1. Introduction

1. Introduction

Sustainable urban mobility in India faces a number of

technological and financial challenges. However, these challenges are exacerbated by regulatory challenges that are unique to the sector. Different aspects of urban transport are governed by different agencies at central, state and city level. While having multiple agencies to govern aspects of mobility, including public transport, air quality, planning etc. is inevitable and is constitutionally mandated, these multiple institutions and centres of power do not function under “a set of ordered rules” (Ostrom 2009). The lack of an overarching legislative framework for mobility leads to distortions in financing, implementation, and pricing.

Policy analysis of the urban mobility sector focuses on the assessment of the following five aspects described below:

Figure 1 Focus Areas for Mobility Policy

Structural

Consumer Engagement

Focus Areas for Transport Policy Legislative

Financial Institutional

Source: MP Ensystems Research, 2018

1. 2.

3. Structural factors- Includes the agencies at the centre, state and city level. Legislative aspects – There are laws and rules at the central and state levels governing different aspects of urban transport Institutional aspects- Institutional factors in the transportation sector include planning, resource allocation, distribution of power, authority between levels of governments and

4.

5. other actors and coordination among multiple actors and social and organizational culture (UNESCAP, 2014) Financial aspects- Including traditional sources such as revenue, subsidies, taxes; as well as advertising, monetizing land holdings and new sources of revenue such as the proposed Urban Transport Fund (UTF) as a source of finance for Urban Metropolitan Transport Authorities (UMTA). Consumer perspective- Consumer requirements are determined through stakeholder mapping, holding public forums, and conducting surveys.

Discussions on urban transportation usually centre around 5 factors that include air-quality, choices between public, private and shared mobility, motorized against non-motorized transportation, role of transportation in urban policies and setting up of policies, finance (subsidies, fare fixations) detailed below.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Environmental impact Public, private and shared transport Motorized vs. Non-motorized transport Urban Planning and Transport Finance (Subsidies and fare fixation)

Working on all five of these elements is expected to lead to a paradigm shift towards an urban mobility legislation and authority.

The report is structured as follows: Introduction, followed by a description of the mobility regulatory environment in India and in the cities of Pune, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chandigarh and Panaji. The following section discusses institutional barriers to sustainable mobility, proposed solutions and metrics to evaluate the efficacy of the proposed solutions. The next section has case studies of international cities and regions- Paris, London, Hong Kong and New Zealand, analyzing the mobility regulatory environment. The following section evaluates regulatory reform in other infrastructure sectors in India- power, telecom and ports, and proposes structures that can be adopted in the mobility sector. In conclusion, the way forward is described through legislative and regulatory reform for urban mobility in India in the form of a Sustainable Urban Mobility Act, with a city-based regulator.