SP's Naval Forces 01-2006 by SP Guide Publications Pvt Ltd

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In This Issue Air Operations at Sea

6 page 8

INAUGURAL ISSUE

Scorpene Construction Programme 4 page 4

A Quote

India’s Evolving Maritime Profile and Strategy 3 page 12

Editorial

“We have a vital stake in the security of the sea-lanes to our East and West. The Indian Navy therefore must expand its capability to protect the sea-lanes.” Dr Manmohan Singh Prime Minister of India

I s s u e

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V o l

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SP’s has always been known for the new beginnings as the Founder Publisher Shri S P Baranwal introduced Military Yearbook in 1965, continuing with the same SP’s introduced SP’s Aviation in 1998; then SP’s Land Forces (1st journal of its kind from the whole of Asia) in 2004. Following the tradition of introducing focused platforms thus aiming to fill the void in the market, SP’s now offers SP’s Naval Forces to India’s state-of-the-art Navy.

Admiral Arun Prakash, Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS) and his office have been very supportive towards this new endeavour and SP’s feel duly honoured and rather committed due to such response.

SP’s team with CNS on 18th November, 2005 after the interview.

The inaugural issue includes an exhaustive interview that has been conducted with the CNS. It includes a variety of perceptions, views coming from the Admiral, therefore an educative piece for its valuable readers. The journal with pleasure includes a very exhaustive and interesting article on Air Operations at Sea by the CNS,

that illustrates evolution of naval aviation. Indian Navy has been the most inter-operable service from India which duly reflects in the series of joint exercises that have been taking place with countries like France, United States, Russia and so on. The journal makes an attempt to cover such interactive gestures in an illustrative manner. This issue also touches upon the upcoming mega event i.e. President’s Review to be held in February this year. An article on Scorpene Construction Programme by Vice Admiral (r) P Jaitly discusses the relevant implications of 6 submarines’ contract that has been signed between India and France, as to how it will enable the sustainability of expertise with defence public sectors and also offer a range of opportunities to private sectors in India. Indian Navy has been known for its key role towards disaster management in the country and in the region. The journal has covered a seminar held recently which was chaired by Indian Defence Minister, Mr Pranab Mukherjee, Chief of the Naval Staff and various heads of Disaster Management Committee. Also covered are the evolution of the Indian Navy and its initiatives towards its relationship with various countries and the Indian Coast Guard’s relentless efforts to meet the Marine environmental security needs, etc.

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The layout of the journal has been designed keeping the aspirations of Navy in mind and the blue water ambitions of this forceful service. We do hope that our readers would enjoy reading. This is a beginning... and we intend to consistently evolve and therefore request our readers to send us their views, comments and suggestions. So the anchor has been weighed and we are over the waters to sail.

“

JAYANT BARANWAL MANAGING EDITOR & PUBLISHER

So, my main thrust areas have been - networking, transformation, foreign co-operation and indigenisation. I hope that they will be sustained over the coming years to the benefit of our service and our country...

”

Continued on page 3...

SP’s NAVAL FORCES

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In This Issue Rendezvous with the CNS

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Rendezvous with the CNS SP Guide Publications (SPG) team visited the office of Admiral Arun Prakash, Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS) on November 18, 2005. Admiral Prakash shared his thoughts on wide ranging issues. He also made a mention of the recent introductions of various Directorates in the Indian Navy to achieve greater self-reliance and greater interoperability with various navies. S P G U I D E P U B L I CAT I O N S T E A M

Editorial

Admiral Arun Prakash was commissioned in the Indian Navy in January 1966 and joined the Naval Aviation branch qualifying as a Sea Hawk pilot from the deck of INS Vikrant in 1968. In 1983 he also obtained the distinction of inducting the first V/STOL fighter, the Sea Harrier into the Indian Navy. He has flown over 2,500 hours on the variety of single and multi-engine aircraft from the aircraft carrier and ashore. He has commanded several ships including the aircraft carrier INS Viraat, the Eastern Fleet and held several Flag appointments including the first C-in-C of Andaman & Nicobar Command before taking over as CNS on 31st July, 2004. He took over as the Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee on 31st January, 2005. During the 1971 war, he served with the IAF in a fighter-bomber squadron flying Hunters and was awarded the Vir Chakra for gallantry in air action over west Pakistan. Admiral Prakash’s main focus has been on four issues i.e. area of foreign diplomacy and foreign co-operation, transformation in the backdrop of revolution in military affairs (RMA) and technological advancement, indigenisation and networking the navy.

whole gamut of maritime interests requires the protection of a blue water force which can thwart any threat, well before it reaches our shores. SPG: There is a point of view that the current system in which the Integrated Defence Staff is functioning under the Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee (COSC), is working well and there is no requirement of CDS. What are your views? CNS: I am the Chairman of Chiefs of Staff Committee and I would like to reassure you that the system is working fairly well. But the COSC is a committee with a limited span of control and the subjects it can take decisions on are also limited. As far as the issue of a need for a CDS is concerned, I would refer to the Recommendations of the Group of Ministers, where, for reasons clearly spelt out, they have recommended the setting up of a CDS. The present system is working well within its limited charter and scope, but let us be quite clear that the Chairman COSC is by no means a substitute for a CDS. I am sure the government will appoint a CDS when the time is right. SPG: The US has already offered to sell us P-3C Orion. Are we giving serious thought to the offer? CNS: We are giving it a serious thought as our long range maritime reconnaissance capability needs to be augmented to make up for the aircraft that we lost. P-3C Orion is certainly one of the candidates and the offer was made by the US Government under the FMS scheme sometime back, and is under examination. SPG: Are we also planning to purchase a LPD like USS Trenton from USA?

I am the Chairman of Chiefs of Staff Committee and I would like to reassure you that the system is working fairly well. SPG: You have now been CNS for almost a year and a half. As you look back, what do you feel has been your biggest achievement so far?

CNS: It may not be appropriate to link the Chief’s tenure with personal achievement; only what he can contribute to the evolutionary process that the service goes through. In any case, a Chief’s tenure is not long enough for any major issue to fructify. What I have tried to do is to identify key issues and focused attention on them, so that in the years to come, they will take on significance. There are four issues which I have tried to concentrate on. First is the area of naval diplomacy and foreign co-operation, because during peacetime, one of the most important roles of the Navy is to assist the government in carrying forward its foreign policy. In order to focus sharply on this, we have created a Directorate of Foreign Cooperation under a Rear Admiral, in October this year. The role of this Directorate is to co-ordinate assistance to our neighbours in the Indian Ocean littoral and other key countries, in areas of training, hardware and expertise, in co-ordination with Ministry of External Affairs. I must say that it has taken off quite well. Another area which we want to concentrate on is ‘transformation’. Transformation means that you take cognizance of the revolution in military affairs and the technological changes that are taking place; the necessity to operate jointly with the other two services; and the need for the service to evolve to keep pace with the requirements of modern warfare. In the Indian context, since the country is now emerging as a reckonable force in the world order, it also means a transformation in the very way we think and align ourselves to the future.

”

The other area of focus is indigenisation because of our sorry experience with imported hardware in the last few decades. With imported equipment, we have learnt from experience that there is an element of unreliability, and the lesson is that indigenisation is the only way ahead. I have thus created a Directorate of Indigenisation, which will look after the indigenisation of systems and equipment on a full time basis. Of course, we cannot achieve 100% indigenisation, but the aim is to achieve an optimum level, which will significantly reduce dependence. We have also decided that wherever we are offered through transfer of technology (ToT), we will no longer accept “screwdriver technology” and insist on collaborative development, technology sharing and co-production. The last but perhaps most vital priority was to “Network the Navy”. Networking means that all ships, submarines and aircraft should be able to exchange information with each other, even if they are hundreds of miles apart. This is sought to be achieved so that they can share a common picture and synergise their offensive capabilities. We have made a very good beginning, though I must admit that it is a complex and massive undertaking, which requires a high level of information technology inputs, including the use of a dedicated naval satellite. I am sure that in a few years time, we will have a real capability in this field. So, these have been my main thrust areas networking, transformation, foreign co-operation and indigenisation. I hope that they will be sustained over the coming years to the benefit of our service and our country. SPG: There are some who feel that India does not need blue water navy since the country has no hegemonistic ambitions and

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5 “I would like to refer to the ‘Recommendations of the Group of Ministers’ on CDS where they have recommended the setting up of a CDS.” CNS stressing on the importance of full activation of CDS.

there would be no occasion for it to project its power overseas. How would you comment on this? CNS: In tune with our national philosophy, our maritime force is not designed for ‘offensive’ purposes, but with the aim of ‘defending’ our maritime interests. Traditionally, India has been a “status quo” power and we have never had hegemonistic ambitions. I think this is recognised by all our friends in the region. However, it is imperative for us to be able to safeguard, not only our long coastline, which exceeds 7,500 km or the 1,200 odd islands on both our seaboards but also our other maritime assets. We have an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of 2.01 million sq km, which is likely to increase to almost 2.6 million sq km after the delineation of our continental shelf. Nearly 70% of India’s oil production comes from offshore resources and recent offshore gas discoveries on the east coast will lead to substantial gas production from offshore platforms. Over 70% of India’s crude is imported - all of it by sea. We have a large merchant fleet of over 600 ships. This

CNS: The US Government has offered the USS Trenton, which is a Landing Platform Dock in service with the US Navy. We have been assured that it has a residual life of 15-20 years and that the US will also support its maintenance during this period. We are in need of a ship like this, as we found during the recent Tsunami, when we needed to transfer equipment and stores across beaches to provide relief to affected people ashore. This ship can do that, and also carry about a thousand troops. We very much wanted to build one indigenously but it will take about 10-12 years to build and cost in the region of about Rs 2,000-3,000 crore. USS Trenton is available at a very reasonable price of about one tenth that cost. So the price is good, it has a residual life and it is a capability that we need now. Therefore, we are looking at it quite favourably. SPG: There was talk some time ago about leasing a multi-role Akula II submarine from Russia. Is this still being considered and if so, what is the current status of the case? Continued on page 4...

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eussI sihT nI Rendezvous with the CNS

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At this moment, we have 27 ships and submarines on order in various shipyards in India.

”

line of submarines of an indigenous design. Though we envisage some erosion of our submarine force levels, but the numbers are still adequate to take care of any situation. This is especially because most of our submarines have been modernised and equipped with cruise missiles.

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building them may have withered away. Do you think we are still in a position to undertake building Scorpene submarines indigenously?

CNS: I am unable to comment on this issue.

3Chief of the Naval Staff with Mg Editor after the interview, on November 18, 2005.

CNS: With a few notable exceptions, all our public sector shipyards need an infusion of funds, for infrastructure upgradation and modernisation.

SPG: There has been no submarine construction in the country for the past 15 years or so and the expertise acquired in

SPG: The Indian Navy is reported to be carrying out joint patrolling of the Six Degree Channel with the Indonesian Navy. Has the Indian Navy taken on the responsibility of patrolling these waters or is it a bilateral arrangement with Indonesia?

SPG: A number of existing submarines would have reached the end of their operational life by the time the six Scorpene submarines are inducted into service. What are the plans to replace the remaining submarines?

CNS: The objective of co-ordinated patrol is to enhance mutual understanding and inter-operability between the two navies and prevent smuggling, piracy, drug trafficking, sea pollution, poaching, etc. The first India-Indonesia co-ordinated patrol commenced in September 2002 following the signature of a defence agreement between both governments in January 2001. Since then, four joint patrols have been successfully executed along the International Boundary Line (IBL) between the

CNS: We have evolved a ‘30-Year Submarine Building Plan’. The first phase envisages the construction of six Scorpenes at MDL, Mumbai. We have also planned mid-life updates for some of our submarines, which will extend their life. In the next phase, we plan to construct a

lairotidE

SPG: The Navy has been building most of its ships indigenously for many years now. The private sector has only been involved as a supplier of sub-systems, so far. What are the plans for involving the private sector in the future projects?

They also have much to learn regarding productivity techniques and adopting innovative business/commercial practices. On the other hand, our private sector has a lot of strengths in their areas and there is much to be gained through private-public synergy. We certainly look forward to outsourcing, off loading and joint ventures by public sector shipyards to involve private industry.

CNS: You are right, but the expertise has not totally withered away because Mazagon Docks (MDL), which built two HDW submarines under license, has been engaged in repairing and refitting them. So the skills have been kept alive and we hope to reinforce these skills when manufacture of the Scorpene starts.

Continued on page 6...

Industry

3Scorpene over the waters.

Scorpene Construction Programme

of the Indian Navy and consolidate the skills and expertise. However, due to a controversy over HDW contract in late 80s, the indigenous submarine construction programme was discontinued after construction of two submarines at MDL. As a result, the submarine production line became inactive with idle manpower and dormant infrastructure. Once the controversy subsided, all efforts were made to revive the submarine construction art at MDL.

30-Year Submarine Building Plan Considering the contemporary and the future threat perception, and to maintain the envisaged submarine force level, the Indian Government approved in early 2000, the plan for the “Project for Series Construction of Submarines for the Indian Navy and Acquisition of National Competence in Submarine Building”. This became known as “The 30-Year Submarine Building Plan”. The aim of the 30-year plan is to organise series manufacture of submarines in concert with Indian industry (public and private), in such a manner as to avail of the advantages of dispersed multi-nodal consortium operation, duplicate facilities and faster systems specialisation.

Scorpene Construction Programme will fill long standing voids in the Indian Navy and at the same time upgrade the skills and infrastructure of the Indian Industry in spheres of high technology. Thales

*VICE ADMIRAL ( R E T D ) P J A I T LLY Y

ubmarines are a vital component of the Indian Navy’s inventory and play a pivotal role in safeguarding her maritime interests, both during peace and war. First inducted in the Indian Navy in late 1960s with acquisition of FoxTrot class submarines, the present inventory of submarine comprises of Russian “Kilo class” and German HDW “SSK of type 1500”. In addition to the acquisition plan, the Indian Navy had formulated a comprehensive programme of indigenous construction of submarines as part of its strategy to build-up requisite force level of the submarine fleet. * The author has recently retired as Chief of Material from Indian Navy.

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Accordingly, while the first two SSK class submarines were acquired from Germany, the balance two were built at Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL) with transfer of technology (ToT) from HDW, Germany. This involved augmentation of infrastructure at the shipyard for construction of submarines as also generating skills, knowledge and expertise (know-how and know-why) in design, planning and construction activities of submarine. India thus joined a very select group of nations in the world that could build submarines. The intent was to continue with series production of submarines to cater for force level requirements

444 The Indian Government approved in early 2000, the plan for the “Project for Series Construction of Submarines for the Indian Navy and Acquisition of National Competence in Submarine Building”, which is known as “The 30-Year Submarine Building Plan”. 333

The Indian Navy’s 30-Year Submarine Building Plan involves setting up two separate assembly lines of submarine construction and is aimed at avoiding further import of submarines. This would imply involvement of Indian industry, both the public and private sector, in much larger measure to build-up national competence in submarine building. It is envisaged that the two assembly lines would take up construction of two separate types (design) of submarine with ToT arrangements with selected original equipment manufacturers. After the approval of the 30-Year Plan, it was expected that the construction at the first line would commence by early 2000. However, after considerable debate and scrutiny, the Government of India’s approval for the first phase of six French design Scorpene submarines could only be accorded in September 2005. According to the agreement, India would Continued on page 24...

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eussI sihT nI Rendezvous with the CNS

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“

We are giving it (US offer for P-3C Orion) a serious thought as our long range maritime reconnaissance capability needs to be augmented to make up for the aircraft that we lost.

”

two countries in accordance with mutually agreed guidelines and procedures. The results of the patrols have been beneficial to both sides. SPG: How would you compare the pace of modernisation of the Navy today vis-à-vis the modernisation carried out in the 80s? Are you satisfied with the current pace of the modernisation?

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CNS: Well, as CNS I cannot really complain. Apart from the fact that we need to further streamline our procedures so that we can actually spend the allotted budget within the financial year, our capital acquisition programme is extremely satisfying. At this moment, we have 27 ships and submarines on order in various shipyards in India. While numbers-wise the majority of this modernisation essentially comprises replacements for retiring ships, the firepower of our future platforms will ensure that our capability will multiply manifold. I am sure that initiatives like networking and transformation, that I have elaborated earlier, will further assist our modernisation process. SPG: How effective and prepared do you think the Navy is today to implement the country’s maritime strategy? CNS: Given India’s central location, I view our primary area of operations as the entire Indian Ocean Region. In case of conflict, we must have the capability to reach out quickly to all areas within this region, sustain our forces, undertake the required operations, and achieve our objectives. In peacetime, our primary role lies in furthering our country’s political and geo-strategic objectives through our diplomatic role. Besides, we need to be able to 18:26

SPG: The Indian Navy has carried out a number of joint exercises with other navies and more are planned in the future. What role do such exercises play in the evolution and efficiency of the Navy? CNS: Joint exercises serve to enhance cooperation and understanding with other navies. When we operate with them, we come to know about their capabilities and both sides also learn from each other. Moreover, there may be occasions, like the recent Tsunami, when we may have to operate with another navy. Hence joint exercises serve to build “interoperability”. They also lead to greater confidence in each other’s intentions, and hence help in building trust. Moreover, we know exactly where we stand in the world as far as our professional capability is concerned. So far we have found that our officers and men are in no way less than those from other navies and our partners view us with professional respect. SPG: We are planning to acquire the MiG29K for the Vikramaditya. Is there any potential for looking at the French Rafale or American JSF for it or the proposed indigenous air defence ship in the next 10-15 years? CNS: We are looking at inducting two new aircraft carriers in the next decade: the Gorshkov, soon to be re-named INS Vikramaditya, and the Indigenous Aircraft Carrier (IAC) to be built at Kochi. Since both these carriers have ski-

jumps, we are presently planning to induct the MiG-29K from Russia with the intention of inducting the indigenous LCA (naval version) at a later stage. The MiG-29K is almost a fourth generation fighter, very powerful, very capable and we hope that we can use it for the next 15-20 years. Because of the ski-jump, the F-18 and Rafale were not an option. But we can certainly consider the JSF, if it is available and is suitable for our requirements. The JSF has two versions, i.e. vertical take-off & landing (VTOL); and conventional. The VTOL version can operate on these two carriers and we have conveyed our interest in this aircraft to the USA. SPG: The French recently stated that a solution could be found with Rafale. CNS: It is possible, but the company have made no such offer to us. In any case, our decision has been made and MiG-29K aircraft are already being manufactured for these and we may order some more also. But in the next 1520 years, if we build a third aircraft carrier we may consider other aircraft too. SPG: There is considerable work being done in the field of net centric warfare within the armed forces and how is it planned to be used to achieve synergy between Navy and the other services?

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CNS: During the 80s we embarked on a large programme of hardware acquisition from abroad. We acquired an aircraft carrier, a squadron of TU-142, some destroyers, some submarines and a few missile vessels, which considerably increased our capability and firepower. The current modernisation programme is focused sharply on self-reliance. Most of our ships are being built in India, and more and more of our sensors and weapons are indigenously developed and produced. We are also looking at force multipliers like network centric warfare. Thus, the qualitative difference between then and now is that during the 80s all hardware was largely imported, but now, we are not only becoming more self-reliant, but also gaining tremendously in self-confidence.

help, both our own countrymen as also those neighbours who need (and seek) assistance, during times of crisis or calamity, as was seen during last year’s Tsunami. The Navy is prepared to undertake all these tasks and I am extremely confident about our capability and effectiveness.

CNS: Currently, each service is developing its own system of network centric operations because it has now become essential. But at the back of our minds we know that in actual operations the three services will need to work in synergy. Therefore, the network of each service must be able to talk to the other two. IDS Headquarters is focusing on this issue that caters for a handshake interface and exchange of data of between the services.

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eussI sihT nI cover of its powerful shore-based naval aviation, the Morskaya Aviatsia, in waters contiguous to Soviet territory. US carriers were not only ignored but also denigrated as ‘sitting ducks’ for Soviet missiles. Accordingly, the Soviet naval strategy over the 1950s and 1960s was centred on anti-carrier measures like missile-armed long-range bombers and cruise missilesequipped ships and submarines. But a shipborne air strike capability did not figure in their perceptions at this juncture.

