STEMATIX Magazine | Issue 12 by STEMATIX Magazine

STEMATIX

DESIGN YOUR FUTURE

ISSUE 12: OCT 2021

DIGITAL TRANSFORMATIONS

DEAR READER, Engineering has existed since the beginning of the Human race. Humans have always strived to make tasks simpler—whether it's inventing wheels to make transportation more accessible or building bridges to move across oceans. Human beings are born with a natural curiosity towards engineering. So was I. My name is Romesh Trivedi, and I have been working in engineering and technology for the last 25 years. I was a Principal Architect at Intel Corp and am currently serving as a Platform Architect at Apple Inc. Growing up in Mumbai, India, I did not have any computers or cell phones. But during my childhood, I was always curious about taking things apart and putting them together. My brother and I would go looking for broken items like clocks, VCRs, television and open them up to play around with those. Whether it was chemistry, physics, or electronics, I was always fascinated by science. My curiosity about technology led me to get a Bachelor's degree in Electronics Engineering from the University of Mumbai and a Master's degree from Michigan State University. In the last 3+ decades of my life, I have seen amazing transformations in the field of engineering and technology.

Computers: Ever since the introduction of computers into the marketplace, they've undergone transformational changes. Now they are portable, easy to carry, and increasingly powerful. The world of storage has experienced an enormous transformation from the 8" floppy disk with few KiloBytes of capacity to the latest USB drives with many TeraBytes of capacity. Continuing advancements in semiconductor technologies have enabled computers and peripherals to become smaller, more powerful, and more affordable. Cellular: When I arrived in the USA in 1995, cell phones were pretty much nonexistent. So when I got my first cell phone, the Nokia Brick, I was over the moon. But its high price and even pricier service plan definitely put a dent in my wallet! Yet regardless of cost, cellular networks have made a significant impact globally. Back home in India, people were previously unable to use telephones due to lack of infrastructure. But cellular networks finally gave them the opportunity to connect to the world. Another breakthrough was the introduction of smartphones and data plans which gave way to

several other capabilities: VOIP, Social apps, video games, media generation production, and more!

Semiconductors: With all the innovation in the technology field— Superfast computers, Bluetooth, fast cellular networks, artificial intelligence—more advanced programming languages have driven humans toward further innovation. In the semiconductor industry, too, AI has started to make a significant impact: from intelligent robots that improve production and eliminate human error to smart simulators that help to predict device behavior across different scenarios. AI has been a topic of several controversies. As with any breakthrough, there are always positive and negative effects. On one side, AI has helped improve efficiency and optimize productivity, but on the other side, it has impacted several jobs performed by humans. It has affected employment, countries, and global economies. I believe this is a temporary consequence, and people will eventually explore new skills and contribute to other areas. Whether people like it or not, AI is here to stay and will continue to grow. Its application in many areas such as medicine, autonomous vehicles, and intelligent home assistants has grown so rapidly that there is no turning back. My advice to students interested in STEM is to keep your curiosity alive. By never ceasing to stay curious, you will invent great things. Don't like your chores? Try to come up with ways to make them more efficient, and might end up innovating something. The field of technology is growing fast. Stay in touch with this growth and find new ways to do better. Saurav and team, this is a fantastic initiative that you guys have started. You guys have put together a fabulous magazine with global collaboration. It was a pleasure reading the works of such a diverse group of contributors. You all have great potential to bring the next breakthrough in this world. So please continue to stay curious, come up with new ideas, and share them with the world. Good Luck!

SINCERELY,

Romesh Trivedi Platform Architect Apple Inc.

● Foreword

STEMATIX Magazine

meet the team Editor-in-Chief: Saurav Gandhi Editors-in-Training: Ein Hong & Sahana Moogi

Connect with Us!

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Meet the

People behind this Issue

Noted Contributors from Around the World

LITERATURE Directors: Ryan Liu, Aminah Hedges, Sindhu Saggeri

Matías Mogetta

Aryan Tiwari

Ranim Hammami

Martina Cisterna

Ayaan Shaikh

Liz Lubelczyk

Devansh Shah

Ahmed Haj Ahmed

Penny McNeill

Liam Nguyen

Joanne Ngo

Thivina Edirisinghe

Dominik

Liam Nguyen

Ramitha Ramanan

Eric Huang

Chau Dang

Raymond Wong

Miguel Balingit

Amelia Hoyos

Pedro Marin Alamino

Liam Brady

Mahirah Mohd Norazinan

Shaurya Sharma

Alex Kim

Kaitlyn Butcher

Larissa Terto Alvim

Emily Seoyoung KIm

Ayaan Shaikh

Theo Leão Larrieux

Hyun Seomun

Naseeb Nepal

Bruno Fernandes Iorio

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Gina Choi

David Moeller Sztajnbok

Mohammed Yasser Akkad

Rosie Chen

Miguel Bernáth Liao

Eman Omar Alhendi

Abdullah Albaitam

Enzo Pereira da Cunha

Dana Mershed

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Alexander

GRAPHIC DESIGN & LAYOUT Directors: Akshita Ponnuru, Rhea Jain, Vivek Atmuri, Serena Gandhi

