SP's Land Forces Issue 06 - 2014

December 2014-January 2015

SP’s

Volume 11 No. 6

AN SP GUIDE

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The ONLY magazine in Asia-Pacific dedicated to Land Forces

In This Issue

>> Face-to-Face photograph: Indian Army

Page 6 Army Day Parade - 2015

Page 8 Historical Highlights of the Indian Army The final shape and professional restructuring of the Indian Army was carried out prior to World War I under General Kitchener, the Commander-in-Chief in India from 1902.

Lt General V.K. Kapoor (Retd) Page 10 Sluggishness in Army’s Modernisation Efforts Our political leadership under the UPA Government had been totally neglectful and inept in its approach to modernisation of the army in the past 10 years, a period which has been described as the worst since independence.

Brigadier Gurmeet Kanwal (Retd)

‘My vision is to ensure capability enhancement and operational effectiveness of the Army’

Page 13 Real Challenges Facing Pakistan The nexus between the Pakistan Army, jihadists and hardline nationalists shall continue to drive Pakistan’s domestic and foreign policy agenda

On January 2, 2014, a team of SP’s Land Forces comprising Jayant Baranwal, Editor-in-Chief, and Editor Lt General V.K. Kapoor (Retd) interviewed the Chief of the Army Staff General Dalbir Singh PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, VSM, ADC who candidly spoke about the achievements and modernisation of the Indian Army

Lt General V.K. Kapoor (Retd) Page 12 Artillery Modernisation: End of Stagnation India’s firepower capabilities need to be enhanced by an order of magnitude, especially in terms of PGMs. This will require substantial upgradation of the firepower capabilities of India’s armed forces.

Dr Monika Chansoria Plus Special Report: Defence Minister Parrikar ‘Deals’ a New Mantra SP’s Exclusive / News in Brief

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SP’s Land Forces (SP’s): It has been more than six months that you took command of the Indian Army. Our army has been performing exceedingly well in all fields— be it managing the counter-insurgency environment in Jammu & Kashmir and North East, providing succour to citizens in times of natural calamities or excelling in sports and games for the country. While it reflects the organisational strength and focused training of the army, it also showcases the vision and higher directions

being disseminated down to lower levels.

May we know, sir, what is your vision for the army?

Chief of the Army Staff (COAS): Yes, it has been almost six months now since I took over. Firstly, I must tell you that I am committed to ensure that the Indian Army is synonymous with professionalism. We lay tremendous focus on individual and organisational commitment, which definitely is the bedrock of our organisation. My vision is to ensure capability enhancement and oper-

ational effectiveness of the army to meet all contemporary and emerging challenges.

SP’s: There is a perceptible shift in the security dynamics in the global and subcontinental context. How do you assess the changes? How is Indian Army prepared to cater for the operational and logistic imperatives?

COAS: The Indian Army is mandated to safeguard national interests from external aggression to internal subversion. Our

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Messages / Face-to-Face >>

Messages on 50 Years of SP Guide Publications

Message

Minister of Defence India

I am glad to know that SP Guide Publications, New Delhi with its six publications mainly catering to different facets of defence and aerospace, is completing 50 years of service as Publication House.

I take this opportunity in extending my hearty greetings to the Editor and staff of SP Publications and wish them all success.

Jai Hind (Manohar Parrikar)

Message

Minister of State for Home Affairs

I thank you for your letter dated 20.11.2014. I convey my good wishes on the completion of 50 years of SP Guide Publications which is indeed interesting and informative.

With regards, (Haribhai P. Chaudhary)

General Dalbir Singh

Message

pvsm, uysm, avsm, vsm, adc

Chief of the Army Staff

I am happy to learn that a Special Issue of the “SP’s Land Forces” is being launched on occasion of the Golden Jubilee of the SP Guide Publication which is coinciding with the 67th Army Day. I convey my best wishes and compliments to the Chairman and Managing Director, the Editor and the Staff in their future endeavour.

Jai Hind (Dalbir Singh) General

borders have become increasingly active over the years. These vast borders passing through some of the most rugged terrains in the world, with large areas being disputed, pose complex external security challenges. Regional instability as being witnessed in the Af-Pak region has direct bearing on our security situation. On our northern front the capability gap remains a cause for concern. Our internal security challenges are also intricately linked to our external threats. In addition, terrorism and the involvement of non-state actors with state sponsorship has brought about a fun-

damental shift in the conduct of warfighting. They remain one of the biggest threats to an emerging India.

The Indian Army is fully aware of the emerging security scenario. Our capability enhancement efforts are focused towards preparing the Indian Army to effectively meet the contemporary and future challenges. With changed dynamics and enhanced focus along the northern borders, and in view limited development, the logistics resources are optimised by dual tasking and regular practice during various exercises, thereby addressing both

contingencies concurrently. Furthermore, ‘Mobilisation Plan Units’ are planned to be raised in the event of general mobilisation to facilitate induction and subsequently support formations during their conduct of operations.

About `9,243.64 crore was sanctioned for infrastructure development in Eastern Theatre in year 2010. Similar case for infrastructure development along northern borders is under consideration with the government. In order to overcome the operational logistic challenges of storage of ammunition in border areas, a proposal for construction

of ‘UG/Tunnelled Storage of Ammunition’ is under progress. Moreover, to enhance FOL storage in high-altitude area regions devoid of natural cover, projects for creating of underground tankages at nominated locations is being progressed which would enhance logistic sustenance manifold.

SP’s: China’s economic rise and its steadfast military modernisation has some cogent lessons for India. What are the areas of thrust for infrastructure developments in the east to prepare ourselves for the future?

How far have we progressed in this sphere?

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E D I T O R I A L

>> Face-to-Face

Post-independent India has witnessed a complete transition of the Indian Army from the preindependence days when it was mostly manned by British officers especially in senior ranks to the entirely indigenous officer corps with the soldiery recruited in regiments of fixed class composition, a tradition which continues till date though some mixed class units have been raised after independence. The officers and soldiers of the Indian Army have acquitted themselves admirably in the past 60 years or so except for the humiliation of the Sino-India war of 1962. For this we have to squarely blame Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru whose bias against the military

was well known in the services.

The clearest example of this is when General (later Field Marshal) Cariappa outlined his plan for the security of NEFA, after China had occupied Tibet, Nehru flared up and thumping the table said: “It is not the business of the C-in-C to tell the Prime Minister who is going to attack us where.

You mind only Kashmir and Pakistan.” The Sino-Indian war and the national humiliation was the result of this policy. The military too failed by acquiescing to a policy they knew to be militarily and politically unsound.

The situation today, more than 50 years after the Sino-Indian war while not being so alarming, is yet quite worrisome. The challenges and threats to the nation have increased manifold. External and contingency (unforeseen) threats combined with internal challenges demand a dynamic government policy of national security management through formulation of a National Security Strategy (NSS) so that all the stakeholders are aware of what is expected of them.

The NSS should be formulated after carrying out a strategic de-

fence review. Such a review must be open and transparent taking all sections of the society onboard.

Only then will all stakeholders be compelled to take ownership of the strategy and work unitedly to achieve its aims and objectives.

Government’s apathy lies in not being able to implement key reforms and modernise the forces to face the challenges of the future. For example, the key reforms recommended by the Kargil Review Committee and thereafter the Naresh Chandra Committee of integrating the Ministry of Defence (MoD) with the Service Officers and nominating a Chief of Defence Staff / Permanent Chairman Chiefs of the Staff Committee remain unimplemented. We are still working in watertight compartments of various departments and agencies each looking after its turf. Such contradictions are self-defeating.

The year 2014 has brought some cheer to a dismal record of the past 10 years of stagnation.

Since the advent of the Modi Government, the Ministry of Defence has witnessed some dynamism.

We have had two new Defence

Ministers namely Arun Jaitley and the incumbent Manohar Parrikar bringing about the much needed action for modernising the military even though the pace is not fast enough to undo the wrongs of the previous regime.

Make in India has became a buzzword in the corridors of MoD. The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), the apex decision-making body of the Ministry, has cleared proposals worth over `1,50,000 crore for the services in 2014.

Many of the equipment and platforms, cleared by the DAC will be manufactured in the country, either by the public or private sector entities, through collaborations and tie-ups with foreign manufacturing companies. Foreign direct investment (FDI) in the defence sector was encouraged by liberalising some of the policies. However, the ground forces continue to be plagued by obsolescence and shortages. Infantry is without effective small arms with nightfighting capabilities. Artillery is without a replacement of its medium guns even though the sanction has been given by the DAC for the induction of 814, 155mm

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Lt General V.K. Kapoor (Retd)

photograph: Indian Army

COAS: Indian Army is prepared to take on any challenges to national security.

Towards this end, infrastructure development along the line of actual control (LAC) is being progressed in a comprehensive and holistic manner. Based on development and logistic requirement, roads and railway lines are being developed along the borders to improve connectivity to forward areas by way of a systematically evolved plan.

The infrastructure being created in addition to the development of road and strategic railway networks also includes permanent defences, habitat, development of logistic infrastructure, military aviation bases and other infrastructure in permanent locations. The same is being comprehensively monitored to ensure time bound completion.

SP’s: Indian Army is undergoing organisational and doctrinal changes. Its employability has also increased manifold with contingents operating in UN. A considerable part in the current holdings of equipment are obsolete and needs urgent attention. What are we doing about it?

COAS: There is a well established procedure to replace outdated military equipment. It is a part of the modernisation of the armed forces, which is a continuous process based on threat perception, operational challenges, technological changes and available resources. The outdated equipment is being upgraded accordingly.

Presently, a proposal is under consideration of procuring 100 wheeled APCs for our UN contingents. These wheeled APCs are likely to replace the BMPs. The same will improve deployment capabilities of our contingents.

Tangible steps have been taken to fast track processing of key EW (electronic warfare) and communication projects. A project for procurement of tactical communication system (TCS) for the TBA based on a grid communication network is under way.

One of the major modernisation decisions taken is of creating a Digital Army.

Three key areas and nine pillars for Digital Army are being worked upon based on Digital India plan. Some concrete actions have been taken in that direction and some are in the pipeline. ‘Integration’ and ‘inter-

truck-mounted guns recently. The requirement of replacement of all guns of all calibres by 155mm calibre works out to nearly 3,000 guns. In army air defence, weapon upgrades and acquisition of new weapons is languishing with no forward movement for decades.

Other arms and services have the same story to tell at a time that India faces formidable challenges on two fronts. We hope that the new government is able to tackle the modernistion issue in the future with requisite promptness.

This special issue on the occasion of the Army Day 2015, carries the interview of the COAS General Dalbir Singh, historical highlights of the Indian Army, and articles on army’s modernisation efforts, artillery modernisation and a short piece on the real challenges facing Pakistan.

