Lighting Up The Lives of The Elderly Daylighting and Wellbeing Stefanie Kuhn
An essay submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the MPhil in Architecture and Urban Design examination 2013-2015
Kings College / 14. January. 14. Essay 1. Environmental Building Typology 3000 words
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Stefanie Kuhn Kings College / 14. January. 14. Essay 1. Environmental Building Typology 3000 words
Abstract Certain factors which are integral to the accommodation required for the ‘third age’ population are, by definition, commodity elements serving a single, clearly-defined purpose, whereas others have both a direct, as well as indirect, impact on the wellbeing of the subjects. This paper will identify daylighting as such a factor. The paper will provide an in-depth analysis into the environmental characteristics and performance of daylighting at three ranges of scale; the room, the building and the block. However the paper will ultimately seek to demonstrate how these three scales must be integrally linked through conscious design, in order to create and promote a positive relationship between inhabitation, thresholds, views and daylight.
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Contents 3 Abstract 6 Author’s Note 10
Foreword: The Demographic Shift
13
The Effect of Ageing
23 The Typical Condition 29
Analysis: The Block, The Building and The Room
77 Conclusion 81 Bibliography Figure References
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Author’s note: “Although there are commonly used definitions of old age, there is no general agreement on the age at which a person becomes old. The common use of a calendar age to mark the threshold of old age assumes equivalence with biological age, yet at the same time, it is generally accepted that these two are not necessarily synonymous.� (WHO, 2013) For the purpose of this paper, I will follow the lead of the developed worlds, for better or worse, and use the pensionable age limit of 60 used by many governments to provide a common bench mark.
Fig 1. Romoli, F. (2012) 7
2012
Percentage of the total population aged 60 years or over Fig 2. United Nations (2012)
2050
9
Foreword:
The Demographic Shift The world is about to face a new, unprecedented, challenge. By 2050, people aged 60 and over will account for 22% of the world’s population. (Fig.2) For the first time in recorded history the number of people aged 65 or older globally will outnumber children under the age of 14. (WHO, 2011) Driven by increased life expectancy and falling fertility rates, this shift is expected to continue at a considerable rate, with less-developed countries experiencing the most dramatic increase over a short space of time. (United Nations, 2012) Between 1950 and 2012 the old-age support ratio (i.e. the relationship between the number of those in work or capable of it, and those who are assumed to have reached the end of their ‘full-time’ working life) in developed countries fell by one third from 12 working-age (15 to 64) people for each older person (65+) to 8. By 2050 the ratio is projected to decrease by a further 50% to only 4. (United Nations, 2012) The demographic shift is not taking place in isolation, however. Other broad social trends are changing, too. Economies are becoming increasingly globalised and technology is evolving rapidly. Younger generations are migrating to cities and people are becoming less likely to marry, are having fewer children, and are preferring to live alone. (WHO, 2011)
These changes will challenge the functionality and relevance of national infrastructures. Not only will they increasingly place strain upon labour markets and social security systems (pensions funding and public health provision), but perhaps more importantly, when combined with the shifting age composition and declining support from families, they will influence the way we live our lives, which in turn can affect one’s Wellbeing. “Wellbeing is an emotional experience which does not require intact cognition” therefore be it positive or negative, every person in the world experiences a sense of Wellbeing, even those elderly suffering from diseases such as dementia. (Ericsson, 2012, p. 3). However, whilst the Wellbeing of the population as a whole is important, with its emergence as a major societal demographic shift, it is important to understand in particular the Wellbeing of the ageing population in terms of how it may be defined, measured and optimised, “as without the use of age-disaggregated data, the issues surrounding ageing are often invisible.” (HelpAge, 2013. p. 12) A recent House of Lords report, ‘Ready for ageing?’ has suggested that the UK government, like many other countries, is “woefully underprepared” for the social 11
