistan. Additionally, acute instability in Pakistan has security implications for neighboring Afghanistan and India. The TTP is closely allied with the Afghan Taliban in its battle against Afghan troops, and India fears that anti-state and state-sponsored Pakistani terrorists could be diverted against India.

Moreover, the vulnerability of Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal to attack or theft by nonstate actors remains a major concern for US and Indian policymakers.2

CONTENTS

A SNEAK PEEK...

Indian Defence

Asian Who’s Who

Regional Balance

Everything there is to know about Indian Armed Forces, Ministry of Defence, Defence Industry, Defence R&D and Central Armed Police Forces including Who’s who, organisation structures, profiles and contact details.

Who’s who in 44 countries in Asia and Pacific along with the MoD organisation structures and contacts of 13 largest buyers of defence equipment in the region.

GDP, military expenditure, security environment and listing of current military hardware of 45 countries in Asia and Pacific.

AND MORE...

Crystal Gazing the Global Security Environment  West Asia – Ticking Time Bomb  ASEAN Centrality – In Trap of China  China’s footprint from Indo-Pacific to Africa  Challenges Before India’s Maritime Diplomacy  Pakistan Factor in India and Afghanistan  Indian Navy and Indo-Pacific – Realism vs Posturing  Turnaround in India-Russia Relations

MODERNISATION

TECHNOLOGY









IAF Full Replacement by 2035 Indian Army Right Sizing  Indian Army Modernisation  India’s Maritime Interests in the Indo-Pacific  India’s Defence Budget  India’s Business Environment  Strategic Partnership in Defence Production

    

Cyber Warfare Nuclear Calculus Satellites – The Force Multiplier Hypersonic Weapons Future Super Soldier Future Submarines Artificial Intelligence

>> Indigenisation

Strategic Partnership for ‘Make in India’ In order to achieve the goal of self-reliance through ‘Make in India’, it is necessary to invest in long term indigenous capabilities through special partnership model  Jayant Patil

A

s a recommendation of post Kargil review committee, the then Government opened up Defence manufacturing to Indian private industry, subject to licensing, in May 2001. Accordingly, issuance of Industrial Licenses to Private Sector began in mid-2002, and this opened the door for Indian Private manufacturing sector to prove their mettle against the wellentrenched monolith public sector.

This opening up of the sector gave a positive signal to the Indian Private sector companies and few large and long term players with proven capabilities, painstakingly built through partnership with Defence Research Laboratories during the decades of “reserved for the state” era, invested to expand capacities to harness these capabilities. However, due to continuing nomination of Government owned companies, over this decade India reached the dubious distinction of becoming the World’s largest importer of Arms and mounting balance of trade and weakening of Indian Currency made addition of new capabilities unaffordable.

The Indian Industry continued to suffer from Gross non-level playing field with respect to the Foreign OEMs competing for Indian acquisition programmes in India while the worst affected were the Private sector with even larger non-level playing field with the Govt Owned sector who not only benefitted from nominated programmes without competition but also received grants for capex, and compensation against inflation as well as forex risks.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi gave a clarion call of ‘Make in India’ (MII) launched on September 25, 2014 and release of ministry wise one year and three year work plan, evolved through intense stakeholder consultation on December 30-31, 2014. Defence Production was targeted to be among the core prime driver of ‘Make in India’ to indigenise the sector, create a much needed Defence Industrial Base (DIB) in India, and target strategic independence.

It was articulated that in order to achieve the goal of self-reliance through ‘Make in India’, it is necessary to invest in long term indigenous capabilities through special partnership model.

There is a need to build trust and create a “Strategic collaborative model for Longterm partnering with select Centers of Excellence” in the Private Sector in addition to Govt owned sector. Such a model needs to be implemented for major “Platform Programmes” that define security capability of India, such as; Submarines, Large Warships, Fighter Aircrafts, Large Electronic Warfare and Cyber Security Programmes, Long Range Theatre Air Defence Programmes (Missiles, Sensors, C4I network) to differentiate and name a few.

Such model adopted from the Dhirendra Singh Committee report of July 2015 would address the issues of Monopsony, limited market size, uncertainties of business continuity with fluctuating order books, alongside the long term need to invest in building

technological capabilities, Skills, Capacities and Product Excellence to ensure operational efficiencies. As evolved by the Expert Group chaired by Dr Aatre, the Strategic Partnership model would have to follow a transparent process of selection of partner, with clearly laid down criteria for prequalification and final down selection and clear weightages for financial health, practices of financial prudence and transparency, technology capabilities, infrastructure, domain capabilities and track record.

The Suggested Model evolved through series of stakeholder interactions and task groups within the ministry. The “Strategic Partnership Model” as approved and incorporated in at Chapter VII of DPP 2016 in May 2017 was seen to have undergone certain conceptual dilutions over the initial proposal. Notwithstanding, SP model is arguably the most forward looking policy measure promulgated by the MoD in recent times after introduction of the IDDM category in DPP 2016. The Indian industry selected as the SP, was expected to establish complete production lines for the selected platform in addition to the existing production lines created by the GoI in the DPSUs for manufacturing defence platforms within the country.

The key dilutions in the formally released SP model were that the original concept envisaged selection of the best suited partner based on domain, technical competence and financial stability, while the operationalised policy stipulates that this is instead done on L1 basis. The concept was that such a partner selected through open process upfront would then be part of all subsequent MoD’s deliberations with potential Foreign OEMs and leverage domain competence and track record to maximise indigenisation by value as well as capabilities.

Other key dilutions being that the relationship may be contained to the current programme (removal of long term covenants) rather than on long term trust based relationship and allowing existing Govt owned Companies to be brought in as potential SP, on case to case basis, subject to order book, capacity and cost competitiveness. This grossly exposes the Private Sector with Non Level playing field in totality. It is fundamental to understand that the Government owned companies have been beneficiaries of massive financial grants to create assets, capabilities, skill development as well as multiple ToTs in the past. These would enable the Government owned companies to deploy the same assets and capabilities without servicing costs, leverage learning curve benefits from past programmes (in a way cross subsidising them) for competitive bidding against the private enterprises who will have to make investments in infrastructure, capacity creation as well as more comprehensive ToT and service these over the programme tenure and exposing them the risk of becoming non-competitive and lose out.