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In the mid 1960s, the induction of the Polaris armed nuclear submarines gave a new dimension to the threat perceived by the USSR. The threat was partially countered by the build-up of long-range anti-submarine aircraft like the IL-38, TU-95 and TU-142 in its air arm. It also appears to have been the catalyst for initiating a change in Soviet thinking about the desirability of putting air power on seagoing platforms.

armed nuclear submarines appeared to have been the catalyst for changing the Soviet thinking about the desirability of putting air power on seagoing platforms. 333

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Air Operations At Sea:

The first manifestation of this change of heart was the commissioning of the ASW helicopter carriers Moskva and Leningrad in 1967/68. Around 1972, US satellite reconnaissance pictures began to show a large carrier type ship under construction in the Black Sea shipyard of Nikolayev. Closer scrutiny indicated that she was not a carrier in the traditional sense. Absence of launch and arrester gear showed that she was intended to operate helicopters and possibly, VTOL aircraft. This was the Kiev, commissioned in early 1976, followed by the Minsk, Baku (renamed Gorshkov) and Ulyanov. Of these ships, the only survivor now is the Gorshkov, which has recently been acquired by the Indian Navy and is undergoing modernisation in the port of Severdovinsk on the White Sea. A logical continuation of the carrier-building programme was the Orel class. Originally planned as attack carriers with nuclear propulsion, only one ship of this class was commissioned in 1991 and remains in Russian Navy service. A second ship, the Varyag, was terminated half way through construction and sold to China.

A Great Leap Forward The pillars of naval aviation are the aircraft carriers and the aircraft which operate from them. The two leading countries in this field have been the USA and Russia who have developed different technologies specially for the launching of aircraft from the aircraft carrier.

*ADMIRAL ARUN PRAKASH

USN

Soviet Aviation Goes to Sea

he Kiev Sets Sail On July 18, 1976, in compliance with the Montreaux Convention of 1936, the Soviet Government informed Turkey of the imminent southward passage of Bolshoi Protivolodochny Kreyser of large antisubmarine warfare (ASW) cruiser from the Black Sea. However, western observers noted with a great deal of excitement that the Russians were in breach of the convention because the ship that actually entered the Strait of Bosphorous was the Red Fleet’s first aircraft carrier, the Kiev. This 45,000 tons ship was, at that juncture, the largest warship ever built in the USSR and carried 15 to 20 each of Yak-36 vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) fighters, and Ka-25 helicopters. In addition, it had a massive and varied array of weapon systems, sensors and a comprehensive electronic warfare suite. This kind of a fit left no doubt that the ship was intended to operate as a self-contained, long-range unit in a high threat environment. *

The author is the Chief of the Naval Staff of Indian Navy.

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444 Accordingly, the Soviet naval strategy over the 1950s and 1960s was centred on anticarrier measures like missilearmed long-range bombers and cruise missiles-equipped ships and submarines. 333

The Soviet Navy’s role till after World War II had been purely defensive and subordinated to the Red Army’s need for protection of its seaward flank. It therefore saw no need for ship-borne air power and was content to operate under the

Towards end -1989, western reconnaissance agencies observed an unusual maritime activity in the Black Sea. A Soviet aircraft carrier of much larger dimension than the Kiev class was undertaking trials involving what appeared to be conventional (as opposed to VTOL) fixed wing flying operations. Incredible as it sounded to many, reports indicated that the aircraft participating in these trials were fourth generation, shore-based supersonic fighters like the MiG-29 and Su-27! These reports proved authentic, and it is now known that this was a new 67,000 tons

Threats Prevail Over Dogma Actual capabilities apart, the significance of the Kiev lay in the fact that the Soviets had, at long last, felt constrained to relent in their dogmatic opposition to aircraft carriers and to deploy integral air power at sea. This could not have been possible but for the availability of VTOL fighters to the Soviets. The Kiev was not really viable if pitted against a US attack carrier, but once the concept and the technology were proven, it was expected that improved versions of ships and aircraft would be forthcoming. And they were.

4Ka-25 (one een here) was carried alongwith Yak-36 by Red Fleet’s first aircraft carrier Kiev.

Airliners.net

Operations

444 The induction of Polaris

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In This Issue Air Operations At Sea: A Great Leap Forward

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It is well known that a ship-borne fighter can operate with ease from a shore base. On the other hand, a combat aircraft designed to takeoff and land on 10,000 feet of concrete runway cannot possibly operate without major modifications from the 700-800 foot long flight deck of a carrier. The main problem areas in such an undertaking would be excessive landing and take-off speeds, inability of undercarriage and airframe to withstand the stress of carrier recovery, and finally, dimensional incompatibility to fit the ship’s aircraft lifts and hangar.

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Above all, to enable aircraft operations, the ship would need to be equipped with a hydraulic arrester gear for landing and a steam drive catapult for assisted take-off. Neither of these complex systems had ever been designed or built in the USSR at that juncture.

Russian Solutions

carrier, the Tiblisi (later renamed Kuznetsov) where this new concept of operations was proved. What appeared to be a ‘rags to riches’ story bears further examination here.

Editorial

During the later part of the Cold War era, Soviet Navy destroyers had been known to closely ‘mark’ from very close ranges, United States Navy (USN) and Royal Navy (RN) aircraft carriers during North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) exercises, causing immense annoyance and anxiety to their commanding officers. They did this in order to observe (and to film) aircraft launch and recovery operations for days on end. However, this was not enough to master the esoteric art of carrier aviation, which they had scoffed at for over half a century. It, therefore, must have become obvious to the Soviets at some stage, that in order to bridge the tremendous expertise gap that existed, they would have to leapfrog the era of conventional take-off and landing (CTOL) aircraft and adopt VTOL technology in order to bring their aviation to sea. And this they proceeded to do through the flat deck Kiev class carriers and the Yak-36/38 VTOL aircraft. The second combat jet VTOL aircraft in the world to enter service (after the Harrier), the Yak-36 was not entirely a satisfactory solution to the problem of fleet air defence at sea. Unlike the Harrier, which made use of a single engine with vectoring nozzles for forward flight as well as hovering and landing, the Yak-36 had one large engine for forward propulsion in addition to two smaller lift engines which were used for VTOL and shut down thereafter. This three-engine configuration not only added to the basic weight of the aircraft and limited its range/endurance but also increased the demands on piloting skills during take-off and landing.

tions, they are known to produce systems which are quite unconventional and imaginative. Their solutions to design problems are sometimes crude but functional, and often based on a ‘brute force’ approach.

These were problems of a magnitude that may have been daunted western expertise, but the Soviets apparently took them in their stride. Three types of aircraft, already in frontline service with the Soviet Air Force, were selected for conversion to ship-borne operations: the MiG29 and Su-27 fighter/attack aircraft and the Su25 ground attack aircraft (which saw extensive operations in Afghanistan). Significant aerodynamic design changes were undertaken to reduce take-off and landing speed. The undercarriage was strengthened for deck operations, and an arrester hook fitted in a reinforced fuselage underbelly. Where necessary, wing and tail folding mechanisms were incorporated to reduce dimensions and enable stowage on board.

Nothing illustrates this better than the early version of the MiG-29, which had a conventional (i.e. stable) aerodynamic configuration and was equipped with a set of hydraulic controls, but could more than match the instant turn rate and agility of its (aerodynamically unstable) digital flyby-wire western contemporaries like the F-16 and Mirage-2000. This was due as much to good aerodynamic features as to the massive thrust of its power plant, which could overcome the build up of induced drag at high angles of attack.

The Ski-Jump Concept All these were absorbing developments for military analysts, but what really took their breath away was the fact that the three aircraft had been launched from the ship, not with the help of a catapult, but over a 12 degree ski-jump, integral to the carrier’s deck. The ski-jump concept in the western doctrine was firmly wedded to V/STOL operations, and while some experimental flying had possibly been done, little thought had been given to using it for routine launch of conventional aircraft from a carrier. The ski-jump was the brainchild of a young Royal Navy (RN) engineer named Lt Cdr Doug Taylor, who hit upon this idea in the early 1970s while investigating way of enhancing the short take-off and payload performance of the Harrier in order to enable deck operations from small carriers. He faced considerable cynicism from aircraft designers as well as test pilots because the simple device appeared to promise ‘something for nothing’ and everyone felt that there had to be a catch somewhere. In the mid 1960s, amidst a major national debate, the Labour government imposed drastic defence cuts, which saw most of Britain’s aircraft carriers decommissioned, and naval aircraft transferred to the Royal Air Force (RAF). Interestingly, a

444 Those familiar with weapon platforms of Soviet/ Russian origin know that the Russians are highly innovative in their thinking. 333 The Soviet design bureaus had produced conventional fourth generation combat aircraft, many of them superior to their western counterparts. Their naval architects and shipyards now had a proven capability for delivering aircraft carriers. Yet the question that confronted the naval staff was how to adapt a 20-30 tons combat aircraft, originally designed as a land-based fighter, for operations from an aircraft carrier. 4An E-2C Hawkeye after a dusk landing on an aircraft carrier. USN

5 A long range Tu-142 maritime patrol aircraft of Indian Navy.

The aircraft designations were suffixed with ‘K’ or ‘G’ for ‘Korabelnyy’ and ‘Gak’; the first standing for ‘ship-borne’ and the second for ‘hook’. On November 1, 1989, the MiG-29K, the Su27K and the Su-25G, all successfully landed for trials on the new carrier Kuznetsov, using a Soviet designed arrester gear.

In essence, though they had a proven concept, the Soviet Navy realised that the Kiev/Yak-36 combination would never be a match for a USN carrier battle group deploying immensely capable fighters like the F-14 Tomcat and F/A-18 Hornet supported by E-2 Hawkeyes and A-6 Prowlers. There was need to put more capable combat aircraft on their carriers.

Airliners.net

The Russian Approach to Technology Those familiar with weapon platforms of Soviet/Russian origin know that the Russians are highly innovative in their thinking. Frequently circumscribed by their own technological limita-

4 F/A-18 Super Hornet just airborne after a catapult launch from a US aircraft carrier.

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Like the Harrier, the Yak-36 too lacked the engine thrust and aerodynamics to attain supersonic speeds. The Harrier, because of its swivelling nozzles, could, however, perform a short take-off (STO) from deck, which greatly enhanced its load lifting capacity as well as range/endurance, The Yak-36, due to its engine configuration, on the other hand could take-off and land only vertically. Thus, the Harrier was classified as a V/STOL aircraft, whereas the Yak-36 remained just a VTOL machine.

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3An F/A-18 Hornet prepares to launch from the number two bow catapult as another F/A-18 taxis into position behind the catapult jet blast deflector (JBD) aboard USS Theodore Roosevelt. Understandably, catapult technology has by far been available only with the US.

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6A Sea Harrier of the Indian Navy in clean configuration in a hover prior to a vertical landing on a carrier deck.

A decade later, the RN, desperate to bring about a revival of its air arm, saw the ‘Invincible’ class aircraft carriers and the Harrier V/STOL fighter as a heaven sent opportunity for its resurrection.

However, with the advent of the Harrier, there emerged a distinct possibility of putting fighter aviation back at sea. The problem was that these ships could provide only a very short deck run for launch of a fighter. So they decided to investigate Taylor’s ski-jump concept seriously. A shore-based ski-jump with a hydraulically variable profile was fabricated and installed at RAE Farnborough (subsequently shifted to the RN Air Station Yeovilton) and a series of trials proved that Taylor’s idea did indeed have substance. The Harrier’s performance from a marginal small deck carrier was to see dramatic enhancement in payload, and reduction in take-off run by using this device. This ski-jump has been thereafter retained in Yeovilton to train fledgling pilots (which included the author, 20 years ago) for ship-borne operations. Basically, the ski-jump consists of a curved inclined ramp installed in the bows of the carrier. An aircraft traversing the ski-jump follows its curved profile, and on exit, is launched into an upward ballistic trajectory. Compared to a flat deck exit, this trajectory (for the same takeoff run) can place the aircraft 200-300 feet higher in the air and thus provide it more height (and time) to accelerate into forward flight. However, because of the short take-off run available on a ship’s deck, an aircraft would normally exit from the ski-jump at a very low speed. Should this speed be below the stalling speed of the aircraft (as it is for the Harrier), the flying controls remain ineffective and the aircraft will, in layman’s terms, ‘fall out of the sky’.

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T s c a e e e f t b s e s U v

Soviet origin aircraft have suffered by comparison with their western contemporaries in terms of aerodynamic finish and sophistication. However, as pointed out earlier, this lacuna is more than made up by the massive thrust that pours out of their powerful (albeit smoky and fuel guzzling) aero-engines. Thus, aircraft like the MiG-29 and Su-27 have a ‘thrust to weight’ ratio of better than unity, which results in a short take-off run and very rapid acceleration once air-borne. In all likelihood, it is this attribute, combined with lift augmentation devices and a digital ‘fly-by-wire’ system, which has made these CTOL aircraft controllable at sub-stall speeds and encouraged the Russians to contemplate a ski-jump launch.

T b O U o N d e a w d f c c a t t c b

Since they had decided to move on from performance limited VTOL aircraft like the Yak-36, the Soviets devised an ingenious solution, which consisted of by-passing the catapult route and using the ski-jump for launch of CTOL aircraft. For recovery of these aircraft, they resorted to the tried and tested method of using hydraulic arrester gear consisting of wires stretched across the deck. This operating mode gave rise to a new acronym in the naval aviation lexicon: STOBAR, which stands for short take-off but arrested recovery.

444 This operating mode gave SP Guide Pubns

rise to a new acronym in the naval aviation lexicon: STOBAR, which stands for short take-off but arrested recovery. 333

444 A decade later, the RN, desperate to bring about a revival of its air arm, saw the ‘Invincible’ class aircraft carriers and the Harrier V/STOL fighter as a heaven sent opportunity for its resurrection. 333

In this respect, V/STOL aircraft have an advantage because at low speeds they rely not on aerodynamic controls (which require high relative air flow over the aerodynamic surfaces), but on jet reaction controls. These controls, called ‘puffers’, use hot air, bled from the engine, and allow the machine to be controlled in all planes till it accelerates into an aerodynamically safe flying regime. It was for this reason that use of the ski-jump could not be contemplated for CTOL aircraft under normal circumstances.

errors-especially at night. Subsequently, when the ship was fitted out with a 12 degree skijump, we could launch with full load from half the deck run, and the aircraft would effortlessly reach a height of about 250 feet at the end of the launch.

Marrying CTOL Machines with the Ski-Jump Conventional wisdom (in the West) dictated at this point of time that CTOL aircraft could be launched from a ship’s deck only with the help of a catapult, which would accelerate it to a respectable speed of 120-140 knots within a run of 150-200 feet. One of the more complex and trouble-prone pieces of seagoing machinery, this device has evolved over 5 decades

In order to test this concept, as well as the aircraft modified for punishing carrier operations, the Soviets established a comprehensive test facility at Saki, near Sevastopol in Crimea. Partly through emulation and partly through their own innovation, the Soviet Navy installed a ski-jump and an elaborate hydraulic arrester wire system, complete with their own versions of visual aids and an electro-optical landing sight. It was here that the STOBAR concept as well as the Su-27K, MiG-29K and the Su-25G were proven before they started deck trials on the Kuznetsov. During a visit to Saki a few years ago, I had the opportunity to fly off the Russian ski-jump and do an ‘arrested’ landing. An inspection of the

Some of the most grateful beneficiaries of the ski-jump were perhaps Indian naval aviators. We had learnt to fly the Sea Harrier from the 12 degree ski-jump of HMS Hermes with bitterly cold winds blowing in the English Channel. On return to India, we looked with horror at the flat deck of INS Vikrant (with a catapult at the end). On a normal (hot) day, even with a partial fuel load, full deck run and water injection, the aircraft could accelerate to barely 85-90 knots, and exit the deck at just 50 feet above the waves. It made the launch quite exciting but stressful for pilots and left no margin for any 4Soviet Navy soon realised that the Kiev/Yak36 combination would never be a match for a USN carrier battle group deploying immensely capable fighters like the F-14 Tomcat and F/A18 Hornet supported by E-2 Hawkeyes and A-6 Prowlers (seen here). Continued on page 11...

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number of RN admirals had at that time resigned on principle on the emotive issue of the virtual disbandment of their fleet air arm.

The Invincible class ships were actually a ploy by the RN to reintroduce aircraft carriers by subterfuge. The project had originally been projected to the British Government in the guise of ‘through’ (or continuous) deck ‘cruisers’ designed for operating anti-submarine helicopters to meet NATO tasks. In actual fact, they were nothing but small aircraft carriers. At 20,000 tons, however, they could not possibly operate Phantoms, Buccaneers or any of the other contemporary carrier aircraft then available. Moreover, these ships were powered by gas turbines and thus, could also not be equipped with a stream catapult for launching aircraft.

through hydraulic, pneumatic and explosive versions into the present day steam powered catapult which is currently manufactured only in the USA. Given their ingenuity, there is no doubt that the Soviets would have eventually come up with their own (perhaps electrically driven) version of an aircraft catapult. However, they obviously had other views on the subject.

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Air Operations At Sea: A Great Leap Forward

...Continued from page 10

elaborate facility created by the Russians for training carrier pilots was an eye opener and provided a most interesting comparison with the approach and concepts used by the British, nearly two decades earlier.

The Future of STOBAR

Three of the Kiev class aircraft carriers have been disposed off, and the last of the Orel/Kuznetsov class, the Varyag, valued at US$ 2.4 billion was sold to Chinese Macao, ostensibly as a ‘floating casino’. The Russian Navy is possibly at a cross-road now and it does not appear likely that the country has either the funds or the political will to launch any major shipbuilding projects. But no matter what happens in the future, the past two decades would have been an exciting and fulfulling period in the brief lifetime of its fixed-wing carrier aviation arm. Two specific achievements can be counted as landmarks in aviation history and stand witness to the ingenuity and innovation of Soviet/Russian designers and engineers: the rapid conversion of shore-based CTOL combat aircraft into equally capable carrierborne versions, and the iconoclastic demonstra-

Indian Navy has also emerged as the Navy with reasonable airborne capabilities.

tion that CTOL aircraft can be safely operated from ski-jumps on carriers. As far as the Indian Navy is concerned, the die has been cast. We were amongst the first to use a ski-jump operationally and have, over the past 20 years, built up great faith in the concept. The former Gorshkov, during her modernisation will be equipped with a ski-jump and a set of arrester wires to enable STOBAR operation. The MiG-29K that our pilots will fly off her deck will have little resemblance to its Indian Air Force (IAF) ancestor of similar designation. Apart from a tail-hook, this fourth generation aircraft will have digital fly-by-wire controls, a

PRO Navy

The Russian Navy has been in dire financial straits for some time now, and its commitment to carrier aviation must remain a question mark amidst all its other preoccupations. After the extensive deck flying trials programme undertaken by the Kuznetsov in 1993-94, the ship was equipped with an Air Group consisting of Su-27K fighters and Ka-28 helicopters. She sailed into the Adriatic during the Bosnian crisis, but has not been seen very often at sea thereafter. With the ship tied up, it must be difficult to keep the crew, especially the pilots, in a reasonably operational state. The carrier training facility in Saki (now in Ukraine) could be a big help in this respect, provided the Ukrainians permit its regular use.

glass cockpit, modern multi-function radar, a refuelling probe and much-enhanced range/endurance. A carrier-borne version of the light combat aircraft, designated LCA (naval version ) is under development at ADA Bangalore, and will also operate in the STOBAR mode as a strike/fighter, first from the Gorshkov and eventually from the indigenous aircraft carrier being built at the Cochin Shipyard Ltd. While the US Navy, with its super carriers and wealth of NAVAIR capabilities, has watched the rise and decline of Russian Naval Aviation with a degree of detachment, its poorer cousin, the British Royal Navy must have

taken keen interest in these developments. The future British aircraft carrier [designated CV (F)], on the drawing board at the moment, is projected to be a 40,000-50,000 tons ship and selection of an aircraft has been a vexed issue for some time now. Among the options being actively discussed for the US$ 5 billion CV(F) is that of STOBAR operations. The aircraft that the CV(F) operates may well be a version of the joint strike fighter, which can be launched from a ski-jump and land into a set of arrester wires. If imitation is the best form of flattery, the Russians should certainly have reason to be pleased.