and economic challenges presented by an ageing society. (Triggle, 2013) Whilst there are some who regard old age in a negative light , and would refer to the age shift as a “time bomb” (Morris, 2013), there are those who believe that this age shift could be used as an opportunity to bring innovative solutions to many current socioeconomic challenges. (Age Platform EU, 2013) I believe that this is a more realistic and valuable position to take. However to make it so, the way in which society is organised is likely to need a degree of ‘revolutionary’ action to make the changes required. More - and better - data will be necessary to understand and aid informed debates on ageing to help guide improved policy making. (EuropeAid, 2013) “Either our countries will make decisions about adapting to our ageing societies, or these decisions will be made for us by the sheer force of demographics and economics. It becomes a question of whether we will manage change, or whether change will manage us.” (Novelli, 2003, cited in Audit Commission, 2004. p. 2)
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The effect of ageing
2013
2023
2033
The United Kingdom
Percentage of Total Population 65 and over
Percentage of Total Population 65 and over
Percentage of Total Population 65 and over
As is the case with the rest of the world, the UK demographics are changing. In 2013, of the 63 million people living in the UK, 10.8 million of them are people aged 65 or over. This figure is projected to rise by nearly 50% (48.7%) in the next 20 years. (AgeUK, 2013)
No. of Map Areas
%
No. of Map Areas
%
No. of Map Areas
%
35.6 to 43.1
0
35.6 to 43.1
1
35.6 to 43.1
15
28.1 to 35.5
11
28.1 to 35.5
48
28.1 to 35.5
122
20.7 to 28
120
20.7 to 28
204
20.7 to 28
188
13.1 to 20.6
267
13.1 to 20.6
152
13.1 to 20.6
65
5.6 to 13
36
5.6 to 13
29
5.6 to 13
18
Fig. 3. ONS, 2011
15
The maps (fig. 3) illustrate the estimated population ageing and the locations likely to see the largest growth.
Everybody Ages “There is an anti-aging possibility, but it has to come from within.” (Anton, S. 2011) As mentioned in the beginning, neither the point at which a person becomes aged, nor the rate of their ageing is universal or accurately predictable; it is determined by a person’s unique characteristics of genetic makeup and lifestyle. (GovUK, 2014) What we can be sure of however, is that the gradual, yet complex process of ageing is impacted by physical, psychological and social effects. Although we can discuss these three aspects of ageing separately, they all interact and influence one another throughout the ageing process.” (Harbert, A & Ginsberg, L, 1990. p.7) Physically, ageing leads to the functional impairment of tissues, organs and nerves. This can manifest itself in many ways - the reduction of senses, reduced mobility and slower reactions, to name but a few. However, research studies support the premise that “the physical deterioration that occurs with age is not an irreversible process.” (Harbert, A & Ginsberg, L, 1990. p.9) Some bodily functions such as muscle strength and tone can be regained with an appropriate regular exercise regime, whilst changes in diet can help reduce confusion, fatigue and insomnia. Psychological characteristics of ageing can be viewed in the context of the life cycle. As the individual passes into new phases of life, in this case, from ‘Middle Age (40 - 55 years old)’ through ‘Later Maturity (55 - 75 year old)’ to ‘Old Age ( 75+)’ they experience different developmental events to which they must learn to adapt and cope with. (Harbert, A & Ginsberg, L, 1990) The social effects of ageing can come from the potential loss of role and status and the stereotypically negative perception of and attitudes towards the elderly on the part of some other members of society. The extent to which older people continue to interact socially and their ability to adapt to socialization can help slow the process of ageing. So how can a sense of Wellbeing help with ageing?
Fig. 4. Thomas, D (2013) 17
Wellbeing is “a state of equilibrium where individuals have the psychological, social and physical resources they need to meet a particular psychological, social and/or physical challenge� (Dodge et al, 2012. p.30) Research ultimately suggests that there are three main factors that influence Wellbeing (Marks & Shah, 2004): - 50% relates to genes and upbringing - 10% relates to circumstances (climate, country, Income) - 40% relates to outlook, activities and surroundings (environment, friendships, being involved in community, sport, and hobbies as well) The Active Ageing Index (AAI, 2013. Fig.5) is one of the most appropriate analytical frameworks to date that seeks to measure and monitor the economic and social Wellbeing of older people (60+ years), and the indicators in the Index all track back in some way to the factors above. It is evident that a positive sense of Wellbeing can provide ageing members of society with numerous benefits that have the capacity to slow the rate of their demise and allow them to continue to make the kind of contribution with which they may have been associated in earlier life. This paper proposes that an appropriate built environment can help have a positive bearing on close to 50% of the factors. With the latter arguably providing the greatest scope for opportunities.