Notwithstanding the dilutions in SP model from concept to operationalisation, the SP model stipulated as chapter 7 of DPP 2016 involves a three phased process of selection of the Strategic Partner based

upon the broad parameters of financial strength, technical capability and capacity/infrastructure. It’s a watershed policy that MoD has shown willingness to primarily consider experience and competence of potential SP in integration of multi-disciplinary functional system of systems, engineering and manufacturing besides experience in defence manufacturing, to identify the SP given that the fledgling Indian private sector may only have limited experience in defence manufacturing and even lesser in respect of final integration of complex defence systems/platforms.

Through the Strategic Partnership model MoD recognises that the routine defence procurement categories like Buy, Buy & Make (Indian, Global) focus on short/ medium term contracts and such emphasis on “purchase of equipment” alone does not promote creation of a defence industrial eco system. Achieving self-reliance and selfsufficiency calls for assimilation of technology, extensive indigenisation, developing an ecosystem of Tier I, II & III partners and undertaking long term upgrades of the platforms through R&D. The overall aim is to progressively build indigenous capabilities in the private sector to design, develop and manufacture complex weapon systems for the future needs of the Armed Forces. This will be an important step towards meeting broader national objectives, encouraging self-reliance and aligning the defence sector with the ‘Make in India’ initiative of the Government.

The SP selection thus focusses on Potential Partner’s ability to play the role of a System Integrator by building extensive eco-system of development partners, specialised vendors and suppliers, in particular, those from the MSME sector. For this, the SP must possess appropriate financial strength, technical capability and capacity/ infrastructure. The process also recognises the differential indigenous capabilities of Indian Private Sector Companies to become SP for the four platform programmes under the SP model. Such a customised policy does not find place in erstwhile procurement focussed models of acquisition.

The SP policy recognises need for setting up appropriate institutional and administrative mechanism, with expertise in procurement, contract law and TOT arrangements, within the MoD for effective implementation of the Strategic Partnerships.

Unlike the routine technical and financial (two bid system) followed in Buy/Buy & Make programmes, selection of SP involves a three stage selection process i.e., evalu-

Ministry of Defence ought to ensure level playing field to the Private Sector especially when they are to compete with the Govt Owned companies

ation of potential Partners based on Minimum Possible Criteria in the form of Go / No-Go (Financial, Governance & Prudence), followed by Segment Specific minimum Criteria (Domain / Technical) and then the Potential partners meeting minimum qualification criteria are issued the RFP. They team up with Foreign OEM from the shortlisted Foreign OEMs by MoD and submit techno-commercial bid on competitive basis.

Few unique features of the SP policy as it is evolving include l Appointment of Programme specific empowered Expert committee chaired

by User l Appointment of Process Consultant (SBI Caps) l Defining three levels of ToT l Incentivisation in Price up to 10 per cent based on over and above stipulated ToT, Indigenous Content, Making India exclusive Global Hub, and building of indigenous ecosystem l Inclusion of Price Variation Formulae for inflation compensation Long Duration of the Platform Programmes l Appointment of Specific Contractual/ Administrative Mechanisms for long term commitment of SP & FOEM l Inclusion of specific mechanisms forrationalisation of Advance Bank Guarantees for uniqueness of Platform Programmes. While Helicopters, Fighters and Tanks are amenable to multiple deliveries, the advance BGs can be adjusted against deliveries, for Submarines there is a need recognised to address the requirement of BGs for all stage payments through the construction phases/milestones While methodologies of quantifying incentivisation, assessing ToT/absorption, ownership/licensing of IPRs, Price Variation Formulae, Contractual/Administrative mechanisms/Rationalisation of Risk Cover in the form of Bank Guarantees, etc., are still under evolution and being progressed, the fact remains that MoD is looking at SP model as a new beginning towards marching on its roadmap to indigenise the Defence Sector by following the additionality principle to create a Defence Industrial Base (DIB) in the private sector.

While doing so MoD ought to ensure level playing field to the Private Sector especially when they are to compete with the Govt Owned companies. It is not out of place to consider costs incurred on past programme awarded to Govt Sector Companies as benchmark costs, appropriately corrected for addition of new requirements and updating of technologies. Also MoD may resort to “reasonableness of cost” as enshrined in G-G deals to firm up upper bound benchmark costs.

It is pertinent to mention the global practice that even in most advanced nations, there are only one or two entities entrusted with construction of major military platforms and that Governments have devised methods to benchmark prices for these mission critical programmes. SP The writer is Whole-Time Director (Defence, L&T-NxT) & Member of the Board, L&T

4/2019 SP’s Land Forces

9

>> Internal Security

Equipment for Law Enforcement for Minimum Invasive Violence Modern day law enforcement personnel have to operate in a more transparent society with increasingly complex laws of the land which include human rights where they are subject to greater accountability Photograph: PepperBall

 Lt GenEral Naresh Chand (Retd)

L

aw Enforcement Agencies in India are generally of two types – those controlled by the centre and those which are under the state. In all types of internal security crisis, these agencies are the first respondents thus play a very critical and vital role in maintaining internal security. All the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF), Special Protection Group, Central Investigation and Intelligence organisations, and Central Forensic Institutions come under the Ministry of Home Affairs at the Centre. The state police and its various branches like intelligence unit, commando unit, river police etc. perform law enforcement role in the state and are controlled by their respective states.