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India’s Evolving Maritime Profile and Strategy India has undertaken multilateral initiatives for naval modernisation based on its growing economic, industrial and technological strengths and a vision of its rising power in the Asia - Pacific region. *W LAWRENCE PRABHAKAR

5The anti-ship cruise missile version of BrahMos programme (land version seen here) is a clear indicative of Indo-Russian active partnerships. 4 The third avenue has been new initiatives of

odernisation - The Way Forward

joint ventures in technology development that spans from concept and design planning to technology evolution to full production assemblies — the PJ-10 BrahMos anti-ship cruise missile — derivation of strategic autonomy.

India’s grand strategic evolution in the twenty-first century has been driven by the evolving capabilities and strengths, derived from its sustained economic growth and its military-industrial strategic profile. The robust nature and salience of India’s strategic evolution is significantly pronounced in the areas of nuclear power and missile technology; naval power evident in the evolving maritime profile and strategy and aerospace power predicated on the revolution in military affairs.

SP Guide Pubns

4 The first avenue was for the development of

indigenous technologies for strategic self-sufficiency; 4 The second avenue has been import and col5Indian Navy’s interoperability has been well reflected in the joint exercises, it has been conducting with various countries’ navies.

India’s Maritime Milieu and Co-operative Engagement

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India’s naval power and its evolving maritime profile and strategy had been predicated on three significant global trends. The process of globalisation and the new economic-technological order — optimally exploited by India; the accrual of strategic-technological strengths derived from the robust Indian economic and technological strengths and the vision of its rising power in the Asia-Pacific region predicated on its diplomatic, economic-industrialtechnological strengths and the evolving confidence in its military strengths and capabilities.

The process of capabilities build-up in India’s strategic-technological enclave has been quite evident in India’s naval power and its maritime strategy. Some of the instances are as under:

laborative manufacture of weapon systems under licensed production that aimed at strategic optimality and efficacy;

The Indian Navy has been engaged in a series of cooperative maritime roles and missions in the realm of benign, constabulary and humanitarian missions with the objectives of good

444 Viewpoint from the leading military hardware manufacturer from United States. On Relationship between the two countries: “My perceptions are based on what I have seen and heard from others who are working very closely with the Government and these are my own observations. To start with, I must tell you that we at Lockheed Martin are very optimistic about the course the two governments have taken. It is sustainable and is going to create a new relationship between the two world powers, as never before. Looking back after ten years from this point of time, we will be amazed, how close our countries have come over this period. The relationship is largely based on the commitment of both countries’ leadership towards their national interests and in the interest of the free world, which has been also long overdue. I think both the countries understand this and are trying to do all they can to achieve “This does not mean that it as quickly as they can. This does not mean that there will be no obstacles, but the two govern- there will be no obstacles, but the two governments ments and their leaderand their leadership are ship are committed and committed and our perour perspective is that spective is that this is this is going to succeed going to succeed and will continue to improve. At and will continue to Lockheed Martin, we improve.” strongly believe that the relationship is based on a sound foundation and is sustainable, creating many opportunities for our company which is heavily defence oriented, and that is why I am here. My job is to prepare the office organisation and infrastructure so as to support the marketing delegations when they come here to carry out government to government sales of military hardware.”

On Support to Sales Effort and Addressing India’s Concerns: “Our job right now is to support the sales effort from government to government. There are a number of sales which are going on right now and we have reasons to believe that we

will be successful in a number of the opportunities that have come our way due to the dialogues between the two governments. All those involved must understand that we at Lockheed Martin will do everything to support the governments in their ongoing dialogue. In the end, it will be government to government sales. The US Government has a military sales process and the Indian Government has a process through which they normally acquire foreign military hardware. Both these processes are in place though synchronisation in certain areas needs to be done which I am very sure will be done. Some very good people are working very hard to make sure that the requirements of both the governments are catered for. Since early September we are trying very hard that the requirements of the Indian Government are understood by the US Government and both work at all levels to bring these sales to a closure as easily as possible. Our role is to support our Government’s efforts as much as possible directly and support as much as we can, the efforts of the Indian Government and the Indian armed forces. As regards the Indian apprehensions, I know it occupies the attention of a lot of people. Our company tries to be like an open book. Our customers such as the Chilean Air Force Chief, the Israeli Defence Force, etc including the US forces can well endorse our products and our fair pricing levels. We have come to India with all our records on the table. Thus, there should be no apprehension regarding ‘why’ and ‘what’ Lockheed Martin is coming to India to do.”

On Political Upheavals Affecting After Sales Product Support: “I think what is happening between the two governments is a definitive step by step build up in their relationship ensuring that the processes already in place do not collapse behind them as they move forward. We are basing our plans to fully support our products with the expectations that both the governments are tied in a fashion forever and as such there will be no disruptions in product support in terms of spares, training or maintenance, etc. The earlier concerns regarding political differences between the two countries and their effect on product support might have been rightly applicable five years ago, but now it is totally a different paradigm of relationships between the two countries’ leadership.”

I am not aware of any On Lockheed such thing. We have no Martin’s Plans in India: such characterisation “When we started in India (second or third hand 15 years ago, we were technology from US). forced to adopt a piecemeal approach due to the then government to government relationship. But now, thanks to our Chairman Bob Steven’s initiatives, we have taken a decision to have a long-term commitment in India. I have the privilege of being sent here to achieve this aim which I will try to do to the best of my ability. We have a whole range of premier products to meet the wide-ranging requirements of the armed forces. For the Indian Navy, we have the P-3C Orion and replacement of Sea King helicopter jointly with Sikorsky, who have built the airframe and design, with Lockheed Martin building the cockpit and sensor suites.”

In the context of second or third hand technologies: “I am not aware of any such thing. In fact, at Lockheed Martin we have no such characterisation. Our airframe designs such as the P-3C Orion, C-130 and F-16 may be of comparatively earlier origin but these have been constantly updated to remain at the cutting edge of technology and maintain their predominance in their respective combat roles. The fact that we can provide spares and upgrades for the next 20, 30 or even 40 years if required would ensure that these remain as a frontrunner choice for the armed forces around the world.”

ven before the opening of a full-fledged office of Lockheed Martin which took place on November 14, 2005, SP Guide Publications had interviewed Mr Royce Caplinger head of the Indian Operations. During the course of interview, various points were conveyed by him touching upon certain number of concerns of the Indian armed forces and also the Indian Navy. Some views that would be of interest to our naval readers are excerpted herewith.

Mr Royce Caplinger is the Managing Director of Lockheed Martin’s India Operations.

*Dr W Lawrence Prabhakar is Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Madras Christian College, Chennai, India & Visiting Research Fellow, Maritime Security Programme, Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.

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Perspective

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In This Issue India’s Evolving Maritime Profile and Strategy

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The Indian Navy has been focused on the following strategic objectives in the process of augmenting its power: Quest for increased international engage-

ment;

Quest for interoperability in platforms and

processes;

The process of capabili-

ties build-up in India’s strategic-technological enclave has been quite evident in India’s naval power and its maritime strategy.

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Editorial

SP Guide Pubns

Quest in accrual of technological and opera-

The Indian Government is looking at possible acquisition of Landing Platform Dock (LPD) from US. The ship could provide the Indian Navy enhanced amphibious capability. In addition, the LPD can be deployed for disaster relief operations. It can also function as a command and control platform during mishaps at sea. This information was given by Indian Defence Minister Mr Pranab Mukherjee in Parliament on December 1, 2005.

order at Sea. The synergies with the littoral navies of South East Asia have resulted in benign exercises — the MILAN (confluence) complimented by bilateral naval exercises, goodwill visits resulting from extended deployment. The Indian Navy has been able to sustain its initiatives in humanitarian relief in missions like the post-Tsunami rehabilitation effort in December 2004, besides joint exercises and

On November 14, 2005, the Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA) notified US Congress of a possible FMS to India of logistics support for 2 leased P-3C Orions with the associated equipment and services.

constabulary missions and escort duties in maritime counter-insurgency, counter-terrorism and anti-piracy roles.

The Indian Navy would be

able to augment significant technologies that are state-ofthe-art technological templates in these transfers.

In her quest for bilateral strategic maritime partnerships, the Indian Navy has carved a niche nurturing partnerships with the United States, Russia, France and Israel featuring annual joint naval exercises convergent on a broad spectrum of capabilities that are in the spectrum of transformational, network-centric, surface-subsurface and naval aviation co-ordinated exercises.

tional competence in new generation technologies;

Quest in co-operative engagements in man-

agement of maritime asymmetric threats and challenges;

Quest in hardware acquisition, technology

transfer and, co-production agreements.

India-United States - Partnership for Interoperability and Technological Enrichment The Indo-US relations have been in the process of transformation since 1995. The recent agreement is known as the ‘New Framework for the US-India Defence Relationship’ dated June 28, 2005 enables the US to sell updated and current technology naval hardware through the Foreign Military Sales route that puts India alongwith Japan, South Korea, Philippines, Thailand etc., The Indian Navy is looking for the Austin class USS Trenton LPD (landing platform dock), 6 Avenger class minehunters and a DSRV besides the primary sale of 6 P-3C Orions. The Indian Navy would be able to augment significant technologies that are state-of-the-art technological templates in these transfers. The prospect of sale of the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Continued on page 14...

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4 Three Type 15A, 6,700 tons Bangalore class

Destroyers with vertical launch BrahMos; 4 Three Type 17, 4,900 tons Shivalik class

stealth frigates with BrahMos vertical launch missiles (with two in service); 4 ASW helicopters. Ka-31 Airborne Early

Warning (AEW) Helicopters.

Illust: Tapan

India has been successful in its naval partnership with Russia in terms of acquisitions, co-production of hardware and its exercises with the Russian Navy. The first India-Russia naval exercise featured warships from the Russian Black Sea Fleet and Pacific Fleet near Socotra in the Arabian Sea in August, 2003. The second series has been the “Indra 05” naval exercise in

5A computer generated image of Admiral Gorshkov, now re-christened as INS Vikramaditya.

October, 2005 near Visakhapatnam. The naval exercises have featured a varied assortment of platforms including nuclear attack submarines, heavy cruisers, assault vessels and naval aviation. The Indo-Russian naval partnership of acquisitions, co-production and naval exercises provides India with a strong sense of strategic resilience since Russian naval hardware is the mainstay of Indian Navy. The Indian Navy has gained operational experience these platforms accruing the ability to build indigenous systems.

India-France Partnership for Diversification

444 The Indo-Russian naval

and Synergy

partnership of acquisitions, co-production and naval exercises provides India with a strong sense of strategic resilience since Russian naval hardware is the mainstay of Indian Navy. 333

The Indo-French partnership has been based on issues of convergence of strategic autonomy in a unipolar world. India and France have been able to maintain a viable defence partnership with India’s consultation with the Thales and DCN for its Air Defence Ship. India and France have signed a US$3.5 billion contract paving the way for licensed construction of 6 Scorpene submarines in India. ARMARIS, a joint venture of Thales and DCN has agreed to waive off the

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is also on the cards. India’s bilateral naval partnership with the United States opens the following possibilities and strengths: 4 Interoperability and technological enrichment

with induction of platforms of evolving technologies; 4 Interoperability in terms of operational experi-

ence from naval exercises that provide India with significant US surface, nuclear submarine and naval aviation assets that are on the curve of evolving technologies and with links to the US General Security of Military Information Agreement (USGSOMIA); 4 Interoperability in terms of C4ISR capabilities

that have net-centric information warfare capabilities; 4 Interoperability in terms of multi-national naval

operations of US allied navies like the Japanese Maritime Self Defence Force and the Republic of Korean Navy. The Indian Navy’s primary strengths from this partnership would be the derivatives of its future naval transformation. The Indo-US Malabar Series exercises have been going on since 1992. The manoeuvres had engaged the US Navy of its surface, submerged platforms mostly nuclear propelled and naval aviation that has given the Indian Navy its highest degree of interoperability in technical and operational parameters.

India-Russia Partnership for Reliability and

4 Emphasis on submerged nuclear platforms for

India’s second strike sea-based capability — the lease of 2 Akula class SSNs; 4 Emphasis on collaborative partnerships that

has resulted in co-production and joint ventures in naval missiles and platforms such as the coproduction of PJ-10 BrahMos; 4 Acquisition of INS Vikramaditya (Admiral

Gorshkov) aircraft carrier with MiG-29K, MiG29KUB versions alongwith Ka-31 ASW helicopters at a cost of US$ 675-700 million; a varied assortment of naval radars and sea based missiles— Zvesda/Strella Kh-31A anti-ship, Kh-31P anti-radar missiles, Kh-35 Uran E anti-ship missiles, Novator 3M-54E Klub Anti-Ship Cruise Missiles;

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*Indian buyers please contact through email or fax.

Resilience The Indo-Russian naval partnership has been well known for its reliability and resilience as much of the Indian naval hardware has been of Soviet/Russian origin. The patterns of the partnership have been of continuity and change with emphasis on the following dimensions:

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N f p p Ja e e t O In s o n

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Prospects for Military - Technical Cooperation between Russian and India in the Naval Area

started retrofitting the Indian-purchased Admiral Gorshkov heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser into an advanced aircraft carrier equipped with a unique Russian technology for catapult-free (trampoline) aircraft takeoff from the deck and landing using an arresting gear. The carrier’s air wing will be completed with Russian-built MiG29K multi-role fighters and helicopters.

he background to maintenance and further expansion of military and technological cooperation between Russia and India is India’s position in the modern world on the one hand and long-term and fruitful partnership with its friendly northern neighbor.

Editorial

Nowadays India is rapidly turning into a powerful modern state. The country occupies a highly particular geographic position: a global oil supply route from the Persian Gulf to China and Japan, the major users of Middle East oil, passes near it. These countries are naturally interested in safeguarding security of such a route and their deploying major naval groups in the Indian Ocean cannot be ruled out. Undoubtedly, India’s national interests require maintaining stability in the region, which can be achieved only if the country has full-fledged and balanced naval forces. India is rapidly creating conditions for locally building its powerful naval forces. Its shipyards build corvettes, frigates, destroyers, landing ships, and patrol craft. Construction of a light aircraft-carrier and submarines has recently commenced. At the same time, with Russia’s assistance in combat ship design and construc-

In addition, Russia has been long rendering technical assistance to India in equipping its combatants and submarines with new weapons.

Mr. Leonid V. Strugov, Head of Shipbuilding department of Russia’s Agency on Industry. tion, India can largely speed up saturation of its fleet with modern naval hardware. Over the last ten years alone, Russia has built for India three Talwar-class frigates, two Sindhurakshak-type diesel-electric submarines, and the Jyoti shuttle tanker. There are mutual intentions to continue cooperation in this sector of the naval market. A Russian shipbuilding plant in Severodvinsk has

A guarantee for success of further expansion of the military and technological cooperation between the two countries in the naval area is its certain benefits for both sides. As to its prospects, regarding worldwide naval fleet trends and previous experience of the bilateral relations, it is pertinent to note the following. Since India has started building own carrier forces, then, as world experience suggests, it will likely need to complete them with guard ships equipped with long-range surface-to-air missile systems. Russia, which has gained vast experience in developing such weapons (S300F, S-300FM and their further derivative, the Rif-M), could help India develop new-generation

multi-role destroyers carrying such weapons that can also engage tactical ballistic missiles. Equally good prospects for the cooperation are in construction of aircraft-carriers in India as well, provided the Indian side decides to equip them with Russian-made shipborne aircraft and air-technical facilities. Of undoubtful interest, is also a possible cooperation in the development of a naval task force’s multi-role shuttle tanker and other highly technical vessels like submarine rescue vehicles, mine countermeasures ships, and air-cushion landing ships. A positive experience of the Indo-Russian cooperation in the development of the Club and Brahmos missile systems gives a hope of further joint naval weapon projects. The latter may include, for instance, an upgrade of the Shtil SAM system deployed on the Indian Navy ships that will give it the capability to use verticallylaunched missiles. Moreover, a joint R&D work in the field seems very promising. The Russian side hopes that the long-term and mutually beneficial cooperation between our countries in the naval area will further develop and grow strong. n

CRIST Welcomes Development of Cooperation with India

ederal State Unitary Enterprise Central Research Institute of Shipbuilding Technology (CRIST) was founded in 1939 and has status of a State Scientific Center of Russian Federation – one of the Russia’s five Centers in shipbuilding industry. CRIST is a head scientific-research and design-technological organization of the shipbuilding industry.

Vladimir D. Gorbach, Doctor of Science, Professor, Director General Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Central Research Institute of Shipbuilding Technology” (FSUE CRIST)

Major principle of activity of CRIST is maximum satisfaction of customer’s requirements and conditions, search and selection of optimal organizationaltechnical solutions and their implementation on the basis of existing experience, new scientific researches and technical achievements.

The Institute’s developments and database contains a wide range of information on the modern technological processes, equipment, means of technological outfitting, as well as a complete set of regulation and methodological documents on all types of shipbuilding and ship repair production facilities.

CRIST incorporates structural units ensuring implementation of different projects in the following fields:

Cooperation of the Institute with the Republic of India in the construction and augmentation of shipbuilding and ship repair yards started in 1960-ies with the development of the project of building a ship repair yard in Visakhapatnam purposed for repairing diesel submarines, surface combatants and vessels. Cooperation is successfully going on nowadays.

4 design, organization of construction and

repair of ships and vessels of different classes and purposes, development of technologies and technological equipment, technological preparation of production process, including the one of armament and defense equipment;

Within a period of cooperation many projects were developed and implemented in the construction and augmentation of India’s shipbuilding and ship repair yards at Visakhapatnam, Cochin, Mumbai, as well as for other objects of the Indian Navy.

4 development of projects for the construction

of new and re-equipment (augmentation, reconstruction, technical refitting) of the existing shipbuilding and ship repair enterprises (with fulfillment of responsibilities of major design organization), as well as on-shore bases’ facilities of combat ships, including construction and augmentation of different buildings and shore-based infrastructural objects, unique hydraulic engineering structures installations;

4 development, manufacture, supply, assembly, adjustment and commissioning of special technological and non-standardized equipment, technological outfitting assets, including equipment for assembly, operation and repair of armament and defense equipment, as well as design and manufacture of special ship fittings; 4 maintenance training of personnel.

CRIST played a vital role in the design, restructure and construction of more than 200 enterprises and several hundreds of objects both in Russia and in more than 30 countries of the world; in the design, manufacture and opera-

Currently CRIST is participating in a number of projects connected with construction, operation, technical maintenance and repair of surface combatants and submarines of the Russian-, license-, joint- and Indian-production (projects 11430, 11356, 877EKM, 15, 16A, 17, 25, 25A etc.), as well as in maintenance training of personnel of shipbuilding and shiprepair enterprises in the Republic of India.

tion of more than 2000 items of serial and unique equipment, devices and accessories. Besides, CRIST arranged construction of facilities for the manufacture of the Soviet- and Russian-made ships and vessels of different types, including heavy aircraft and nuclear cruisers, nuclear and diesel submarines, destroyers, other ships and vessels.

