STAHS Language and Culture Magazine

LANGUAGE STAHS MAGAZINE &CULTURE

LANGUAGESSPOKENATSTAHS!

AFRIKAANS

ALBANIAN

ARABIC

ASSAMESE

BENGALI

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UKRAINIAN

URDU

WELSH

YORUBA

NotefromtheHead

AmberWaite

NotefromtheEditor

KajalGuille

TheinfluenceofMaghrebcultureinFrance

SaphyraChoual

HowmanydialectsarethereinChinese?Theultimatebreakdown

GraceXiao

MulticulturallegacyofSpain

KateTrenor

Islivingabroadfataltoprejudice?

EssyKacou

TheinfluenceofArabandTurkishslanginGermanyouthlanguage

AanyaApteandEllaNewton-Smith

Theco-officiallanguagesspokeninSpain

AngelaSuarez

NOTEFROMTHEHEAD

I am delighted that STAHS is celebrating the wonderfully rich and diverse world of global languagesthisMarchandlookforwardtotakingpartinsomeofthemanyactivitiesthatthe ModernForeignLanguagesdepartmenthasplanned

LikemanySTAHSpupils,Igrewupinamultilingualhome.MeinVaterkommtausMünchen, undichbindeutschsprachigaufgewachsen AlsJugendlichebinichsogarinDeutschlandzur Schule gegangen Ich bin aus der Übung, aber ich spreche immer noch gerne Deutsch und besuche Deutschland oft Ich freue mich auf die Deutsch-Austauschreise nach Lüneburg im April,woichhoffe,meinDeutschzuverbessern

Speakingandunderstandingevenjustatinyamountofanotherlanguagegivesyouthetoolsto haveamuchdeeperappreciationof,andinsightinto,othercultures:traditions,religions,art andhistoryofanypeopleareboundupintheirlanguage Nothingconnectsuslikecommon language,andwhenyouopenyourselfuptolearninganotherlanguage,youarerewardedwith kindness,friendshipandhospitalitythatyoumightnototherwiseexperience

Inadditiontoenhancedtravelopportunities,learninganotherlanguagebenefitsyouinways youmightnotexpect Multilingualpeopletypicallyhavebettermemories,superiorproblemsolving and critical-thinking skills, enhanced concentration, better ability to multi-task and betterlisteningskillsthantheirmonolingualcounterparts Languagelearningliterallymakes yousmarter!

IhopeyouallgetinvolvedintheFestivalofLanguageandCulture,andthatyouwillcontinueto work on your language skills beyond GCSE and A level No adult ever says, ‘gosh, I regret spendingtimebecomingfluentinanotherlanguage’;muchmorecommonis‘Iwishhadtaken advantageoflanguagelearningwhenIhadthechanceatschool’!

WELCOMETOTHESTAHSFESTIVALOFLANGUAGE ANDCULTURE2023 KAJALGUILLE

Inanageofswifttechnologicaladvancementsinlivemachinetranslationandspeechrecognition,we willverysoonbeabletotravelanywhereandcommunicatewithpeoplewithoutanyknowledgeofthe locallanguage.So,whybotherlearninglanguages?ForgetyourholidayFrenchandletthetechtake over Retiens tes chevaux! The beauty of learning a language is so much more than a transactional exchangeofwords

Itisbelievedthatthereareabout7,000languagesspokenaroundtheworld,eachwithdifferentsounds, vocabularies,andstructures.'Thebeautyoflinguisticdiversityisthatitrevealstousjusthowingenious and how flexible the human mind is,' says cognitive scientist Lera Boroditsky 'Human minds have inventednotonecognitiveuniverse,but7,000'Learningforeignlanguagesisgivingthehumanmindthe abilitytotapintomultiplecognitiveuniversesand,literally,biologicallyeven,grow

According to astrophysicist-turned-science writer Ramin Skibba, brain scans of bilingual individuals found greater grey-matter density in the inferior parietal cortex, an area of the brain’s language dominant left hemisphere The density was most pronounced in those who were very proficient in a secondlanguagebeforetheageoffive Acognitivebenefitofbilingualismiswhatisreferredtoasthe 'executivefunction' Itisabouthowyoumanageyourattentionandyourabilitytoplan Youaremore easilyabletoignoreirrelevantinformationandfocusonwhatisimportant Thebilingualisconstantly managing the interference of the languages so that they don’t say the wrong word in the wrong languageatthewrongtime

ProfessorBoroditskyandfellowresearchersatMITalsodemonstratehowlanguagehasanimpacton ourperceptionsoftheworldaroundus,includingspaceandtime,howweapportionblameandeven differentiatecolours SheexplainshowthegenderedgrammarofSpanishandGermancanshapethe

THEINFLUENCEOFMAGHREBCULTUREINFRANCE

SAPHYRACHOUAL

To me, multiculturalism in France is represented by North African culture If I take the example of Maghreb(Algeria,Morocco,Tunisia)wecannoticethattherearemanyplacesinFrancewhereNorth Africancultureisestablished

First,thereisfood Couscoushasbecome one of French people’s favourite dishes Recognised by UNESCO, this dish is from Maghreb and every family has their own recipe passed on from generation to generation.Everyloverofcuisinefromthe Maghreb can buy the ingredients to recreate recipes like couscous, tajine (a stew),harira(arich,meatysoup),chorba(a traditional soup eaten during Ramadan), and bricks (a type of North African samosa), since the ingredients such as semolina,dates,harissa(aspicypaste)or ras-el-hanout(aspice)areveryeasytofind inaNorthAfricangroceryshop Moreover,merguez–akindofspicysausagefromtheMaghrebmade withbeefand/ormuttonmeat–hasbecomeaclassicofsummerbarbecues Thereisneverporkin merguez–amerguezisnotamerguezifthereisporkinit Thereisevenmorefooddiversityandlotsof peopleareinspiredbytheflavoursfromMaghrebtocreatenewdishes