This organisation model is similar to US, Indonesia, Mexico, Spain and many more.

www.spslandforces.com

Equipment Profile The equipment will depend upon the role and threat pattern. In India the main threat is terrorism/low intensity conflict operations in J&K, terrorism in other states and Left Wing Extremism (LWE). Thus the organisations which perform active/offensive role like CAPF, Special Protection Group and National Security Guard will require equipment tailor made to their role. Other agencies like customs, narcotics, investigation, intelligence and forensics will have equipment suited to their role. Similarly the state law enforcing agencies will have equipment as per their role and threat. The equipment can be divided into various categories as follows: l Hard kill or lethal weapons. Hard kill weapons will include pistols or side arms, close quarter battle weapons and rifles including sniper rifles. These weapons will be fitted with suitable sighting systems for day and night depending upon the type of weapon. l Soft Power Systems. These will include taser, Pepper Ball, Pepper spray, Tear gas, Rubber bullets, Pellet guns and some other types of sprays, stun grenades. l Support Systems. Key support systems are: • Body Armour • UAVs • Body Cameras • Modern communications including voice, data and mobile • GPS tracker • Ballistic Shield for urban missions • Robots for clearing bomb, mines, explosives and bobby traps • Day and night surveillance devices • Narcotic identification devices e.g. required for BSF on the Punjab border due to heavy drug smuggling from Pakistan • Cameras and other special systems for K9(dogs) • Body apparel which can include special gloves, boots, helmets etc.

Hard kill Details of some types of pistols or side arms are given below: Glock 19. During 1988 Glock introduced the Glock 19 which became popular for its lightweight design. It was an

10

SP’s Land Forces 4/2019

PepperBall is a versatile and powerful non-lethal technology available today

improved version of Glock 17 which was small enough to be concealed. Glock 19 has about four inches smaller barrel and is overall about seven inches (about 17.78 cm) shorter. This model is ideal for carrying weapons undercover. Inspite of reduction in size it still has a magazine of 15 rounds.

Glock 22. The Glock 22 looks similar to Glock 19 but it is slightly longer and heavier but has become very popular with both military and police as it packs more power.

It can shoot both 9mm and 0.40 calibre ammunition.

Military & Police (M&P) 9. The M&P 9 has a Picatinny rail under the muzzle that allows officers to install all types of custom accessories that include laser sights and flashlights. Its weight is 0.7 kg, muzzle velocity of 370m/sec and range of 50m.

It can accommodate left-handed officers with ambidextrous controls. It also offers small upgrades for safety such as the loaded chamber indicator. It is in service in about 23 countries including India.

Beretta Model 92. It was introduced in 1975. It is constructed out of a lightweight aluminium alloy that is comparable to the one used for aircrafts and has the open-side design that Beretta is noted for. Because of its design it is one of the most durable guns available. The M9 Beretta pistol is also a standard Army sidearm which has replaced the M1911A1 pistol in .45 calibre. The 92FS version is a double/single-action semiautomatic pistol that employs an open-slide, short-recoil delayed locking-block system, which yields a faster cycle time. There is a lighter version named 92SB. Beretta has also released an automatic model called 92C during 1990.

Sig Sauer P226. The Sig Sauer P226 was designed as an upgrade to the P220.

Its original intent was for use by the military officers. It has a larger capacity than its predecessors at 15 rounds. It also has an ambidextrous catch that makes it a favourite among left-handed officers. Its action is mechanically locked and recoil operated with 10/12/13/15-round magazine. The extended barrel provides extra accuracy, which is the main reason why agents from the FBI, US Coast Guard, and Navy SEALS all favour the Sig Sauer P226.

HK45. HK45 is a versatile and powerful firearm. This gun was designed for the military, which means that it has been intensively tested for accuracy, power, and durability. The accessory rail allows it to add laser sights and silencers. This is a big reason why it’s a favoured firearm for covert operations. Another reason the HK45 is favoured is its recoil reduction technology.

M1911. The original M1911 was designed in 1911 and was the standard sidearm of the US military from 1911 to 1986. Over this time period, close to 3 million M1911s were made. It is .45 calibre and semi-automatic, which is why it was such a favourite for so long.

Colt M4 Carbine. The Colt M4 Carbine is mainly for Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) divisions who face some of the most dangerous situations and criminals a policeman can face. This gun was designed for soldiers who needed an assault rifle that performed well at close range and was shorter, lighter, and became a mobile version of the M16. This gas-operated gun has both single fire and automatic option. It also offers custom add-on capabilities like scopes, lasers, and night vision devices. This is a great option for law enforcement agencies to keep on hand for when the worst case scenario unfolds.

Remington 870. One of the most favoured shotguns is the Remington 870.

Each gun undergoes a 23 station check to ensure every component is up to standard.

Its length varies from 946mm to 1,280mm and weighs 2.2 to 2.6 kg. It has pump action and various scopes can be mounted on it.

Soft Power Systems l Taser. A non-lethal weapon that fires

two small barbed darts intended to puncture the skin and remain attached to the target. The darts through their connection to an electric source, deliver electric current to disrupt voluntary control of muscles, causing “neuromuscular incapacitation.” The effects may only be localised pain or strong involuntary long muscle contractions, based on the type of Taser system used. l Pepper Ball. A pepper-spray projectile, also called a pepper-spray ball, pepper-ball or pepper-spray pellet is a frangible projec-

tile containing a powdered chemical that irritates the eyes and nose in a manner similar to pepper spray. These projectiles are fired from specially designed forced compliance weapons or modified paintball guns. PepperBall is a versatile and powerful non-lethal technology available today. It is proven effective at ranges up to 150 feet (about 45 m). l Tear Gas. Since its effects were short lasting and not lethal thus was adapted by law enforcing agencies for dispersing mobs etc. Tear gas is a group of substances that irritate the mucous membranes of the eyes, causing a stinging sensation and tears. l Stun grenade. A stun grenade, also known as a flash grenade or flashbang, is an non-lethal explosive device, used for temporarily disorienting a person’s senses. It is designed to produce a blinding flash of light of around seven million candela and an intensely loud “bang” of greater than 170 decibels. l Rubber/Plastic bullets. Also known as baton rounds, rubber bullets either made from, or coated with, rubber or plastic to cause pain but minimise serious injury.