Fig. 5, Active Ageing Index (AAI), 2013 19
“I have a role to play and independence. That makes me feel great” (Johnston, R. 2013)
Sunday: “Church day. I collect my passengers on the way and drop us all here.” Wednesday: “I work with a children’s group at a centre” Thursday: “I like to volunteer at the church cafe. I have a purpose and you never know who you’ll meet.” Monday: “I Visit Lila, who’s 85, and then Steven and his wife at her care home” “I’d be lost without the independence of my car”
It is possible to illustrate some of the aspects that impact the wellbeing of a randomly selected older person by mapping the movements of a 68 year old female and highlighting a summary view of her weekly activities in her residential environment. (Fig.6)
Friday: “If we entertain and have someone for a meal, it’s always Friday” Saturday: “We go into our village and we treat ourselves to a coffee and crossword morning at the coffee shop” “We are building a ‘granny annex’ at the bottom of the garden which we will move into. Our son and his wife will move into ours. That way support is readily available for both parties when wanted”
It is clear that she leads an active lifestyle and that both physical and social mobility are crucial to her being able to maintain this and achieve a positive sense of Wellbeing. It is evident that her interaction with others is maintained on several levels and that any positive aspects of the built environment would have some bearing on this interaction.
Tuesday: “I’ll do my food shopping at 7am, that way it’s all empty and just mine. Then I go to the church cafe and volunteer.” “I’ll go into town, but only on a week day, and only if I really have too. “We do go to London occasionally. It’s good being on a main route”.
“I have to go once a month to the hospital for my checkup.”
Fig. 6. Kuhn, S (2013) Map illustrating the weekly movements of example subject, Rosemary Johnston, aged 68 21
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The typical condition
“People over 65 are estimated to spend an average 80% of their time in the home. 90% for people over 85� (AgeUK, 2013) The ways in which Architecture can be used to help encourage the Wellbeing of the elderly population can be approached from a range of scales; from the detail of ergonomics to the socio-politics of urban planning. Every scale equally as important as the next with each contributing towards facilitating needs and desires. Unfortunately, as the statistic above shows, most older people are not as active in their environment as Rosemary Johnston (Fig. 6). This paper acknowledges that this is a detail that must be changed, but will however focus on where improvements to Wellbeing can be made within the household, as regardless of increased activity, it will always continue to be the core of our environment.
People aged 65 and over spend on average three and three quarters hours a day watching TV (or DVD/Video) 362 Over-65s are estimated to spend an average of 80% of their time in the home - 90% for people over 85
Fig. 7. Kuhn, S (2013) 25
“At the age of 60, the average healthy human eye receives only a third of what a 20-year-old eye does.” (AgeUK, 2013) “About a third of all people aged over 65 fall each year. This is equivalent to over 3 million people” (AgeUK, 2013) “The combined cost of hospitalisation and social care for hip fractures as a result is £6 million a day. Half of those with hip fractures never regain their former level of function and one in five dies within three months. A falls prevention strategy (which includes better provision of lighting) could reduce the number of falls by 15 – 30%” (AgeUK, 2013) The bedroom, living room and circulation space are the most common locations for accidents to happen to the elderly. (Home safety, 2014) In response to these statistics, the degree to which the environmental phenomenon of daylight (the combination of diffuse skylight and sunlight) within a household can affect elderly Wellbeing will be explored. “Daylight and sunlight animate indoor spaces and enhance the appearance and residents’ enjoyment of an interior. Views out keep people in touch with their wider surroundings, the prevailing weather, and the rhythm of the day and seasons. Good natural light reduces the energy needed to provide light for everyday activities, (and to reduce falls), while controlled sun penetration can also help to meet part of the winter heating requirement.” (London Housing Design Guide, 2010. p.68) It is also important that one should be able to receive natural ventilation by opening windows. “This is a part of the human desire for control of his environment, whether this be the light on his work, or the air that he breathes.” (Phillips, D. 2012. p.6)
