Energy Storage at the Distribution Level – Technologies, Costs and Applications
TABLE 1: Comparison of different battery chemistries
Battery Advantage technology Sodium » High energy and Sulfur (NaS) power density5
Vanadium redox flow batteries
Leadacid or advanced lead-acid
5
6 7
8
»
High-round-trip efficiency
»
Fast response
»
Long life cycle
»
Fast-discharge capabilities
» »
No self-discharge No energy to power ratio constraint
»
Extreme design flexibility
»
High-life cycle which does not depend on DoD7
»
Adjustable power rating
»
Limited selfdischarge
» »
Rapid response time High maturity
»
Low cost
» »
Drawback
Application
»
Low-cycle stability6
»
Power quality
»
Rapid capacity fading in the initial cycle
»
Renewable integration
»
Safety concern due to high » working temperature
Congestion relief
»
Poor energy-to-volume ratio
»
Ramping requirement
»
Heavy weight
»
Peak shaving
»
Limited for stationary storage application
»
Time shifting
»
Frequency regulation
»
Power quality
»
Low power and energy density
»
Load leveling and regulation
High efficiency
»
Less reliable
»
Grid stabilization
Excellent safety feature8
»
Lower cycle life
»
Back-up power
»
Sustained degradation due » to sulphationon electrode plates
Energy time shift
Details available at <https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/09/f18/Grid%20Energy%20Storage%20 December%202013.pdf>
Details available at <https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/8/10/1201/htm>
Details available at <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267571532_Vanadium_redox_flow_batteries_A_ technology_review>
Details available at <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352152X17304437>
13