In 1972, a shorter, lighter, more accurate version with a PVC outer layer, known as the plastic bullet, was developed, and it was first used in 1973. It fully replaced the rubber bullet by the mid-70s, and could be fired directly at a person, however they proved even more dangerous than the rubber bullets at short range.

Support Systems They have already have been mentioned above and do not need much explanation: UAVs. They are quickly catching up and the most popular are UAVs like Quadcopter fitted with optical, zoom and/or thermal cameras for surveillance, snooping and to acquire proof that law is being broken. The stealth and reach of a UAVs is phenomenal thus 347 law enforcing agencies in the US employ them.

Foliage penetrating radar This is essential for heavily wooded areas where the LWE operate. SRC a US company has developed both airborne and groundbased radars that can detect moving targets through dense foliage. Israel Aerospace Industries has unveiled its ELM-2112FP- persistent surveillance foliage penetration radar.

Indian Perspective The standard equipment for a constable on their beat is the lathi normally made of bamboo but recently polymer ones have been introduced. The riot police have numerous other equipment which includes tear gas, tasers etc.

Indian police generally use a Pistol Auto 9mm 1A or a Glock 17. The other fire arms are 7.62 1A Self Loading Rifles, and SAF Carbine 2A1s which now have been replaced by AK-47 and INSAS rifles. Some special units in the state and CAPF use automatic weapons such as AK-47, AKM, INSAS assault rifles and Bren guns. Police special forces and SWAT units use Heckler and Koch MP5s, Brügger and Thomet MP9s, AK-103s, and M4A1 Carbines and many more. SP

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>> NIGHT VISION

Defeat the Night with Image Intensifiers Sensor fusion combines image intensifier and thermal imaging technologies into one device. Such a combination enables a user to view the image in much greater part of the light spectrum which spans from visible to near-infrared to long-wave infrared and to see the image in the visible and thermal spectrum.

Photograph: Trijicon

 Lt GenEral Naresh Chand (Retd)

tance gain’ is used for image intensifiers having sensitivity in the visible region.

‘Radiant emittance gain’ and ‘photon gain’ are used for image intensifiers intended to detect invisible light or monochromatic light. ‘Luminous Gain’ is the ratio of the phosphor screen luminous emittance to the illuminance incident on the photocathode etc.

EBI (Equivalent Background Input). This indicates the input illuminance required to produce a luminous emittance from the phosphor screen, equal to that obtained when the input illuminance on the photocathode is zero.

Dark Count. The dark count is usually expressed as the number of bright spots per square cm on the photocathode measured for a period of one second. Cooling the photocathode is very effective in reducing the dark count.

I

mage intensifiers were primarily developed for night time viewing and surveillance under moonlight or starlight conditions. They are capable of detecting and amplifying low-lightlevel images to appear as contrast sharp images. Over a period of time, image intensifiers have started covering a wide range of applications to include military, industrial products, inspection and scientific research, especially when combined with chargecoupled device (CCD) or Intensified CCD (ICCD) cameras.

www.spslandforces.com

The science and technology behind image intensifiers In a typical image intensifier there are three components and processes which include a photocathode which converts light into photoelectrons, a microchannel plate (MCP) that multiplies electrons, and a phosphor screen that reconverts electrons into light.

These are arranged in an vacuum tube.

Types. Types of image intensifiers are often broadly classified by “generation”.

The first generation refers to image intensifiers that do not use an MCP and where the gain is usually no greater than 100 times.

The second generation image intensifiers use MCPs for electron multiplication. MCPs using a single-stage MCP have a gain of about 10000, while those using a 3-stage MCP offer a much higher gain of more than 10 million.

Photocathode material. A variety of photocathodes materials are currently in use. Of these, photocathodes made of semiconductor crystals such as Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) and GsAs Phosphide (GsAsP) are called “third generation”. These photocathodes offer extremely high sensitivity.

Conversion into photoelectrons.

The number of photoelectrons emitted at the first stage is directly proportional to the intensity of the input light. These electrons are then accelerated by a voltage applied between the photocathode and the MCP surface and thereby enter individual channels of the MCP. As each channel of the MCP operates as an independent electron multiplier, the input electrons striking on the channel wall produce secondary electrons. This process is repeated several times by the potential gradient (a potential gradient is the local rate of change of the potential with respect to displacement i.e. gradient) across the both ends of the MCP and a large number of electrons are in this way released from the output end of the MCP. The electrons multiplied by the MCP are further accelerated by the voltage between the MCP output surface (MCP-out) and the phosphor screen, and strike the photocathode which emits light according to the amount of electrons. Through this process, an input optical image is intensified about 10,000 times (in the case of a single stage MCP) and appears as the output image on the phosphor screen. Additional MCPs will add to the amplification.

Gating Process. An image intensifier can be gated to open or close the optical

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SP’s Land Forces 4/2019

Sensor fusion US Army soldiers use durable and versatile Trijicon optics on their weapons

shutter by varying the potential between the photocathode and the MCP-in. by this potential difference towards the MCP and multiplied there. The gate function is very effective when analysing high-speed optical phenomenon. Gated image intensifiers and Intense CCDs having a gate function are capable of capturing instantaneous images of high-speed optical phenomenon while excluding extraneous signals.

Single stage and three stage image intensifiers and EM-CCD (ElectronMultiplying Gain-CCD) Cameras.

Image intensifiers and EM-CCD cameras using a single stage MCP have been used in low-light-level imaging. However, these imaging devices cannot capture a clear image when the light level is lower than 10-5 lx (Lux). Image intensifiers using a 3-stage MCP are ideal for photon (a photon is the smallest quantum of electromagnetic radiation which is always in motion at constant speed in vacuum) counting.

Image intensifiers with a 3-stage MCP can be considered high-sensitivity image intensifiers. However, these have two operation modes, one of which is completely different from normal image intensifier operation.