Fig. 8. Kreider, E (2010) Fig. 9. Kuhn, S (2013) 27
29
Analysis: The block, the building & the room
“It is crucial to define the daylighting performance of a resultant building in the initial outline of a design scheme.” (Baker et al, 2013) From the largest scale of the ‘block’ two key constraints must be considered: The first posed by the site itself, as this could limit the choice of the built form and therefore influence the possibilities available for optimising daylight. Unfortunately, “in spite of the relevance of the daylight climate, from a European perspective it appears that building form is not strongly predetermined by this.” (Baker & Stemeers, 2002) It can thus be argued that we are not capitalising on a number of benefits (visual, Wellbeing, cost and energy efficiency) which could be attained through more conscious design. The second is the surrounding environment which refers to both other buildings and vegetation. It is crucial these elements are considered as they can impact on the design both positively and negatively. Design creates microclimate which affects not only sunlight but also temperature and wind movement. Careful landscape and urban design at the initial outline stage could help positively enhance comfort on exposed sites and aid passive solar design of buildings. (Davies, L. 2000) Trees and buildings do however also act as obstructions to solar access, and therefore must be considered to avoid excessive overshadowing but also solar gain. The use of a deciduous tree for example can provide shade in the summer, but allow for sunlight to filter through in winter. (Fig.10)
Fig. 10. Kuhn, S. (2014) 31
“I spend all my time in the sitting room. Sat here. I like watching what goes on out the window. From here I can see people coming in. Not much goes on if I’m honest though, especially since the gate was put on the entrance.”
Gated entrance
“My house is better than the others as I’m on a slight hill so I get a better view. I get to be more ‘the watcher’ 3than ‘the watched’. It’s3.4 justenergy a shame and resource effi creating the urban structure there’s so little to watch!” (Canham, J. 2013 cited in Kuhn, S. 2013)
on the site, in many cases there is a hierarchy o TheDepending Design Compendium, (Davies, L. 2000) as to how to use renewable energy resources. Often, the o recommends that either the block design or consideration is: the• buildings themselves be orientated at an sun; angle 30 degrees off south to maximise • of rainwater; • ground; the opportunities for daylighting to all • wind. buildings on that block. (Fig. 12)
Existing view
Activity club house pavilion Sports field
Winter
Site allotments
Summer
Whilst maximising the contribution of these resources, it minimise environmental demands and ensure the efficie Asdisposal highlighted in Fig. 11, the desire for of waste.
9 am
Sitting Room 12 noon
Potential views
Street
Bedroom N
3 pm
Kitchen
Make sure that overshadowing doesn’t unduly undermineFig. solar access and vary building scale and 12. Davies, L. (2000) positioning accordingly
“It’s not well designed really. I’m always taking chunks out of the door frame as I whack my chair into them whilst trying to get out.”
Strict adherence to solar access and privacy concerns can serve to space buildings further and further apart – lowering densities and weakening street enclosure.
7 – 8m
Mews: 60 – 70% loss of total annual solar radiation
13 – 14m
Street: 30 – 40% loss of total annual solar radiation
Fig. 11. Kuhn, S (2013) Image graphically translating some of the conversation topics regarding elderly living with subject, Jill Canham, aged 78
29 – 30m
Square or high street: 5% loss of total annual solar radiation
33
With careful design, sufficient solar access can be provided to all floors in tighter settings and solar energy systems installed on roofs. Lower solar access on the ground floor can be compensated
activity to be viewed from an elderly 3.4.1 solar design Like daylighting, residence is preferable. Active frontages are a design detail which Turn towards the sun must atofthe Therebe areconsidered four main ways usinginitial the sunoutline in buildings: da of solar the gain; scheme, if full(PV)potential is to besolar pan photovoltaic modules; and active optimised for all.