French fashion is very famous around the world for its elegance and refinement, and we can find fashion from the Maghreb in France There are shops with North Africanoutfits,djellabasandevenjewellery Someluxury brands found their inspiration in fashion from the Maghreb For example, the French fashion brand Céline was inspired to create their own version of babouches Babouchesareshoesthatcoverthefrontofthefootand openattheheel,andcanbewornasslippersorsandals

ThefamousdesignerYvesSaintLaurent,whowasbornin Algeria, was greatly inspired by the colours of kaftans fromtheMaghrebtocreatehiscollections Hecombined lotsofcolourstogetheraswellaspatternsrelatedtothe desert AkaftanisatraditionaloutfitintheArabicworld, often worn for important events like Eid, weddings and baptisms It’salongdress,withgoldthreadwhichcanbe composedofoneortwoparts;eachcountryhastheirown version of the kaftan, so we can find different types of kaftansintheArabicworld

Maghrebalsoinfluencesmusic Raï,anAlgerianmusicgenrefromOran,isverypopularinFrance Ithas beenrecognisedbyUNESCOsince1December2022 Raïmusicischaracterisedbythemixoftraditional music using North African instruments such as darbouka, zurna, bendir and ghaïta alongside other instrumentssuchastheviolin,electricguitar,saxophone,trumpetanddrums Also,artistslikeKhaled holdlongnotesandad-libinArabicdialects Theirmessageisrelatedtolove,freedom,socialpoverty, society’sproblems,colonialpolitics,immigration,andidentity Raïhasevolvedandnowwecanhearits influenceinrap,hiphopandFrenchpopmusic It’sthankstoDJSnake,withhissongDiscoMaghreb payingtributetothesemelodiesandtothetownofOran,thatRaïmusiccamebackinthespotlight DiscoMaghrebisthenameoftheshopdedicatedtoRaïmusicinOran,whichhasledtoitspopularity TherearealsosomewordsfromtheArabiclanguagethatareusedinFrenchlike‘chouia’tosay‘alittle’, ‘toubib’whichmeans‘doctor’andmanymore

The culture from Maghreb forms part of the French landscape in many different ways, be it through food, music, fashion, or language anditcreatesalinkbetween MaghrebandFrance Forme, it’smycultureandaheritage thatI’mproudof

Selon moi, le multiculturalisme en France est représentéparlacultureorientale.Sijeprends l’exempleduMaghreb(Algérie,Maroc,Tunisie), on peut constater beaucoup d’endroits en Franceoùlacultureorientales’estimplantée

D’abordlagastronomie,lecouscousestdevenu l’un des plats préférés des Français Inscrit à l’UNESCO ce plat est originaire du Maghreb et chaquefamilleasaproprerecettetransmisede générationengénération Touslesamoureuxde la cuisine Maghrébine peuvent acheter des produits pour recréer des recettes comme le couscous, le tajine, la harira, la chorba, les brickscarlesingrédientscommelasemoule,les dattes, la harissa ou le ras-el-hanout sont très facilesàtrouverdansuneépicerieorientale

Deplus,lesmerguezsontdevenuesunclassiquedesbarbecuesenété,cesontdessortesdesaucisses maghrébinesépicéesfaitesàbasedeviandedemoutonset/oudebœuf Iln’yajamaisdeporcdansles merguez,unemerguezn ’estpasunemerguezs’ilyaduporcdedans Ilyaplusdediversitésculinaires, desaveursetbeaucoups’inspirentdessaveursduMaghrebpourcréerdenouveauxplats

Lamodefrançaiseesttrèscélèbredanslemondeentierpour son élégance et son raffinement, la mode Maghrébine est présente en France Il y a des magasins avec des tenues de soirées orientales, des djellabas ainsi que des bijoux Des marques de luxes ont également trouvé inspiration dans la mode Maghrébine La marque Céline s ’est inspirée des babouches pour créer les leurs, les babouches couvrent le devant du pied et restent ouvertes sur le talon, certains les utilisent comme pantoufles ou comme sandales Le créateur Yves Saint Laurent, né en Algérie, s ’est beaucoup inspiré des couleursdescaftansmaghrébinspourcréersescollections

Ilassociaitbeaucoupdecouleursensembleainsiquedesmotifs rappelantledésert.Lecaftanestunhabittraditionnelsouvent porté pour des évènements importants comme l’Aïd, les mariages,lesbaptêmesc’estunelonguerobeenvelours,brodé defild’orquipeutêtrecomposéed’uneoudeuxparties,chaque paysasapropreversionducaftan,ainsiontrouvedifférents caftansàtraverslemondearabe.

LeMaghrebinfluenceaussilamusiqueavecleRaïungenrede musique algérienne, né à Oran, également très apprécié en France Inscritàl’UNESCOdepuisle1erdécembre2022,leRaï se caractérise par un mélange de musique traditionnelle, darbouka, zurna, bendir, ghaïta, violon avec d’autres instruments,guitareélectrique,saxophone,trompette,batterie Les artistes Raï comme Khaled tiennent de longues notes et improvisent en dialecte arabe Leur message était surtout en lienavecl’amour,laliberté,lamisèresociale,lesproblèmesde lasociété,lapolitiquecoloniale,l’immigration,l’identité LeRaïa beaucoupévoluéetmaintenantonretrouvesoninfluencedans lerap,lehiphopetlapopfrançaise C’estDJSnakeavecson titreDiscoMaghreb,rendanthommageàcesmélodiesetàla ville d’Oran, que le Raï est revenu sur le devant de la scène DiscoMaghrebestlenomdelaboutiquedemusiquedédiéeau RaïàOranquiapermislapopularisationdugenre Deplus,des mots de la langue arabe sont utilisés en français comme ‘chouia’pourdireunpeu,‘toubib’pourmédecinetbiend’autres

La culture Maghrébine fait partie du paysage français sous différentes formes Que ce soit à travers la nourriture, la musique, la mode ou la langue elle crée un lien entre le MaghrebetlaFrance Pourmoi,ils’agitdemacultureetd’un héritagedontjesuisfière

HOWMANYDIALECTSARETHEREINCHINESE?