Chief of the Army Staff General Dalbir Singh in conversation with SP’s Land Forces Editor-in-Chief Jayant Baranwal and Editor Lt General V.K. Kapoor (Retd)

operability’ have been made key issues in all SW application development. System and procedures are also being modified as part of ‘business process review’ as applicable.

A close interaction with industry is being encouraged wherein requirement of services have been highlighted to the industry. Capability of industry in different domain has also been requested to optimise our interface. Fast tracking procedures in DPP & DPM are also being planned for better response.

SP’s: We have heard about a Strike Corps being raised for the mountains in the Eastern Theatre. Are the mountain divisions, part of the Strike Corps, going to be manpower heavy formations of the type that are in existence or are we introducing modern rotary-wing capability, modern means of surveillance and heavier firepower? What is the army’s vision in this regard?

COAS: The Mountain Strike Corps will be an invaluable instrument for escalatory control as also for enlarging our politicomilitary options.

It will be composed of all arms teams to

include infantry, armour, artillery, combat engineers, aviation, as also other enablers like long-range vectors, communication assets, space and surveillance instruments, etc. The capacities that we seek to create are composite and not predicated on manpower alone.

SP’s: Has our intelligence gathering capability improved in recent times? How are we using modern technology to gather military intelligence? Does the Indian Army have access to any exclusive satellite like the navy?

COAS: Technological advances in electronics are being used in collection of electronic intelligence, signal intelligence and image intelligence. Modern technology is being utilised to collect, collate and interpret intelligence. Advancements in remote sensing and image analysis have manifested in greater capability to analyse available inputs.

There are plans to upgrade equipment for exploitation of future advancements in space-based assets. Indian Army has priority access to CARTOSAT 2A, CARTOSAT 2B and RISAT 2 satellites. Due to the above, the capability for real-time intelligence gather-

ing, collation, analysis and dissemination has received a tremendous fillip.

SP’s: In view of the nuclearisation of our region, major state-to-state wars are not likely. If indeed we are going to fight border wars, near or close to the border, defence and security will merge. How should the nation use its comprehensive national power to tackle such situations which have external and internal dimensions?

COAS: Wars today have become a ‘whole of nation effort’. Our security threats are more complex, multidimensional and hybrid in character. Traditional response mechanisms need to be reviewed and adapted to remain relevant. Any nation needs to use the right mix of its various instruments of power to suit the situation and the desired end state.

In our context, jointmanship between the three services and inter-agency coordination will be critical to achieve success both against external threats as well as internal security challenges. The Indian Army will then be used in concert with other instruments of national power to achieve national objectives.

Face-to-Face >> SP’s: Future conflicts will require to be joint and integrated among the three services.

How far have we reached as far as ‘jointness’ or integration among the three services is concerned?

COAS: Future military operations will be complex, intense and fast paced, and to achieve success cost effectively, it would require a very high degree of synergy between the services. Modern warfare demands much higher degree of coordination in operations by all the three services than ever before. The setting up of Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff has also improved the synergy and integration between the three services.

Joint structures like the Andaman and Nicobar Command and Strategic Forces Command have resulted in greater integration in command and control set up and optimal exploitation of resources. Integration of cyber, space and special forces domains is under consideration. We also regularly conduct joint exercises for greater understanding.

SP’s: Tackling global threats such as international terrorism demands defence cooperation and a certain level of interoperability with other nations. In the recent visits of the Prime Minister to neighbouring countries, major understandings on defence cooperation has been achieved.

Please elaborate on the same.

COAS: Defence cooperation activities constitute an important tool for furtherance of our national interests. In keeping with India’s rising global stature, recent years have seen a considerable increase in defence cooperation activities undertaken by the Indian Army. Accordingly, an increasing number of friendly foreign countries (FFCs) have been requesting to engage with the Indian Army, which is viewed as one of the most professional and disciplined force, with exemplary training standards and vast development experience.

The prevailing dynamics in the region are complex. Threats are being faced from multi-national terrorist organisations and non-state actors. Indian Army’s endeavour is of mutual benefaction in capability building and empowering armed forces of FFCs to counter threats from terrorism. Concerted efforts are also being made to ensure coordination at the functional level to be able to provide timely humanitarian assistance and disaster relief in times of crisis.

These activities are aligned to the national endeavour to establish India’s credibility as a responsible nation of the region, committed to regional peace and stability.

SP’s: With the increasing footprints of ISIS in Pakistan and some militant groups openly admitting their support/allegiance to them and the pullout of US and NATO troops by the end of 2014 from Afghanistan, what challenges will these developments pose for India and Indian Army? How are we preparing for these challenges?

COAS: As a professional organisation we continue to observe and analyse geopolitical developments that can impact our security environment. This includes the growth of ISIS and its impact in India. The Indian Army is prepared to meet all threats to our internal and external security.

US drawdown may be seen by a number of radicalised jehadi outfits as their victory over ‘occupational’ forces. This in turn may spell trouble as far as the internal security situation in Pakistan and the proxy war situation in J&K is concerned. It may further result in a spill over of terror network in J&K resulting in as spurt in infiltration attempts by battle hardened terrorists. This may also cause further instability in India’s neighbouring countries and thus require a close watch on the fallouts of same affecting India. India continues to maintain a combat edge dominating its western borders and will ensure it neutralises any result of the instability caused.

7 Critical Projects In a press conference held on the eve of Army Day 2015, Chief of the Army Staff mentioned that the Indian Army has identified more than 100 projects for modernisation. 20 projects are identified as important and 7 projects as most critical ones which are moving on a fast track.

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Artillery Gun — Project cleared

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Third-Generation Missiles — Project cleared

3 Army Aviation Helicopters — Advance stage

4 Upgradation of Tanks and BMPs — Fast track

5 Overhauls of BMPs — Fast track

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SP’s: Indian Army’s ethos and values have been a hallmark for others, however, recently there has been certain incidents which have caused concerns. How are you addressing this issue?

COAS: I believe that as an institution, the Indian Army has distinct ethos and values that place the Service before Self. Our Nation First, Always and Every Time has been our guiding principle and is reflected in all our actions. Our glorious history of valour and courage remains a source of inspiration for future generations. The spirit of selfless sacrifice is ingrained in every soldier and he is willing to make the supreme sacrifice for ‘Naam, Namak aur Nishaan.’ Our secular culture, integrity and camaraderie, teamwork and a never say die attitude have helped us win the trust and faith of an entire nation.

Within the army working environment, I have articulated my thrust areas which include the strengthening of our work culture that hinges on professional ethos and upholds our cherished core values of integrity, loyalty, duty, respect, selfless service and honour. The morale of the army continues to be high and the army continues to maintain its high state of preparedness. I am sanguine that the ethos and values of all soldiers of the army will improve further and the army will continue to maintain its immaculate state of discipline.

SP’s: Indian Army is undergoing major modernisation drive. Coming to the infantry, the largest arm in the army, what modern systems, from the rifle to others, are needed, and what is the progress on various fronts including F-INSAS? COAS: Modernisation of the infantry soldier is being given priority and necessary impetus. It is designed to enhance an individual soldier’s capabilities in terms of increasing his weapon lethality and at the same time providing him necessary protection for survivability in the lethal environment. His mobility and connectivity to exploit a network-centric system are also planned.

We have moved ahead from concept stage to execution. In this initial phase priority is being accorded to weapon systems and enhancing night vision and battlefield mobility capabilities. In light of the same, adequate impetus is being imparted to the major modernisation domains which are as follows: ● Lethality. The procurement of weapons

Assault Rifles, Bullet Proof Jackets, Helmets for Infantry — Fast track

7 Night Vision Devices for Mechanised Forces and Infantry — Fast track

In addition, the Indian Army has deployed a dynamic multi-tiered Counter Infiltration Grid along the line of control which is an appropriate mix of troops deployed, surveillance devices, line of control fence and aerial platforms. The trends of infiltration are monitored continuously and necessary changes in own deployment and tactics are carried out when required to combat any increased threat.

the security situation for which all enablers are development imperative.

The army has assiduously combated terrorism in the state through people-friendly operations and zero tolerance for human rights violations. The Indian Army has maintained moral ascendancy over the nexus both on the line of control and in the hinterland.

SP’s: Security situation in J&K is at a critical juncture. What is your assessment of the prevalent security situation in J&K? COAS: Relentless operations by the army on the line of control and in the hinterland along with other security forces have thwarted the designs of the Pak-ISI-separatists-terrorists nexus to give fillip to the proxy war being waged against India. There is a need to consolidate gains to further stabilise

is simultaneously addressing both the modernisation and hollowness factors.

The requirement to address the existing critical voids in the environment is being accorded maximum impetus. The procurement process of close quarter battle carbine, assault rifle and light machine gun are in advanced stage. ● Target

acquisition and situational awareness. Commanders and detach-

ment numbers at various levels in the Indian Army need to be effectively night enabled. Due importance is therefore given to equip the weapons with mix of image intensifier and thermal imaging based night sights. The request for proposal (RFP) for procurement of image intensifier sight for carbine has been issued on November 7, 2014. ● Body armour. The procurement of ballistic helmet and bullet proof jacket is at an advanced stage wherein both items are at trial stage.

Thus it can be seen that all facets of modernisation of the infantry soldier is being given the highest priority and the necessary impetus. SP

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>> Army day celebrations photographs: Indian Army

Army Day Parade – 2015

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ndian Army celebrated its 67th Army Day on January 15, 2015. General Dalbir Singh, Chief of the Army Staff reviewed the Parade at Army Parade Ground, Delhi Cantonment and awarded fourteen Sena Medals (including four posthumously) for individual acts of Gallantry and fourteen COAS Unit Citations for commendable performance of their respective units.

Every year Indian Army celebrates 15th January as ‘Army Day’ to commemorate

the day when General (later Field Marshal) K.M Carriappa took over the command of Army from General Sir F.R.R Bucher, the last British Commander-in-Chief in 1949 and became the first Commander-in-Chief of Indian Army post Independence.

In the past six decades, the Indian Army has grown to be a professional and humanitarian force, while serving in the most adverse and diverse conditions. Indian Army also acquitted itself extremely credit-

ably in internal security and counter insurgency operations over prolonged periods and has extended invaluable aid to civil authorities in disaster management and maintenance of law and order.

On the occasion of Army Day, an impressive parade was organised at Army Parade Ground, Delhi Cantonment, where Army contingents including eight mechanised and nine marching contingents participated. For the first time in the history of

The three service chiefs paying homage at India Gate on the occasion of Army Day

our Army, a women officer contingent took part in the Parade showcasing ‘Nari Shakti’.

