Table 6 Value of productivity and fuel loss saved with congestion pricing in a year

The time loss was then converted into productivity loss by taking the value of time as ₹188/hour.78 The total time loss due to congestion also helped in identifying the fuel wasted in congestion. The value of fuel wastage due to delay per hour was calculated using the formula- F = VC * C / Mileage. The fuel mileage is based on estimation of various segments of car claimed mileage available online at 12km/l. The same process of estimating fuel and productivity loss was also applied in the scenario after congestion pricing implementation. With reduction in the number of trips by private motor vehicles and increase in speeds, it was estimated that after congestion pricing implementation the productivity loss would reduce by 37% i.e ₹3.56 billions or 50 million USD and fuel loss would reduce by 23% i.e ₹1.5 billions or 21.1 million USD in a year.

Table 6 Value of productivity and fuel loss saved with congestion pricing in a year

Aspects Current Scenario, 2019 Congestion Pricing Scenario, 2019

Productivit y Loss Fuel Loss Productivity Loss Fuel Loss Value of productivity Saved Value of Fuel Saved

WEH ₹ 3.9 billion (54.9 million USD) ₹ 3 billion (42.3 million USD

₹ 1.4 billion (19.5 million USD)

Island City of Mumbai ₹ 3.9 - 7.7 billion (54.4 108.9 million USD ₹ 2.3 - 4.6 billion (32.4 64.9 million USD ₹3.2-6.4 billion (44.7 -89.4 million USD)

Total (taking median value for Island City) ₹ 9.7 billion (136.7 million USD) ₹ 6.5 billion (90.9 million USD) ₹ 6.4 billion (86.5 million USD) ₹ 1.7 billion (24.2 million USD)

₹ 2.5 billion (35.5 million USD) (-64%)

₹ 2.2 - 4.3 billion (30.4 60.8 million

USD) ₹ 0.69 - 1.4 billion (9.7 - 19.5 million USD) (-17.89%)

₹ 4.96 billion (69.8 million USD)

₹ 3.6 billion (50.2 million USD) (- 37%)

₹ 1.3 billion (18.1 million USD) (-43%)

₹ 0.14 - 0.29 billion (2 - 4 million USD) (-6.28 %)

₹ 1.50 billion (21.1 million USD) (-23%)

8.4 Impact of congestion on environment and health

In this section, the focus is on estimating the impact of business-as-usual (BAU) and congestion pricing scenario on VKT and carbon and PM emissions in 2019.

78 Figure as given in Sen et al .2010 has been adjusted using wholesale price indices in order to convert it for Mumbai and for current year as well