THEULTIMATEBREAKDOWN BYSCOTTNORRIS TRANSLATEDBYGRACEXIAO

SinceIarrivedinChinaandlearnedthatthewholeofChinadoesnotspeakMandarin,Ihavealways beenintenselycurious ExactlyhowmanyformsofChinesearethere?Itturnsoutthisisanalmost impossible question to answer To give you a scale of the complexity of this question, consider the following

I spent almost a year and a half in a town near the city of Guilin, Yangshuo and heard many local languagesIwasunfamiliarwith Fromthemostcommontoleastcommontheseinclude:

Mandarin,spokenbyprettymucheveryone

Guilinhua(likelyadialectofGui-Liu),aformofsouthwesternMandarinspokenbytruelocals Guibei,aYuedialect(moresimilartoCantonesethanMandarin)spokenmostlybyZhuangorMiao ethnicitiesandactuallyrelatedtoTai

Yangshuohua,verysimilartoGuilinhua,butonlyspokenbylocalsanhoursouthofGuilininatown calledYangshuo

AlanguageuniquetoavillagenearYangshuo,whichmyfriendspeaks

AbasiclanguagewithgreetingsandacountingsystemcalledsomethinglikeLijianghua,whichis usedexclusivelybyboatmerchantswhogoupanddowntheLiRiver

Anhourandahalfnorth,intheLongshengmountains,therearealso:

MiaoethnicitiesspeakingbothMiaojiaandLinglinghua

YaoandZhuangethnicitiesspeakingtheirownlocaldialect

Soinarough150kmradius,withintheGuilinCounty,thereareatleast10languagesbeingspokenby locals There are also countless other villages nearby speaking a modified version of Guilinhua The complicated part is, should Yangshuohua and Guilinhua be counted as separate dialects? They can understandeachother,butalsohavevocabularyneitherwouldunderstandwithoutinstruction Inorder toanswerthatquestion,youwouldhavetohaveaccesstoanaccuratelexiconofeachdialect Thisway youcouldcomparedialectsanddefineastandard Forexampleyoucoulddrawalineandsaythatifa dialectcontainsover85%similarvocabularyandgrammar,thenitdoesnotcountasaseparatedialect

Thisisamonumentaltask

It would require people on the ground, surveying to discover different dialects, and based on this knowledgeassimilatingadictionaryforeachindividualdialect GooglingthenumberofcitiesinChina returnsthenumber687 Iftherearedifferencesfromtowntotownandevenvillagetovillage,It’shard toimaginethetruenumberofdialectsthatcouldbecategorisedasChinese Despitethescaleofthe task,ateamwasactuallyassembledtocreatetheLinguisticAtlasofChineseDialects Itincludes510 mapsandtookeightyearstocreate 46fieldworkersworkedontheprojectand930siteswerestudied throughoutChina So,howmanydialectsarethereinChinesereally?Wikipediaboldlystates266,with nohintatthetruenatureofthisquestion

中

到底有多少种⽅⾔？这真是⼀个谜呀

⾃打我来到中国，知道不是所有的中国⼈都说普通话后，

我 直都在寻思：中国到底有多少种⽅⾔？

结果发现这是 个不可能回答的问题。

让我先来⽰范 下，看看这个问题有多复杂。

我在 个离桂林很近叫阳朔的地⽅住了 年半，

听到了许多我听不懂的地⽅语⾔。

从最普遍到最不普遍的⽅⾔列举如下：

通话，⼏乎每个⼈都会说的语⾔。

桂林话 （桂林⽅⾔），中国西南部居⺠的语⾔。

，⽤于⽣活在丽江边的船只商⼈ 向北开⻋ 个半⼩时，在⻰胜⼭区，有：

苗族⼈说苗家话和灵⻰平话

瑶族⼈和壮族⼈说他们当地的⽅⾔

这样说来，在桂林⽅圆150公⾥内，⾄少有10中地⽅语⾔，⽽附近数不胜数的村落还有他们不同的地

话

最为复杂的问题是，阳朔话和桂林话是不是应该算作不同的⽅⾔？他们可以彼此听得懂在说什么，⽤ 词⽅⾯也相当地接近。

来回答这个问题，我们⾸先需要准确地了解两种⽅⾔的词库以作对⽐，然后定义 个标准。

⽐如说， 种⽅⾔含有85%或以上的相似词汇和语法，那就不能算是 种

MULTICULTURALLEGACYOFSPAIN KATETRENOR

ArchitectNormanFosterhasdescribedSpainas‘abeautifulcountrywithricharchitectureandahuge cultural heritage’ This heritage is evident in Spain’s music, dance, food, language and festivals, but aboveallinitsbuildings FromtheAlhambraPalaceinGranada,totheSynagogueofSantaMaríala BlancainToledoandtheCathedralofSantaMaríadelaSedeinSeville,Spain’smulticulturalpasthas leftanindeliblemarkontheveryfabricofitstownsandcities

Throughouthistory,theIberianPeninsulahasbeenhometomanydifferentculturesbutarguably,those thathavehadthegreatestimpactaretheso-calledtresculturas–theChristian,JewishandMuslim communities – which enjoyed a (relatively) peaceful coexistence in the Medieval period, until the Christianreconquestin1492 Intheyear711ADNorthAfricanBerberMuslimforcesunderTariqibnZayid invaded the peninsula, defeating the ruling Visigoths and pushing northwards, bringing the peninsula under their control Under Muslim rule Spain experienced a golden age of learning, with libraries,schools,literature,mathematicsandthesciencesflourishing Whetherornotthisperiodof timewastrulyoneofreligiousharmonyishotlydebatedamongsthistorians,withmanyarguingthat thereweregreatinequalitiesbetweenthedifferentsocieties However,whatcannotbedeniedisthe impressionthatthesecommunitieshaveleft