Daylighting reduces the need for artificial lighting and pa reduces the need for space heating. Photovoltaic module radiation directly into electricity and are a rapidly develop Active solar panels for heating water have been available have long term potential in the UK.
The key to optimising the solar potential of the site is to o broadly to the south. This tends to result in an East -West o possible to move up to 30 away from due south and yet h maximum output of a PV module or a solar collector. A co o stay within 15-20 of due south.
Let the light in As a general rule, the more sun the better (potential probl and glare can be dealt with during the building design sta some attitudes and guidelines, it is possible to achieve hig light penetration with tight urban form. But a balance ne between new development and the constraints imposed setting, particularly in relation to the land use and street p areas and the height and roofscape of adjacent buildings
relationshiPs and family wellbeing
“Most older people want a home with at least two bedrooms but most specialist provision has only one” (AgeUK, 2013)
A report by Shelter surveyed households about the effects overcrowding had on their sleeping patterns, privacy and relationships within their family.
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The Greater London Authority (Greater London Authority, 2011) have introduced new minimum space requirements based on daily activities. The standards set a minimum gross internal floor area against the designed occupancy level and the typology of the home. (Fig. 13)
The report says: “Strong agreement that overcrowding harmed family relationships stood at 77 per cent. Out of 14 tick boxes about the possible effects of overcrowding, a lack of privacy was the one that received the highest rate of strong agreement with 92 per cent of overcrowded families selecting it. Eighty-one per cent strongly agreed that overcrowding caused fighting and arguing among their children.” [24]
Overcrowding is a specific problem relating to a home
recently been introduced by the Greater London
that is too small for the number of people living within it.
Authority (GLA). These apply to both publicly and
It gives us an indication of both the public and lifestyle
privately financed homes in London and are intended to
costs of a lack of space.
ensure that new homes are comfortable and functional.[25]
how much sPace do we need? Although minimum space standards for England do not currently exist, new minimum space requirements based on daily activities and the space needed for them have
The Housing Design Guide (London Housing Design Guide, 2010) recommends the “glazing to all habitable rooms should be no less than 20% of the internal floor area of the room” and that “all homes must provide for direct sunlight to enter at least one habitable room for part of the day”.
The London standards set a minimum gross internal floor area against the typology of the home (number of bedrooms and storeys) and the designed occupancy
I shall work on this premise, and explore whether the necessary daylighting levels for the activities within each room can be achieved through a ratio of 20% and which orientation would provide the most suitable light.
level (the number of people the home is designed to accommodate comfortably). The required standards are as follows:
Dwelling type (bedroom (b) / persons-bed spaces (p))
Essential Gross Internal Area (m²)
1p 1b2p 2b3p 2b4p 3b4p 3b5p 3b6p 4b5p 4b6p
37 50 61 70 74 86 95 90 99
Two storey houses
2b4p 3b4p 3b5p 4b5p 4b6p
83 87 96 100 107
Three storey houses
3b5p 4b5p 4b6p
102 106 113
For dwellings designed for more than 6 people…
… at least 10 m² gross internal area should be added for each additional person.
Flats
With evidence to support the dwelling size, I shall explore daylighting in the design of a twobedroom house for the elderly based on the minimum space requirements of 61m2. I shall however determine the space allocations in align with the recommended manoeuvrability dimensions stated by the Lifetime Homes Design Guide (2011).
However, with ageing, the lens of the human eye inevitably becomes denser, less elastic and suffers from gradual yellowing. These changes culminate in an elderly eye receiving less light, being slower to focus and accommodate sudden light changes, and suffer from increased glare caused by lens opacities. Many of these factors can be offset with additional light, however some require high-quality light, proper contrast ratios, and considerate design. The Architect’s Pocket Handbook (Baden-Powell et al, 2008), a guide for many an Architect, outlines the recommended minimum light levels for the average person. Based on the knowledge that we know regarding the eyes deterioration as we age, it could be argued that perhaps we should work to a more specific lighting programme when designing homes to cater the elderly. For this reason, when testing desired daylighting levels in each room, I shall increase the minimum Lux level accordingly and aim to achieve an overall more universal Lux level for all rooms to assist with the ageing eyes difficulty in accommodating to changing light levels. The CIE overcast sky is the most commonly used ‘sky’ model to preform daylighting analysis. (Baker & Stemeers, 2002)This paper will employ its use to achieve a worse case scenario for the internal environments. Limitations of this model mean that it is not able to produce directional daylighting like that scene with a clear sky model. This restricts the optimisation of orientation specific internal environments. Both these sky models will be employed to produce a desired lux level to be achieved across the day and seasonal variation.