They marched past the saluting dais alongside the other contingents exhibiting their strong resolve to national service. A grand finale was a combat demonstration, which showcased battle drills and combat techniques of the Army units. Earlier in the day, wreaths were laid at Amar Jawan Jyoti, India Gate by the three service chiefs to commemorate the Army Day. SP

General Dalbir Singh, COAS, reviewing parade at Army Parade Ground

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(Left, above & right) Combat demonstration during Army Day Parade

T-90 tank during Army Day Parade

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General Dalbir Singh interacting with Women Marching Contingent

special report

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photograph: PIB

Manohar Parrikar interacting with the media after taking charge as new Defence Minister

Defence Minister Parrikar ‘Deals’ a New Mantra  SP’s Special Correspondent

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ransparency, efficiency and accountability are the stated touchstones for defence procurement under India’s new Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar. But those are not new paradigms. Virtually every Raksha Mantri over the years has spoken out about the need to overhaul the unpredictable, complex and mostly opaque manner in which India contracts for new weapons. But there is reason to believe that the Parrikar MoD (Ministry of Defence) could be in a position to put its money where its mouth is on dusting off the debris from procurement disasters of the past and formulating a fresh, practical and most importantly contemporary set of policies that will make weapons contracting in India simple, swift and disaster-proof. If that’s a tall order, word on Raisina Hill is that Parrikar already has his mission profile.

To get things rolling, the new Defence Minister has decided to order an expert committee, that will draw from within the MoD and other departments, to evolve fresh policy changes on two specific processes that India is all too familiar with: the business of defence company agents (described as everything from ‘middlemen’ to ‘representatives’ to ‘lobbyists’), and the act of blacklisting companies under a cloud of corruption charges. It is an irony missed by few that India’s approach to both so far has an effect opposite to the intended one: it has done nothing to eradicate or dissuade the payment of illegal commissions to swing lucrative armament contracts.

Top sources tell SP’s that Parrikar will be revisiting India’s blacklisting protocol, continuing from where his predecessor Arun Jaitley left off. Jaitley, who divided his time between Defence and Finance Ministries, had set the ball rolling on evolving a more practical approach by deciding not to blacklist Finmeccanica or AgustaWestland in the aftermath of the cancelled VVIP helicopter contract, instead issuing a set of fresh guidelines that permitted the firms to continue in competitions they already were part of, but

limiting India’s future exposure to them, pending resolution of attendant legal processes. Parrikar will be looking to take that process forward by refining the parameters and modalities of punitive action by the MoD against companies found to be indulging in illegal practices. Significantly, the modalities will include a definitive and specific flowchart of when a yet-to-be-decided graduated series of punitive measures kick in, and what recourse the government can take to impose them. These guidelines will dovetail with the existing Defence Procurement Procedure, but also be part of powers the MoD can exercise in emergent circumstances.

On the issue of agents or lobbyists, the Parrikar MoD is likely to invite views from industry and experts, including from the Law Ministry. Exercises of this nature have been conducted before, but the Minister has already spoken his mind, providing indica-

tions of where the problems lie. The Minister recently stated that defence deals had been hamstrung due to lobbying, kickbacks and commissions, and that he planned to clear pending deals based on a priority list to be provided to him by the Integrated Defence Staff (IDS) via the Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee (COSC). While Arun Jaitley is known to have begun the process of defining company representation and differentiating it from the murky world of ‘agents’, Parrikar plans to take such documents forward to making them more specific on the roles of company representatives, what they can and cannot engage in (beyond the obvious, of course), the standard operating procedure in terms of interfacing with government officials, and a manual of sorts of company representatives. The end result, a top MoD official tells SP’s, is to wind up the unseen, unheard, murky world of defence agents,

Parrikar to Revamp the Defence Acquisition Council

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he MoD’s apex Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), usually the last MoD stop proposals or deals pass through before clearance by the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS), could function very differently in the future. Chairing his first meeting of the DAC on November 22, Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar has called for more frequent meetings (the current default is once a month or less) with more focused agenda items, which would allow the council more time to discuss each item before according necessary approvals. DAC meetings range from being fairly light to hugely overburdened with as many as 20 agenda items in some notable recent cases, leaving very little time for each item to be discussed.

Sources said Parrikar wishes to personally scrutinise all proposals and deals before they are dispatched from the MoD

for higher government approvals at the CCS level (Parrikar is also part of CCS).

With the DAC likely to meet more than once a month in future, the acquisition process could finally receive a level of transparency and predictability, a more defined structure in terms of prioritised clearances and a neater framework for approvals. The Defence Secretary’s office has been instructed to evolve a new schedule for the DAC that will take into account the fresh requirements as stated by the Defence Minister. As has become standard practice now, while no official communication on the DAC decisions are released, journalists are officially briefed by the MoD on the decisions for onward dissemination. A decision may also be taken to issue official statements on these matters, depending on sensitivity and consent from requisite agencies. SP

and legitimise the presence of representatives and intermediaries who actually serve a purpose in the complex conversation that takes place between acquisition managers, armed forces and original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) over the course of an acquisition process. These two, however, will only be a fraction of what the intended scope of the ‘cleanup’ is expected to be. Parrikar, sources say, wishes to revisit stuck deals on a war-footing and get them moving as soon as possible.

Deals on the table at present waiting for forward movement include, of course, the 126 MMRCA (medium multi-role combat aircraft) deal, but also a plethora of procurements of helicopters, transport aircraft, submarines, mine countermeasure vessels (the floundering deal with South Korea could be the first real test for Parrikar), infantry and special forces modernisation.

The Modi Government already has two former army men in its Council of Ministers: former Army Chief General V.K. Singh (Retd), and Olympic silver medallist Colonel Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore (Retd). While neither of them is in any way associated with the Defence Ministry, their inclusion in government perhaps demonstrates that Prime Minister Modi recognises the capabilities and acumen of armed forces men and women.

With Parrikar hitting the ground running by speaking openly about how defence deals have been derailed as a result of corruption, and these have directly affected the armed forces, he has spoken perhaps in the voice of his boss, the Prime Minister. The armed forces will also be looking for Parrikar to bite the bullet on delivering quick decisions, sans the red tape and ad hocism that has plagued decisionmaking for many years at the South Block.

“Whatever will be there will be transparent and fast-processed,” Parrikar told journalists minutes after taking over as Defence Minister at his first flood office in South Block.

A country that has seen the business of war preparedness endlessly politicised and sacrificed at the altar of anti-corruption impulses awaits a brave new India that speaks clearly, transparently and powerfully on those who would seek to derail its interests. SP

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>> Military History

Historical Highlights of the Indian Army The final shape and professional restructuring of the Indian Army was carried out prior to World War I under General Kitchener, the Commander-in-Chief in India from 1902. During this period, due to a clash between him and Viceroy George Curzon over the perceived organisational duality of control of the military in India, Curzon resigned. This issue has had a significantly negative effect on the higher defence control mechanism in India. photograph: army.mod.uk

 Lt General V.K. Kapoor (Retd)

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he British era of the Indian Army lasted for nearly 200 years.

Major Stringer Lawrence was the first army officer appointed Commander-in-Chief of all the East India Company’s forces in 1752. He can thus be deemed as the Father of the Indian Army. The forces then comprised Europeans recruited from England or locally and Indian auxiliaries. These Indians were armed with their own weapons, wore their own dress and were commanded by their own officers.

After the reorganisation in 1796, the major changes were: Increase in the number of British officers in Indian units and consequent diminishing of the importance and responsibility of Indian officers (subedars and jemadars); artillery units were created with European gunners and Indian helpers (lascars and syces); infantry battalions were grouped into regiments with each regiment having two battalions; Indian cavalry was formed into a cavalry brigade and declared a distinct service.

The events of 1857 are too well known to be recounted in any detail in this brief focus on the Indian Army. Following the First War of Independence in 1857 (called the Indian Mutiny by the British Government), the British Queen issued a proclamation in 1858 taking over the Government of India from the East India Company. A Royal Commission appointed in July 1858 suggested that the army in India be composed mainly of Indian troops with a proportion of Indian to British being 2:1. By 1863 the actual numbers were 3,15,500 Indian and 38,000 British troops. Step by step the three Presidency Armies were amalgamated which was completed by 1895.

With the overall control of the Indian Empire being vested in the Crown, the imperial strategy for the defence of India envisaged a wide cordon sanitaire to give depth to this jewel in the crown. Afghanistan, Tibet and Burma were the immediate buffers while the global dominance of the British Navy of the time allowed them even further outposts like Hong Kong, Singapore, Aden and Cyprus in the Mediterranean Sea. Pax Britannica was at its zenith and the core was centred on India.

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The Era of the World Wars The final shape and professional restructuring of the Indian Army was carried out prior to World War I under General Kitchener, the Commander-in-Chief in India from 1902. During this period, due to a clash between him and Viceroy George Curzon over the perceived organisational duality of control of the military in India Curzon resigned. This issue has had a significantly negative effect on the higher defence control mechanism that evolved after independence which leaves the service chiefs outside the governmental decision-making forums. To this day this aspect remains an Indian weakness.

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Indian Army officers inspecting a railway gun during World War I, 1918

In World War I, more than one million Indian soldiers served overseas. The army expanded from 2,39,511 in 1914 to 14,40,428 personnel by 1919. While there were no commissioned Indian officers in the army. The Indian Army fought in all major theatres including France Gallipoli, Mesopotamia, Egypt and Palestine.

The period between World War I and II, the 20 years separating the two wars saw the emergence of the Indian Officer Corps and the first batch was commissioned on December 1, 1919, when 33 Indian cadets were granted Kings Commission with effect from July 17, 1920. Field Marshal Cariappa was a member of the first batch. The British made an effort to ensure that no British officers would ever have to serve under any Indian, however the rapid expansion in World War II put paid to this scheme and by the end of the war there were a number of units where British officers and troops were serving under Indian officers.

When Poland was attacked by Germany on September 1, 1939, Britain declared war against Germany on September 3, 1939.

The Viceroy declared India at war on the same day. World War II had started. Congress governments in power in eight provinces resigned as they had not been consulted at all and declared that they would not cooperate with the government. This was not due to any love for Nazi Germany but as a matter of principle. At the start of World War II, the Indian Army had a strength of 1,94,373 personnel which

was a little more than the strength available at the start of World War I. The Army had 96 Infantry Battalions and 18 Cavalry Regiments. The cavalry had no tanks and was mounted on trucks. The infantry had no mortars or anti-tank weapons. Radio equipment was available at brigade level and above. The modernisation planned in 1938 had yet to start. Indian Army was not intended to fight overseas but only protect India’s borders and nearby areas. However, before the war ended, the Indian Army had expanded to a strength of over 20,00,000 men and engaged in operations stretching from Hong Kong to Italy. In the re-conquest of Burma, it provided the bulk of forces and played important roles in the campaigns in North Africa and Italy. Nearly 6,300 awards were earned by Indian Army in World War II. Awards for gallantry alone totalled approximately 4,800. They included 31 Victoria Crosses, 4 George Crosses, 252 Distinguished Service Orders, 347 Indian Orders of Merit, and 1,311 Military Crosses.