The architecture of this period is known as Mudéjar style, after the Muslims who remained in the reconquered Christian regions of what was formerly Al-Andalus (Spain under Muslim rule) Mudéjar architecturewasprincipallyusedinthe13thto16thcenturiesandfeaturesIslamicmotifs(geometric and vegetal forms) and stylised calligraphy, which are utilised to decorate Christian styles of architecture TherearemanyexamplesofthisMudéjararchitecturethroughoutSpain,withscholars

generally accepting that the first instances of this appearedinSahagúninLeón(northernSpain)inthe 12th century AD There are many noteworthy buildingsemployingtheMudéjarstyle,inparticularin cities such as Toledo, Ávila and Segovia in central Spain,aswellasSeville,CórdobaandGranadainthe south A spectacular example of this is the Alcázar (fortress) of Seville, a royal palace built for the Christian King Pedro the Cruel on the ruins of the Muslimfortressinthe14thCenturyandisoneofthe 49UNESCOWorldHeritagesiteslocatedinSpain

ToledoisofparticularinterestwhenconsideringSpain’smulticulturalpastandisknownasthe‘cityof thethreecultures’.ItwasthecapitalcityoftheVisigothsuntilthe8thcenturyADandthenacityof considerable importance under both Muslim and later (from 1085AD) Christian rule There was an importantschooloftranslatorsworkinginToledointhe12thand13thcenturiesAD,wherescholars translatedsignificantworksofphilosophyandsciencefromArabicandHebrewintoLatinandthecity was a hub of learning and of peaceful coexistence of different cultures Today the city of Toledo is anotherUNESCOWorldHeritagesiteandvisitorscanseetheremnantsofthisinbuildingssuchasthe Church of Santiago del Arrabal, the Alcázar, the Cathedral of Santa María de Toledo, the Mosque of CristodelaLuzandtheElTránsitoSynagogue

The Spanish are proud – and rightly so – of their multicultural past and the nation that Spain has becomeasaresultofthecoexistenceofdifferentsocietiesovertheyears.Whilstthiscoexistencewasat timesuneasyithasledtoatolerantandacceptingsociety,thatwelcomesothersandembraceschange Toendonamorepersonalnote,IlovedlivinginSpainandconsidermyselffortunatetohavehadthe opportunity to travel to such breathtakingly beautiful cities as Seville, Granada and Toledo I would recommendtoanyoneavisittoSpaintoseefirst-handthelegacyofitsmulticulturalpast

ISLIVINGABROADFATALTOPREJUDICE?

ESSYANEKACOU

'THE-SA-LOO-NIIIIKILALALALALALA,THESSALO-NIIIKILALALALALA'

2023NewYear’sEve,Paris:

Sprightlyvoicesareresonatinginthemetrotunnel WeareallsingingThesserasmus’scatchyanthem alongtothetuneofILoveYouBaby,GloriaGaynor’smythichit Itisfunnyhowallourbadaccentsare barely distinguishable from each other when we sing together I have not seen half of our group in months,sinceweallleftThessalonikiattheendofourGreekErasmusyear.

Our reunion makes me a little nostalgic, but it also makes me realise how beneficial my experience abroadwas SpendingtimewithpeoplefromdifferentnationalitieshastaughtmesomuchaboutGreek, German, Italian, Dutch, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, Finnish, Czech, Norwegian, Ukrainian, and even Frenchculture!Comparingourhabitswithourroommatesandfriendsforoneyearmadeusallquestion ourownwayoflife,traditionsandmindset,andIfeellikethisiswhatmadeourclose-knitgroupso open-mindedandpleasanttohangoutwith

'Travelisfataltoprejudice,bigotry,andnarrow-mindedness,andmanyofourpeopleneeditsorelyon theseaccounts.Broad,wholesome,charitableviewsofmenandthingscannotbeacquiredby vegetatinginonelittlecorneroftheearthallone'slifetime.'

IhadalwaysthoughtofMarkTwainastheguywhowroteTomSawyer ButwhenIwasinhighschool, oneofmyteachersintroducedustothisAmericanauthorandhisfamoustravelbookTheInnocents Abroad,orTheNewPilgrims'ProgressinmyEnglishliteratureclass.Inthisbook,Twainspeaksabout hisfive-monthjourneyinEurope,andhowhisdiscoveriesandnewacquaintanceschangedhisviewon history,cultureandreligion Iwasimmediatelycharmedbythisfamousquoteand,stilltoday,Iusethat ideaasalifeguideline

Ibelievethatcherishingandcultivatingdiversityistheonlywaytomaketheworldabetterplace Itmay soundrathercheesyandutopist,butasamixed-racechild,multiculturalismis,tome,themostnatural concept MyparentsalwaysmadesurethatmysisterandIwouldtravelasmuchaswecouldduringour childhood Bytheageof10,Ihadvisited12countries,livedintwoofthemandmetquiteaconsequent numberofpeoplefromallovertheworld

TheWhiteTower,symbolofThessaloniki,Θεσσαλονίκη

However,movingtoCaenat12wasmyveryfirst realexperiencewithmulticulturalism Beforethat,I usedtoliveintheNormancountryside,wherenoonewouldbelievethatIwasmymum’sdaughter,and wherechildrenatmyschoolwerescaredofmydadbecausehewasthefirstpersonofcolourtheyhad everseenintheirlife

CaeniswhatwecallinFrenchunevilleàtaille humaine–notsosmall,butnotsobigeither. My mom is a teacher there, in one of my hometown’smostdiverseneighbourhoods:Le Chemin Vert There you will see children laughing in the playground under the tender gazeofoldgrannies,teenagerschattingloudly andlisteningtointernationalmusicatthebus stop; nice pavillons, but also lively public housing buildings Senegalese, Syrian, Georgian, Turkish people and so many other nationalities would gather in this microcosm and form what the Americans would call a meltingpot