The Gross Internal Floor area is the internal area of the dwelling measured to the internal face of the perimeter walls 24 Reynolds L and Robinson N, Full house? How overcrowded housing affects families (Shelter, 2005), page 8.
Fig. 13. Greater London Authority, (2011) 35
The Kitchen Activities conducted
Recommended Standard Lux Level
Adjusted Target Elderly Lux Level
Dining Food preparation Cooking
200 500 300
400 600 400
Time of Use:
Early Morning, Midday, Early Evening
Design Features: View of stimulating environment when washing up Variety of work top heights to allow for sitting down during food preparation 1500mm manoeuvring circle 1200mm zone clear of fixed obstructions and structure Space:
From this point on all Figures are produced by Kuhn, S. 2014 37
9m2 (of the total 61m2 available)
North facing
East facing
South facing
West facing
9am
12pm
3pm 39
Analysis of Lux levels in The Kitchen at 20% window to floor area ratio - Winter Solstice
North facing
East facing
South facing
West facing
9am
12pm
3pm 41
Analysis of Lux levels in The Kitchen at 20% window to floor area ratio - Summer Solstice
The Bathroom Activities conducted
Recommended Standard Lux Level
Adjusted Target Elderly Lux Level
Washing Grooming
300 300
400 400
Time of Use:
Early Morning, Throughout the day, Late Evening
Design Features: Support rails required on walls Space: 4.6m2 (of the total 61m2 available)
43
North facing
South facing
East facing
West facing
9am
12pm
3pm 45
Analysis of Lux levels in The Bathroom at 20% window to floor area ratio - Winter Solstice
North facing
East facing
South facing
West facing
9am
12pm
3pm 47
Analysis of Lux levels in The Bathroom at 20% window to floor area ratio - Summer Solstice
Circulation Activities conducted
Recommended Standard Lux Level
Adjusted Target Elderly Lux Level
General Use
150
400
Time of Use:
All day
Design Features: Light to avoid falls Ability to see whose approaching 1500mm width for manoeuvring circle Space: 5.8m2 (of the total 61m2 available)
49
North facing
East facing
South facing
West facing
9am
12pm
3pm 51
Analysis of Lux levels in Circulation Space at 20% window to floor area ratio - Winter Solstice
North facing
East facing
South facing
West facing
9am
12pm
3pm 53
Analysis of Lux levels in Circulation Space at 20% window to floor area ratio - Summer Solstice
The Bedroom Activities conducted
Recommended Standard Lux Level
Adjusted Target Elderly Lux Level
General Use Sleeping
300 0
400 0
Time of Use:
Early Morning, Late Evening, All Night
Design Features: Light to wake to View of calming enviroment to look at from bed in morning Privacy 750mm clearing space to side of the bed Space:
55
9m2 (of the total 61m2 available)
North facing
East facing
South facing
West facing
9am
12pm
3pm 57
Analysis of Lux levels in The Bedroom at 20% window to floor area ratio - Winter Solstice
North facing
East facing
South facing
West facing
9am
12pm
3pm 59
Analysis of Lux levels in The Bedroom at 20% window to floor area ratio - Summer Solstice
The Living Room Activities conducted
Recommended Standard Lux Level
Recommended Elderly Lux Level
Watching TV General Use Tasks (Reading, Writing, knitting etc.)
