Table 3 Comparison of Toll Collection Mechanisms in different cities/regions

However, there was a consensus amongst the experts that India is not yet ready for network pricing. The technology is still evolving. It requires all vehicles to be compliant with the technology and violation detection could be a major challenge.

Table 3 Comparison of Toll Collection Mechanisms in different cities/regions

City / Region Toll Mechanism Supporting System Payment Method Accuracy

London ANPR- system consists of overhead gantries, cameras at all entrance points On ground patrol units Payments can be made by telephone, text message, online, by post, or via registering for auto pay.

Stockholm ANPR- system consists of overhead gantries, cameras at all entrance points DSRC tested with ANPR as a backup during the pilot. ANPR was found to be sufficient hence DSRC scrapped The owner of the car is sent a monthly invoice for the total charge incurred. Payments can be made by mail, online or by direct debit from a bank account

Singapore DSRC- Overhead gantries detect the type of vehicle, the congestion of the route at specific times. Now shifting towards GNSS based toll collection Back-up ANPR cameras for enforcement Smart-card (pass) based payment 90%65

90- 95%66

90%

Germany (Distancebased for heavy vehicles) GPS based- mobile communication system / DSRC ANPR cameras to capture number plates Online payment, payment at POS (Point of Sale) locations 99.75% 67

7.2.2 Gantry-based pricing using RFID and ANPR technology

Most of those present at the roundtable concluded that area-based and corridor-based congestion pricing with radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology might be best suited for India presently. This is also in line with the recommendations of the Nandan Nilekani Committee report of 2010 to use passive RFID technology. RFID technology alone cannot detect violations. Therefore, Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) was suggested as the backup technology for detecting violations. Many

65 https://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/congestion/ 66http://www.itsinternational.com/categories/charging-tolling/features/electronic-toll-collectiondelivers-efficient-traffic-regulation/ 67 Building Strategic Alliances. GNSS-Based Tolling in Germany: Lessons Learned after Two Years of Operation. 2007