Federal State Unitary Enterprise Central Research Institute of Shipbuilding Technology confirms their readiness to further development and upgrading of mutually beneficial cooperation with Republic of India. n 7, Promyshlennaya Str., Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 198095 tel: 7 (812) 786-05-22, fax: 7 (812) 786-26-29, www.crist.ru, e-mail: cniits@telegraph.spb.ru

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Partnership To Last Forever

President/General Designer of ALMAZ CMDB

istorically India is a reliable economical partner of Russia. Not the least role in development of relationships among the two great countries plays the long-lasting partnership between ALMAZ Central Marine Design Bureau (CMDB), SaintPetersburg, Russia, and the military-industrial complex and the Navy of India in the sphere of naval shipbuilding. It is not by chance that CMDB’s heads of departments and chief designers constantly take active part in activities of the Russian-Indian special working party which is to timely solve various problems in all aspects of the Russian-Indian cooperation. It is worth mentioning that Project 1241 Tarantul I and Tarantul II classes attack and ASW corvettes, Project 1234 Nanuchka corvettes, Project 266ME and 1258E Mine Countermeasures (MCM) vessels, which Russia delivered to the Indian Navy, have been designed by ALMAZ CMDB. Besides, ALMAZ specialists simultaneously provide technical consulting in terms of maintenance and operation of the materiel. High quality of the Russian naval equipment is proved by the fact that in 1985 the License agreement on the Tarantul attack missile corvettes construction at GOA and Mazagon docks was signed. Their construction successfully continues to the date. Presently, the Indian Navy operate 35 ships of various classes, built under ALMAZ projects. ALMAZ designers while making designs for the Indian Navy pay much attention to the possibility of fitting these ships with Indian-made systems, which undoubtedly has a positive effect on the Indian economy. ALMAZ specialists are always ready to take into consideration all propositions of the Indian party concerning projects development and customizing. Thus, according to Indian partners will, CMDB designers have thoroughly modernized the attack package of Project 1241 which resulted in URAN-E cruising missiles fitting which in its turn made the corvette combat efficiency 3.5 times higher. In addition, the Indian Navy is given our propositions on Project 266ME MCM vessels modernization together with some European companies, which allows renewing combat systems as well as widening the scope: after modernization a vessel will be able to operate as an ocean-going patrol vessel. Besides, considering the level of military-technical cooperation between our countries (BrahMos and Kilo-class submarines modernization programmes) ALMAZ CMDB has successfully made a preliminary working out on installation of the latest supersonic anti-ship missiles and integrated radars on Project 1241.

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types of vessels, for evacuation of people in distress and a number of other civil actions. So, ALMAZ CMDB is proud of long-lasting partnership with the Indian Navy and is ready to

Project 1209ME air-cushion landing craft (LCAC)

Project 1241.8 missile corvette

Project 20382 Tiger corvette

Project 266ME ocean MCM vessel

Creation of vessels, which go ahead of time, is characteristic of ALMAZ CMDB. Worth mentioning is that a new class of warships – Fast Attack Craft, Missile (FAC-M) – has been designed by ALMAZ designers: Project 183 Komar and Project 205 Osa I and Osa II have become the first FACs in the world. The distinctive feature of projects designed by ALMAZ is that all the newest trends in world fleets development, all the latest changes in the global geopolitical situation are taken into account. It is not by chance that Steregushchiy class corvette, designed by ALMAZ CMDB, has won the competition of the Russian Navy to become the main surface combatant for the first quarter of the XXI century. To our foreign partners ALMAZ CMDB can offer an export-oriented version – Project 20382 Tiger. A 2000t patrol ship can reach 26 knots speed. Her range is 4000nm at 14 knots speed. Beside EEZ guarding she can fulfill a number of additional functions, such as assistance to search-and-rescue (SAR) operations, fire-fighting, skimming of oil spills, as well as environment surveillance. The weaponry may vary according to a customer’s requirements. For instance, the version we offer the Indian Navy includes one 76mm OTO Melara gun, two 30mm AK-630M guns, two 12.7mm machine-guns, IGLA portable AAW missiles (8 packages), two DP-64 anti-diver grenade launchers, Chetak-type helicopter with hangar, as well as ESM/ECM, navigation and communication systems.

continue our cooperation in many aspects of naval shipbuilding. n

lairotidE

Alexander V. Shliakhtenko,

We should also like to note the project of an amphibious air-cushion vessel (ACV) MurenaEI on basis of Project 12061, which, according to the Indian Navy special task, has been developed to become ocean-going. Unlike Project 12061 Murena patrol ACV, in service with the Russian Armed Forces, this vessel has a higher load capacity: she can carry one main battle tank or troops up to 150 men for 600 nm distance at about 55 knots speed, which allows efficiently control shallow offshore and coastal waters of Hindustan subcontinent. It is widely known that ALMAZ CMDB is the leader in designing ACV. The Pomornik air-cushion landing craft (LCAC) (Project 12322), built since 1988, remains the largest LCAC in the world, and the Dergach SES missile corvette is the unique project, having no match in the world.

b t p d

G L

M In ALMAZ CMDB view, this ship can be effectively used as part of the Indian Coast Guard as well as one of the best ACV, designed by the bureau, -Project 1209ME . Her high speed (up to 55 knots) and a capability of being amphibious (height of overrun obstacles up to 0.8m) can be a very valuable advantage on the Indian North-West coast. She can help to increase antiterrorist protection. A 60t craft can transport troops up to 75 persons or a light-armoured vehicle with crew and troops of total weight up to 20t for 300nm distance. In addition, to combat piracy and all types of trafficking new interceptors like Project 14310 Mirazh and Project 12200 Sobol with their very high speed (50+knots) and excellent maneuverability can be especially indispensable, as well as Project 12150 Mangust highly praised by the Russian Border Guard and the EMERCOM. Beside interception of intruders the Chilim can be employed in SAR operations, for disaster relief operations, for delivery of medical assistance to areas inaccessible to other (traditional)

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A D V A N C E D

P R O D U C T S

The World’s Best Naval Guns From Arsenal

Editorial

Arsenal was founded in Saint-Petersburg in 1711 by the decree of Peter The Great as Gun Foundry Workshops, and since that time manufacture of artillery arms and military engineering has become one of the main directions of enterprise activity.

Gun Mount A-220M

57mm one-gun turret type shipboard automatic mount A-220M.

t is designed to deliver fire on aerial, sea and shore side targets.

GM A-220M, as compared with its prototypes, has high combat characteristics and effectiveness indications. This factor in the aggregate with small overall dimensions greatly increases possibility of its using at the combat surface ships with light displacement. GM A-220M is adapted to modern systems of fire control like as LASKA, BAGIRA and optical electronic system of control RAKURS.

Main combat characteristics: Calibre, mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

Gun Mount A-192M

Gun Mount A-190E

100-mm one-gun multipurpose shipboard automatic mount A190E

M A190E is intended for deliver a fire on sea, aerial and shore side targets.

GM A190E presents itself the complex of new technical and grouping decisions. This factor enables to be one of the most perspective GM of 100mm calibre. Comparatively small overall dimensions enable to set up GM A190E instead of outdated 76mm and also 57 mm gun mount AK-725 at the combat surface ships with displacement of 450 tons.

130mm one-gun compact multipurpose shipboard automatic mount A192E

M A192E is intended for deliver a fire on sea, aerial and shore side targets.

So as GM A192E presents itself the complex of new technical and grouping decisions. It is intended for surface ships with displacement of 1800 tons and more. Guidance on a target is performed by the system of firing control from the post of control.

The GM A190E is adopted with system of fire control 5P-10 PUMA.

To an individual order on the protection of GM can be placed rockets for firing sea and shore-side targets.

In depends on orders desires the GM A190E can be also adopted to the systems Laska, Bagira, Rakurs and others.

Main combat characteristics: Calibre, mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130

Firing range, less than, km . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15,4

Main combat characteristics:

Rate of fire, rounds/min approx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300

Calibre, mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100

Mass of round, kg, approx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,5

Horizontal range, km . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .above 20

Shot weight, kg approx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Rate of fire, rounds/min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .to 80

Rounds per GM, pieces:

Angles of guidance, degrees

when arranged in bunker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400 when stowed on deck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200 Mount weight (without

elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .from –15 to +85 traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .from -170 Mass of round, kg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15,6

allowance of ammunition), ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .approx. 5

Rounds per GM, pieces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80

Power supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .380V – 50Hz

Mount weight (without

Consumed power (peak mode), KVA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100

allowance of ammunition), ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .approx. 14,8

Angles of guidance, degrees:

Height of protection

elevation from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-10 to +85

above the equalizing ring of ship, mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3200

traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+180

Full height of GM, mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5500 Width along the protection, mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3200

Firing range, less than, km . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .up to 22 Rate of fire, rounds/min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 Personnel required for combat maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Mass (without allowance of ammunition), ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .up to 25 Angles of guidance, degrees: elevation from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-12 to +80 traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-170 to +170 The number of personnel in combat service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

1-3, Komsomola str., Saint-Petersburg, 195009, Russia Tel: +7 812 542 2846, 542 7900. Fax: +7 812 542 7127 E-mail: arsenal@mza.spb.ru www.mza.spb.ru

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a s

Shipborne Integrated Air-Defense Weapon Systems: ALTAIR Meets the Challenge of Present-Day Air Threats Therefore, such an air defense can be arranged only on basis of integrated air-defense weapon systems of surface ships. Nowadays a surface-ship air-defense weapon system is not a simple collection of surface-toair missile and gun systems that are installed onboard a ship and engaging targets in their respective zones.

Arcady BORZUNOV, Chief Designer, ALTAIR Naval Radio Electronics Research Institute

rmed conflict experience of the last decades proves that the main hazard for naval ships and naval task forces is presented by air threat weapons (ATW). Due to their undoubted advantages, these weapons hold one of the key positions in the vast inventory of offensive weapons. The ATW deployed on various-type carriers and in diverse media makes it difficult to determine the directions of probable air attacks. Due to low-level optical and radar perceptibility and high speed of the present-day ATW, it presents considerable difficulties for timely detection of an air attack and creates time deficiency in repelling an attack from the air. The situation becomes even more aggravated when the ATW are used in saturated air attacks, from various directions and at various altitudes, under cover of active and passive jamming, including decoys and diversionary targets.

The tactics of ATW employment both in singles and in groups is permanently perfected. At the same time, diversionary and demonstration actions are applied, measures to provide for security are resorted to, used are radio silence, target designation from external remote sensors, over-the-horizon use of weapons, jam blanketing and other actions. The tactics of ATW against naval ships and task forces presupposes saturated attacks, air threat weapon concentration on directions that are least-protected with air-defense facilities, and ATW formations echeloned in altitude and depth. In order to counter effectively this kind of hazard, present-day naval ship and naval task force need a high-performance, well-organized, and multi-layer air defense.

In present-day conditions, an integrated surface-ship air-defense weapon system is a combination of radar and optical facilities, radar and optical data processing systems, control digital computers (DC) and command control consoles, several types of various-range guided missiles and gun mounts (GM) with fire support means, which are all together joined by generic structure, common task function, unity of actions and control, and common database. Advent of such systems is the retaliation to growing air attack hazard. The shipborne integrated air-defense weapon (ADW) systems make it possible to counter saturated and disposed-in-depth attacks of air threat means. At the same time, each type of the attacking airthreat means runs into opposition in their respective zones, at the assigned defense lines.

The integration requires that all ship’s ADW should use a common target situation database and should contribute in generating this database through amendments and additions. The time it takes each component of the integrated system to access the database must be minimized. This is feasible only on the basis of a integrated digital computing system (DCS), which combines control DC, digital data processing equipment, and command control devices of the integrated ADW system into a common control center (CC) on the principle of radial and/or backbone connection. This common digital computing system must also incorporate as terminals the actuators and the air defense weapon subsystems, including surface-to-air guided missiles, outfitted with their own computers. ALMAZ-ANTEY Air Defense Concern, with Joint Stock Company ALTAIR Naval Radio Electronics Research Institute as the principal designer, is

developing an air-defense missile close-in weapon system (CIWS) on basis of GHIBKA autonomous self-defense module (ASDM). The base of GHIBKA autonomous self-defense module is a small-size rotary support, with an optical camera (sensor) and with up to 4 transport-launch containers with IGLA or IGLA-S surface-to-air guided missiles mounted thereon. On target designation command from an external device, the rotary support rapidly points the optical camera and the missiles at the target. The signal produced by the optical camera is processed by the computer of the special-purpose workstation (SPWS); the target is acquired automatically or manually (by an operator) and tracked with the required accuracy. After the target is acquired by the heat-seeking head, the missile is launched and guided to the target.

lairotidE

Sergey KLIMOV, General Designer, ALTAIR Naval Radio Electronics Research Institute

devices, employed is a single device that performs all functions of the replaced facilities.

The GHIBKA autonomous air-defense weapon system is capable of engaging targets with IGLA (IGLA-S) surface-to-air guided missiles at ranges of up to 6 km, including head-on approach tar-

Integration is a prerequisite of efficient arrangement of the shipborne integrated air-defense weapons system. This requirement implies integration of all stages and actions in order to repel and destroy by fire the air-threat means that are attacking the ship. Air target detection, “track initiation” and subsequent target tracking, target allocation and target designation to the fire means, fire engagement of air targets by the ADW at the prescribed defense lines, target transfer for its “finish off”, and shift of fire on newly emerging and undestroyed targets—all these processes occur in the integrated ADW system in parallel and they often merge.

Fig.1. Integrated air-defense weapons system for a small craft.

In the extreme time-deficiency that is a usual case when repelling saturation attacks of the ATW and pop-up targets, this feature provides the minimum reaction time through shortening the duration of data transfer, data processing, command transfer and command execution by individual elements of the air-defense weapon system.

Fig.2. Integrated air-defense weapons system for a corvette-class ship.

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F a N o r t o b h c a l u w c d t e i c a c w s d r a f t o m a

T t r r d d

O t I s d b m l l

The integration implies wide use of multi-functionality principle when instead of several

Performance Characteristics of Surface Ships’ Air-Defence Weapon Systems.

T i a I c t s a 2 t d s s t o f v c a ( d h p a

developing integrated air-defense weapon systems for various classes of surface ships on the basis of GHIBKA autonomous self-defense module (ASDM), SHTIL-1 and RIF-M surface-to-air missile systems (SAM systems).

gets and small-size surface targets. The firing of AK630 M small-bore guns can be controlled using the data from GHIBKA module’s optical camera that are fused with the data provided by the ship’s support systems.

For protection of small surface ships (motor boats, mine-sweepers, supply and support ships) as well as civilian vessels, ALTAIR Naval Radio Electronics Research Institute is now

The integrated air-defense close-in weapon system (CIWS) may consist of several GHIBKA modules and several gun mounts that are controlled from a common command center, incorporating

I i r r s m t b n b n a h n i m a

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In This Issue an information and control digital computing system (DCS) and dedicated workstations (WS). The common control capability of several closein weapon systems makes it possible to create an efficient two-layer defense in the near-zone. In this case, the close-in weapon system is capable of counteracting both air and surface targets; the system fires single missiles or a salvo of two missiles with the subsequent artillery firing at the ranges of down to 200–300 m. Small weights and sizes of the system's firing facilities allow the ship all-round defense to be organized through installing the self-defense modules and gun mounts over the ship's perimeter so as the responsibility sectors of both the modules and the gun mounts overlap, thus making it possible to concentrate fire. Being installed on any naval ship or civilian vessel, this system provides a relatively lowcost, highly-efficient all-round defense against anti-ship missiles (ASM) and anti-radar missiles (ARM) which have forced through the ship’s air defense lines. It engages and destroys aircraft, helicopters, and surface targets and provides protection of civilian vessels against smugglers and terrorists.

The target database is generated in the integrated air-defense weapon system by ASPOI autonomous semi-automatic data-processing system on the basis of data provided by the allship surveillance radars and data collected by the optical cameras of GHIBKA autonomous self-defense modules. Simultaneously, the optical cameras of GHIBKA autonomous selfdefense modules play the part of an high-precision optical fire-control device for 9M317E and 9N317ME missiles and of the main source of target designation for the artillery gun mounts. The database created by the data-processing system is thus used to designate targets for the weapons, to generate the missile flight task, to generate the radio-correction data and to control the artillery fire.

the air attacks, with the firing and prohibited sectors of the weapons, radars and optical systems, serviceability of the weapons, availability of various ammunition, target situation, anticipated fire effect on the targets, and other factors taken into account. The ship’s integrated air-defense weapons system, based on the SHTIL-1 missile system supplemented with the GHIBKA autonomous module outfitted with optical sensors, substantially increases the efficiency of the ship’s airdefense system. For example, the number of the attacking anti-ship missiles, destroyed by the ship’s integrated air-defense weapons system based on SHTIL-1 SAM system, is up to 30 40% greater than the number of the attacking missiles intercepted by the ship’s separate nonintegrated air-defense missile systems. In this case, survivability of ships of the frigate or destroyer class is increased by a factor of 2 to 3. It should be noted here that the cost of the obtained increase in the efficiency of the ship’s air-defense weapon systems is relatively low, since the integrated air-defense weapons system is built around the existing SHTIL and SHTIL-1 SAM systems, and, therefore, only lowcost upgrading of the digital computing system and installation of GHIBKA self-defense mod-

Editorial

For small escort ships of the corvette class with a 1000 to 3000-ton displacement, ALTAIR Naval Radio Electronics Research Institute offers a promising small-size system based on reduced configuration of RIF-M air-defense system with the 9_96_ missile. 9M96E missile is outfitted with an active homing head and airborne inertial guidance system. It features high dynamic parameters, which allow interception of current-technology targets and high air target kill probability. The missile is launched vertically in a 'cold start' from an underdeck small-size modular cluster launcher with a 12 to 48 missile capacity. The missiles can be launched against air targets in any direction at an interval ~2 s. Before launching, the missile is loaded with a flight task generated from information provided by the integrated information and management system, which combines data produced by the all-ship radars and optical sensors and which consists of a common digital computing system, dedicated workstations and command-and-control consoles. When in flight, the missile can receive data on target trajectory changes over the correction radio link and correct its flight path accordingly. To “finish off” targets that have forced through, and to provide self-defense of the ship, the system is supplemented with one or more GHIBKA autonomous self-defense modules and with small-bore anti-aircraft artillery guns.

Equipped with surface-to-air missiles of any type, the air-defense weapon system based on SHTIL-1 SAM system provides efficient selfdefense of the carrier-ship and small-range and medium-range collective defense of a naval task force. In order to provide “finishing-off” of targets that have forced through at very short ranges, the air-defense weapon system is equipped with one or more GHIBKA autonomous self-defense modules, which use IGLA and IGLAS heat homing head missiles, and with one or more AK 630M anti-aircraft gun mounts.

Inclusion of the trajectory-correction radio link into the integrated system and application of radio-inertial guidance technique enhances reliability of acquisition of distant and smallsize targets, and targets performing evasive maneuvering. Application of the radio-correction link makes it possible to increase the number of simultaneously engaged targets, whose number may be 2-3 times as many as the number of target illumination channels. It should be noted that the use of radio-correction link with a missile outfitted with a semi-active homing head requires no additional stations or antennas on the ship, because the feature is realized in this case with the help of existing target illuminating radars due to their radiation through antenna side lobes.

48N6E and 48N6E2 radio-controlled missiles with a semi-active radar homing head are guided to target by a multifunction radar, which autonomously detects low-flying targets and targets within allocated sectors, tracks the detected targets, and illuminates them in the long-range collective air-defense sectors covered by the integrated air-defense weapon system. 9M96E antiaircraft missiles are guided to targets by radio-inertial guidance system, which includes a radio-correction link system and an active homing head. In the integrated airdefense weapons system, information support of 9M96E missile firing is provided by the dataprocessing system from the ship’s radars and from the own multifunction radar. As a component of the integrated air-defense weapon system, 9M96E missiles make it possible to provide an all-round self-defense of the ship and countering of all types of short-range anti-ship missiles and longer-range cruise missiles, attacking from various directions. To “finish-off” (shoot down) the targets that have forced through the air defense, the integrated air-defense weapon system can be supplemented with one or more GHIBKA autonomous self-defense modules, which are capable of controlling antiaircraft guns.

Fig.3. Integrated air-defense weapons system for frigate- and destroyer-class ships.

The system based on 9_96_ missile is capable to engage simultaneously up to 12 targets at ranges of up to 40 km, providing efficient allround self-defense of the carrier-ship and defense of a naval task force against presentday air threat means. On basis of SHTIL-1 surface-to-air missile system, ALTAIR Naval Radio Electronics Research Institute is developing an air-defense weapon system intended for installation on ships of the destroyer and frigate classes. The system can be customized to use oblique-launch 9M317E_ missiles or 9M317ME missiles vertically launched from a modular underdeck cluster launcher of catapult type.

and 9M96E missiles can be launched vertically from an underdeck general-purpose cell-type launcher (PU). The launcher consists of modules, comprising eight cells. Each cell accommodates one 48N6E2 missile or four 9M96E missiles. 9_96_ missiles can also be launched from dedicated small-size vertical launchers (PU1).