At light levels down to about 10-4 lx, these 3-stage MCP image intensifiers operate in the same way as normal image intensifiers by applying a low voltage to the MCP. This operation mode allows the 3-stage MCP to provide a lower gain of 102 to 104 and is called “analogue mode”. On the other hand, when the light intensity becomes so low (below 10-5 lx) that the photocathode emits very few photoelectrons and obtaining a continuous image is then no longer possible. In such cases, by applying about 2.4 kV to the 3-stage MCP to increase the gain to about 106, light spots (single photon spots) with approximately a 60 µm diameter corresponding to individual photoelectrons will appear on the output phosphor screen. This operation is known as photon counting mode. Such

an approach can be used in a 3-stage MCP for use in a wide spectrum of applications from extremely low light levels to light levels having motion images.

Hamamatsu Photonics’ Filmless MCP. Hamamatsu Photonics is a leading company of light technology and products and have designed filmless MCP. In conventional image intensifiers having a crystalline photocathode, a thin film is deposited over the surface of the MCP to prevention feedback. The company claims that their improved fabrication method successfully eliminates the thin film which eliminates the loss of electrons passing through the MCP and therefore improves the signalto-noise ratio by more than 20 per cent as compared to filmed image intensifiers with longer life. Combining their filmless MCP fabrication technology with the highsensitivity GaAs and GaAsP photocathode will produce better results like clear, sharp images can be obtained with no chicken wire and images without distortion can be obtained at the periphery.

Sensor fusion combines the positive qualities of the image intensifier and thermal imaging technologies into one device.

Such a combination enables a user to view the image in much greater part of the light spectrum which spans from visible to near-infrared to long-wave infrared.

The combination enables the viewer to see the image in the visible and thermal spectrum. The sensor fusion technology has led to the development of new night-vision technologies and devices like the enhanced night-vision goggle (ENVG) that combines a thermal imager with an image intensifier.

The image intensifier works like a standard NVG in this system but image from the thermal sensor is seen through a video display.

Both the inputs are then optically overlaid to provide a fused image. Developments are on to combine the video output of a thermal imager directly with the video output of an electronic output image intensifier. These new devices would then display a complete digitally fused image through HMD (headmounted/helmet display) in a device known as the digitally enhanced night-vision goggle (ENVG-D).

Some common terms

Combination of ENVG III and Family of Weapons Sights-Individual (FWS-I) technology

Photocathode Sensitivity Luminous Sensitivity. The output current from the photocathode per the input luminous flux from a standard tungsten lamp usually expressed in µA/lm (microamperes per lumen). Simply it is a guideline for sensitivity.

Radiant Sensitivity. The output current from the photocathode per the input radiant power at a given wavelength, usually expressed in amperes per watt.

Quantum Efficiency (QE). The number of photoelectrons emitted from the photocathode divided by the number of input photons, generally expressed in percentage.

Luminous Emittance. This is the luminous flux density emitted from a phosphor screen and is usually expressed in lumens per square meter.

Gain. Gain is applied to photocathode spectral response range. ‘Luminous emit-

The FWS-I, when mounted on a soldier’s weapon, will transmit its sight picture through radio to the ENVG III, which is mounted on a soldier’s helmet. The FWS-I is designed for the M4 and M16 rifles. The ENVG will combine thermal imaging with image intensification technology. A variety of modes will allow soldiers to see in their goggles only the image from the ENVG III itself, or only the image from the FWS-I, or a combination of the two. Using a ‘picture-in-picture’ mode, the image from the FWS-I is displayed at the bottom right of the image that is coming from the goggle.

This combines the rapid target acquisition technology and can effectively be used for surveillance, aiming weapons during daylight, darkness, adverse weather and dirty battlefield conditions. This system is being introduced to the US Army during 2019. SP

>> marketing feature

Russian Civil Arms: Perfect Choice for India

Russian small arms have been of great interest at various exhibitions all over the world

D

uring the Army 2019 International Forum held near Moscow, the national weapons trade mediator Rosoboronexport announced a number of contracts with the international customers for the small arms supply of military and civil application.

“The Russian industry produces full range of close combat weapons which have proved their indispensability in actual combat situations, thereby earning reputation and respect in many countries worldwide.

The new contracts not only demonstrate strong and steady demand for the Russianmade small arms and grenade launchers and related ammunition, but also indicate a global trend of increasing demand for effective equipment to counter crime and terrorism. Rosoboronexport is ready to meet this demand in full,” said Rosoboronexport’s Director General Alexander Mikheev.

Russia has been actively promoting national civil and service weapons on the world market. The range of products includes the ORSIS T-5000 rifles, Saiga-9 and Saiga-12 carbines, MR-18 shotguns, Viking pistols among the many. The State mediator is confident that India and South East Asian countries is one of the most promising market for all the systems above as well as for the Vepr carbines, civilian versions of the Tigr sniper rifles.

According to Alexander Mikheev, the first contracts on the matter have been

Tigr-308

Vepr-95

Vepr-12

Saiga-9

already signed with a number of unspecified nations. It looks like Russia’s counterparts were not named in a view of the existing USA sanctions to prevent unpleasant consequences for the buyers.

After the adoption of amendments to the Russian Law on Weapons in 2017, Rosoboronexport was granted the right to export civil arms to extend its traditional scale of the military-grade, law enforcement and security forces ones which has been delivered to the partner countries over decades. The new situation has simplified a procedure to deliver all range of combat and civil small arms from a single source.

It looks that despite the US unfair sanctions won’t prevent the customers from various Asian nations including police, special forces and even hunting and shooting clubs to purchase the Russian small arms.

Meet the characteristics of the most popular Russian civil weapons below.

Vepr-12 VPO-205-01 Smoothbore Weapons. Combat Semiautomatic Smoothbore Carbines.

VPO-205 is currently one of the most effective tactical smoothbore rifles, capable of accomplishing a wide range of missions facing security services. Its modular design allows tailoring the weapons to the specific needs of the customer, while the availability of special brackets ensures the detachable

equipment is mounted in a manner that meets the requirements of the user. The weapon is reliable and demonstrates flawless operation when firing all types of 12 Gauge cartridges. The steel frame patterned after the RPK light machine gun provides the weapon’s immunity to deformations, as well as its fault-fee operation in various adverse conditions.