Independence and Partition While the Indian Army did not fight a war of independence, it contributed to it. Among the factors that led to the independence, a major factor was the formation of Indian National Army (INA) by the Indian prisoners of war. Nearly 20,000 officers and men joined the INA. The British were stunned at the defection of officers. They realised that they could not rely on the Indian Army to

put down a movement for independence.

This was reinforced by the mutinies in the Royal Indian Air Force in January 1946 and an even more widespread one in February 1946, in the Royal India Navy. It was acknowledged that India could not be held by force of arms and this was a major factor in the British decision to grant independence. Great Britain, fearing a revolution, decided to quit India on February 20, 1947.

His Majesty’s Government announced its intention to transfer power to Indians. Lord Mountbatten replaced Wavell as the Viceroy. Based on the views of two main political parties the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League, it was decided to partition India into the Dominions of India and Pakistan on August 15, 1947. No planning had been done to work out the administrative consequences of the partition and its allied problems of law and order and many other vital issues such as the boundary alignment, division of armed forces and defence assets, economic assets, status of princely states and numerous other aspects of partition which had to be resolved under a frenetic timetable.

It was agreed that by August 15, 1947, India and Pakistan should have effective forces mainly non-Muslims and Muslims under their respective control. A large part of the army had mixed classes and involved a major reorganisation of practically all units. The Navy and the Air Force did not pose a serious problem due to their small

Military History >> size. An Armed Forces Reconstitution Committee under Field Marshal Auchinleck was set to divide the units and stores in the ratio of two to one between India and Pakistan respectively. Muslims from India and nonMuslims from Pakistan could elect which dominion they would serve.

The tragedy of partition is a story which deserves separate coverage. The misery of partition and Punjab migration could have been lessened had Mountbatten been a wiser man and not rushed independence and delayed the announcement of the boundary award. Out of about 14 million people involved in migration, it is estimated that more than half a million died in the violence that erupted on both sides.

The strain on the troops of the old Indian Army with the emotional stress of communal differences, personal tragedies and daily exposure to heartrending scenes of murders, rapes and other brutalities, brought their discipline to a breaking point but its hard crust did not break. It was the greatest test of the old Indian Army which it passed with flying colours under the most adverse circumstances.

Operation Gulmarg ‘Operation Gulmarg’, which was a deliberately planned operation by Pakistan, aimed at the annexation of Jammu and Kashmir.

According to its leader Colonel Akbar Khan of Pakistan Army, its planning was done in August 1947. Indian Army’s operations in J&K and the achievement of the Indian Army under its own officers despite logistics constraints, daunting terrain and severity of climate is a proud tribute to its leadership, fighting spirit and patriotic fervour of all ranks. They undertook a task allotted to them as a sacred mission to be fulfilled whatever the cost.

death of Home Minister Sardar Patel took away all opposition to Nehru’s views. The Sino-Indian war of 1962 and the national humiliation was the result of this policy and the bias against the military. The military also failed by acquiescing to a policy they knew to be militarily and politically unsound. One of the major reasons was the nexus established by Krishna Menon with General Kaul bypassing normal official channels and Nehru encouraged it says Maj General D.K. Palit, Vr C, in War in High Himalaya. Politicisation of the officer class led to the appointment of General P.N. Thapar as the COAS in May 1961 and Lt General B.N. Kaul as the Chief of General Staff (equivalent to the current Vice Chief of Army Staff). This team was suspect in the eyes of the officer corps who resented political appointees and questioned their bona fides and professional calibre.

The Period from 1961 to 1971 The period 1961 to 1971 was one of the most traumatic periods of the Indian Army. The defeat in 1962 shook the foundation of the nation and the armed forces. The army began to introspect to overcome its weaknesses. The 1965 war helped the army to redeem itself but revealed embarrassing weaknesses in its equipment and its training and even leadership at various levels. These two wars spurred the political leadership to modernise and expand the services. As 1970 came to a close,

in the 1980s. The expansion of mechanised forces was achieved as a result of this report.

On April 13, 1984, 34 soldiers of the Indian Army were landed by 17 sorties of helicopters at a point three kilometres short of Bilafond La, a pass on the Soltaro ridge, west of Siachen glacier. The soldiers occupied the pass. This was the opening move in what is referred to as the Siachen conflict between India and Pakistan which continues till date.

Operation Blue Star This period also saw the army assault on the Golden Temple on night June 4, 1984, at Amritsar to clear the complex of the militants who had based themselves in the temple. The Operation was code named ‘Blue Star’ By the first light of June 7, 1984 the Golden Temple complex had been cleared of militants but it left, in its aftermath, a wave of anguish and anger among the Sikh community and the nation faced the assassination of the then Prime Minister Mrs Indira Gandhi by her Sikh guards.

Indian Peacekeeping Force in Sri Lanka The period July 1987 to March 1990 saw the Indian Army fight Tamil militants in Sri Lanka with one hand tied behind their back. IPKF moved to Sri Lanka to carry out peacekeeping duties as generally assigned during UN operations and to separate the warring factions, i.e. LTTE and Sri Lankan armed forces but ended up enforcing peace photograph: Indian Army

Post-Independendent Indian Army Strength of the Indian Army in August 1947 was 4,00,000 but the political leadership was keen to reduce the strength to save defence expenditure and hence it was decided to bring down the strength of the army to 2,00,000 after the J&K Operations which would involve the disbandment of many units. A new Territorial Army Act was passed in 1948 and infantry and artillery units with a nucleus of regular officers were raised in 1949. Many other changes occurred during the period from 1948 to 1960. The designation of Commander-inChief ceased to be in use from 1955 and the three chiefs (Army, Navy and Air Force) were made equal and independently responsible for their respective service. Every function of the defence services was duplicated in the Ministry of Defence where civilian bureaucrats not only ensured financial and administrative control but also gradually took over the decision making powers of the defence services. One of the first steps after independence was the introduction of a new pay code for Indian Commissioned Officers (ICOs) and a reduced warrant of precedence to downgrade the status of defence services officers. The standing of the military reached an all-time low during the time of Krishna Menon as Defence Minister when decisions concerning matters of major military importance were taken without consultation of the concerned service.

Nehru’s Bias against the Military and the National Humiliation of 1962 Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru’s bias against the military was well known in the services. The clearest example of this is when General Cariappa outlined his plan for the security of NEFA, after China had occupied Tibet, Nehru flared up and thumping the table said: “It is not the business of the C-in-C to tell the Prime Minister who is going to attack us where. You mind only Kashmir and Pakistan.” Nehru continued to appease the Chinese and the untimely

Indian Army soldiers raise the Indian flag signalling victory after Kargil War

the Indian Army was now ready to face new challenges emerging on the horizon.

The 1971 war resulted in creation of a new nation—Bangladesh—and a decisive military victory in which 93,000 prisoners of war were taken. While many books have been written to describe each battle in detail, it is the spirit of the soldiery during this campaign that deserves mention. In the words of Sydney Schanberg of New York Times, who accompanied Indian troops in two sectors: ‘I don’t like sitting around praising armies. I don’t like armies because armies mean wars – and I don’t like wars. But this [the Indian] army was something….They were great all the way.

There was never a black mark…. I lived with the officers and I walked, rode with the jawans – and they were all great. Sure some of them were scared at first – they couldn’t be human if they weren’t. But I never saw a man flinch because he was scared. There is a tremendous spirit [in the Indian Army] and it did one good to experience it…. And they were the most perfect gentlemen—I have never seen them do a wrong thing – not even when they just saw how bestial the enemy had been.”

The Period from 1971 to 1998 The period after 1971 war saw the steady modernisation of the Indian Army with new equipment for modern wars. The Experts Committee under the Chairmanship of Lt General K.V. Krishna Rao submitted its report in 1976. Some of its major recommendations started getting implemented

and conducting military operations against LTTE. What the IA achieved is best described in the words of Rajan Wijeratrie, former Minister of State for Defence in Sri Lankan Government. He reported to have said, “The IPKF had virtually finished them off. They were gasping for breath in the jungles. It was we who provided that oxygen to them”.

This summed up what IPKF had achieved before de-induction.

During the 1980s the Indian Army also conducted the operation in Maldives to prevent mercenaries from overthrowing the Government of Maldives and while it did not involve much fighting, it demonstrated to the world the speed and efficiency with which the Indian armed forces could react.

Terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir This period also saw the start of terrorism and insurgency in Kashmir and the raising and deployment of Rashtriya Rifles and additional troops in J&K. India continues to face the challenge of dealing with an increasingly Talibanised Pakistan where all the institutions of governance are coming under the sway of Taliban ideology. Pakistan remains ambivalent in dealing with militant groups operating in PoK against India and their senior leadership, particularly the Lashkare-Toiba (LeT), which is the the most virulent of them all. The fight against state-sponsored terrorism launched by Pakistan which continues even today is a story involving the indomitable spirit of the Indian Army, a story

which requires a separate chapter for recording the heroism of its soldiery.

Kargil War, May-July 1999 Kargil sector is 168 km along the line of control (LoC) stretching from Kaobal Gali in the west to Chorbat La in the east. The sector was vast in which the line of control runs along the watershed along heights 4,000 to 5,000 metres. The frontage and the nature of terrain ensured large gaps between defended areas.

The deployment included one infantry battalion at Dras; two infantry battalions and a BSF battalion covering Kargil and Chorbat La was held by Ladakh Scouts. As indications of Pakistani intrusion came in starting from May 3, 1999, it became clear that armed intruders had occupied heights in the gaps between all defended areas in the sector. It became apparent that India was facing an attempt by the Pakistan to change the LoC using its regular troops. The complacency of the local army formations in not conducting even routine surveillance in the winter months stood out.

Having been surprised the initial reactions were unsatisfactory leading to poorly planned patrols and attacks. While these did fix the enemy, success came their way only when the whole act was put together. Air and artillery (155-mm howitzers) was employed with devastating effect to allow the Indian soldier, the infantryman to live up to his reputation of fortitude under adversity and courage and determination in attack.

Operation Parakaram Operation Parakram, which means “valour,” was a momentous event which could have unleashed a major war on the subcontinent. It involved a massive build-up Indian Army ordered in the wake of the December 13, 2001, terrorist attack on the Parliament House. This 10-month-long mobilisation from January to October 2002, along the border with Pakistan, generated high levels of tensions in the relations between the two South Asian neighbours, and raised the prospects of a major war. The operation was a major effort in coercive diplomacy by New Delhi, in the wake of the terrorist attacks on the Indian Parliament on December 13, 2001, and while the government claims that their strategic objectives were met by mere posturing which avoided a war, military analysts are of the view that gains were not commensurate to the mammoth exercise in coercive diplomacy by India. However, it led to some positive changes in India’s military doctrine and it hastened military modernisation together with organisational changes.