ThecitycentreisalsosurroundedbysmallertownslikeHérouville,wheremydadusedtolivewhenhe firstmovedtoFrance Morethan70nationalitiesandmanymoreculturesrubshouldersinitsfamous never-endinggrandsensembles Hungry?LetushaveaplateofIvorianmafé,oraSenegalesetiepbou dien Someliketosaythatwalkingaroundbigtowns'suburbanareaslikethesecomeswithitsdoseof danger Onthecontrary,Ihavealwaysfeltsafeinthesekindsofplaces,whereeveryoneknowseach otherandwhereyoualwayshavethefeelingthatanyoneishappytohelpwithanything

QuartierduCheminVert,Caen,Normandy.Agrandensembleisaseriesofblocksofflats,acouncilestate

Whenitcomestohistory,thefocusissooftenonwarsandannexations,conquistasyreconquistas, colonisationsandoppressions Tofeelortobetreateddifferentlyaccordingtowhichsideofthisorthat borderyouwereborn?Whatamysteriouswaytoconceivetheworld,whenyouknowthattheseborders only exist because of conflicts between a ridiculous handful of people! To me, borders are as meaninglessasequatorsandmeridians Invisiblelinesthathavetobecrossedtofullyunderstandwhat itmeanstobeahumanbeing,regardlessofwhichpartoftheworldhasseenyoufirst

Foryears,IhaveparticularlyenjoyedlivinginCaen,butatsomepoint,Ineededtotravelmore,tosee more,tomeetmorepeople,toexperiencemore So,whenmyteacherstoldmethatIhadtheopportunity to study abroad in my third year of studying at university, I jumped at the chance immediately I consideredallEnglish-speakingcountries,andthebestoptionformeappearedtobetheUnitedStates ofAmerica.Idrewamapofthecountry,wrotetheprosandconsofeverysingleuniversitythathada contractwithmineanddidmyresearch Afterafewdays,Ihadmadeupmymind California

Caen’s town hall and its Men’s Abbey, founded by William the Conqueroraround1060

Experiri(v.):Toattempt,totry

↳ Toexperience

January2021,Caen:

'Caalifornialoooovetululutututu Californiaaaa knowshowtoparty Wekeepitrockiiing'

Headphonesinmyears,IamonmywaytoCollegePasteur,whereIamworkingasasupervisor,when suddenly:'OuiiibonjourMadameKacouu?It’sMadameLerouxfromtheCarréInternational,IhopethatI amnotbotheringyou'

Oula

'Ijustwantedtoletyouknowthatthereisaprobleminyourfile,westillhavenotreceivedyourTOEFL certificate,whichiscrucialforyourfiletobedealtwith!Ineedyoutosendittomeassoonaspossible,it isextremelyurgent!'

TheTOEFL?Wasn’titdueinFebruary??Itwasn’t

'BecauseyourTOEFLtestwasnottakenintime,itisimpossibleforyoutobesenttoanynon-European countries Iamsorrybutthisishowitworks'

Afewminuteslater,Iwascryinglikeababyinthestaff’sbathroom...andthat’showIendedupin Greece Literally

LouisPasteurSchool,2021

March2022,Thessaloniki:

A flatshareoftheOneThousandandOneNationalities–atleastthat’swhatIliketocallit Youcanhear Julescomplainingabouteverythingwithaterribleaccentallovertheplace:'Nonono,guyseuh,stop poutyourtechnoloudlikezis!Givemezespikeur,allez,là!'Oncehehastakencontroloverthespeaker, youcanbesure,it’sFrenchrapuntilweleave

NexttohimsitsMarta,theonlySpanishpersonwemanagedtokeepcontactwith WecallittheSpanish Ghetto Impossibletogetin,impossibletogetout Theirvibeisindeedfiestatodalanoche,butyou betterbefluentinSpanishifyouwanttojointhem!

'It’scalledakebap,notaγύρος!'Andthat’sHazalandGiannis,beingrespectivelyTurkishlyandGreekly dramaticabouttheireternalculturalwaragain

'Ciaobellissimi!'HerestrollintheItalians,livelyasusual WhichgirlisLucci,ourfavouritecasanova, goingtoflirtwithtonight?

Onthecontrary,theflatisfullofGermans Alwaysontime,especiallywhenitcomestohavingaMythos –themostpopularlocalbeerinThessaloniki–together

Whilstlivingabroadisnotcompletelyfataltoprejudiceandcansometimesevenconfirmit,itisunique and essential, necessary Living amongst so many nationalities with all their quirks and differences allowedustobewhowereallyare Multiculturalism,towelcomeortobewelcomed,iswhatmakesus feelathomeeverywhereontheplanet Attheriskofsoundingcliché,nothingismoreenrichingthanthis exchange So,whichcultureareyougoingtodiscovernext?

AnoPoli,ΆνωΠόλη,literally'uppertown',inGreek,ismyfavouriteneighbourhoodinThessaloniki!

THE INFLUENCE OF ARAB AND TURKISH SLANG IN GERMANYOUTHLANGUAGE

*ABeginner’sguidetoArab/Turkish Slang(justincaseyouneedit):

TurkishSlang

EnglishSlang

Saglam Cool

Yeni Ashowyteenager

dioradan! Areyoucrazy?

Matrak Fun

Popi Popular

Esfo Legend

Ponçik Cute

Sayko Psycho

GASTARBEITER–TURKEYMEETSGERMANY

Aftertheirlossinthesecondworldwar,Germanysuffered severe labour shortages and desperately needed migrant workers to boost its post-war economy These struggles werenotuniquetoGermanyandhighunemploymentrates swept most of Europe, particularly southern Europe in countriessuchasTurkey

Lan Mate

Vallah Really

Yashallah Hurryup

Naber What’sup?