Main Characteristics

introduced in the design of the trigger to exclude butt-folded firing.

Main Characteristics Cartridge

9x19

Effective range, m

min 100 m

Overall length, mm

827

Length, butt folded, mm

589

Barrel length, mm

367

Empty weight, kg

3

Magazine capacity, cartridges

10

Barrel length, mm

570

Caliber

12x76 mm

Sighting range, m, max

100

TIGR 308

Full length, mm

1,117

Length, buttstock folded, mm

865

Carbine The Tigr 308, ver. 02, is patterned after the SVD sniper rifle. It has a plastic skeletal butt with a rotatable cheek pad. The fore grip is made of plastic. The receiver has a side rail for optical sights. The weapon features an open sight. The barrel is fitted with a smallsize flame suppressor.

Barrel length, mm Empty weight, kg

4.4

Magazine capacity, cartridges

8

SAIGA 9 Self-loading carbine The Saiga-9 self-loading carbine is a derivative of the PP-19-01 Vityaz-SN submachine gun. Its design utilizes the blowback operation principle. The weapon is fitted with a metal skeletal folding stock, plastic fore grip and a pistol grip. It features an open sight. The carbine has a receivermounted Picatinny rail to allow for optical and collimator sights to be installed at user’s discretion. A lock has been

Main Characteristics Cartridge

308WIN

Effective range, m

Max 300

Overall length, mm

1120 or 1175

Barrel length, mm

565 or 620

Empty weight, kg

3.9

Magazine capacity, cartridges 10 Magazine capacity, cartridges 10

4/2019 SP’s Land Forces

13

>> SHOW REPORT / DSEI 2019

20 Years of DSEI: Latest Land Warfare Developments Out of six zones that make up the DSEI event, the Land Zone stood out with a vast array of innovative industrial advancements throughout the event Photograph: DSEI

The firsts

 Ayushee Chaudhary

O

ne of the largest and most significant arms fair in the world wrapped a successful 20th year, held from September 10 to13, 2019, in London. This biennial event under the name of Defence & Security Equipment International (DSEI) is a principal event that brings together governments, national armed forces, industry leaders and the global defence and security supply chain on an unrivaled scale. DSEI comprises of five zones dedicated to different branches of the armed forces, named as the Aerospace Zone, the Land Zone, the Naval Zone, the Security Zone, and the Innovation Zone featuring the innovations of the entire defense and security community.

Land Zone Being the largest zone at DSEI, the Land Zone features the latest in vehicles, weapons, ammunition, and equipment. This year DSEI witnessed first-hand display of some of the most recent developments and innovations from exhibitors from around the world through conferences, displays, announcements and exhibition.

www.spslandforces.com

Land Warfare Highlights Being one of the largest arms fair, it is no surprise that some of the major and most significant announcements of the arms companies (both big and small) are witnessed at DSEI. A few of them from this year’s DSEI include: l At DSEI, the Anti-UAV Defence System (AUDS) consortium revealed a revamped version of its counter-UAS (C-UAS) which has been designed to support mobility requirements in the land domain. The consortium, which includes Enterprise Control Systems (ECS); Blighter Surveillance; and Chess Dynamics, has designed a lower profile AUDS solution, called the Modular Integrated Pod System (MIPS), allows endusers to ‘rapidly configure the system for intended missions including mobile force protection; mobile short-range air defence; long-range surveillance; or ground-based air defence’. l Four new small-caliber ammunitions were showcased by FN Herstal (a leading firearms manufacturer) to address new threats faced by militaries as well as recent trends like environmental regulations.

The FN ARIA .50 RR rounds are designed as reduced range cartridges, intended for ranges below 3.5 km. The cartridges do not require re-zeroing or converted weapons, and are intended to be used for training with .50 caliber weapons. l Two new payload-agnostic, modular solutions have been developed by Chess Dynamics, a principal defence and aerospace subsystem supplier, to comply with increased flexibility in military requirements and cost-efficiency in land-based surveillance and target acquisition. l UK’s Spectra Group exhibited its SlingShot communications, a lightweight system that enables existing, in-service tactical military and commercial VHF/

14

SP’s Land Forces 4/2019

Mobile solutions on display at DSEI 2019

UHF radios to utilise commercial L-band satellite coverage (COMSATCOM). SlingShot provides reliable, secure communications between widely dispersed military forces and/or civilian agencies operating in austere and hostile environments, without the need for deploying additional infrastructure. l SIG Sauer (involved in the designing and manufacturing of firearms) announced the rewarding of a contract by the US Army to supply its complete system for the next-generation squad weapons (NGSW) programme. This entails the company’s lightweight machine gun, rifle, suppressors and the 6.8mm hybrid ammunition. l A new Universal Radio Group (URG)IV wideband High Frequency (HF) communications system was officially launched at the DSEI 2019 by Collins Aerospace Systems; aimed at land and naval customers who require a cheaper alternative to SATCOM. The ground station consists of Collins’ new RT-2200A wideband HF radio and PA-2010 1kW power amplifier housed together with other equipment in a moveable package. l Rohde & Schwarz displayed its new WPU2000 wideband processing unit perched at the core of a next-generation electronic intelligence (ELINT) solution devised to collect, process and analyse complex radar emissions.