The way ahead for Indian Army as it moves through the first quarter of the 21st century is likely to face many challenges and threats including traditional threats, contemporary challenges in the form of state-sponsored terrorism by Pakistan, internal threats and contingency threats. In essence, India faces a far greater threat than any other country in the world because of a highly volatile strategic neighbourhood.

If India wants a vibrant economic growth which it is seeking, it would naturally have to assume additional responsibility as a stabilising force in the region. It is encouraging to note that India’s security concerns have, for the first time, converged with international security concerns which makes global community understand the need for India to develop and modernise its military capabilities. Defence of a nation and development are complementary. If India aspires for high economic growth and to be a regional/global economic power, its military power must reflect that desire through its ability to protect its interests. In this context, the transformation of the Indian military to face future challenges, through technological improvements coupled with innovative Operational Art will give India a distinct advantage over its potential adversaries, which is vital for preserving India’s sovereignty and furthering its national interests. SP

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>> Modernisation photograph: DRDO

Surface-to-air-missile Akash test fired from ITR Balasore

Sluggishness in Army’s Modernisation Efforts Our political leadership under the UPA Government had been totally neglectful and inept in its approach to modernisation of the army in the past 10 years, a period which has been described as the worst since independence.  Lt General V.K. Kapoor (Retd)

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he revised Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP) over the years has done little to accelerate the pace of modernisation. A dispassionate analysis would indicate that the voids in equipment and munitions in the army to fight a modern war together with the lack of modernisation of equipment in virtually all fighting arms of the army has caused a furore in the army. It is in this context that we should view the letter written by General V.K. Singh (Retd), the former Chief of Army Staff (COAS), to the Prime Minister on March 12, 2012, which was deliberately leaked to the media. Considering the lack of implementation of the Eleventh Five Year Plan, the army’s modernisation plans, both in the Eleventh and Twelfth Five Year Plans, need to be implemented. It is obvious that the accumulating voids in our capabilities in various arms will adversely affect the army’s fighting capabilities in future wars.

Our political leadership under the UPA Government had been totally neglectful and inept in its approach to modernisation of the army in the past 10 years, a period which has been described as the worst since independence. The situation was so bad that the army lacked even the ammunition for certain weapons that it holds. The NDA Government has shown some alacrity through ‘Buy and Make’ route but the situation is far from satisfactory. The current situation in the case of artillery, infantry and air defence artillery are given in the succeeding paragraphs as a

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sample of the sluggishness among political, bureaucratic and military leadership. The latter despite assurances has been tardy in its implementation of the trials and evaluations of the weapons systems.

We may recollect General Bikram Singh’s statement shortly after taking over as the Chief of Army Staff in May 2012 when he had emphatically declared that upgrading the small arms profile of his force was his foremost priority. Two years later when he retired in July 2014 neither the close quarter battle (CQB) carbines nor the multi-calibre assault rifles that he had promised have been inducted.

A similar and perhaps even more worrisome case is concerning the Field Artillery Rationalisation Plan (FARP). Senior artillery officers point out that FARP, which was mooted in 1999 envisaged that `5,0007,000 crore would be required to procure of 3,000-3,200 pieces of assorted calibre howitzers by the end of the army’s Four-

A major weakness in the overall air defence matrix is the lack of a battlefield management system which is also linked with the national air defence network.

teenth Five Year Finance Plan in 2027. This plan has been totally wrecked because of inordinate delays in decision making and procurement of artillery guns. The last 10 years have been the worst in this regard.

Army Air Defence (AAD) provides air defence to the field army. To carry out this role, AAD is equipped with various types of gun systems, missile systems, sensors and a basic battle management system. Majority of AAD weapon systems are of erstwhile Soviet origin with an average vintage of 30 years. To add to the woes of operational readiness, there is shortage of certain types of ammunition which casts its shadow on training. This leads to the dilution of skills of the gun crew, missile and radar crews because engaging a fighter jet requires continuous honing of skills. Despite the existing weaknesses in the AAD very little progress has been made in this field.

This article briefly focuses on the existing weaknesses in artillery, infantry and army air defence and the modernisation/ procurement required to replace the existing weapons in these three vital arms of the army.

Artillery 155mm towed guns. Army still awaits the

procurement of about 1,580 howitzers of 155mm/52-calibre. Out of these, 400 are to be procured outright and 1,180 manufactured indigenously with transfer of technology (ToT). Over the last few years, several RFPs that were floated for this project were cancelled due to various reasons and then new tenders were floated. Trials have been underway since October 2013.

145 ultra-light howitzers (M777) which were being procured from the US through the foreign military sales (FMS) route from BAE Systems also came under a shadow.

The deal is reportedly stuck for want of agreement on the offsets obligations and upward revision in the price intimated to Congress by the US Government from $647 million to $885 million.

Indigenous efforts to manufacture 155mm howitzers by Ordnance Factories Board (OFB) to produce a 45-calibre/155mm howitzer based on ToT obtained from Bofors in the 1980s, are now underway. The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) approved a proposal from the OFB to manufacture 144 pieces of 155mm/45calibre howitzers with the option to acquire another 400 provided the prototypes successfully meet the army’s GSQR in user trials. Meanwhile, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has embarked on its own venture to design and develop a 155mm howitzer in partnership with a private sector company.

The acquisition of 814 truck-mounted guns that has been approved by the Defence Minister recently will be undertaken under the ‘Buy and Make’ category with transfer of technology. While the first 100 guns will be imported, the remaining 714 will be produced in India. The total project cost is estimated to be `15,750 crore.

Infantry The Defence Acquisition Council had approved of a new assault rifle, 5.56mm calibre and a new-generation carbine to replace

Modernisation the 9mm carbine which had been weeded out of the army without getting a replacement. The army’s immediate requirement is for around 1,60,080 CQB carbines and over 2,20,000 assault rifles through a combination of imports and licensed-manufacture by the OFB. Some details are given in the succeeding paragraphs.

Carbines In August 2012 the process of procuring 44,618, 5.56mm out of a total requirement of about 1,60,080 CQB carbines to replace the outdated 9mm model was set in motion because the Indian Army since 2010 was without a carbine as the OFB had ceased manufacture of all variants of World War II 9mm carbines, including ammunition.

The tender for the 5.56mm carbines requires each weapon system to weigh less than 3 kg, fire 600 rounds per minute to a minimum distance of 200 m and be capable of operating in extreme temperatures.

Picatinny rail-mounted reflex and passive night sights, visible and invisible laser spot designators and multi-purpose detachable bayonets complete their QRs. The selected vendor will be required to transfer technology to the OFB to licence build CQB carbines and 5.56mm ammunition for use not only by the army but eventually the Central and state police forces.

The global manufacturers in the race for the new CQB carbine were Israel Weapon Industries’ (IWI) Galil Ace carbine, Italy’s Beretta with its ARX-160 and the United States’ Colt and Sig Sauer. However the United States subsidiary of Swiss gun maker Sig Sauer, which was originally

part of the tender with its 516 patrol rifles, failed to turn up at the ongoing carbine trials and hence only three manufacturers are currently in the race. These weapons have undergone field trials at the Infantry School at Mhow, in central India, the Thar Desert in Rajasthan and high altitude locations in India’s northern and north-east region. It is learnt that the inking of the import of 44,618 carbines with technology transfer, which have been undergoing an unending series of trials since August 2012, may take longer than expected. The carbine trials were expected to conclude by mid-July 2014 followed by a staff evaluation by the Army to grade the vendors on the performance of their systems. Thereafter, the MoD will open their respective commercial bids, submitted over two years earlier and begin price negotiations with the lowest qualified bidder — or L1 — before inking the deal. This process is likely to be protracted, despite the high expectations of efficiency from the Narendra Modi Government. The carbine contract is unlikely to be sealed within the current financial year. However, once signed, weapon and ammunition deliveries are to be concluded within 18 months alongside the transfer of technology to the OFB to licence build the designated carbine.

Assault Rifles Army is also on the lookout for assault rifles (AR) to replace the INSAS 5.56mm rifles with technologically superior weapons. The MoD issued the tender for 66,000, 5.56mm multi-calibre assault rifles out of a total requirement of 2,20,000 assault rifles in

November 2011 to 43 overseas vendors.

Five vendors responded positively.

The assault rifles were required to weigh no more than 3.6 kg and to have a singular platform with changing parts to convert readily from 5.56 x 45mm to 7.62 x 39mm merely by switching the barrel and magazine for employment in counter-insurgency or conventional roles. In the race are the Czech Republic’s CZ 805 Bren model, Israeli IWI’s Ace 1, Baretta’s Arx 160, Colt’s Combat Rifle and Sig Sauer’s SG551. The latter’s participation, however, remains uncertain as Sig Sauer is under investigation by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI). A transfer of technology to the OFB to locallybuild the selected rifle is part of the tender.

Light Machine Gun Another weapon under technical evaluation is the 7.62 light machine gun (LMG) which will then be subjected to extensive trials before staff evaluation and further progress. Hence the wait for the new LMG is likely to be longer.

Air Defence Artillery The Corps of Army Air Defence holds a large variety of guns and missile systems. It has 40mm L/70, Zu-23-2 twin gun, ZSU-23-4 Schilka, Tanguska, Kvadrat (medium-range missile system), OSA -AK (short-range missile system) and Igla shoulder-fired missile system in its inventory. The 40mm L/70 which is about four decades old, needs immediate replacement. Considering the high costs of new weapon systems, the Army is going in for weapon upgrades for L-70, ZU-23-2 twin gun, and ZSU-23-4 Schilka. Meanwhile, the

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army is looking for successors to L-70 and the ZU-23-2. Successor to Schilka (ZSU-234) already exists in the form of Tanguska, but in limited numbers. A request for information (RFI) has already been issued to find a replacement for Schilka.

In the missile systems, Kvadrat (mediumrange) and OSA-AK (short-range) are also at the end of their life-cycle. They were to be replaced by Akash and Trishul surfaceto-air (SAM) missiles. Trishul has been foreclosed and Akash is being inducted for semi-mobile roles. For air defence of mechanised units, it has been planned to acquire medium-range SAM (MR SAM) and Quick Reaction SAM (QR SAM) systems. RFP for QR SAM was issued and evaluation of Russian TOR, Israeli Spyder and Swedish Asrad – R is underway. Successor to Igla have been shortlisted and trials have been held. However, the results have not been finalised.

Shortlisted systems include Saab RBS-7O, MBDA, Mistral, a Russian SAM system and South Korea’s LIG Nex1. As an interim measure upgrade of Schilka, 40mm L-70, and 23mm twin guns was undertaken by BEL/ OFB/private companies. The induction of upgraded Schilka has already started with 40mm L70 and 23mm twin guns to follow in due course.