Fig.4. Integrated air-defense weapons system for destroyer- and cruiser-class ships.

The system of optical sensors with the data-processing system enables to acquire and track 9M317E and 9M317EM missiles in flight, to determine their coordinates with sufficient accuracy, and then to use these coordinates to improve the quality of the trajectory radio-correction data and to control the system’s operation.

ules and of a new software are required. No additional costly equipment and hull remodeling are required. This circumstance facilitates modernization of the shipboard air-defense weapon systems based on SHTIL and SHTIL-1 missile systems and deployed on operational naval ships.

The common database and the integrated digital computing system, incorporated in the system’s command center, enable to exert continuous fire pressure on the attacking targets at all lines and over the entire depth of the defense; besides, they enable to rapidly shift fire to another target, to transfer targets to other firing channels, to allocate additional firing channels to engage the target, etc. At the same time, a firing sequence schedule is formed that is optimal in terms of the overall efficiency in countering

Nowadays ALTAIR Naval Radio Electronics Research Institute is developing an integrated air-defense weapons system based on the RIFM surface-to-air missile system, which is intended for installation on ships of the cruiser and destroyer class. In order to develop such a system, in addition to 48N6E long-range airdefense guided missiles, 48N6E2 extendedrange missiles and 9_96_ medium-range airdefense missiles are introduced, which are stowed in transport-launch containers. 48N6E2

The integrated air-defense weapon system based on RIF-M missile system makes it possible to organize multi-line air defense of a ship or a naval task force against air threats of all classes and types. Using 48N6E and 48N6E2 missiles, the integrated air-defense weapon system can engage the enemy’s AEW (airborne early-warning radar) aircraft, jammer aircraft, aircraft carrying anti-ship missiles or other strike weapons, short-range and longer-range cruise missiles at ranges of up to 150 km. Using 9M96E missiles, the integrated air-defense weapon system can provide all-round selfdefense of the ship at ranges of up to 40 km against attack planes, anti-ship and antiradar missiles of various types and models, and it is also capable of engaging all types of cruise missiles in the all-round sector of collective air defense. Using GHIBKA autonomous selfdefense module with IGLA and IGLA-S missiles, the integrated air-defense weapon system is capable of finishing-off the air targets that have forced through the air defense of the ship. The multilayer in-depth air defense enables the integrated air-defense weapon system to optimize ammunition consumption of anti-aircraft missiles of various caliber, to ensure destruction of antiradar and anti-ship missile carriers before they can use their weapons, to reduce effectiveness of AEW (airborne early-warning radar) aircraft, jammer and electronic-intelligence aircraft, to ensure guaranteed combat survivability of the carrier-ship, and to concentrate fire of the weapons on the most threatened directions. The integrated air-defense weapon systems, which ALTAIR Naval Radio Electronics Research Institute is developing, can be installed on ships of any class and displacement and will ensure their effective multilayered air-defense. These systems are capable of countering saturation echeloned attacks of various present-day air-threat weapons which operate at extremely low and at troposphere altitudes, from different carriers and from different directions, both against individual ships and task forces, and littoral area installations. n

ALTAIR Naval Radio Electronics Research Institute 111024, Russia, Moscow, Aviamotornaya Str., 57 Tel: +7-495-273-1432 Fax +7-495-361-7250 e-mail: mail@altair-navy.ru

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444 Marketing Supplement to SP’s Naval Forces 1/2006 333

Metrological Support An Important Element of Control Over Quality of Radio-electronic Systems G.A. Korzhavin, General Director of GRANIT

S.P. Mastin, Deputy Director of GRANIT

cientific and technological progress modifies existing requirements of the Navy in ship-borne radio-electronic systems on the internal market of Russian Federation, and gives rise to absolutely new requirements on the international market. Quality of newly developed big and complex systems of military and civilian applications, recently delivered to the internal market, plays an important role. Simultaneously, Russian enterprises successfully competing on the international market with their products and services pay serious attention to the problem of quality. Central Research Institute GRANIT has a certified quality management system. It satisfies with the requirements of the GOST R ISO9001:2001, GOST RV 15 002:2003 and other standards at all stages, including development, manufacture, guarantee service, field and guarantee supervision over products. The administration of the Institute considers the quality problem both from the viewpoints of competing manufacturers and international and national customers. Problem of quality of ship-borne radio-electronic systems is multi-faceted by nature. It has to be resolved at every stage of product’s life cycle - from internal and international marketing up to scientific and technological support and utilization. Application of high-precision methods and means of measurements with high level of automation of measuring processes can be considered as an important element of ensuring quality of armaments, defense and special-purpose items, as well as of assessing their economic efficiency at the development, manufacture and trials stages. To fulfill this task CRI GRANIT formed a metrological service. Successfully operating service features all necessary equipment and standards, as well as highly skilled personnel. Metrological service includes a number of units: of testing radio measurements means, of elec-

trical and geometric measurements, of repairing measurements means and metrological examination, as well as representatives on metrological support in scientific & production departments of the enterprise. Metrological service fulfills the following scope of tasks within the life cycle of armaments, defense and special-purpose items: provision of unity and reliability of measurements, introduction of new methods of taking measurements, optimization of employed means of measurements and range of applied parameters, increase of efficiency of the measurements means’ application, as well as metrological control and supervision over state and application of measurements means and the measurements’ taking methods. Metrological service of CRI GRANIT has been officially accredited in the state metrological service structures for the right to verify measurements means. Metrological service of CRI GRANIT is capable of providing verification of measurements means of:

4 22 types of radio-measurements, including those in high- and super-high frequency bands: different generators, analyzers, oscillographs, voltmeters, wattmeters and other measurers;

4 10 types of electrical measurements: different voltmeters, wattmeters, ammeters, ohmmeters, bridges, power sources, as well as measurers of capacity, inductance etc.;

Activity of metrological service is regulated by documents of the quality management system: clauses, guides and standards of enterprise agreed with representatives of customer at the enterprise. Nowadays in cooperation with the head organization of shipbuilding industry on standardization the documents are being prepared for accrediting metrological service of GRANIT in the state metrological service of Russian Federation as a basic organization for creating a major metrological center for instrument-making enterprises of shipbuilding industry of St. Petersburg. Besides, efforts are being considered to have metrological service of GRANIT accredited for the right to conduct attestation of the measurements methods. n

4 a great number of geometric measure-

ments. The service conducts metrological examination of the projects, design, technological and operational documentation of the armaments, defense and special-purpose items developed at the enterprise.

191014, Saint-Petersburg, Russia Gospitalnaya 3, Tel.: +7-812-2716756, Fax: +7-812-2746336 e-mail: cri-granit@peterlink.ru

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Kashtan and Kashtan-M Self-Defence Ship-Borne Close-In Gun-Missile Systems and their Modifications

urface ships, including those of small displacement, should be reliably protected from air attacks.

The Tula-based Instrument Design Bureau headed by the Academician of the Russian Academy of sciences Arkady Georgievich Shipunov developed the Kashtan ship-based AD gun/missile system, the world's only AD weapon which combines in a single turret a powerful artillery system, effective multi-mode SAMs and an integrated radar/optical fire control system. In terms of combat efficiency and target kill potential, Kashtan's gun/missile armament is two to four times more effective than any dedicated AA artillery system. This advantage is even more impressive in terms of engaging advanced air threats (with higher flight speed and lower cross-section). The Kashtan AD gun/missile system has had intensive ground and sea tests. Currently it is in series production, being exported and operated by the Russian Navy. High effectiveness of anti-ship missile engagement is provided by the following features: 4 modular design (one com-mand module and

up to six combat modules, depending on the ship's class) which provides for flexible AD system configuration; 4 a combination of gun and missile armament and an integrated radar/optical fire control system in a single turret improves the accuracy of fire owing to the exclusion of errors associated with hull deformations typical of armaments and their fire control systems accommodated separately on a ship, and guarantees the destruction of anti-ship missiles by missiles at long ranges and by guns at short ranges. Consecutive firing of two missiles against the

4 high-accuracy integrated fire control system combining a millimeter-band radar guidance channel and a TV/optical channel with an automatic target tracker; 4 high-accuracy TV/optical system incorporating an automatic target tracker, capable of guiding SAMs to the targets at any altitude with an accuracy of 1m; 4 combat module's millimeter band radar fire control system with optimized antenna dimensions, which can also guide SAMs to low-flying anti-ship missiles without any limitations to the altitude of the target with an accuracy of two to three meters owing to the narrow antenna pattern and diffusion type wave scatter from sea waves in the millimeter-band; 4 simultaneous processing signals received from radar at optical channels and SAM with an automatic selection of optimal mode which provides for high jamming immunity compared to either dedicated radar or optical fire control systems; 4 correlation/contrast processing of TV/optical

system signals with target image storage, which ensures reliable tracking of tar-gets in various background and target-density conditions; 4 two automatic guns with a super high firing

rate totaling to 10000 rds/min which provide for a 60-percent reduction of burst time required for target kill and a 30-percent reduction of the average range of target kill to 300500m boosting target kill probability by 50100 percent; 4 fully automatic operation mode;

4 dynamic small-size SAM armed with a

rod/fragmentation warhead. Combination of missile/gun fire control system within one turret mount provided for a 2-2.5fold reduction of the required space for its installation. On small surface ships (with displacement of 500-3000 tons) Kashtan system comprising one command module and one to three combat modules presents a sufficient AA asset for the effective protection of the ship not drawing in other AA means. On large ships (with displacement over 4000 tons) Kashtan system compris-

Kashtan-M featuring optronic control system.

ing up to 6 combat modules performs the tasks of short range AA system air attack asset against air threats missed by long-range AA systems. Currently, KBP Instrument Design Bureau and its partners are involved in the modernization of the Kashtan system (the Kashtan-M version) along the following lines: 4 equipping command module with the Pozitiv-

ME1.2 3D target acquisition radar, which permitted 2-fold reduction in the time of additional target search; 4 extending SAM's kill zone to 10km in range

and to 6km in altitude; 4 providing capability of firing two SAMs in

salvo at high-threat targets with kill probability of 0.96 to 0.98; 4 using GSh-6-30KD auto-matic guns with

higher muzzle velocity (960 m/s for high-explosive/fragmentation projectiles and 1100 m/s for armor-piercing/sub-caliber projectiles) to improve accuracy of fire and target kill probability by reducing the minimal safe distance of anti-ship missile destruction to 300m, owing to the detonation of the missile's war-head hit by armor-piercing/sub-caliber projectiles. This allows Kashtan's artillery system with a total rate of fire of 10000 rds/min to automatically engage 5 to 6 anti-ship missiles (before the ammo load is consumed) flying in one direction at an interval of 3 to 4 seconds (to compare, Goalkeeper can engage targets flying at an interval of 6 or more seconds); 4 reducing the reaction time by increasing the laying mechanism's speed and acceleration; 4 improving the system's relia-bility by 100200 percent and its operating characteristics by reducing the number of instru-ments in the fire control station and introducing modern electronic elements.

As a result of this modernization kill potential of Kashtan—M system per unit of time is increased by 4 to 5 times in comparison with Kashtan system.

Kashtan-M ship-based AD gun/missile system.

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The necessity to outfit small and medium displacement ships with modern highly-effective high-precision counteraction weapon systems in meteo-climatic conditions of their application, the requirements in reduction of the system’s cost and size-weight characteristics, as well as reduction in the production burden of the system and its components advanced the creation of Kashtan-M system with optronic control system.

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In order to provide combat stability at 0.95 it is allowed to pass not more than one anti-ship missile to the defended ship with probability of 0.05. Since at least two anti-ship missiles are launched to engage a small-displacement ship, engagement probability against each anti-ship missile by the ship’s AA assets must be not less than 0.98. Such kill probability can be attained only by firing AA guided missiles and AA automatic guns against anti-ship missile at several ranges.

target reduces the expenditure of ammo load, provides engagement probability of 0.960.98, and during gun fire at foreground is approaches 1;

The experience accumulated by KBP Instrument Design Bureau and its co-producers permitted within a short time and using modern components and materials to design Kashtan-M weapon system featuring optronic control system. Kashtan-M system costs less than standard Kashtan system and provides the following: 4 round-the-clock detection, automatic target tracking and generation of 3D targeting data against aerial targets and high-precision weapons, as well as against surface targets, including pin-point ones; 4 effective target engagement at ranges up to 10km; 4 allocation on launches and ship with displacement starting from 100t due to the reduction in size-weight characteristics as compared with the current AA gun-missile systems and AA missile systems; 4 the possibility to allocate the system’s elements on the mounting seats and in the rooms occupied by standard AK-630M Kashtan systems – in case the decision is made to replace them on the operated ship during modernization.

The characteristics of Kashtan, Kashtan-M systems, as well as Kashtan-M system featuring optronic control system are listed in the table below. Kashtan-type AD gun/missile systems with a single fire control post have a vast modernization potential in terms of armament and fire control systems. For example, the use of the control system and SAMs of Pantsyr-S1 system with a firing range of 18km will allow to engage smallsize surface targets and advanced anti-ship missiles and enhance the ship's survivability. n The marketing section is based on the article by Stepanichev I.V. – KBP First Deputy Designer General/Director – Chief Engineer and Zhukov A.V. –KBP Deputy Chief Designer of Naval SAM Systems, Ph.D (Science)

Russia, 300001, Tula, Shcheglovskaya Zaseka str. Phone: +7 0872 410068, fax: +7 0872 426139 e-mail: kbkedr@tula.net; www.shipunov.com

In This Issue India’s Evolving Maritime Profile and Strategy

...Continued from page 14

Israeli UAVs, electronics, missiles and radars

have been equipping various Indian naval platforms providing technological synergy and enhanced firepower.

Israel has provided

SP Guide Pubns

India’s naval platforms the versatile capabilities of air and missile defence and the adaptation of Israeli weaponry and missiles to varied naval platforms.

Editorial

price escalation cost that had resulted due to India’s failure to finalise the contract earlier. The submarines will be built at the MDL in Mumbai. India and France have been conducting high level naval manoeuvres since 2004. The first Indo-French naval exercise “Varuna 2004” in April 2004 aimed at ensuring stability in the Indian Ocean region and securing the energy sea lanes of communication of France and India. It featured the French nuclear carrier Charles De Gaulle and the taskforce with operational focus on Anti-Air Warfare and AntiSubmarine Warfare. The “Varuna 05”, in March 2005 exercises off the Kochi coast, had the

French task groups of two mine search ships focused on mine warfare exercise being conducted by both countries. The Indian Navy’s manoeuvres with the French Navy thus provide a diversification and new synergies in operational capabilities.

India - Israel Partnership for Technological Synergy and Hybridisation The Indo-Israeli naval partnership has been largely predicated on Indian acquisitions of

Super-Dvora Fast Attack naval craft from Israel.

Israeli naval hardware and electronics. The Israeli defence industries have mainly focused on three levels of partnership with India: Israeli technologies in synergy with existing

Indian naval platforms like the Barak-1 Naval Air Defence systems equipping INS Viraat, the Delhi class destroyers and Godavari and Brahmaputra Class frigates, there are plans to upgrade INS Vikramaditya too;

Indian acquisition of the Super-Dvora MK-II

Fast Attack naval craft for India’s Low Intensity Maritime Operations (LIMO);

The Indo-Israeli naval partnership is limited in the number of exchanges compared to that of army and the air Force. The quintessence of the naval partnership has been that Israel has been able to provide India’s naval platforms the versatile capabilities of air and missile defence and the adaptation of Israeli weaponry and missiles to varied naval platforms proves the formidable agility of Israeli technology for technological adaptation and hybridisation. In assessment, the evolving Indian naval force’s posture and operational efficacy has gained immensely from diverse sources of collaboration and co-operation. Naval exercises and naval acquisitions; co-production of naval hardware and their adaptation to various platforms have been of phenomenal success. It would not be an exaggeration to state that the Indian Navy has gained in varied qualitative and quantum dimensions of technological enhancement and operational competence through its evolving co-operative strategic maritime partnerships.

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444 Scorpene Characteristics 4 Jointly developed by DCN of France and

Navantia (formerly Bazan, then Izar) of Spain. 4 A state-of-the-art conventional submarine

incorporating advanced stealth capabilities with the Hull forms; the sail and the appendages specifically designed to produce minimum hydrodynamic noise. 4 Low acoustic signature and hydrodynamic

shock resistance gives it the capability to carry out anti-submarine and anti-surface ship warfare operations in closed or open sea conditions, as well as capability of working with special forces in coastal waters. 4 It has a high level of automation and

redundancy, which contribute towards reduction in crew strength, enhanced endurance and greater survivability. 4 Modern sonar and electronic equipment

lend it superior capability in detection and classification of surface and underwater targets. 4 Displacement: 1700 tons - significant fea-

4 Use of high tensile steel has reduced the

weight of the pressure hull, allowing a greater load of fuel and ammunition. 4 Armed with Exocet SM 39 anti-ship mis-

sile and wire-guided torpedoes. 4 Capable for mine warfare, intelligence

gathering and special operations.

5An Exocet SM 39 anti-ship missile in flight after the launch from a submarine.

One of the important features of the programme is the Indian Navy’s intent to increase the indigenous content of the submarines gradually so as to reach at least 50% by the end of the programme. It is envisaged that the submarine equipment would be produced under licence in India. Efforts would be made to have a tie-up between the OEMs and selected Indian industry right from the start of the programme to maximise indigenous content of each equipment.

Indian Navy and ARMARIS of France, the collaborator, would facilitate in licence production of equipment which would be undertaken through the shipyards.

complexities of the technologies required to be imbibed in terms of “know-how” & “know-why”, of Scorpene design. 333

444 Scorpene class Submarines for Indian Navy

Contractual Glimpse

According to the contracts, India will build the Scorpene class submarines at the state owned Mazagon Dock Ltd in Mumbai, under transfer of technology (ToT) from France. The first submarine will be ready for induction into the service within seven years of signing the contract. The remaining five submarines will be delivered at intervals of one year each thereafter. The thrust of Indian Navy’s 30-year Submarine Building Plan of which Project-75 is a part, is to develop national competence in submarine building. Towards this end, the indigenous component of the machinery and equipment fitted on the Scorpene is expected to go upto 60% during the implementation of the project.

Conclusion of this long awaited contract with MDL marks a major milestone in the submarine construction activity in India which provides a challenge and an opportunity to Indian shipbuilding industry. It is a challenge because of the complexities of the technologies required to be imbibed in terms of “know-how” & “know-why”, of Scorpene design but also an opportunity for the Indian industry to get involved and succeed in this area of technology in a time bound manner. It is also an opportunity to build-up national competence in this strategic field and be counted amongst a select group of nations with such competence. Continued on page 25...

Dominique Girard, the Ambassador of France on behalf of the French Government.

ndia and France signed a contract for construction of six Scorpene class submarines in India under Project-75, worth US$ 3.5 billion on October 6, 2005.

The Integrity Pact that assures avoidance of all forms of corruption by ensuring free, fair, transparent and unprejudiced dealings, prior to during and subsequent to the currency of the contract was signed by Dr Thomas Mathew, Joint Secretary, Indian MoD and Mr Pierre Legros, Chairman of ARMARIS of France for the contract between Indian MoD and ARMARIS of France. Another integrity pact was signed between Dr Mathew and Mr Marwan Lahound, CEO of MBDA of France for the contract between Indian MoD and MBDA of France.

French Ambassador Mr Dominique Girard signing the contract with Mr S Banerjee, the Additional Secretary, Indian MoD. Admiral Arun Prakash, CNS and Mr Shekhar Dutt, Defence Secretary look on.

The selection of Scorpene was made after detailed techno-commercial analysis of the available options that best suited the requirements of Indian Navy. Apart from India, Chile and Malaysia have also contracted to acquire two Scorpene submarines each. The first submarine of the Scorpene class has already been commissioned for the Chilean Navy.

request of the Navy and will soon become a standard feature which will be promulgated at the time Request for Proposals (RFPs) are issued so that subsequently there are neither doubts nor apprehension in the minds of either the buyer or the seller”, Admiral Prakash said during the contract ceremony on October 6th.