Display With some of the latest vehicles on spectacle transported by collaborations from prime companies, specialist SMEs and manufacturers, the Static Display occupies the center stage in the Land Zone. Below are some of the highlights and displays from the show: l In the British Army Static Display area, a pod of six of MBDA’s Brimstone precision strike missile (PSM) integrated onto a Milrem Robotics THeMIS unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) could be seen. l A new version of its Fletcher weapon system was launched by Arnold Defense. The Multiple Launch Hydra System (MLHS) was displayed installed on the Mercedes-Benz UNIMOG LTTV platform. The LTTV i.e. the Light Tacti-

cal Transport Vehicle was also launched at DSEI by Jankel. With a payload of over 3 tonnes, the LTTV has three core variants for special operations support. l A Fletcher rocket launcher was also on display during the event on the BAE Systems Stand, mounted on the Level Peaks M205 tripod a Capco mount plate. l Rafael Advanced Defense Systems exhibited the Spike family of multiplatform, multipurpose, electro-optical guided missiles, with varying ranges up to 30 km, including the fifth-generation Spike LR2. l Turkish company Otokar transported its latest Tulpar tracked combat vehicle in the infantry fighting vehicle (IFV) configuration, fitted with its Mizrak-30 turret armed with a stabilised Northrop Grumman Armament Systems 30mm dual-feed cannon and a 7.62mm coaxial machine gun (MG). l Space and power electronics engineering firm, AEI Systems showcased its latest Venom Low recoil (LR) 30mm cannon, which is targeted at installation in turrets and remote weapon stations (RWSs). At DSEI, it was integrated into the Slovenian Midgard 300 Lite RWS.

DSEI comprises of five zones dedicated to different branches of the armed forces, named as the Aerospace Zone, the Land Zone, the Naval Zone, the Security Zone and the Innovation Zone featuring the innovations of the entire defense and security community

Even in its 20th year, DSEI was not short of primary appearances of companies, instruments, vehicles, programmes, etc. Some of the first at DSEI 2019 were: l A British multi-faceted engineering company which is also among the leading specialists across the globe in the design and development of high mobility defence vehicles, Supacat, showcased its latest High Mobility Transporter (HMT) Extenda Mk 2, which it says “offers a step change in capacity with an enhanced suspension system enabling the gross vehicle weight to increase to 12,000 kg from 10,500 kg and increased crew seating from four to six”. l The BAE Systems’ Bofors Archer 155mm/52 caliber self-propelled artillery system integrated onto the rear of a Rheinmetall MAN Military Vehicles HX2 series (8x8) cross-country vehicle with a fully protected forward control cab is also a first. l The German Flensburger Fahrzeugbau Gesellschaft (FFG) Boxer Armoured Recovery Module (ARM) also made its debut. The ARM with seating for the commander and gunner weighs about 13 tonnes and is a direct replacement for the existing mission module and adds substantial new capabilities to the Boxer. l Finnish company Patria also exhibited its latest Armoured Wheeled Vehicle (AWV) fitted with the 120mm Nemo turret mortar system for the first time. Featuring a high rate of fire, it can perform a multiple-round simultaneous-impact fire mission, in which five 120mm mortar bombs impact the target at the same time for maximum effect. l UK-based MSI-Defence Systems has made it’s first foray into the land-based weapon systems market with the launch of its MSI-DS Terrahawk remote weapon station (RWS) during DSEI. l In another first, Rafael Advanced Defense Systems showcased its complete all-inone Samson 30mm remote-controlled weapon station (RCWS), integrated with two Spike missiles and the Trophy Active Protections System (APS). Trophy is the only operational, safety-certified APS, providing combat-proven protection in the world against anti-armor rocket and missile threats, for light, medium and heavyweight platforms. l General Robotics, a company specialising in developing, manufacturing and marketing advanced robotic systems for defence and homeland security applications, unveiled its new Pitbull-3, an ultra-lightweight remotely operated weapon station for the first time.

It delivers highly accurate and reliable point-and-shoot technology while providing an effective solution for detecting and tracking all types of drones during flight, and enabling their neutralisation as well as downing. l Canada’s INKAS Armored Vehicle Manufacturing, a large manufacturer of high-quality protective armed vehicles made its debut at DSEI. SP

>> News in Brief India to hold first tri-service exercise with US

India and the US continue to scale up their military cooperation, with their first-ever bilateral tri-Service exercise slated to be held off Vizag and Kakinada on India’s Eastern seaboard in November. Codenamed Exercise Tiger Triumph, it will focus on large scale humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) operations. India and the US have been increasing the complexity of their service-to-service level military exercise.

This will be only the second time that India will be conducting a tri-service engagement with a foreign country after Exercise Indra with Russia in 2017. Defence trade between India and the US too has been increasing steadily. An estimated $18 billion worth of defence deals have been signed with American companies over the last decade. Reports suggest that another $10 billion worth of deals, are lined up with the US.

DRDO declares India self-reliant in anti-tank missiles

India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) declared self-reliance in anti-tank guided missiles after successfully test-firing an indigenous Man Portable Anti-Tank Guided Missile (MPATGM) on September 11 at a test-firing range in Kurnool in Andhra Pradesh. This is the third successful test-firing of DRDO’s MPATGM. The DRDO seeks to shut the doors for import of this category of missiles. Although the Indian Army recently made an urgent purchase of a limited quantity of Israeli Spike anti-tank missiles, a much larger procurement of these missiles was cancelled last year after the DRDO indicated that its technology for a third-generation ATGM was close to maturity. The Indian Army has an estimated requirement of 70,000 thirdgeneration ATGMs, and about 850 launchers. It seeks to phase out the Milan 2T and Konkur ATGMs that it is currently using.

exercises in the US and Russia Yudh Abhyas 2019, a battalion level exercise between the Indian and US Armies, commenced at the Joint Base Lewis McChord, Washington, US on September 6. Conducted with brigade-level planning, the context of this bilateral exercise is jointly countering threats in a UN Peace Keeping scenario. This is the 15th edition of this exercise series, which

>> Show Calendar 14–16 October AUSA 2019 Annual Meeting and Expo Walter E. Washington Convention Center, Washington, DC, USA http://ausameetings. org/2019annualmeeting/ 28–30 October Bahrain International Defence Exhibition & Conference Bahrain International Exhibition & Convention Centre (BIECC), Manama, Bahrain www.bahraindefence.com

has grown in scope and complexity since it started in 2004 as a platoon level engagement. Over 700 troops are taking part in the exercise. The Indian contingent is from the Assam Regiment, while US troops are from their 5-20 Infantry Battalion. At Orenburg in Central Russia, Tsentr-2019 commenced on September 9 as a large scale multilateral exercise involving Russia, China and the Central Asian Republics Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, besides India and Pakistan. TSENTR-2019 has an elaborate agenda and comprises two modules. The first module wi ll include counter- terror operations, repelling air strikes, reconnaissance operations and defensive measures, while the second will focus on offensive operations.