Therefore,TurkeyreadilyagreedtosendyoungmentoworkinGermanyandon30October1961the two countries struck up a deal outlining the working conditions for these guest workers or ‘Gastarbeiter’inGerman(‘Gast’meaningguestand‘Arbeiter’meaningtowork) Theseworkerscould stayinGermanyforuptotwoyears,howevertheirfamilieswerenotallowedtostaywiththem Thisdealhadbenefitsforbothcountries,as the influx of workers meant that Germany couldkickstarttheeconomicmiracleitwas hoping to achieve, and Turkish workers could receive better pay and further training which they would bring back to Turkey

Eventually, in 1964, Germany appended its treatytoallowworkersandtheirfamiliesto stay for longer than two years as it was morecostlytohirereplacements

AANYAAPTEANDELLANEWTON-SMITH

Todayitisestimatedthataround25million Turks have settled in Germany since 1961 and have embedded themselves and their culture into German traditions One wellknown example is the Maybachufer market which sells Turkish produce like food or textiles Although perhaps one of the most famous and tastiest Turkish creations is the döner kebab, which is sliced lamb or beef stuffed with onions inside a delicious flatbread, and each year sales reach an incredible35millioneuros!Turkishcustoms are not only popular amongst adults however, children and especially teenagers useTurkishcustomsintheireverydaylives

WHYISTURKISHSLANGSOPOPI?

ItcouldbearguedthatTurkishslangisspokenbymanyteensinGermanybecauseofthesuccessful integrationbetweendifferentpartsofsociety *Vallah,though,Germanteenagersalsofindit*ponçik and fresh because it’s a new way of communicating Teens are always trying to find a way to be different– whetherit’sthroughTikToktrendsorusingslang– soitisunsurprisingthatGermanteens havepickedupthe*matrakwayofTurkishslang

I’m sure you ’ re thinking: *Hadi oradan! Turkish slang sounds way uncool! But using it in everyday interactions*vallahdoesstrengthenthebondsbetweenteens,sinceitfeelsliketheyhavetheirown speciallanguage!

TeenagersalsoenjoyusingTurkishslangbecausenotonlydoesitshowthattheybelongtoacertain group,butpeoplearoundthem(suchastheirparentsorteachers)won’tbeabletounderstandwhat they’re saying, meaning they can call their teachers *saykos in front of them without them ever knowing!Sounds*saglam,right?

Although you may now be thinking that teenagers are *yenis, they likely pick up Turkish slang because of the adults around them Young people around the world, not only in Germany, tend to try to imitate the adultsintheirlives Therefore,sinceGerman teenagers nowadays have grown up surrounded by Turkish people whose grandparents perhaps stayed and made familiesafterbeingsenttoworkinGermany, it is only natural that they would pick up a coolnewphraseortwo!

THECO-OFFICIALLANGUAGESSPOKENINSPAIN

ANGELASUAREZ

Spanish, or Castilian, is the world’s secondmostspokennativelanguageandisusedby peopleinallcornersoftheglobetoexpress themselves Thislanguagehasalonghistory ofevolutionthatovercenturieshasdeveloped intothemanyvariationsofSpanishthatexist todaythroughouttheworld

Even though Castilian Spanish is the official nationallanguageofSpain,thereareothercoofficiallanguagesspokeninthiscountry The three main regional languages are Catalan, GalicianandBasque

Inthisway,CatalanisspokeninCatalonia,aregioninthenorth-eastofSpainwith Barcelonaasitscapitalcity GalicianisspokeninGalicia,aregioninthenorth-westofSpain(justabove Portugal) which has Santiago de Compostela as its capital Finally, Basque is spoken in the Basque Country,aregioninnorthernSpain,whereVitoria-Gasteizisthecapitalcity

SpaniardsuseCastilianSpanishastheir‘linguafranca’,buttheyusetheirregionallanguageintheir everyday lives and, in some cases, in schools and business According to a survey distributed by theNationalInstituteofStatistics(2016),989%ofthepopulationspeakSpanish,175%speakCatalan, 62%speakGalician,58%speakValencian(avarietyofCatalan)and3%speakBasque

Basqueisquiteunusualbecause,unliketheotherregionallanguages,itisnotaLatin-derivedRomance language and, therefore, the chances of mutual intelligibility are pretty much zero It is a ‘language isolate’,sothereisnorecognisablerelationshipwithanyotherexistinglanguage

During the dictatorship of Francisco Franco(1939-1975) Castilian Spanish was declared Spain’s only officiallanguage,prohibitingtheuseofotherregionallanguagesinmanyareas.Thiscausedturmoilin regions which identified more strongly with their regional heritage and local language than with the growing Spanish nationalistic fervour The regime referred to these other languages as ‘dialects’ of Spanishinaderogatoryway,claimingthattheywereinferiorandhadalackofvocabulary,sotheywere unfitforofficialuse Alongthisline,foreignfilmsweredubbedintoCastilianorforcedtobereissuedin Castilianiforiginallyfilmedinaregionallanguage.EvenNon-Castiliannameswerebannedfornewbornsin1938

However, after the dictatorship, when the Spanish constitution was written (1978), the Spanish parliamentdecidedthat:‘CastilianistheofficialSpanishlanguageoftheState AllSpaniardshavethe duty to know it and the right to use it ... The other Spanish languages shall also be official in the respectiveAutonomousCommunitiesinaccordancewiththeirStatutes’Itaddedthat‘thewealthofthe differentlanguagemodalitiesofSpainisaculturalheritagewhichshallbetheobjectofspecialrespect andprotection’(Article3oftheSpanishConstitution) Therefore,nowadaystheseco-officiallanguages aretaughtinschools,andlinguisticdiversityisencouragedinSpain

Despitethis,therearemanycontroversiesabouttheseco-officiallanguagesinSpain Intheregionof CataloniamanypoliticiansuseCatalanasatooltodefendindependencefromSpain Theyclaimthat theyhaveadifferentcultureandlanguage,sotheydonotbelongtoSpainandwanttocreateadifferent country ThishascreatedastrongrejectionofCatalaninotherpartsofSpain Thesameishappeningto alesserextentintheBasqueCountryandGalicia Thatiswhythereisstillalotofworktobedoneso thatallSpaniardsunderstandtheimportanceofrespectingalllanguagesandbuildaunitedcountry proudofhavingagreatlinguisticandculturaldiversity

BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://wwwdonquij oteorg/spanishculture/history/lang uages-spain/ https://lingvistcom/ blog/history-ofspanish/ https://wwwboees/ legislacion/documen tos/ConstitucionING

LESpdf

https://tatutradnet/ en/languagesspoken-in-spain-2/

ATALEOFTWOITALIES…

DAFINAPRELA

Betweenthe15thand18thcenturies,ItalywasruledbyFrance,theHolyRomanEmpire,Spain,and Austria TheconceptofaunifiedItalyonlybegantotakerootduringtheperiodofFrenchoccupation underNapoleon’srulewhen,alongwithidealsoffreedomandequality,theconceptofnationalismwas introduced,therebysowingtheseedsofItaliannationalismthroughoutmostpartsofthenorthernand centralItalianpeninsula By1861,theKingdomofItalywasofficiallyproclaimed

AMELTINGPOTOFREGIONALIDENTITIES

Over150yearspost-unification,therestillexistcontestednotionsofItaliannationalidentity Assuch, nationalism is overtaken by local patriotism known as ‘campanilismo’, characterised by the overwhelmingspiritofpatriotismandconnectiontoone’shometown Forexample,apersonfromSiena inTuscanymayfeel‘Sienese’whilstinTuscany,but‘Tuscan’whentheyareanywhereelseinItaly

Some regions even share more of their cultural heritage with other European countries The Italian provinceofAltoAdige(SouthTyrol)wasformerlypartofAustriauntilWorldWarIandthereforemore people in this region speak South Tyrolese German than Italian, having belonged to the Germanspeaking world for centuries Similarly, many Italians living in the provinces of Trieste and Gorizia borderingSloveniaspeakSlovene.Ontheotherendofthecompass,youhavetheNeapolitandialect,a languagedistinctfromItalianyetspokeninNaplesandsurroundingareas

THENORTH-SOUTHDICHOTOMY

ThediversityoftheItalianidentitytranscendsregionaldialects,withculturaldistinctionsbeinghighly noticeableindifferencesacrossregionalcuisines dailylifestylesandculturaltraditions

TheAlps,northernItaly

CastellammaredelGolfo,Sicily

The culinary differences are tremendous too Due to its proximity to the Swiss border and the Alps, northernItaliancuisineisinfluencedbyAlpinecultureandisdominatedbyrichcreamsauces,polenta, meatandcheese SouthernItaliansembracethetangy,livelyMediterraneantaste,preferringtomato sauces,oliveoilandfreshsteamedseafood Eachregionhasitsowndistinctsetofflavoursandhasin itsownwaycontributedtotheItalianculinarytradition

The warm southern climate means that there is an abundance of natural ingredients. Freshness is paramountinsouthernItaliancuisine,withsaladgreens,seafood,peppers,tomatoesandaubergines formingthebasisofsomeoftheregion’smostbeloveddishes Naples,locatedintheregionofCampania insouthernItaly,isthehumblebirthplaceofthepizza,nowastapleofItaliancuisine Localsofthe AmalfiCoast,thebeautifulcoastlinesprinkledwithbrightyellowlemontrees,poeticallydescribetheir limoncelloasadrinkthatis‘brightlikethesun,sweetlikelove’.

Thankstoitsmountainousterrain,thenorthernregionsofItalylikePiemonteandLombardiaareprime cattlecountryandthisismirroredintheircuisinewhichfeatureshigh-qualitymeatandcheeses Dueto the colder climate, stews and soups with meat abundant in the area are popular Hard sausages, including salami and other cured meats such as prosciutto are northern Italian delicacies whose popularityspanstheglobe CheeseslikeParmigiano-Reggiano,pecorinoandgorgonzolaofferavariety oftexturesandtastesthatcomplementnorthernandsoutherndishesalike

Whether from the north or the south, there is a common thread that permeates Italian culture: a deep focus on relationships and family values The rich cultural diversity of Italy stemming from its historyasafragmentednationonly serves to render the country an evenmorevibrantanduniqueplace tovisit

SONNENALLEE–MULTICULTURALMELTINGPOT AMINAKACIMI

What do people all over the world associate with Germany? Probably pretzels, lederhosen and especiallyGermanhistory Buttoday,Germanyismorethanthat Germanyiscolourful,multiculturaland open-minded

Morethan22millionpeoplelivinginGermanytodayhaveamigrantbackground Thatisalmost30% Manymigrantscameinthe1950sasguestworkers(Gastarbeiter)inordertorebuildGermanyafter WorldWarII TheseimmigrantsweremostlyfromTurkey,GreeceandItaly

TodayGermanytakesinmanyrefugeesfromcountrieslikeSyriaandAfghanistan Yetmigrationfrom neighbouringEuropeancountriesisabigpartofGermany’shistoryaswell JustliketheUSAandGreat Britain,Germanstodaydefinethemselvesasanimmigrantsociety

An example of Germany’s multiculturalism is the Sonnenallee in Berlin – Neukölln A street that everybodyknows;evenbeyondBerlin’sborders Onthisfivekm(threemile)longstreetinthemiddleof BerlinyoucansmellfreshflatbreadfromTurkishbakeries,shawarmafromLebaneserestaurantsand coffeefromSyriancoffeehouses

AllofBerlinvisitsthegrocerystorestofindfreshandcheapfruitandvegetablesinadditiontodifferent itemsofMiddleEasterncuisine Thestoreownersgreettheircustomerswith'assalamu-aleikum'the Islamic greeting of peace Many people therefore call the Sonnenallee the Arab Street It connects NeuköllnandKreuzberg–twoBerlindistrictscharacterisedbymulticulturalismwhere90%ofstores areArab-owned

Inthepast,thestreetusedtobeknownforgangsandviolence,buttodayitisseenastrendy People comeandvisitfromalloverBerlintoshopintheArabianshops.Andthereyoucanfindeverythingyour heart desires – but of course Arab-style: bridal fashion, hairdressers, shisha bars, electronic stores, bakeriesandmany,manyrestaurants