200 300 750
300 400 1000
Time of Use:
Throughout the day
Design Features: Good views from seating level Easy manoeuvrability space Space:
61
22.4m2 (of the total 61m2 available)
North facing
East facing
South facing
West facing
9am
12pm
3pm 63
Analysis of Lux levels in the Living Room at 20% window to floor area ratio - Winter Solstice
North facing
East facing
South facing
West facing
9am
12pm
3pm 65
Analysis of Lux levels in the Living Room at 20% window to floor area ratio - Summer Solstice
South-West facing : Summer Solstice : 20% ratio
Daylight is admitted into the building through 20% window to floor area apertures. For all the rooms tested so far, at least one given orientation has permitted enough daylight of a sufficient level to penetrate the building to an acceptable depth.
East-West facing : Summer Solstice : 20% ratio
South-West facing : Summer Solstice : 20% ratio Placement testing
9am
9am
9am
12pm
12pm
12pm
3pm
3pm
3pm
The dimensions of the building, in both plan and section, have fundamental implications for the degree to which it can be daylit. So far, daylighting levels have achieved the desired Lux readings through single aspect. In the case of the Living room, a Southerly light would most suite, however, in an attempt to reduce solar gain, dual aspect windows will be explored as will window size variation and placement.
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Food Preparation 600 lx
Washing 400 lx Bathroom
Cooking 400 lx
5 m²
Kitchen 10 m²
Dining 400 lx
Circulation 400 lx Entrance Hall 10 m²
General 400 lx Bedeoom 2 10 m²
General 400 lx
Task 1000 lx
General 400 lx Living Room 23 m²
Television 300 lx
General 400 lx
Based on the explorative studies and knowledge of the desired lux levels/ time usages. A floor plan has been constructed with the consideration of optimum zoning spatial requirements for appropriate activities to be carried out
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Bedroom 1 10 m²
Bathroom 5 m²
Kitchen 10 m²
Entrance Hall 10 m²
Rev
Desc
Bedeoom 2 10 m²
CODE
SUITABILIT
STATUS
PURPOSE
www.auto PROJECT
Living Room 23 m²
Projec
Bedroom 1 10 m²
TITLE
Unn CLIENT
DRAWN BY
Author
SCALE (@ A1)
1 : 20
DRAWING NUMBER
Internal view looking south out of glazed door and ‘slit’ window located for optimised viewing whilst seated
A104
Plan , above and section below showing the aperture of openings allowing suitable lux light levels and desired views
Internal view showing location of desired view points and internal glazed wall to allow great light penetration into circulation space. 71
Ow
CHECK
Check
Internal lux level analysis readings
Summer Solstice 09:00 (CIE overcast sky)
Summer Solstice 12:00 (CIE overcast sky)
Internal view showing potential activities outside framed by chosen opening locations
Summer Solstice 15:00 (CIE overcast sky)
Winter Solstice 15:00 (CIE overcast sky)
73
Solar Study illustrating the dynamic internal environment.
Cooking 400 lx
Food Preparation 600 lx
Dining 400 lx
Washing 400 lx
Circulation 400 lx
General 400 lx
Task 1000 lx
General 400 lx
General 400 lx Television 300 lx
75
General 400 lx
77
Conclusion
Optimum Conditions It is reasonable to conclude that if action is taken from the offset of a design scheme, we can both encourage elderly Wellbeing and reduce difficulties they often face in their lives through considerate design. The plan below is the current working model to where this paper will conclude. It has considered how specific daylight levels, required to suite the needs of the elderly can be achieved through experimenting with aperture size, orientation and placement. Whilst doing this however it has also considered some of the other factors to which may influence the wellbeing of the elderly such as a view, and how was can design the apertures to create more tailored experiences. In further development models, explorations into how the use of solar-shades can be used to restrict excessive solar gain will be explored.
Food Preparation 600 lx
Washing 400 lx Bathroom
Cooking 400 lx
5 m²
Kitchen 10 m²
Dining 400 lx
Circulation 400 lx Entrance Hall 10 m²
General 400 lx Bedeoom 2 10 m²
General 400 lx
Task 1000 lx
General 400 lx Living Room 23 m²
Television 300 lx
79
General 400 lx
Bedroom 1 10 m²
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