A major weakness in the overall air defence matrix is the lack of a battlefield management system which is also linked with the national air defence network. The Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) has now undertaken the development of such a system. This has been completed and a test bench has been established in one of the formations for evaluation. SP

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>> Modernisation

Artillery Modernisation: End of Stagnation India’s firepower capabilities need to be enhanced by an order of magnitude, especially in terms of PGMs. This will require substantial upgradation of the firepower capabilities of India’s armed forces. photograph: PIB

 brigadier Gurmeet Kanwal (retd)

transfer of technology (ToT). While the first 100 guns will be imported, the remaining 714 will be produced in India. The total project cost is estimated to be `15,750 crore. Several Indian companies are known to be interested in the indigenous design and development of modern artillery systems in conjunction with overseas partners.

Bharat Forge (partner Elbit of Israel), Tata Power SED (Denel, South Africa) and L&T (Nexter, France) are likely to bid for this contract when the RFP is issued by the MoD.

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fter a decade of stagnation under the two UPA regimes, military modernisation appears to be picking up pace again under the new NDA Government. The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), headed by interim Defence Minister Arun Jaitley, approved projects worth `80,000 crore in October 2014. The new Defence Minister, Manohar Parrikar, while chairing his maiden meeting of the DAC on November 22, 2014, cleared the long-pending proposal to acquire 814 truck-mounted guns of 155mm/52-calibre for approximately `15,750 crore. In keeping with Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s policy to ‘Make in India’, all of the newly approved weapons platforms will be procured with transfer of technology and manufactured in India.

As and when this project begins to deliver, it will add substantive value to the capabilities of the Regiment of Artillery of the Indian Army.

Firepower and manoeuvre are generally considered the two complementary sides of the tactics coin. During future conventional conflict on the Indian subcontinent, largescale manoeuvres will not be possible in the mountains due to the restrictions imposed by the difficult terrain and in the plains against Pakistan due to the need to avoid escalation to nuclear levels. Hence, India’s firepower capabilities need to be enhanced by an order of magnitude, especially in terms of PGMs. This will require substantial upgradation of the firepower capabilities of India’s armed forces. Ground-based firepower resources comprising artillery guns, rockets and missiles and aerially-delivered firepower consisting of fighter-bomber aircraft and attack helicopters, both must be qualitatively as well as quantitatively augmented. Similarly, sea-to-land attack capabilities must also be enhanced.

Modernisation of the artillery has been neglected for over two decades despite the lessons learnt during the Kargil conflict of 1999, in which artillery firepower had undeniably paved the way for victory. Approximately 400 pieces of the 155mm/39-calibre FH-77B Bofors howitzers were acquired over 25 years ago.

Though India paid for the designs, the guns were never manufactured locally as commissions were alleged to have been paid and Bofors brought down a government.

Since then, no new guns or howitzers have been introduced into service. The artillery is now equipped with obsolescent weapons and equipment like the 105mm Indian field gun (IFG) that needs immediate replacement. The artillery also requires large quantities of precision guided munitions (PGMs) for the destruction of hard targets such as tanks and bunkers and a potent real-time reconnaissance, surveillance and target acquisition (RSTA) capability. And, in view of their performance in Afghanistan and Iraq, the time has come to add UCAVs armed with PGMs to the artillery’s arsenal.

Only then will it be possible to achieve future military objectives, including the destruction of the adversary’s war machinery.

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MBRLs and Counter-bombardment

Smerch 300mm multi-rocket launcher system

Large-scale Overhaul Under the army’s Field Artillery Rationalisation Plan (FARP) formulated in 1999, the Regiment of Artillery had decided to standardise the calibre of its guns at 155mm so as to ensure commonality of ammunition. The artillery plans to acquire a total of 2,820 guns of all types to replace obsolescent guns and to equip the new regiments that will form part of 17 Corps, the Mountain Strike Corps now under raising. The modernisation plan had been stymied by the blacklisting of some firms in the fray. One example is that of the project for the acquisition of 180 pieces of 155mm/52calibre wheeled self-propelled (SP) guns. The tender was cancelled after the trials were completed. The contenders included Rheinmetal Defence of Germany and Konstrukta of the Slovak Republic. Fresh tenders were issued and the proposals received are being reviewed.

The primary contenders now are the Teckwin ‘K-9 Thunder’ of Samsung, South Korea and the Russian Rosoboronexport’s tracked gun, which is an upgraded 155mm version of the 152mm MSTA-S SP Gun. The single largest artillery acquisition will be of 1,580 pieces of towed 155mm/52calibre guns over a period of 12 to 15 years.

Of these 400 guns are to be imported and the remaining 1,180 produced in India with

Indigenous efforts to manufacture 155mm howitzers include that by the Ordnance Factories Board to produce a 45-calibre/155mm howitzer based on the designs for which transfer of technology was obtained from Bofors in the 1980s, but not utilised.

transfer of technology (ToT). Over the last eight to 10 years, several requests for proposal (RFPs) that were floated for this project were cancelled due to the corrupt practices being followed by some companies. New tenders were floated for 155mm/52-calibre long-range guns for the plains and trials have been underway since October 2013. Trials are also reported to be in progress for 100 pieces of self-propelled guns for the desert terrain. 180 pieces of 130mm M46 Russian guns have been upgraded to 155mm/45calibre with kits supplied by Soltam of Israel.

The maximum range of the gun has gone up from 27.5 to 39 km. Another 300 guns are proposed to be upgraded in due course.

The Ministry of Defence (MoD) is also considering the acquisition of 145 pieces of 155mm/39-calibre M777 howitzers of the US-based BAE Systems for the mountains through the foreign military sales (FMS) route from the US in a governmentto-government deal. However, the deal is reportedly stuck for want of agreement on the offsets obligations and upward revision in the price intimated to Congress by the US Government from $647 million to $885 million. Also, as India has taken too long to decide, some of the factories involved in the manufacture of the M777 have begun to close down. If this acquisition falls through, the process will have to begin afresh.

Indigenous efforts to manufacture 155-mm howitzers include that by the Ordnance Factories Board to produce a 45-calibre/155mm howitzer based on the designs for which transfer of technology was obtained from Bofors in the 1980s, but not utilised. The DAC approved a proposal from the OFB to manufacture 144 pieces of 155mm/45-calibre howitzers with the option to acquire another 400 provided the prototypes successfully meet the army’s GSQR in user trials. The prototype of the OFB gun is undergoing technical trials. Meanwhile, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has embarked on its own venture to design and develop a 155mm howitzer in partnership with a private sector company.

The acquisition of 814 truck-mounted guns that has been approved by the Defence Minister recently will be undertaken under the ‘Buy and Make’ in India category with

Progress on the multi-barrel rocket launcher front has been better than that in the acquisition of tube artillery. A contract for the acquisition of two regiments of the 12-tube, 300mm Smerch multi-barrel rocket launcher (MBRL) system with 90-km range was signed with Russia’s Rosoboronexport in early 2006. The BrahMos supersonic cruise missile (Mach 2.8 to 3.0), with a precision strike capability, very high kill energy and maximum range of 290 km, was inducted into the army in July 2007. These terrain hugging missiles are virtually immune to countermeasures due to their high speed and very low radar cross section. The indigenously designed and manufactured Pinaka multi-barrel rocket system is likely to enter service in the near future. These three weapon systems together will provide a major boost to the artillery’s ability to destroy key targets at long ranges. However, a surface-to-surface missile (SSM) with a range of 500-600 km, so that it can be fired from the plains on targets in Tibet, is the missing link in planning for a future war in the mountains.

Counter-bombardment capability is also being upgraded, but at a slow pace. At least about 40 to 50 weapon locating radars (WLRs) are required for effective counterbombardment, especially in the plains, but only a dozen have been procured so far. In addition to the 12 AN-TPQ 37 Firefinder WLRs acquired from Raytheon, under a 2002 contract worth $200 million, Bharat Electronics Limited is reported to be assembling 28 WLRs. These radars will be based on both indigenous and imported components and are likely to be approved for introduction into service after extensive trials that are ongoing. The radar is expected to match the capabilities of the Firefinder system and will have a detection range of about 40 km.

Artillery modernisation must be given a major boost so that the army gets the firepower that it needs for future conflict. In conjunction with aerially delivered firepower, the artillery is the only combat arm that can cause degradation and destruction and ultimately break the enemy’s will to fight. Any further delay in the implementation of artillery modernisation plans will be extremely detrimental to national security interests. With the new projects now underway, artillery modernisation has once again begun to gather steam. It is important that the combat potential of the firepower provider of the army be enhanced quickly to the levels required to ensure victory on future battlefields. SP The writer is former Director, Centre for Land Warfare Studies, New Delhi.

Neighbourhood >>

Real Challenges Facing Pakistan The nexus between the Pakistan Army, jihadists and hardline nationalists shall continue to drive Pakistan’s domestic and foreign policy agenda Illustration: Vimlesh Yadav

 Dr Monika Chansoria

A

s we usher in a New Year, few realities pertaining regional security and stability in South Asia do not seem to be changing or moving towards the better.

Most worrying among these is Pakistan, a nation that continues to be entrapped within as fundamentalist ideology seemingly tightens its grip over state and society.

Consequently, this wave is not just driving the domestic political agenda and ranks within the military, but causing a cascading effect in the immediate South Asian neighbourhood. Given that the military, intelligence and nuclear establishment are not accountable to Pakistan’s civilian government, the situation is not likely to change the nexus. Pakistan’s military, polity and the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) have historically targeted India and Afghanistan most of the times to divert attention away from a much fractured domestic fabric and in-house chaos—a trend that is most likely to carry on and plague the regional security scenario in South Asia. Three recent incidents involving Pakistan in the past three weeks reveal and seal the undeniable picture being thread together.

Fishing Boat Incident First, and most recently, on December 31, 2014, India acted upon credible intelligence inputs that a suspicious fishing boat carrying explosives had taken off from the port of Keti Bandar in Pakistan’s western Sindh province and was approaching India’s western coastal state of Gujarat. Lately, the Indian Coast Guard and other security agencies have been maintaining high vigil in India’s maritime and coastal areas given that several inputs on threat emanating from the sea have been received. In the post-26/11 Mumbai terror attacks scenario in 2008, the Indian Coast Guard was additionally designated as the authority responsible for coastal security in territorial waters including waters to be patrolled by the coastal police.