Thisiswhytoday,theSonnenalleehasbecomeaplaceoflongingformany Astreetthat,throughits smells,throughitslanguageand,lastbutnotleast,throughitspeople,remindsusofahomelandfrom whichmanypeoplehadtoflee,suchasSyriaorLebanon

ThepeoplethatarrivedinGermanymorethan20yearsago,however,wereinadifferentsituation Then, the Sonnenallee was called 'Gaza strip', because so many Palestinians lived there Back then the customerseatingshawarmawithtoumwerealmostexclusivelyArabs.Thestreetwasnotatallpopular withGermansbutinsteaddespised

Today, the clientele is as colourful as the street itself Many tourists also come to visit the famous multiculturalSonnenallee Andisthatnotthebeautyofanopen-mindedsociety?For,insuchasociety, cultureandtraditionscanbeshared Whatforsomeisaretreat,offersothersanewculturalexperience

Thisishowculturescanformconnectionsandallowsfornewidentitiestobecreated;ontheArabStreet Sonnenalleeandfarbeyond

WasverbindendieMenschenweltweitmitDeutschland?–wahrscheinlichBrezeln,Lederhosenundvor allem deutsche Geschichte Doch heute ist Deutschland mehr als das Deutschland ist bunt, multikulturellundoffen

Über22MillionenderinDeutschlandlebendenMenschenhabenheuteeinenMigrationshintergrund Das sindfast30% VieleMigrantenkameninden1950erJahrenalsGastarbeiternachDeutschland,umdas Land nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg wieder aufzubauen Diese Menschen stammten vor allem aus der Türkei,GriechenlandundItalien

HeutenimmtDeutschlandvielegeflüchteteMenschenauszumBeispielSyrienoderAfghanistanauf AberauchMigrationausverschiedeneneuropäischenLänderngehörtzuDeutschlandsGeschichte So wie die USA und Großbritannien verstehen sich die Deutschen deshalb heute als Einwanderergesellschaft

VieleMenschennennendieSonnenalleauchgerne“diearabischeStraße” SieverbindetNeuköllnund Kreuzberg–zweivonMultukulturalitätgeprägteStadtteileBerlins 90%derLädensindinarabischer Hand

FrüherwardieStraßebekanntfürGangsundGewalt,dochheuteistsiefastschonkult AusganzBerlin kommenMenschen,umindenarabischenGeschäfteneinzukaufen DabeigibtesalleswasdasHerz begehrt – in arabischer Variante: Brautmode, Friseure, Shisha-Bars, Elektroläden, Bäckereien und natürlichvielevieleRestaurants

AusdiesemGrundistdieSonnenallefüreinigeheutezumSehnsuchtsortgeworden EineStraße,die durchihreGerüche,durchdieSpracheunddurchnichtzuletztdieMenschenaneineHeimaterinnert, ausdervieleMenschenfliehenmussten,wiezumBeispielSyrienundLibanon.

FürdieMenschen,dievormehrals20JahrennachDeutschlandkamen,wardieLagenochanders Man nanntedieSonnenalleeauchden“Gazastreifen,weilsovielePalästinenserdortlebten Damalskamen fastausschließlichnurAraber*innen,umShawarmamitThoumzuessen BeiDeutschenwardieStraße nichtbeliebt,sondernverrufen

Heute ist die Kundschaft so bunt wie die Straße selbst Es kommen auch viele Touristen, um die berühmte multukulti Sonnenalle zu besuchen Und ist das nicht das Schönean einer offenen Gesellschaft?KulturundTraditionenlassensichmiteinanderteilen WasfürmancheeinRückzugsort ist,bietetandereneinneueskulturellesErlebnis SoverbindensichKulturenundeineneueArtvon Identitätwirdgeschaffen AufderarabischenStraßeundnochweitdarüberhinaus

HEARFROMOURSTUDENTS

UKRAINIAN YEVAHORBACH

MynameisYevaHorbach I’m13,I’mfromUkraineandI’minYear9

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I really like to learn languages, it comes easily to me Now I can speak Ukrainian – it's my native language–Russian,PolishandEnglish,andnowI'mlearningSpanish

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Моєхоббіцемалювання,ядужелюблюцеробити Ябагатомалююна

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Моєім‘яЄваГорбач Мені13років

TheofficiallanguageusedinChinaisMandarinbuttherearemanypeoplespeakingindifferent dialects,suchasCantonese,whichisusedbypeoplefromGuangzhou,HongKongandMacao It’sinterestinghowCantoneseisoftenseenasanaggressive-soundingdialect,yetwhenyou writeitout,itisveryelegant.Becausethedialectisbasicallycontainedwithinafewregions, wheneversomeonespeaksit,itfeelslikethereisanautomaticspecialconnectionbetweenthe twoofyou However,thisalsomeansthatextraworkneedstobeputininordertopreservethe dialect,especiallybecauseschoolsinGuangzhouencouragestudentstospeakMandarinrather thanCantonese,andthismighthappentootherregionssoon

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Nigeriaisaremarkablecountryrichwithculture,historyandvibrantshadesofloveandhope With500 uniquelanguagesspoken,andpotloadsreligionsandfaiths It'sabeautifulplacethatmostofthetimeis underminedandstereotyped,whenitsstoryandpastaremostdefinitelyintriguing Ahomeforsomany people,andaplaceinsomanypeople'shearts,I'mproudtobeNigerian,andI'mproudtoholdsuchan ethnicity

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EgungunMasqueradeoftheYorubaTribe

Hello,mynameisArshyaandIaminYear12 IspeakalanguagecalledTelugu,whichismainlyspoken in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India My parents are both from the south of India, so I grew up speaking Telugu at home One of my favourite Telugu phrases is ‘bangaaru pandu’, an affectionate nicknamethatliterallytranslatesto‘goldenfruit’–Ijustfinditsosweet!