“In fact we were determined that in the interest of transparency and probity we would accept as much delay as was necessary. In this context we were particularly happy that for the first time an integrity pact has been signed today between the buyer and the sellers This provision has been included in the Defence Procurement Procedures 2005 at the

Six different contracts, pacts and technical arrangements were signed on October 6, 2005. The technical arrangement which provides unhindered supply of equipment and services for the entire duration of the programme was signed by Mr S Banerjee, Additional Secretary, Indian Ministry of Defence and Mr

The contract for Transfer for Technology (ToT) and design for construction of Scorpene Class submarines and supply of Combat Systems was signed by Rear Admiral RM Bhatia, CMD of Mazagon Dock Ltd and Mr Pierre Legros, Chairman of ARMARIS. The contract for construction of six Scorpene Class Submarines at MDL, Mumbai was signed by Rear Admiral Bhatia of MDL and Dr Mathew, Joint Secretary, Indian MoD. The contract for supply of missiles for the submarines was signed by Dr Mathew and Mr Marwan Lahound of MBDA. The Indian Defence Secretary Mr Shekhar Dutta and Secretary of Defence Production Mr Dhanendra Kumar were present at the ceremony.

Going places...gaining accolades...Ours has been a long journey. Conceptualising, designing, printing and publishing - we provide complete design solutions to our clients across the world. Needless to say, our in-house publications ventured into unchartered territories, and have made their own mark. With Quality as our mantra, the journey goes on... In This Issue Air Operations at Sea4 page

INAUGURAL ISSUE

Scorpene Construction Programme 4 page 4

A Quote

Id M y

Editorial

SP Guide Pubns

It has an integrated combat system, which effectively synergises the capabilities of its sensors and weapon systems.

444 It is a challenge due to the

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ture include ability to dive to a depth of more than 1000 ft (without limit to the number of cycles), maximum submerged speed of more than 20 knots, submerged range at 100% battery usage and speed of four knots for 134 hrs/536 miles.

build the Scorpene submarines at the state owned MDL at Mumbai, under ToT from France.

PRO Navy

Scorpene Construction Programme

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Admiral Arun Prakash, Chief of Naval Staff (CNS) and his office have been very supportive towards this new endeavour and SP’s feel duly honoured and rather committed due to such response.

SP’s team with CNS on 18th November, 2005 after the interview.

that illustrates evolution of naval aviation. Indian Navy has been the most inter-operable service from India which duly reflects in the series of joint exercises that have been taking place with countries like France, United States, Russia and so on. The journal makes an attempt to cover such interactive gestures in an illustrative manner. This issue also touches upon the upcoming mega event i.e. President’s Review to be held in February first half this year. An article on Scorpene Construction Programme by Vice Admiral (r) P Jaitly discusses the relevant implications of 6 submarines’ contract that has been signed between India and France, as to how it will enable the sustainability of expertise with defence public sectors and also offer a range of opportunities to private sectors in India. Indian Navy has been known for its key role towards disaster management in the country and in the region. The journal has covered a seminar held recently which was chaired by Indian Defence Minister, Mr Pranab Mukherjee, Chief of the Naval Staff and various heads of Disaster Management Committee. Also covered are the evolution of the Indian Navy and its initiatives towards its relationship with various countries and the Indian Coast Guard’s relentless efforts to meet the Marine environmental security needs, etc. The layout of the journal has been designed keeping the aspirations of Navy in mind and the blue water ambitions of this forceful service. We do hope that our readers would enjoy reading. This is a beginning... and we intend to consistently evolve and therefore request our readers to send us their views, comments and suggestions. So the anchor has been weighed and we are over the waters to sail.

“ JAYANT BARANWAL MANAGIN G EDITOR & PUBLI SHER

SP Guide Publications Pvt Ltd

”

Continued on page 3...

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SP’s Military Yearbook

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SP’s Naval Forces

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Modernisation

In This Issue

Indian Coast Guard: Towards Total Marine Environmental Security * P R A B H A K A R A N PA L E R I

The Indian Coast Guard is the sole agency at sea responsible for marine environmental security and it is in the process of acquiring specialised equipments for the task.

444 In Tier 1, the facility is

he Indian Coast Guard is the new naval force in India’s maritime zones. New, because it is a tangible addition to India’s maritime awareness in the post UNCLOS and Cold War world. Only a few nations in the world can boast of a regular and operational coast guard. While the US has the world’s oldest coast guard (more than two centuries old, even older than its navy), the UK and Japan had gone ahead with their own coast guards comparatively early. India had lagged behind, but not for long.

444 The Indian Coast Guard was formed in 1978 with a firm mandate - to protect India’s national interests in its maritime zones- based on an Act of Parliament. 333 Since then, it was compatibly allied with the Indian Navy for resources, in a different operational domain but in the same terrain - the sea. It was thus only natural for the Indian Coast Guard to think and behave like the Navy -on borrowed traditions, systems and ships, apart from reasons of compatibility and the fact that it is also under the Ministry of Defence of India. It worked well. The evolution, though slow, is changing over time. While in the early days, it was based on multi-tasking platforms for coast guard operations, the changing scenario demanded vessels with specific sets of requirements for different tasks.

SP Guide Pubns

Scorpene Construction Programme

Illust: Tapan

Editorial

The 1970s saw a revival in India’s security perception and national interests at sea. Among the results was the need to establish a coast guard, patterned on the existing ones in the world, but tailor-made for India’s requirements. The Indian Coast Guard was formed in 1978 with a firm mandate - to protect India’s national interests in its maritime zones - based on an Act of Parliament.

expected to take care of the spill for clean up without external assistance. In Tier 2, multi-agency involvement is called for. In Tier 3, there is a national disaster that needs to be handled in a much wider scenario. 3 33

5The first of the three PCVs (depicted in this computer generated image) is expected to join the Coast Guard fleet by September 2006.

Mission Statements The Indian Coast Guard’s mission statements are exclusive - offshore security, marine environmental security, maritime zone security, marine safety, scientific assistance and national defence - in accordance with its mandate under relevant sections of the Coast Guard Act. The 6 mission statements are specific to its charter and it needs to be empowered by law, forces, personnel, logistics and infrastructure based on the intensity of the situation. Obviously for the Coast Guard, it is a continuous effort to meet the demands on it with what is available with it. In this game, the service has been evolving under constraints (as any other organisation would be) by demand fluctuation and it has done that with enviable élan and acuity as the records show. In its development plans, the Coast Guard has been aware of the demands on it and the need

...Continued from page 24

3Submarines have been a vital component of the Indian Navy’s inventory and do play a pivotal role in safeguarding her maritime interests, both during peace and war.

The Scorpene programme has great significance for the Indian Navy. It is the commencement of Phase-I of “30-Year Submarine Building Plan”, sanction for which has already been delayed and, when completed, will meet the force level requirement of the ageing submarine fleet. Timely execution of this programme will be of essence. The first submarine is scheduled for delivery by 2012. The idle

infrastructure at MDL would have to be re-activated and modernised in a time bound manner. The bigger challenge would lie in developing a dynamic team of skilled and motivated work force capable of using modern shipbuilding/ design tools, both hardware and software, for planning, design and production activities. It is understood that sanction for the project includes funding for modernisation of the shipyard. The success of the programme would to a large extent depend on how soon India tackles pre-production activities with the help of Navy’s consultants. Historically the shipbuilding at defence shipyards has been known for its time and cost over-runs for various reasons. There is a need to analyse these reasons - both professional and procedural and take corrective measures for the success of this programme. Maintenance of force level of submarine fleet would be governed by the timely execution of the Scorpene programme. It is an opportunity for the Defence Shipyards to show its mettle and accept the challenge.

to diversify into specialised platforms for its mission related tasks. An area that has been of serious concern since long is marine environmental security. An interesting aspect of the Indian Coast Guard is that it is the sole agency at sea entrusted with the entire P3C aspects of marine environmental security — preservation, protection, prevention and control. This article primarily deals with this mission.

Marine Environmental Security Marine environmental security is aimed at ensuring sustainability of the seas, and is carried out under the operational philosophy behind the Act — “as it deems fit,” “without duplicating efforts” and “jointly” with other agencies. In maritime environmental security, it means keeping the sea safe from all pollutants not from oil alone as is widely presumed - and preserving the terrain in case it is damaged. It is a specialised task and cannot be packaged in a multi-tasking profile alongwith other mission statements. The Coast Guard realised this fact and its planners continuously evaluated task oriented force enhancement. The result is a specialised vehicle to deal with the problems of environmental security. The capability of the Indian Coast Guard was originally limited to Tier 2 in an oil spill scenario. The tiered approach is a widely accepted operational concept highlighted by International Maritime Organisation (IMO) under a global framework for oil spill response. Under the P3C concept of Coast Guard operations, it could

apply to all pollutants and related activities in the maritime domain. Tier 1 is in-house capability to handle a limited spill up to about 700 tons. Tier 2 requires limited external help at national level to respond. The quantity here is above 700 tons to a convenient upper limit that may call for a joint response activity with external but nearby sources. Tier 3 extends further. It is required to handle a major oil spill that normally turns out to be a serious national disaster with long standing consequences including heavy collateral damages. In the tiered approach, the capability is the main issue, not the quantum of spill. When elaborated, tiered framework accepts the facts based on handling capabilities. In Tier 1, the facility is expected to take care of the spill for clean up without external assistance. In Tier 2, multi-agency involvement is called for. In Tier 3, there is a national disaster that needs to be handled in a much wider scenario. The P3C operational scenario goes beyond the tiered approach in which response is not the only arbiter. It is a case of total marine environmental security. All these aspects were taken into consideration when the Indian Coast Guard decided to have a specialised platform, other than its already existing equipment inventory, for dealing with India’s marine environmental concerns that obviously fall beyond leak and seepage of oil into sea.

Need for Specialised Vehicles The Indian Coast Guard long felt the need for specialised vessels for this task. It was when its capability requirement was limited to Tier 2 - to assist the responders whose capabilities were nil or limited to Tier 1. The platforms were ambitious projections of the Coast Guard’s operational foresight and entry into other environment related tasks. The Indian Government approved three specialised pollution control vessels (PCV) for the Indian Coast Guard in 2004 under indigenous construction and they

444 Each notation means in general +

Construction symbol.

1A1

Main character of class. In compliance with rule requirements.

OIL REC

Applicable to vessels for occasionally handling, storage and transportation of oil, with flash point below 600 C, recovered from a spill of oil in an emergency situation.

HELIDK SH

Helicopter compatible.

DYNAPOS AUTS

Dynamic positioning system without redundancy.

Intact and damage stability.

Periodically unattended machinery space.

CRANE

Shipboard crane.

ICS

Integrated computer system. Continued on page 30...

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Russian non-nuclear submarines of XXI century

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tate-Owned Enterprise Central Design Bureau for Marine Engineering Rubin is the largest design bureau in Russia with vast experience in design, project management and maintenance of the submarines of various classes: from non-nuclear midgets to strategic missile submarine cruisers. Around 1000 submarines were built to Rubin’s designs including more than 100 non-nuclear submarines for 14 countries. In recent years these were the submarines of 877EKM and 636 Projects (class Kilo). The Kilo class submarines are the most successful ones in the non-nuclear submarine shipbuilding, and over 50 units of the class have been built to date. Optimum combination of acoustic stealth, target detection range, automated control, fast reaction and power of weapon systems have ensured the success to these submarines on the world market. Kilo class submarines have considerable margin for modernization, which allows their equipment, radio-electronic weapons and ammunition to be upgraded. Rubin carried out the studies related to the modernization of Kilo class submarines aimed at further enhancement of their combat efficiency. In the first place it is the Club-S missile complex, the introduction of which allowed the submarine to obtain a new tactical quality and retain its competitiveness in the 21st century. On the basis of the experience obtained during many years of operating diesel-electric submarines by the Russian Navy and other countries in different areas of the world ocean, CDB ME Rubin has developed designs of non-nuclear submarines of a new generation of Amur-class (Amur 1650 and Amur 950).

5Project 677 submarine Saint-Petersburg.

rine, typical for modern non-nuclear submarines, include six 533 mm torpedo tubes. The stock of ammunition consists of 18 units including universal torpedoes, cruise missiles, and mines that can be taken aboard and used in any combination.

5Submarine Amur 1650. 3Submarine Amur 950.

Amur 1650 submarine is an export version of Project 677 submarine Saint Petersburg built for the Russian Navy by the Admiralty Shipyards. In the course of its creation, Russian science and industry carried out over 130 large-scale R&D works, which made it possible developing prototypes of modern equipment, including for other submarine projects too. The tactical and technical characteristics of the submarine enable it to effectively hit submerged and surface targets including doing this by striking salvo missile blows. The submarine is equipped with new generation radioelectronic weapons, electric propulsion motor

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on permanent magnets, storage battery with increased service life and new efficient antisonar hull coating. The integrated automated control system of the ship and its combat/technical facilities is installed on the submarine. The sonar complex has highly sensitive passive antenna located in the forward end. Its area is several times larger than its predecessors of previous generation submarines. The navigation system provides for safe navigation and use of missiles during long stay of the submarine under water. All hoistables except the attack periscope are of pressure hull non-penetrating type. Weapons of Amur 1650 subma-

The progress in the field of missile weapons for non-nuclear submarines has in recent years resulted in continuous increase of the missile component role in their weapons (primarily cruise missiles against land targets). The availability of such missiles in the ammunition allows the submarines to fulfil a task that is new for them and important: destruction of land objects. Taking into account the fact that the missile weapon efficiency is much higher when firing salvoes, the hitting capability of Amur 1650 as well as Kilo-class submarines may be considerably increased by fitting vertical missile launchers. It is possible to launch from them both anti-ship cruise missiles 3M54E1 and/or missiles 3M-14E against land targets and other type cruise missiles including BrahMos. CDB ME Rubin has also developed the design of a non-nuclear missile submarine Amur 950 which accumulated all the advantages of Amur 1650 submarine but has less surface displacement of 1150 tons. Weapons of Amur 950 submarine consist of: 410 vertical universal launchers with anti-ship missiles 3M-54E1 and/or missiles against land targets 3M-14E;

44 forward torpedo tubes with universal wireguided torpedoes (plus 2 spare torpedoes).

The Amur 950 submarine is capable of striking the massive missile blow with up to 10 missiles in a salvo during not more than 2 minutes. The torpedo weapon arranged in the submarine ensures the performance of ASW task or an attack to surface targets at a short distance. For the self-defence the small size sonar decoys are provided located in launchers in the submarine superstructure. The result is that during patrol the submarine is ready to perform any combat mission efficiently. The Amur 950 submarine is equipped with the latest integrated combat system (radio electronic equipment) and has excellent habitability conditions for the crew of 18 persons. Small displacement, simple design combined with highly efficient weapons gives the Amur 950 submarine advantages as compared to other submarines regarding the “cost-efficiency” criterion. Due to its simple design Amur 950 submarine might be a convenient object for licensed construction. CDB ME Rubin with its large experience in submarine design is open for mutually beneficial cooperation with potential customers in the field of submarine construction in any form. n

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Editorial

Automated Control Systems for Diesel Submarines

5Vitold V.Voitetsky, General Director of Avrora Corporation Scientific & Production.

he Federal State Unitary Enterprise Avrora Corporation S&P is the largest developer and supplier of automatic control systems for ship technical facilities, automated combat control systems; systems for ships of all classes, including nuclear icebreakers, civil ships, mineral resources

reconnaissance and mining ships, hovercrafts, hydrofoils, deep-water vehicles.

of the Russian shipbuilding industry as well as all modem trends in the world's non-nuclear submarine development and construction. It meets the latest naval requirements.

Avrora has been involved in the development of automated combat control system since the mid-1990s. Its efforts culminated in the development of an automated combat control system Lama-EKM installed on a Kilo-class submarine built for the Indian Navy. Automated information and control system (AICS) is intended for automation of combat activities on board diesel-electric submarines of 877 EKM and 636 projects. AICS is serially manufactured by Avrora for diesel-electric submarines since 1999.

For individual training of AICS Lama-EKM operators in the scope of functional tasks being solved by Lama-EKM AICS on board submarines of 877EKM and 636 projects, Avrora Corporation S&P has developed automated operators’ workstations (AOW).

Besides, the Avrora Corporation was chosen as the prime contractor for the Amur automated combat control system. Submarine of Amur 1650 project is the export version of the submarine Saint Petersburg of project 677 built for Russian Navy by Admiralty Shipyards. Amur was developed by Rubin in cooperation with various Russian naval research organizations. Amur has incorporated the latest achievements

AOW of Lama-EKM AICS can operate both within integrated training control systems for training of crews of 877EKM and 636 project submarines, as well as autonomously. In case of autonomous operation, AOW of Lama-EKM AICS operators can be used as a specialized trainer. To ensure initial (pre-trainer) training of LamaEKM AICS operators, the training computer programs (TCP) can be supplied for operation, servicing and combat application of Lama-EKM AICS. Training computer programs are implemented on magnetic carriers and can be loaded in a PC, which is not incorporated in the trainer. The Avrora Corporation is offering for the market a range of systems for automation of diesel submarines, as well as upgrade of earlier delivered products. The Pirit type system (Pirit-M) is designed to control a three-dimensional motion of a diesel submarine in surface and submerged condition. Modernized Pirit-M system ensures fulfillment of all the functions being performed by the

existing systems of Pirit type, and, if necessary and at a customer's requirement, it can be integrated into a unified system of maneuvering control, control of technical facilities, dieselgenerators and electric power system of a submarine as well as a combat information and control system. The Pirit-M control system will allow: 4 to improve the ergonomic characteristics of control systems and a main control console in general; 4 to improve operating life characteristics of control systems of technical facilities and to increase safely of ship operation and efficiency of control of technical facilities owing to the following possibilities: 4 solution of counter-emergency tasks; 4 programming of parameters of a submarine motion trajectory in the process of maneuvering with generation of recommendations on control of rudders; 4 implementation of a training mode of opera-

tion onboard a submarine during its stay at a base for training of an operator. Palladij-M is designed for automatic and remote automated control of general purpose ship systems and auxiliary equipment of diesel-generators of the 877EKM and 636 project submarines. The Palladij-M system is distinctive of the existing control systems of Palladij-E type owing to the possibility of its integration into an integrated automated system which controls maneuvering, technical facilities of a ship, its electrotechnical systems and main propulsion plant. At the same time, due to implementation of' Palladij-M modernization reserve, it is possible to perform additional functions. The Avrora Corporation has created over 40 types of simulators, providing training of personnel of ships and vessels, training of combat crews of diesel submarines. The Avrora Corporation S & P appreciates very much the existing business relations with its customers and partners and is ready to collaborate and become a reliable partner to even more demanding customers. n

5Main control room of Amur 950 submarine (photo: Rubin).

15,Karbyshev St., St Petersburg, 194021, Russia, Tel.+7-812-247-23-11 Fax:+7-812-324-63-61, 380-64-34 E-mail: mail@avrorasystems.com, Website: www.avrorasystems.com

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CLUB Integrated Missile Systems

he Indian Naval Forces have chosen Russian supersonic anti-ship cruise long range missiles 3M-54E designed by Novator Experimental MachineDesign Bureau JSC to defend their territorial waters. Procurement of the missiles for dieselelectrical submarines of project 877EKM (Kilo class according to NATO specification) was the first step in cooperation between the two sides. Due to high performance characteristics one more contract has been signed, i.e. the contract for the delivery of the 3M-54TE missiles for three frigates of Russian design project 11356 that were delivered to India in 2002-2004. The latest launches proved two specifications claimed before, namely maximum range and high efficiency of target hitting that is reached by means of some unique characteristics and engineering solution.

advantage in flight reticence and manoeuvring at target approach. Besides, the supersonic stage separated at the distance of about 20 km away from the detected target and flying at the speed of about 1000 m/sec at the altitude of 510 meters over the sea surface combined with heavy-weight penetrating warhead ensures high efficiency of destruction of enemy’s ships from the distance of approximately 220 km.