The boat in question was intercepted by the Coast Guard approximately 365 km off the port city of Porbandar in Gujarat as a follow-up of Coast Guard aircraft which undertook sea air coordinated search and located the suspect fishing boat. The National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO) had been picking up intercepts for over a fortnight before the incident which reportedly tracked conversations between the crew onboard and officials at the Pakistan’s Maritime Security Agency (MSA) and associated “handlers” in Thailand. Based on the intercept passed on by the NTRO to the Coast Guard, Dornier aircraft took off to track the suspicious boat. Upon being spotted, the boat tried to speed away and switched off the lights, while making a desperate attempt to escape towards Pakistan’s side of the maritime boundary. On failure to do so, the crew members onboard set the boat on fire following which it exploded and eventually drowned in the waters. Apparently, the intercepts also reveal that nearly $8,000 was being transferred into the accounts of each of the four sailors aboard.

With Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar unequivocally saying that the Coast Guard did the right job at the right time based on intelligence inputs and the fact that the boat, laden with explosives, did not venture on a ‘normal busy route’, leaves no room for any doubt or attempts to mollify India’s outrage

at this spiteful attempt by Pakistan to pull off a terror incident yet again aimed at India.

Attack on Army Public School Secondly, the gruesome fidayeen attack on December 16, 2014, by the Tehreek-e-Taliban-e-Pakistan at the Army Public School in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa that witnessed the horrifying slaughter of 145 persons including 132 children who were studying at that hour. The Taliban presumably struck in retaliation to the Pakistan Army’s operations in North Waziristan. This is the latest among many such brutal attacks by militants on high security Pakistani military installations, thus raising apprehensions about Pakistan’s security set up. Earlier, in October 2009 there was a brazen attack on Pakistan’s most secure military complex, the Army Headquarters (GHQ) in garrison city Rawalpindi, just a few Kilometres away from the capital of Islamabad GHQ and the police training school. Yet another daring attack came in May 2011 when militants from the Pakistan Taliban entered PNS Mehran naval base, and targeted two highly valued possessions – US-made P-3C Orion maritime surveillance planes at the Mehran Naval Air Station. What becomes hard to accept is that how this attack could be planned and executed without any collusion from within the military ranks, given that the militants knew the exact location of the Orions.

the 2,640-km-long Durand Line that runs between Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Relinquishing support to the Taliban in Afghanistan will not be acceptable to Pakistan’s decision-makers at all. India has perennially paid a price for receiving vast popularity from among the Afghans. Recall

that in the summer of 2014, the Indian Consulate in Herat came under heavy attack, one among a series of aggressive moves against Indian establishments in Afghanistan. Interpreted as the spring offensive launched by the Taliban, similar onslaughts are expected to recur, and not necessarily sporadically, now that the NATO’s combat mission in Afghanistan is over.

Any purported expectations from Pakistan’s national security policy will have to first address the real challenge. Pakistan’s real problem is the state apparatus which directly and indirectly nurtures terrorists and extremists for transnational missions. The curative measures to secure the nation from the perils of this hazardous network hinges upon Pakistan’s ability to exact its historically skewed civil-military power equation.

While it was being speculated that the Peshawar attacks could well become Pakistan’s watershed moment, the reality is that there are no visible signs that Pakistan’s military and the ISI are anywhere near of putting an end to running with the hare and hunting with the hounds. The nexus between the Pakistan Army, jihadists and hardline nationalists shall continue to drive Pakistan’s domestic and foreign policy agenda. The lesson for India is, in order to survive troubled neighbours, fasten your fences. SP Dr. Monika Chansoria is a Senior Fellow at the Centre for Land Warfare Studies, New Delhi, and a columnist on foreign policy and strategic affairs for The Sunday Guardian newspaper.

Transition in Afghanistan Thirdly, as 2014 drew to a close, Afghanistan’s politico-security situation witnessed rapid transition with Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai taking over as President of NATO formally announcing end of the war in Afghanistan, and Afghanistan’s continued tryst with worsening insurgent violence, threat of Taliban strikes, suicide bombings and gun attacks. The question remains, now what? To all who reject Pakistan’s strategic depth policy by virtue of which, Islamabad must have formidable say in Afghanistan’s affairs, India’s growing proximity and acceptability in Afghanistan still causes considerable discomfort in the power corridors of Pakistan as well as around the rugged terrain surrounding both sides of

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>> Sp’s Exclusives / News in Brief MoD Clears Proposal For 814 Mounted 155mm Guns

Following a fresh request for information (RFI) in July last year, the MoD has cleared the Indian Army’s proposal to tender for 814 truck-mounted self-propelled 155mm gun systems at a cost of approximately `15,000 crore. The procurement, officially titled mounted gun system (MGS) and part of the Field Artillery Rationalisation Plan (FARP), is to be from an Indian vendor with technology that may be either indigenous or licensed from a foreign third party. Competitors for the programme include the Tata SED 155mm mounted gun system, which involves a gun-mounted on a eightwheeled Tata truck and the L&T-led consortium that involves a Nexter Ceasar gun mounted on an Ashok Leyland 6x6 Super Stallion truck chassis. Vendors responded last year to a 29-question RFI that was sent out to several firms, including Tata, L&T, Bharat Forge and Mahindra Defence among others. The cleared deal paves the way for an important part of the FARP, given that none of the other elements of the plan — towed, tracked self-propelled, and now ultra-light — have fired in terms of acquisition. Army sources informed SP’s that the offerings that have been demonstrated so far informally have inspired confidence that the competition will be a healthy one that will also establish meaningful infrastructure within the country and create capacity in terms of weapon metallurgy. Officials at both Tata SED and L&T said they welcomed progress in the deal and were looking forward to the crucial competition.

BEL Awaits Offsets Windfall With a modest $42 million in exports in 2013-14, Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL) is anticipating big export orders on account of offsets arising from forthcoming defence contracts with foreign OEMs. BEL has established MoUs with several companies, including Elbit Systems, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Raytheon, Northrop Grumman, BAE Systems, Saab, Thales, IAI for possible offset business arising out of various RFPs

www.spslandforces.com

US Army Testing load-lightening Exosuits

The futuristic exosuits being tested by army researchers won’t help soldiers outrun locomotives, and it’ll still take more than a single bound to clear a tall building. But a final prototype of the device, which could cut a wearer’s exertion level by 25 per cent when carrying a 100-pound load and might let an unburdened soldier run a four-minute mile, could be tested in a realistic setting in less than two years, according to Major Chris-

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SP’s Land Forces 6/2014

issued by the MoD. Having established a coastal surveillance radar system for two countries, BEL is interacting with the Ministry of External Affairs on a regular basis for supply of similar systems to other friendly nations. On the frontline of hightechnology manufacture for defence applications, BEL has woken up to stiff competition from highly capable private sector firms that stand to gain similarly from the windfall of inbound orders and technology on the offsets wave. BEL is also working to expand its export catalogue. Under the new ‘Make in India’ philosophy rolled out by the government, the DPSU has decided to ramp up internal R&D efforts and fund advanced systems internally in a bigger way than ever before, instead of depending solely on the DRDO and allied agencies.

The resulting systems could include radars and sensors, man portable sensors and communications devices, encrypted communications equipment for indigenous and foreign aircraft and new generation warning systems.

Bharat Dynamics Prepares For Big Leap

deals to come through in terms of production contracts, the MoD has instructed BDL to be prepared on all fronts so there are no delays once contracts are signed.

Like many other DPSUs, BDL has taken its time emerging from the old way of working, and now realises it faces stiff competition from the private sector with the ‘Make in India’ philosophy gaining ground and a new no-nonsense Defence Minister unlikely to protect DPSUs from market competition from the private sector. As BDL noted in its 2013-14 annual report, “Keeping in view the government policy to encourage competition from all sectors in defence acquisition programmes, BDL is aware that its nominated production agency status is being slowly transformed to competitive bidder.” For starters, BDL has initiated an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) programme to be rolled out across the company by March 2015, along with stringest quality certifications across all divisions. The company has also decided to set up a product life-cycle management based design and documentation cell to serve as a central repository for all design drawings, technical specs and manufacturing manuals.

BEML Launches All-Out Effort To Turn Tide In Defence Biz

India’s only manufacturer of missiles, Bharat Dynamics Ltd (BDL), has scouted two new locations to set up units with upgraded infrastructure in preparation for new contracts – these include prospective manufacture of the Indo-Israeli LRSAM & MRSAM, a likely SRSAM and the VSHORADS system currently still in the competitive trials phase between Russia, Sweden and France. The two new locations are Ibrahimpuram in Andhra Pradesh and Amravati in Maharashtra. BDL is also in the process of broadening its vendor base and creating effective project management systems to cater to the massively more challenging work that may come its way, and to deliver on time. The new missile production lines will be more complex than anything BDL has ever taken on before.

While there is still time for any of those

With its defence business severely affected by the ‘extraordinary’ situation surrounding the Tatra trucks controversy, the Bharat Earth Movers Ltd (BEML) has launched a vigorous effort to breathe life into it. “Allout efforts are under way to reach higher level of indigenisation in defence products,” the company recently said in an internal communication. Recognising that it has no assured defence business unlike almost all other DPSUs, the company has evolved a multipronged strategy to revive its fortunes in this lucrative sector. One, it plans to generate more business from OFB and other DPSUs. Two, develop itself as a supplier to the aerospace sector as a new revenue stream in the defence division.

Three, prepare to revive its fortunes even in the medium and heavy vehicles areas as due process is followed at the govern-

topher Orlowski, who runs the programme under the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency’s (DARPA) banner.

DARPA’s Warrior Web initiative spans the entire military, but much of the testing for the four prototypes in the programme’s second phase, and the nine prototypes that made up Phase I, has been hosted by the Soldier Performance and Equipment Advanced Research facility — SPEAR, for short — at Maryland’s Aberdeen Proving Ground. Mike LaFiandra, chief of the Dismounted Warrior Branch at the Army Research Laboratory. “Big picture, we’re really at an exciting time. The technological advancements that are happening...I can see 10 years or 15 years from now, this not only being a soldier device, but helping soldiers who are injured, once they get back.”

Three years after Warrior Web’s inception, soldier-testers are taking the prototypes out of the lab and onto a cross-country course, walking through the woods

with an 80-pound pack. While researchers tag along, testers report any perceived benefits from the suit, as well as any problems with comfort or ease of wear — chafing, for example. Rules for what the prototypes must look like are flexible to allow for innovation, but the final version likely will resemble a wet suit, only with a system attached designed to deliver the right force to the right muscle or joint at the right time to ease a soldier’s workload.

DARPA’s stated goal is to build a device that can be worn under the uniform by 90 per cent of the army, so getting the variations right is critical. And even if the device can adapt to its user, researchers must determine the proper training protocol so the user can adapt to the device.