Indian Army to get Made in India armour-piercing tank ammunition

India’s Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) on September 13 approved indigenous production of armour-piercing tank ammunition and automated mine-laying equipment while giving the go-ahead for military procurements worth `2,000 crore. Maintaining focus on the ‘Make in India’ initiative,

the DAC accorded approval for indigenous development and production of the main gun 125mm Armour Piercing Fin Stabilised Discarding-Sabot (APFSDS) ammunition for T-72/T-90 tanks by the Indian Industry. The DAC also approved procurement of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)-developed and industrymanufactured Mechanical Mine Layer (Self Propelled) to improve automated mine-laying capability with the Indian Army.

Indo-Thailand joint military Exercise MAITREE-2019 Exercise MAITREE, the annual bilateral joint exercise between Indian Army (IA) and Royal Thailand Army (RTA) commenced at the Foreign Training Node (FTN), Umroi, Meghalaya. The aim of exercise is joint training of troops in counter terrorism operations in both jungle terrain and urban scenario. Exercise MAITREE-2019 has been the face of long standing bilateral ties between India and Thailand since 2006. The 14 days exercise will be conducted under the framework of United Nations mandate.

Both contingents will share their valuable experiences in the conduct of counter terrorism operations in form of lectures, drills, demonstrations and skill-at-arms with an aim to refine tactics, techniques and procedures. The exercise will culminate with a 48 hours joint exercise which will showcase the planning and execution of joint skills of soldiers while conducting any counter terrorism operation. SP

Publisher and Editor-in-Chief Jayant Baranwal Deputy Managing Editor Neetu Dhulia Senior Editorial Contributor Lt General P.C. Katoch (Retd) Senior Technical Group Editor Lt General Naresh Chand (Retd) Air Marshal B.K. Pandey (Retd) Group Executive Editor Vishal Thapar Contributors India General V.P. Malik (Retd), Lt General Vijay Oberoi (Retd), Lt General R.S. Nagra (Retd), Lt General S.R.R. Aiyengar (Retd), Major General Ashok Mehta (Retd), Major General G.K. Nischol (Retd), Brigadier Gurmeet Kanwal (Retd), Brigadier S. Mishra (Retd), Rohit Sharma Chairman & Managing Director Jayant Baranwal Executive Vice President (Planning & Business Development) Rohit Goel Manager – HR & Admin Bharti Sharma Assistant Manager – HR & Admin Pooja Tehlani Deputy Manager – Circulation Rimpy Nischal Group Research Associate Survi Massey Creative Director Anoop Kamath Design Vimlesh Kumar Yadav, Sonu Singh Bisht

APPOINtMENTs

Group Director – Sales & Marketing Neetu Dhulia

Lt General M.M. Naravane Vice Chief of the Army Staff Lieutenant General Manoj Mukund Naravane assumed office of the VCOAS on August 31, 2019. Earlier, he was GOC-in-C Eastern Command. He is an alumnus of National Defence Academy and Indian Military Academy. He also has a Master’s degree in Defence Studies and a M.Phil. in Defence and Management Studies. He was commissioned into 7 Sikh Light Infantry on June 7, 1980.

He has vast experience and has served in Counter-Insurgency Operations in Kashmir and Northeast India. He has commanded a Rashtriya Rifles battalion in Jammu and Kashmir; an Infantry brigade; Assam Rifles in Northeast India as Inspector General (North); a Strike Corps; General Officer Commanding (GOC), Delhi Area; and GOC-in-C, Army Training Command (December 1, 2017, to September 30, 2018). In addition, he was an instructor at the Army War College, Mhow and served as the Indian Defence Attache to Myanmar.

Deputy Director – Sales Rajeev Chugh

Lt General R.P. Singh General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Western Command Lieutenant General R.P. Singh was commissioned into 1 Mechanised Infantry (1 Madras) on June 12, 1982. He took over his present command on August 1, 2019. An alumnus of NDA and IMA, the General Officer has attended the Defence Services Staff Course, Senior Command Course, Higher Command Course and the National Defence College.

The General Officer has held various regimental, staff and instructional appointments including Brigade Major of an Infantry Brigade in Counter Insurgency areas in Jammu and Kashmir, Col GS (Military Doctrine) at Army War College, BGS (Ops) of South Western Command and Additional Director General Discipline and Vigilance. The General officer has commanded a Mechanised Infantry Battalion, an Armoured Brigade, an Infantry Division and a Strike Corps.

Lt General Anil Chauhan General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Eastern Command Lieutenant General Anil Chauhan is an alumnus of the National Defence Academy and Indian Military Academy. The General Officer was commissioned into the 11 Gorkha Rifles in 1981. He has held several command, staff and instructional appointments during his career and has experience in counter-insurgency operations in J&K and the Northeast. He has commanded a Corps before he took over as Director General of Military Operations (DGMO) on January 2018. He has taken over Eastern Command on August 31, 2019, from Lieutenant General Manoj Mukund Naravane who has taken over as Vice Chief of the Army Staff.

Lt General A.S. Kler General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, South Western Command Lieutenant General A.S. Kler has taken over the South-Western Command on August 31, 2019. The General Officer is an alumnus of NDA and IMA and was commissioned into an armoured regiment. He has over 36 years of distinguished service during which he has had extensive command and staff experience. He has also served in CI operations. He had earlier commanded a strike Corps and his last appointment before taking over South Western Command was Director General of Military Training. He has also served as Chief of Staff of Army Training Command (ARTRAC). The General Officer made a sort of record when he carried out a para jump from 10,000 ft at Nashik during May this year. Apart from training in para jump he has also carried out four successful ski dives.

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4/2019 SP’s Land Forces

15

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