Three-stage anti-ship cruise missile 3M-54E/TE destroys surface ships like cruisers, destroyers, landing ships, transport vessels, and missile corvettes. The missile performs target search in a possible location area of an isolated or group target, parameters of which are entered into the onboard equipment according to target designation data. The active radar homing head performs target detection and terminal guidance. Target bearing is minimum data scope for target designation. Subsonic speed and low flight altitude (~20 m) when cruising give substantial

The next step in collaboration with India was acquisition of the 3M-14E missile. High-precision cruise missile 3M-14E equipped with the warhead of 450 kg destroys land targets located along the coast or in the heart of the enemy’s territory. Its guidance system and warhead ensure target destruction at the maximum range of 300 km. Due to the waypoints incorporated in the flight mission the missiles approach the target area imperceptibly passing-by islands and air defence zones and hit from any direction. The new missile fits existing systems.

i t s t

The 3M-54E/TE missiles are part of CLUB-S for submarines and CLUB-N for surface ships integrated missile systems (IMS). The systems include a unified fire control system that prepares the missile for launch and makes it possible to launch several missiles in a salvo to hit several targets. The missiles are launched from 533mm torpedo tubes (CLUB-S system) or from vertical universal launcher 3S-14E (CLUB-N system).

T r a e

It can be easily installed on the surface ships armed with the CLUB-N system that enables the Indian Naval Forces to increase its combat potential. As stipulated in the contract for the delivery of IMS CLUB, Russia has equipped technical positions in India for storage and maintenance of the supplied systems and their parts, including ground-based equipment complexes with electronic control equipment and loading means sets. Here technicians and officers of the Indian Naval Forces are taught with the help of different training aids, including cut-out missile mock-ups and computer teaching programs. About 100 people have completed their studies here. Successful test launches of the CLUB system missiles, performed by the Indian military men, prove both equipment abilities and high level of the material understanding.

3Indian Navy’s Surface Ships. 6

Existing equipment of the carriers (launchers, fire control systems) and equipment of technical positions enable to accept one more system element, i.e. anti-submarine ballistic missiles 91RE1/91RTE2 for destroying all types of submarines, within the shortest time at minimal costs. The 91RE1/91RTE2 missiles consist of a carrier stage and separable warhead being a

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5Submarine Sindhughosh.

torpedo. The missiles conduct independent stabilized flight to deliver the torpedo and drop it in the given area, the coordinates of which are entered into the on-board equipment prior to launch according to target designation data. After the booster stage separation the warhead is landed into water. The torpedo homing system is activated under water and the target is locked on. The target is approached and killed within minimal time. The designers of the CLUB systems have declared the appearance of coastal missile complex CLUB-M with the 3M-54E and 3M-14E missiles, that is the hot news of the year. For the first time CLUB-M will be presented at the DEFEXPO 2006 international exhibition in India. Besides the listed above missiles, the coastal missile complex includes self-propelled launchers, transport-and-launch vehicles, communication and control vehicle, as well as own means of radar scan. Originally CLUB-M was designed to be installed on chassis that display a highterrain performance and are manufactured in Russia. Nevertheless, the complex can be installed on any other chassis by the customer’s request. Taking into consideration its combat means, this system is a perfect means of control that is fast, powerful and cost effective at the same time. On the whole, the CLUB missile systems allow to solve the problems the Indian Naval Forces are faced with, which makes them quite attractive from the point of view of the ratio efficiency/cost. At present the combat means of the systems can be installed on all three types of carriers, i.e. submarines, surface ships and high performance vehicle chassis. Long flight ranges make it possible for combat units armed with IMS CLUB to ensure efficient destruction of surface, underwater and coastal targets remaining at a safe distance from the enemy. Missiles of diverse purpose within the system as well as universal fire control system enables to vary the ammunition set on carriers depending on the task. Complex and developed infrastructure being at disposal of the Indian side allows to increase combat and technical capabilities of the Indian Naval Forces due to delivery of new ammunition sets and new complexes. New designs of Novator EMDB set up a new perspective for it. n

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In This Issue 444 Marketing Supplement to SP’s Naval Forces 1/2006 333

Severny Reid – Reliable Partner For Any Navy Among the Russian companies that provide strategic niche services to the Russian government is the Federal state enterprise Severny Reid. 4 printing boards, modules of the first and

he enterprise’s main expertise lies in the development and repair of the upto-date ship-borne hydro-acoustic systems, repair of the ship-borne automatic control system, control and protection system of nuclear reactors, navigation systems of surface combatants and nuclear submarines of the Russian Navy.

second levels;

4 items made of thermo-plastic materials; 4 rubber items;

4 structures made of rolled metal, stainless steels, aluminum and titan alloys, non-ferrous metals etc.

One core area of expertise is in repairing the navigation systems of nuclear submarines.

The company’s current expertise therefore ranges from the design to production of advanced state-of-the-art ship-borne radioelectric ship instruments.

The company has successfully repaired its first Shluz-type navigation system and production facilities have been prepared for the repairing a series of navigation systems and other shipborne radio-electronic weapons.

Editorial

As a part of its efforts to expand its business overseas, Severny Reid is offering partners cooperation in the development and sale of:

4 acoustic navigation devices and systems for maritime and river-going fleets;

Efforts are also being made to extend range of activities.

4 systems for explorating and extracting oil and gas in offshore shelves;

Areas explored include proposals for ensuring survivability and unsinkability of decommissioned submarines at naval bases.

4 devices and systems for exercising techno-

logical control over pipelines and wells and for ensuring repair-preventive works;

4 devices for measuring parameters of technological processes of oil-refining; 4 medical equipment;

5Sergey I. Barmin, Severny Reid Director General

For this purpose, the company has developed the whole range of transportable technical devices for nuclear submarines, such as dieselcompressor modules, feeder switchboards, transportable module plants for filling up the

large main ballast tanks of nuclear submarines with foamed polystyrene etc. At present, Severny Reid is also looking at fulfilling the state task of filling up decommissioned nuclear submarines with foamed polystyrene. The enterprise is also seeking new activities in the manufacturing of products for the civil market. Among the projects that have been implemented since 1996 are: glasswork; woodworking; drastic environmentally appropriate wood impregnation. The other perspective projects are considered. The usage of advanced achievements in engineering, new technologies, reliability of implemented works, accuracy and responsibility in business relations are the basic criteria of the activity of Severny Reid. In 2003 Severny Reid headed by Mr.Sergei I.Barmin won the Russian National Olympus prize.At present Severny Reid occupies two production areas with total capacity of 25,57 hectares, length of asphalt roads reaches 4,4 km; total capacity of buildings and installations is 172,000 sq.m, total volume of production facilities reaches 46,000 sq.m. n

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‘Smart-Fuzed’ Rocket Proposed for Close-In Ship Defence *DOUG RICHARDSON, UK

new solution to the problem of protecting warships from incoming antiship missiles has been proposed by BAE Systems Bofors. The traditional ‘hard-kill’ solutions have been an agile surface-to-air missile (such as the MBDA Seawolf) or a radar-guided gun (such as the Raytheon Phalanx). The Swedish company recently acquired by BAE Systems proposes to use a high-velocity surface-to-air rocket carrying minimal or even no guidance, but equipped with ‘smart’ fuzing system and a sophisticated warhead that can focus its destructive effects on a target some tens of metres distant.

In its basic form, the Abraham projectile would be 1.6 m long, 120 mm in diameter and would weigh less than 25 kg. While it is suitable for use as a naval close- in weapon system, the compa-

444 Light enough for installation on wheeled or tracked vehicles; the Abraham Launcher could be fitted to a naval gun mounting. 333 The launcher of both versions is small and light enough to be installed on wheeled or tracked vehicles, ground mountings, and gun mounts on naval vessels. It would not carry any form of radar or electrooptical sensor. A 3-D radar would be used for target acquisition and it is envisaged that the

100 mm, 350m/s, high rotation.

BAE Systems Bofors

Rocket Motor

Electronics Module

Safe & Arm Umbilical

Nosecone

3The proposed close-in weapon system (CIWS) version is 100 mm in calibre. Two rows of optical ports for the ladar fuze are located just forward of the safe & arm unit.

4The Mk 2 and Mk 3 versions would be course-corrected rockets with GPS guidance. They would be steered by nose-mounted canards.

4 During technology-demonstration tests in Sweden, the warhead was tested against mortar bombs and steel plates used to simulate the skin of a ballistic-missile warhead.

system will open fire on radar-derived target coordinates. Fired from a lightweight recoilless launcher whose rifled barrels would provide the initial spin, the rocket would be spun in flight by aftmounted pop-out folding fins. A high-frequency pulsed ladar (laser radar) fuze would form two cones of coverage — inner and outer. As the target flies through these cones, the fuze would be able to determine the target profile, miss distance, and optimum moment of firing. Based on this data, the fuze would initiate one of the two operating modes of the warhead. This is of hexagonal cross-section, and the alternate faces are designed to produce either a focused or spread pattern of fragments. As the

* Mr Doug Richardson is the Editor of Jane’s Missiles and Rockets published from UK.

Indian Coast Guard: Towards Total Marine Environmental Security

4 Displacement - 3,400 tons at full load.

4 Flexibility induced in the system takes care of manoeuvring and surveillance operations.

4 Has power take-off (PTO) and carries a helicopter onboard.

propellers and retractable bow thrusters which provide flexibility to run diesel engines in their optimum load ranges for all regimes of operation.

(IPMS) ensures optimisation of operational performance.

4 Facility exists to exploit propulsion to enhance reliability and endurance.

are currently under construction at ABG Shipyard, Surat with a delivery schedule of 2006-2007. The much awaited induction of these PCVs is expected to change the capabilities of the Coast Guard fleet in dealing with marine environmental security issues. The three vessels, alongwith suitable response equipment, target the prime pollutant for response operations-oil. The operational team of the Coast Guard has to ensure the equipment is capable and user friendly, and that the vessel is capable of meeting the entire P3C requirements where possible. The task for the builder is to make the vessel maximum user friendly, matching the expectations of the Coast Guard. It is a gigantic task considering the builders are venturing into such a construction for the first time.

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The warhead weighs about 10 kg and contains tungsten pre-formed fragments. Fired in spread mode, its effects could be devastating. In the land-based role, it is expected to inflict a destructive kill against artillery rockets such as the Luna (Frog 7), BM-21 and BM-27 at miss distances of up to 5 m. The less solidly built structure of an anti-ship missile would receive massive damage. Fired in focussed mode, it would probably achieve a sensor ‘kill’ by damaging the missile’s

...Continued from page 25

4 Design and equipment package - UT 517 by Rolls-Royce.

4 Propulsion System - two controllable pitch

spin of the round brings one of the faces with the desired characteristics to face the target, the warhead will be detonated. If the miss distance is small, the spread pattern would be used; for longer miss distances, the focused pattern will be selected.

Continued on page 35...

444 Pollution Control Vehicle Characteristics 4 Length - 94 meters.

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Abraham is intended to defeat multiple simultaneous threats, including salvo attacks by cruise or anti-ship missiles. It is also seen as a surface-ship anti-surface warfare (ASuW) weapon able to engage multiple small surface targets.

ny is also proposing a lighter naval close-in weapon system (CIWS) version that would use rounds of 100 mm calibre flying at a speed of 350m/s (1,260 km/h) rather than the more than 800 m/s (2,880 km/h) of the 120 mm version. The latter has a maximum range of 2.5 km, well beyond the 1 km of the 100 mm version.

Doug Richardson

BAE Systems Bofors proposes a new solution to the problem of protecting warships from incoming anti-ship missiles.

Doug Richardson

Te c h n o l o g y

eussI sihT nI

4 Integrated platform management system

4 Dynamic positioning system (DPS) ensures precision manoeuvring during delicate operations in deep waters without anchor. 4 Anti-roll tanks to reduce roll by 40 to 60%.

The first of the three vessels will be delivered to the Coast Guard in September 2006 as per contractual obligations. The vessels will have the Det Norske Veritas (DNV) (Norwegian classification society) notation +1A1-OIL REC-HELIDK (SHF) Fi Fi-I DYNAPOS-AUTS-EO-SF-CRANE-ICS (see box on page 25). The Indian Classification Society and the Indian Register of Shipping (IRS) will be involved under dual classification in inspection and surveys at the contractors’ premises. The IRS will also be associated with the trials. The design is modern and is aimed at low fuel consumption and enhanced crew endurance. User friendliness is the key word, especially since it has to operate under different operational modes and weather conditions. While the primary role is oil spill response and allied activ-

ities, the Coast Guard may find it useful to extend to other environmental security aspects beyond oil spills. The vessels will have a secondary role in other Coast Guard mission activities - maritime zone surveillance, marine safety, offshore security, etc. Obviously, much hope is placed on the user friendliness and operational capabilities of the response equipment gear. It is the heart of the system. The structure comprises containment, recovery, dispersal, separation and disposal systems. These are fixed, portable and airborne. In the current design, the system caters only for oil spill response. In course of time, the Coast Guard may need gears for responding to other pollutants too. It is with this view the Coast Guard considers it important to have a laboratory on board that can analyse oil spill and algae blooms; evaluate and format emulsions; test water quality, radioactivity and hazardous materials; and collect valuable data for scientific analysis related to marine environment.

Increased Responsibilities and Capability Enhancement The requirement of the Coast Guard is not complete with the PCV alone as times have changed since their original conception. The government in a recent announcement has directed the Coast Guard to ensure Tier 3 capabilities also for oil spill response. This means major capability enhancement that may even call for special strike teams and

associated gears. The proposal for capability enhancement is being examined by the Coast Guard. It is a demanding task and is an example of the prevailing awareness among national policy and decision makers. Once established, the Coast Guard will not only be able to meet the national level requirements in a major environmental disaster situation at sea, but also to participate in overseas assistance, where required, under bilateral and regional agreements. It is an evolving subject. That is not all. The Coast Guard will also need to gear up for handling ballast water transfer violations in the near future. The case under the international Globallast programme is being seriously studied and debated at IMO. There will be regulations in future to control transfer of alien organisms by ballast water. Alien organisms are playing havoc in waters where they turn predators once dislocated or dislodged from their native habitats. Alien organisms affect the ecosystems besides becoming a serious threat to health security. The international community is determined to eradicate the problems by regulating ballast water transfers of such organisms. The latest PCV of the Coast Guard may however not meet these requirements - Tier 3 capabilities and assisting the maritime administration in ballast water control. It may have to upgrade itself to venture further. In the meantime for the Indian Coast Guard, it is determination and perseverance under diligence and operational acuity. The service, true to its mandate, is committed to safeguard the national interests.

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Editorial

Joint naval exercises are consistent feature of Indian Navy’s endeavour in the area of diplomacy and foreign co-operation in order to assist the government in carrying forward its foreign policy. Joint exercises enhance co-operation and understanding with the other navies, serve to build interoperability and learn from each other so that the navies can operate together when required like during the recent Tsumani. With this aim, a series of exercises have been carried out on a regular basis. Some of the recently held exercies are ‘Malabar 05’ with USA ‘Indra 05’ with Russia and ‘Varuna 05’ with France, covered herewith.

USN

Interoperability Enhanced

444Malabar 05

Indo-US Joint Exercise

he eighth of the series of Indo-US naval exercise Malabar 05 was conducted in the Arabian Sea from September 25 to October 5, 2005 in which frontline ships from both navies participated. From the US Navy, USS Nimitz, aircraft carrier (with F/A-18 Super Hornets and E-2C Hawkeye Air Early Warning aircraft), two Aegis class destroyers, one Los Angeles class SSN and P-3C Orion aircraft participated. From the Indian Navy, INS Viraat, aircraft carrier (with Sea Harriers and Sea Kings), Delhi class guided missile destroyer, Godavari class guided missile frigate, Shishumar class submarine, underway replenishment tanker, TU-142M Long Range Maritime Patrol and anti-submarine aircraft, Dornier-228 Maritime Patrol aircraft and other multi-role helicopters took part in this exercise, which has become an annual feature. The co-operation between the US Navy and Indian Navy has moved apace with the relationship between the two countries in the recent years. Seven such exercises have been held so far. The process has been characterised by service-to-service interaction; highlevel visits; joint exercises of increasing scope and complexity; and significant co-operation in the field of military training. The ongoing operational interaction between the navies of India and the USA stems from an institutionalised roll-on plan, which is determined and reviewed in successive meetings of the Executive Steering Group.

PRO Navy

This was the first time that aircraft carriers from the two navies participated in the Malabar series of exercises. The thrust of exercise Malabar this year was on aviation inter-operability, advanced anti-submarine warfare, sea control missions, fleet air defence, surface firings, maritime interdiction and VBSS (Visit Board Search and Seizure) operations towards anti-piracy and counter-terrorism actions at sea. In order to streamline interoperability and derive maximum training value from such exercises, the two navies had evolved Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), which are regularly tested and updated during these bilateral exercises. The constructive engagement between the Indian Navy and US Navy on issues such as counter-terrorism, anti-piracy, maritime interdiction, search and rescue etc. were mutually beneficial and operationally relevant for both the navies. The sustained interaction over the years has enabled setting in place a strong foundation upon which a meaningful partnership continues to grow.

1 - Ships assigned to the USS Nimitz Carrier Strike Group in formation also with the Indian aircraft carrier Viraat. 2 - Indian Sea Harriers flying by INS Viraat with US F-18s. 3 - The Los Angeles-class attack submarine USS Santa Fe pulls in to Goa, India marking the half-way point of Exercise Malabar. 4 - Indian and US Naval officers reviewing the exercise.

USN

6 - CARRIER POWER - INS Viraat and USS Nimitz operating at close quarters.

5 6

PRO Navy

USN

5 - EARLY WARNING MISSION - An American E-2C Hawkeye Flying by INS Viraat.

PRO Navy

Excercises

In This Issue

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ndra 2005, a biennial bilateral exercise between the armed forces of Russia and India was conducted from October 10 to 20, 2005. The naval part of the exercise was conducted on the eastern seaboard, off the coast of Visakhapatnam, from October 14 to 20, 2005. The first Indo-Russian bilateral naval exercise Indra 2003 was conducted both on the western and eastern seaboards from May 20 to 23 and from May 29 to June 4, 2003 respectively. The exercise, primarily aimed at enhancing mutually beneficial co-operative engagement between the navies of the two countries, was christened ‘Indra’. This was derived from the country names viz. India and Russia.

Indra 2005, under the command of Vice Admiral Sureesh Mehta, Flag Officer Commanding in Chief of Eastern Naval Command, Indian Navy; had a considerably wider scope than the last exercises. Five Russian naval ships including one missile cruiser, two destroyers, one tanker and one ocean going tug arrived at Visakhapatnam on October 14, 2005. The Deputy Commander-inChief of the Pacific Fleet, Rear Admiral Sergy Viktorovich Avramenko embarked upon the missile cruiser ‘Varyag’. The officers and sailors of the participating units alongwith the staff of Eastern Naval Command carried out various activities in harbour including the pre-sailing conference at Visakhapatnam on October 15 and 16. The exercises at sea included surface firing, air defence and anti-submarine warfare exercises. These were conducted from October 17 to 19. Debrief for the exercise was carried out on October 20, 2005 at Visakhapatnam.

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The exercise was witnessed at sea by the Russian Defence Minister, Mr Sergei Ivanov and Indian Defence Minister, Mr Pranab Mukherjee on October 18, 2005. The Russian delegation included Admiral Vladimir V Masorin, Commander-in-Chief Russian Navy and a number of other high ranking officers of the Russian Navy.

1 - Close-up of an anti-submarine rocket launcher and 100 mm gun (background) prepared for firing during the exercise. 2 - Indian Sailors saluting their Russian counterparts. 3 - INS Delhi Class frigate cruising during the exercise Indra 05.

4 & 5 - Two views of Russian Navy Missile Cruiser Variyag over the waters. Picture below depicts 16 anti-ship cruise missiles. 6 - Rear Admiral Avramenko, Dy Commander-in-Chief of group of Russian ships (in white) from Pacific Fleet of Russian Navy onboard Varyag missile cruiser.