Indian Army receives first upgraded Schilka air defence system from BEL The Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) has delivered the first modernised ZSU-23-4

ment and CBI level. The situation is dire for BEML: The defence business recorded net sales with `148 crore against `347 crore in 2012-13. BEML subsidiary Vignyan Industries Ltd (VIL) is also planning to explore new avenues in defence manufacture – various types of steel castings used in track shoes for T-72 main battle tanks, ARVs and BMP. The prevailing impasse over the Tatra truck production and supply line has also affected existing infrastructure of the DPSU. One of the major tasks ahead will be to reallocate resources to other verticals and departments for optimum utilisation.

Indian Army for upgrade of 2,600 BMPs

The Indian Army has declared interest in undertaking a comprehensive upgrade of its BMP-2/2K that effects mobility, firepower and survivability upgrade. The upgrades are to be incorporated in both the existing fleet of BMPs and the ones which are likely to be produced in future.

The army has revealed that approximately 2,600 vehicles (including retrofitment and new production) are likely to be covered under the new requirement.

The upgrade is the most comprehensive effort to modernise the huge number of BMP-2 and 2Ks currently in service, with more in the pipeline. While the onus on the upgrade has been broadly categorised and placed on interested vendors in their preliminary responses, the army has made some specifics clear as far as its expectations. For instance, it has asked vendors to state their capability to integrate existing instant fire detection and suppression system, environmental control unit, digitised communication system, advanced land navigation systems as part of the upgrade. Significantly, the upgrade also envisages a comprehensive armament capability upgrade, including primary weapons and anti-tank guided missile deployment capabilities. SP —SP’s Special Correspondent For complete versions log on to: www.spslandforces.com

Schilka air defence weapon system to the Indian Army at its facility in Bengaluru.

In March 2011, the state-owned company received a contract to upgrade approximately 90 of the army’s ageing Schilka systems, which were acquired from Russia in the early 1980s, as reported by Indo Asian News Service. BEL said in a statement: “Schilka is an all-weather, self-propelled, tracked, low-level air defence weapon system and its upgraded version has searchcum-track digital radar, with [an] electrooptical fire control system.

“The army has given clearance for bulk production of the enhanced weapon system, whose main engine, auxiliary engine, integrated fire detection, suppression system, nuclear, biological and chemical filter and communication system have also been upgraded.”

Under the first phase of the contract, the company upgraded a total of 48 tanks, with the remaining units set to be modernised in

news in brief >> the second phase. As part of the upgrade, the radar, analogy computer and engine were replaced with advanced systems, and an air-conditioning system was added for crew comfort. The addition of an electrooptical system that can operate in parallel with the radar enables accurate identification, acquisition and tracking of targets while operating in an electronic countermeasure environment. According to BEL, the upgraded Schilkas can fire aerial targets while on move and can engage enemy attack aircraft and helicopters during day or night and in all-weather conditions. In addition, the system can accept cueing from external surveillance radar and is expected to provide improvements in operational performance, accuracy, power consumption and mean-time between failures.

Manufactured by Mytishchi Engineering Works (MMZ), the Schilka is a lightly armoured, self-propelled, radar-guided anti-aircraft weapon system, armed with 23mm guns featuring four barrels for a high rate of fire.

Nammo demonstrates 40mm x 53 High Velocity Airburst Ammunition Nammo has successfully carried out a livefire demonstration of its 40mm x 53 highvelocity (HV) airburst ammunition at a training range at Fort Benning, Georgia, US. Attended by US Army, US Marine Corps and US Southern Command officials, the demonstration included a comprehensive series of successful firings in single shot and burst mode against static targets, which were located at 350 m and 500 m. The trials formed part of the successful Mk19 crewcombat systems demonstration.

Nammo Marketing and Sales Vice President Jan Hasslid said: “We wanted our customers to get a hands-on experience and to know what to expect from our products, [such as] the easy integration with fire control systems, the minimal weapon modification and how they perform in a tactical situation. The response from the audience was extremely positive, confirming the demonstration to be a great success. The demonstration included a comprehensive series of successful firings in single shot and burst mode against static targets.”

The 40mm x 53 HV Airburst is being offered for the US Army’s Anti-Defilade ammunition requirement. The round is the latest available for the Mk19 automatic grenade launcher (AGL) system, which pro-

vides soldiers with the capability to defeat targets in an urban warfare scenario. The modular ammunition is also expected to enable the army to rework the M430 A1 inventory. Nammo’s 40mm Airburst solutions have added a new dimension to the Mk19’s and the associated ammunitions portfolio since their introduction.

Indian Defence Acquisition Council authorises Purchase of Artillery Guns

The Indian Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) has approved a `15,750-crore project to purchase artillery guns for the national army. A total of 814, 155mm/52calibre mounted artillery guns will be acquired under the ‘Buy and Make’ category, as reported by Press Trust of India.

The first 100 guns will be bought off the shelf from the original equipment manufacturer, while the remaining 714 will be manufactured in India. Unnamed sources said the Indian Defence Ministry would issue a fresh request for proposal (RFP) for the procurement that will be open to public and private companies.

Tata Power SED with its 155mm truck mounted gun system and L&T-Ashok Leyland-Nexter with their 155mm gun are among the private companies in India that are likely to submit proposals for the project, reported India Today magazine. The Indian Army failed to acquire a single howitzer since the infamous Bofors scandal in the late 1980s, and the procurement plans frequently suffered setbacks in the wake of corruption allegations and single vendor scenario in the last few years.

Bids are already invited from companies for 155mm/52-calibre towed guns.

The army plans to replace its 2,000 existing 105mm light field guns with a mix of towed, mounted and wheeled artillery under a `35,000-crore project, according to India Today.

eXV-1™ Ultra-Light Stealth Utility Vehicle, USA

>> Show Calendar 20–22 January, 2015 International Military Helicopters Hotel Russell, London, UK www.militaryhelicopterevent.com 18–19 February, 2015 Border Security Conference Crowne Plaza Rome St.Peter’s, Rome, Italy www.smi-online.co.uk/defence/europe/conference/border-security 23–25 February, 2015 Border Management Summit Renaissance Washington, DC Downtown Hotel, USA www.bordermanagementsummit.com 3–5 March, 2015 Global Security Asia Suntec Singapore Convention & Exhibition Centre, Singapore www.globalsecasia.com/exhibition 16–18 March, 2015 Integrated Air and Missile Defence Seville, Spain www.airmissiledefenceevent.com 23–25 March, 2015 Future Artillery 2015 London, UK www.future-artillery.com

The eXV-1™ is a highly manoeuvrable and transportable state-of-the-art, 4x4 ultralight mission vehicle that was designed and developed by MILSPRAY for special operating forces. The vehicle offers enhanced endurance parameters, increased protection and enemy detection avoidance capabilities. The MILSPRAY eXV-1 is operationally configured for C-130, V-22 and CH-47 aircraft and is air droppable. MILSPRAY will introduce the eXV-1 to the international market place at the International Armoured Vehicle (IAV) conference and exhibition to be held in London between January 25 and 26, 2015. MILSPRAY engineers have already presented briefings and information to the US and international military forces.

The eXV-1 is protected by a lightweight, laboratory and field-tested composite armour. The vehicle accommodates four personnel with full equipment and offers ballistic protection for critical com-

ponents and occupants. The vehicle can be configured as a two-person utility cargo vehicle. Customers can also configure the vehicle according to their mission-specific requirements.

The eXV-1 is currently fitted with an overhead weapons mount and one swingarm universal weapons mount. The weapon mounts can be fitted for mission-specific operations weapon systems and can be outfitted with additional weapon mounts.

The vehicle is powered by 160 kW peak power electric motor coupled with highperformance lithium-polymer batteries.

The batteries are externally rechargeable with 120V AC (15A) or 240V AC (30A) outlet. The electric drive propulsion generates lower acoustic and thermal signatures than an internal combustion engine, which vastly reduces the signature of the vehicle while providing a greater level of security to the occupants.

The eXV-1 has a maximum speed of 96.5 kmph and elevation operating range of up to 10,000 ft. It is fitted with four 26-inch run-flat bead-lock tires. An adjustable double-A arm independent suspension on all the four wheels ensures a ground clearance of 10 inches and mobility on the most demanding terrains. The vehicle also features fording capability for operations over water bodies and can be fitted with infrared lights for night driving.

India’s wish-list to Pentagon

Publisher and Editor-in-Chief Jayant Baranwal Editor Lt General V.K. Kapoor (Retd) Senior Editorial Contributor Lt General P.C. Katoch (Retd) Senior Technical Group Editor Lt General Naresh Chand (Retd) Air Marshal B.K. Pandey (Retd) Assistant Group Editor R. Chandrakanth Contributors India General V.P. Malik (Retd), Lt General Vijay Oberoi (Retd), Lt General R.S. Nagra (Retd), Lt General S.R.R. Aiyengar (Retd), Major General Ashok Mehta (Retd), Major General G.K. Nischol (Retd), Brigadier Gurmeet Kanwal (Retd), Brigadier S. Mishra (Retd), Rohit Sharma Chairman & Managing Director Jayant Baranwal Executive Vice President (Planning & Business Development) Rohit Goel Administration Bharti Sharma Creative Director Anoop Kamath Design Vimlesh Kumar Yadav, Sonu Singh Bisht Research Assistant: Graphics Survi Massey Sales & Marketing Director Sales & Marketing: Neetu Dhulia General Manager Sales: Rajeev Chugh SP’s Website Sr. Web Developer: Shailendra P. Ashish Web Developer: Ugrashen Vishwakarma

India has asked the Pentagon for five key technologies, including advanced high-altitude UAVs and ‘hot engines’ for its fighter jets, to bolster its defences, sources said.

New Delhi’s request for detailed proposals and licence requirements under the bilateral defence technology and trade initiative were conveyed to a visiting Pentagon delegation, sources said. President Barack Obama visits India in January. While the Defence Ministry had decided on the four technologies it will ask for from the US, the decision on the fifth would be taken after talking to the army, South Block sources said. On India’s wish-list was ‘hot-engine technology’ for indigenous light combat aircraft Mark II to be powered by GE-414 jet engine, sources said. This technology allows fighter to operate in hot weather conditions like in deserts without any possibility of an engine failure.

New Delhi is also keen on Raytheonmanufactured “Signature Aperture Radar” that can penetrate thick forests, like the ones found in eastern India. Third on the list is the stealth-coating technology. The coating deadens radar images and would give Indian jets minimum radar profile and maximum survivability in hostile conditions.

India is also asking the Pentagon for longendurance high-altitude UAV, the Global Hawk, being manufactured by Northrop Grumman. Equipped with synthetic aperture radar, the drone can fly at an altitude of 65,000 feet, stay air-bound for more than 14 hours and survey up to 40,000 sq km terrain in a day.

The Defence Ministry has also identified Textron-manufactured Scorpion mutation bomb used for protecting military installations. The final decision would be based on the army’s inputs, sources said.

The Indian request would now be taken up by the Obama Administration before coproduction can begin under the ‘Make in India’ programme, sources said. SP

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