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444Varuna 05

Editorial

This is the seventh of the Indo-French joint exercise series since 2001 and the second this year. The joint exercises have grown in scope and complexity over the years and facilitated mutual learning and interoperability. During this exercise, the thrust was on dissimilar air combat between Sea Harriers and French Mirages, air defence exercises, intermediate and advanced level anti-submarine warfare, maritime interdiction operations and compliant and non-compliant boarding operations Another highlight was the professional interaction of the naval marine commandos and army troops with French Special Forces. Incidentally, one platoon of Indian Army personnel and four Indian Air Force pilots embarked on Indian ships for interaction with their French counterparts. This is the first time that the Indian aircraft carrier Viraat participated in Varuna series of exercises. Last year in April 2004, the French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle had formed part of their task force.

1 - Indian Navy’s Kashin class destroyer. 2 - Indian Navy’s ships lined up for exercise. PRO Navy

3 - Two French Super Puma helicopters seen on the deck of INS Viraat. 4 - Marine commandos embarking a French Super Puma helicopter onboard INS Viraat.

PRO Navy

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ive ships of the Western Fleet and one submarine under the tactical command of the Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet, Rear Admiral R F Contractor moved to the Gulf of Aden for Indo-French naval exercise Varuna 05 being held from November 22 to 24, 2005. The Indian Navy group consisted of aircraft carrier Viraat, guided missile destroyer Mysore, guided missile frigates Talwar and Godavari and tanker Aditya. From the French side, La Fayette (guided missile frigate), Jacoubet (ASW corvette), Perle (nuclear submarine), shore based Atlantique (MRASW) and Mirage 2000 (fighter) aircraft took part in the exercise.

PRO Navy

Indo-French Joint Exercise

Presidential Review Naval fleet review for President APJ Abdul Kalam will be held at Visakhapatnam from February 11 to February 13, 2006. This will be the ninth review and first outside Mumbai. About 51 naval ships, four submarines, four cargo ships, four merchant ships, 25 fixed wing and 21 rotary wing aircraft will take part.

*VICE ADMIRAL (RETD)R B SURI

raditionally, the President of India, who is also the supreme commander of the armed forces, reviews the Indian fleet, once in his tenure. The first such event in recent history took place in 1937 when the Royal Indian Navy was represented in the Coronation Review in *The author has been the Chief of Personnel with Indian Navy.

England. The Presidential Review is a great ceremonial event which displays the maritime strength of the country. All types of sea going units ranging from the Navy, the Coast Guard, merchant marine, National Institute of Oceanography, Oil & Natural Gas Commission, training ship Rajendra and naval yard craft take

part in the review. All units are anchored in precise positions and dressed overall. The ships of every type are anchored in lines from the largest aircraft carrier to smallest gunboat. Gray shapes of submarines add to the awesome power of the occasion. Every weapon and equipment is meticulously maintained and serv-

iced. The ships are thoroughly cleaned and painted for inspection with their weapons and guns gleaming. Nearly 100 ships, submarines, aircraft and yard craft take part in the review. A great deal of planning and organisation goes into the event which normally takes place at India’s premier port of Mumbai.

444 It is a great moment of pride for the ship’s company to honour their Supreme Commander in this manner. 333 The President embarks on a naval ship like a Mine Counter Measures Vessel, nominated as the Presidential Yacht, which flies the Continued on page 34...

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pany to honour their Supreme Commander in this manner. At sunset, all ships at the anchorage switch on their lights which show their silhouettes. A fire works display adds to the pomp and glory of the occasion.

‘Bridges of Friendship’

3‘International Fleet Review- 2001’. Former President Mr K R Narayanan, the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces being received by the then Chief of the Naval Staff Admiral Sushil Kumar. Mr George Fernandes, the then Defence Minister is in the centre.

The President reviews the fleet by passing each ship of each line. As he passes, the ship’s company which is lined on the side of the ship, facing him dressed in their ceremonial dress, salute him taking off their caps by, “Three Jais”. It is a great moment of pride for the ship’s com-

Naval fleet review for President APJ Abdul Kalam will be held at Visakhapatnam from February 11 to February 13, 2006. This will be the ninth review and first outside Mumbai. About

The President is scheduled to arrive at Vizag on the evening of February 11. After inspecting a guard of honour at INS Dega, he will proceed to sea on a submarine to see anchored ships off the beach. A banquet will be hosted in his honour. On February 12, the President will review the fleet and witness live firing of missiles, rockets and guns besides aerobatics performed by Surya Kirans. A commemorative stamp and brochure will be released on the occasion. On the last day, the President will present colours to the Eastern Fleet. A large number of Indian dignitaries including the Vice-President, Prime Minister and Defence Minister will also be attending the review. Vice Admiral Sureesh Mehta, Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Eastern Naval Command stated that it is aimed at creating an interface between the public and armed forces as about five lac people are expected to witness the review.

Disaster Management Seminar: Emerging Challenges Against the backdrop of past experience, the Indian Government has also decided to include pre-disaster preparedness and formed a National Disaster Management Authority tasked to implement its policies. * A I R M A R S H A L ( R E T D ) V K B H AT I A

4 National Structure for Disaster Management and Role of the Armed Forces,

4 Regional Cooperation: Capacity, Resources and Interoperability Nuances,

4Admiral Arun Prakash, Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee & Chief of the Naval Staff making a point during his keynote address.

444 Indian Government’s Response 4 The seriousness with which the

Government has responded to the issues of disaster management was amply covered in a special presentation by Mr K M Singh, Member NDMA during the first session on day one itself. The salient features of the presentation included the following:

4 A national disaster management roadmap

has been drawn up covering institutional mechanisms, mitigation/prevention measures, legal/policy framework, preparedness and response, early warning systems, human resource development and capacity building. States have been advised to draw up similar roadmaps.

4 An apex body, NDMA has been set up to

implement the national roadmap under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister. Out of a total membership of nine, General (Retd) N C Vij, a former Chief of the Army Staff, as the

Vice Chairman in the rank of a cabinet minister and five members in the rank of Minister of State have been nominated.

4 The charter of the NDMA will be to lay

down policies on disaster management, approve national disaster management plan & plans of the various ministries & departments of centre, coordinate the enforcement and implementation at all stages, directly control and supervise the ‘National Disaster Response Force’ (NDRF), international cooperation and India’s assistance to disaster affected countries and, arrange for & oversee provision of funds for response & mitigation.

4 A national executive committee under the

chairmanship of the Union Home Secretary with the Secretaries of the concerned ministries and the Chief of the Integrated Staff as members would assist NDMA to discharge its functions and implement its policies.

4 Co-ordination of Military Assistance for Humanitarian Aid in Natural Disasters.

The various events of the seminar were organised by Brigadier R Ahluwalia of HQ IDS. He was assisted in these tasks by Group Captain M Deshmukh and Colonel N Razora.

The Inauguration

HQ IDS

4 Challenges and Risks of Disasters in Asia and Pacific Region,

4 Functional Linkages to Empower Response to Disasters and

3The inaugural address being delivered by the Defence Minister Mr Pranab Mukherjee.

HQ IDS

n international seminar on disaster management was organised by Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff (HQ IDS), Ministry of Defence from December 6 to 8, 2005 at New Delhi. The seminar was conducted under the combined aegis of HQ IDS and the United Nations Office for the co-ordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) at USI and attended by 27 representatives from 17 countries from all over the world. The three day seminar was spread over five sessions with major focus on role of the Armed Forces in facing the emerging challenges in disaster management and distinct topics such as:

The inaugural session was attended by the India’s Defence Minister Mr Pranab Mukherjee who delivered the inaugural address. The keynote address was given by the Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee & Chief of the Naval Staff of Indian Navy, Admiral Arun Prakash. Also in attendance were Chief of the Air Staff (IAF) Air Chief Marshal S P Tyagi and the Chief of Integrated Defence Staff to the Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee Vice Admiral Raman Puri. In his inaugural address, Mr Pranab Mukherjee narrated the four major disasters which had hit India in the last one year alone - the Tsunami on December 26, 2004, the so-called ‘White Tsunami, in Jammu & Kashmir (J&K), floods in many parts of the country and the devastating Kashmir earthquake on both sides of the Line of Control (LOC) and lauded the armed forces for their stellar role in all the rescue & relief operations. He stated that in the various types of disasters, man has very little control over nature. We cannot possibly prevent the occurrence of natural disasters but we can mitigate them. The Indian Government has taken stock of the situation and decided on a change of orientation by a shift in emphasis from post-disaster relief and rehabilitation to pre-disaster preparedness and mitigation as also a shift in emphasis to multi-dimensional and multi-sectoral approach which integrates disaster mitigation in all aspects of development planning. With this in view, the Government of India has introduced a Disaster Management Bill for legislation in both houses of Parliament. The newly formed National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) would be tasked to create an Indian structure for disaster management in fur-

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President’s colours. The top brass of the Navy escort the President who is accompanied by the Defence Minister. As the President is embarked, a 21 gun salute is fired in his honour. The President’s yacht thereafter casts off and proceeds towards the ships lined up for inspection.

Last review of the fleet in February, 2001 was a special event. It was international in nature in which 24 ships from 19 navies around the globe took part. The theme of the review was “Bridges of Friendship.” A large number of the foreign navies were represented by their Chiefs of Naval staff. The event established the preeminence of the Indian Navy in the Indian Ocean. From our region, Australia, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Malaysia, Mauritius, Oman, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka and Thailand participated. Ships from Russia, UK and USA also took part in the review. Senior officers from host of other countries were also present.

51 naval ships, four submarines, four cargo ships, four merchant ships, 25 fixed wing and 21 rotary wing aircraft will take part.

therance of Government perspectives and response initiatives.” He further stated that this was a subject which must get undivided focus of the armed forces also because of their highly specialised role in disaster management. He added that even the industry had an important role in terms of development of disaster relief equipment and a pro-active approach in training their personnel in the use of such equipment. While declaring the seminar open he said that the Asia-Pacific region was especially prone to natural disasters and hoped that the participating countries would learn from each other and adopt measures to go for a collective response in managing disasters. Earlier, while delivering the keynote address, Admiral Arun Prakash emphasised on the need of matching military equipment to tackle different types of disasters. For example, while undertaking the relief operations after the December 2004 Tsunami, the lack of air cushion vehicles and medium lift helicopters was sorely felt by the navy. He also emphasised on the need of dedicated training for the armed forces personnel in such operations. As disaster management also provided an ideal nursery for jointmanship. there was a need to establish procedures for detailed co-ordination with civil agencies and the international organisations and to create composite rapid-action task forces for disaster relief.

The Seminar All five sessions of the seminar had full international participation and the subjects were covered in great detail. In the first session, vulnerability profile of natural disasters for the AsiaPacific region was discussed by speakers from disaster institutes/centres of India, Thailand and US Pacific Disaster Centre, Hawaii. In the second session, armed forces’ representatives from US Pacific Command, Hawaii, China, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore spoke about the national structures and the role of armed forces in disaster management in their respective countries. In the third session, regional response capabilities and regional cooperation Continued on page 35...

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model of the Mk 2 rocket, plus test targets used during warhead demonstrations.

guidance system, causing it to divert from its lethal course. This category of kill is expected at ranges of out to 50 m.

that uses its ‘smart’ fuze and warhead to engage the target. The same concept is proposed for the CIWS variant.

Even at these longer ranges, the destructive effects of a focussed firing should not be underestimated. During a demonstration programme funded by Sweden’s Defence Materiel Administration (FMV), a warhead initiated in focussed mode shattered the tail of a mortar round used as a trials target. In a short-range spread-mode firing, the body of a mortar round was shattered. The warhead has also been tested against 20 mm and 30 mm steel plates used to simulate the skin of a ballistic-missile warhead. Three versions of the basic Abraham have beenproposed. The Mk 1 is an unguided rocket

For the Mk 2, the company plans to add a nonspinning nose section coupled to the main fuselage by a slip clutch. This would carry canard control surfaces used for course corrections made in response to steering commands from a GPS-based guidance system. The Mk 3 would be similar, but would also incorporate datalink that could be used to provide the round with updated target information. At the September 2005 Defence Systems Exhibition International (DSEI) exhibition in London, BAE Systems Bofors AB showed a

Disaster Management Seminar: Emerging Challenges

Editorial

of the speakers’ countries i.e. Australia, Japan, India and US Pacific Command, Hawaii were discussed. The Indian Army’s, Navy’s and Air Force’s capabilities to respond to disasters and measures to improve the response were covered in detail by the Heads of operations of respective Service Headquarters in a special session. In the fourth session, functional linkages between the civil authorities, armed forces and NGOs (Non-governmental Organisations) to empower response to disasters. An especially interesting feature of this session was a talk by Dr Naresh Trehan, renowned cardiologist of Escorts Heart Institute and Head of the NGO, ‘Insaaniyat’ giving his experiences in providing relief and succour to the civilian victims of

Managing Editor and Publisher Jayant Baranwal

The company has set up Team Abraham UK to further develop the concept and offer it as a weapon system to the Swedish and UK defence ministries.

Contributing Editor Vice Admiral P Jaitly Lt General P K Pahwa Lt General Naresh Chand Lt General V K Kapoor Air Marshal V K Bhatia

A large system integrator has yet to be chosen, but the existing team includes seven UK partners — Aspire Consulting, Claro Precision Engineering, Leafield Engineering, Nobel Energetics, Northern Defence Industries, QinetiQ and Reliance Gear. UK universities will be involved in basic technology research. The Universities of Durham and Newcastle are working on the weapon’s fuel cell and on gyroscope technology.

CONTRIBUTORS India Vice Admiral P J Jacob Vice Admiral R B Suri Dr W Lawrence Prabhakar Europe Doug Richardson, Andrew Brookes (UK) USA & Canada Lon Nordeen (USA), Anil R Pustam (West Indies)

...Continued from page 34

Kargil region in the 1999 war and the Tsunami victims in the Andaman Nicobar islands. The last session on co-ordination of military assistance for humanitarian aid in natural disasters was conducted by the representatives of UN OCHA. The swiftness with which the Central Government has moved to translate its intentions into actions in disaster management can be gauged from the fact that in addition to constituting the NDMA, the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), comprising eight battalions of the central para-military forces, has also been set up which can be quickly and effectively deployed in a region affected by any

West Asia/Africa Helmoed R Heitman (South Africa)

kind of natural or man-made disaster. Two battalions each were drawn from the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) and Border Security Force (BSF) to constitute the NDRF. The Centre has also identified eight places across the country covering the most disaster prone states where a battalion each of the NDRF will be stationed for quick deployment in the event of any disaster, including nuclear, biological and chemical disasters. These places are: Greater Noida (outskirts of Delhi), Chandigarh, Barasat (outskirts of Kolkata), Pune, Gandhinagar, Guwahati, Arkonam (near Chennai) and Mundali (near Bhubaneswar).

Chairman & Mg Director Jayant Baranwal Design Misha Oberoi Chakravarty Published quarterly by Jayant Baranwal on behalf of SP Guide Publications P Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, photocopying, recording, electronic, or otherwise without prior written permission of the Publishers.

2006

Seminar on ‘Net-Centric Warfare in the Regional Context’

A seminar on ‘Net-Centric Warfare in the Regional Context’ was conducted at the India Habitat Centre, New Delhi, on December 20 and 21, 2005. The seminar was jointly organised by The Centre for Land Warfare Studies, The National Maritime Foundation and The Centre for Air Power Studies. Interestingly, this was the first time a seminar had been organised jointly by these three think-tanks that carry out research on subjects pertaining to their respective services.

Sindhugosh Returns After Upgrade Russia handed over an upgraded Kilo class submarine INS Sindhugosh equipped with lethal Klub-S cruise missiles to India during October, 2005. It is understood that Klub-S cruise missile fitted on INS Sindhugosh is 3M-14E land attack cruise missile variant, with a strike range of 300 km. Apart from the complete overhaul of the submarine, the upgradation package also includes new sonar, electronic warfare systems and automated integral weapon control systems. The mid-life upgrade was carried out at Zvyozdochka shipyard in Severodvinsk.

Stealth Class Frigates for Indian Navy 3 Stealth Frigates under Project17 i.e. Shivalik, Satpura and Sahyadri are at present under construction. Out of these, Sahyadri is likely to be commissioned by 2009. It will be fitted with anti-air warfare and anti-

The seminar was inaugurated by General J J Singh, Chief of the Army Staff. It was conducted in four sessions and a total of 12 papers were read out. The first session on Overview of Net-Centric Warfare was chaired by General (Retd) V P Malik. The second session with Vice Admiral (Retd) P Jaitly as panel chairman dealt with the Current Status and Future Perspective. Challenges Ahead was the topic of the third session that had Air Chief Marshal (Retd) S Krishnaswamy as panel chairman. The last session, which discussed The Way Ahead, was chaired by General (Retd) V N Sharma. The speakers were generally of the view that India was still many years behind the USA in net-centric capability. A few other

submarine capability, with 2 helicopters onboard. Other weapon systems include 76 mm OTOMelara super rapid gun mount and surface-to-air missile (SAM) systems. The main air search and targeting radar for the SAM systems is a mast mounted Fregat 3D radar. It also includes two missile launchers along with two AK-630 gun mounts. To control and monitor the propulsion pack, an integrated machinery control system (IMCS) has been fitted on the ship. It has also been provided with systems for onboard training and equipment health monitoring. The indigenously built frigates are being armed by acquiring equipment and control systems from Russian and Canada. The Indian equipment is being designed by DRDO, Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory and National Software Testing Laboratory.

Admiral Sergio Biraghi, Chief-ofStaff, Italian Navy, visited India on November 14, 2005 to hold discussions with top ministry and naval officials.

India Defence Brief

tions with the US Navy. The training programme will be spread over 4 years. They will be trained on T-45 Goshawks at US

The Indian Government has approved a plan envisaging indigenous construction of submarines in 2 phases: 4 Construction of 12 submarines in Phase I (2000-2012) 4 Construction of 12 submarines in Phase II (2013-2030) This information was given by the Defence Minister Mr Pranab Mukherjee in Parliament.

SP's Naval Forces

In This Issue Air Operations at Sea4 page

India’s Evolving Maritime Profile and Strategy 4 page 12

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SP’s team with CNS on 18th November, 2005 after the interview.

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The valedictory address was delivered by Admiral Arun Prakash, Chief of the Naval Staff, who once again emphasised the importance network enabled operations for future warfare.

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naval air stations at Meridian and Kingsville.

important points that emerged were: a. need for India to develop net-centric warfare capability as required by its own regional environment rather than aping the West; b. requirement of heavy financial investment for making the Indian armed forces net-centric enabled; c. requirement for an overall authority to oversee and ensure inter-connectivity between the three services and; d. the need for training of personnel and raising their educational standards.

Under a US$ 26 million agreement, 32 Indian Navy pilots will undergo 18 month training programme for carrier borne opera-

Editorial

CLAWS

444In Brief

Printed in India by Pragati Offset

w w w. g u i d e p u b l i ca t i o n s . co m

Indian Navy has been known for its key role towards disaster management in the country and in the region. The journal has covered a seminar held recently which was chaired by Indian Defence Minister, Mr Pranab Mukherjee, Chief of the Naval Staff and various heads of Disaster Management Committee. Also covered are the evolution of the Indian Navy and its initiatives towards its relationship with various countries and the Indian Coast Guard’s relentless efforts to meet the Marine environmental security needs, etc. The layout of the journal has been designed keeping the aspirations of Navy in mind and the blue water ambitions of this forceful service. We do hope that our readers would enjoy reading. This is a beginning... and we intend to consistently evolve and therefore request our readers to send us their views, comments and suggestions. So the anchor has been weighed and we are over the waters to sail.

“

JAYANT BARANWAL MANAGING EDITOR & PUBLISHER

”

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FALCON 900 MPA

FRANCE CONSEIL

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A compact tri-jet optimized for Maritime Patrol Operations ■ High performance modern platform ■ State-of-the-art mission system and sensors suite ■ Swift, persistent capable and safe

■ Full-fledged multi-mission capability ■ Light logistics footprint ■ Optimized crew concept