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Saurav Gandhi

Hasitha Dangeti

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STEMATIX Magazine

ILLUSTRATIONS Director: Aleena Bosky

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REGIONAL DIRECTORS Darine Hamdoun

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OUTREACH TEAM Directors: Aarushi Shah, Hasitha Dangeti, Kaitlyn Butcher

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STEMATIX Magazine

A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD Dear Reader,

An example that best illustrates this phenomenon is

I learned about the Turing test a couple of years ago

a study conducted by researchers from the Center for

when reading an issue of Popular Science. In 1950,

Information Technology Policy at Princeton

English computer scientist and logician Alan Turing

University. This study found that by just making an

came up with the Turing test, a fascinating

artificial intelligence algorithm train with data from

framework for testing a machine's ability to exhibit

the internet and reading what humans have already

intelligence equivalent to that of a human. Of course,

written, the system would automatically produce

in the 1950s, one could only imagine simulating

biases against women and people of color. While

human intelligence. But the advancement of artificial

numerous tech giants and CEOs foresee a "golden

intelligence over the decade has brought this dream

age" on the horizon, AI's potential widespread use

closer to reality. The rush to digitize almost every

raises several concerns in marginalized communities.

aspect of our lives—from education to healthcare—is

AI is expected to be a revolutionary phase shift, but

forcing us to rethink how we interact with

will the widespread use of some algorithms magnify

technology, the world around us, and each other. It is

bias against groups who already face prejudice?

necessary instead of focusing on passing the Turing Test, we work toward implementing Alan Turing's

In this issue, we focus on digital transformations—not

bold vision for a future where AI's are designed to

only on how digitization is transforming our society

help humans.

but also how our society is shaping the power of digitization. From the role of AI in the arts and music

However, there is one problem that we need to

to leveraging sophisticated algorithms for

overcome before AIs can truly play an integral role in

deciphering viral proteins, this issue provides an

society. Unfortunately, AI algorithms, too, can be

expansive overview through multiple lenses.

biased.

Furthermore, we touch on topics like the Internet of Things (IoT), open-source artificial intelligence, and

While this declaration may appear paradoxical at first

the deeper societal implications of automation. We

since it contradicts the objective and mathematical

hope that when you read this issue, you feel

nature of algorithms, it holds true. Recent studies are

enthralled, alarmed, and above all, excited about the

beginning to reveal the hidden biases ingrained

future of digitization. Happy reading!

within algorithms and how algorithmic decision-

Sincerely,

making targets marginalized populations. The answer to why this occurrence happens in the first place is simple—algorithms are trained on data—a great deal of it. And when the data that these algorithms train on are biased towards one group (which is the case in most algorithms), machines begin treating similarly-situated people differently.

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Saurav Gandhi Founder, Editor-inChief STEMATIX Magazine www.stematix.org

ISSUE XII TABLE OF CONTENTS

10 AI IN EVERYDAY LIFE A compilation highlighting the ubiquity of AI from self-driving cars to image and video processing. Learn about the hidden presence of AI in even the most unassuming aspects of daily life.

20 AI & ML FOR COVID-19 AI and ML are emerging as essential tools in the prediction, detection, and prevention of COVID19. Learn about its role in vaccine development.

27 SLAVERY OF THE FUTURE It's the year 3800, and we are all slaves. Not exactly like the slaves in the history books, but we are treated similarly. We have no rights. We may be thrown in the CyberHole.

46 PUSHING THE LIMITS IN FORMULA 1 RACING Formula One is the most popular motorsport modality in the world. Since the beginning of this sport, to win the race, the driver and team needed excellent engineering, financial conditions, training, and many other factors.

49 TETRA: DIGITAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATION A new digital wireless communication system has been implemented, called "TETRA." One of the most widely used digital communication systems globally, it utilizes TETRA MHz frequencies (300-400).

● Table of Contents

STEMATIX Magazine

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AI IN EVERYDAY LIFE

AI IN MUSIC

HOW AI IS AIDING THE THE FIGHT AGAINST COVID-19

AI AND MACHINE LEARNING FOR COVID-19

SUPER INTELLIGENCE

SLAVERY OF THE FUTURE

COMPUTERS AND MEDICINE

TECHNOLOGY'S EFFECTS (VR) AI: THE FUTURE OF WORK

AI: THE FUTURE OF WORK

DIGITIZATION IN COMPETETIVE SPORTS TECHNOLOGY IN SOCCER

FIVE SPORTS TECH STARTUPS TO WATCH OUT FOR

PUSHING THE LIMITS IN FORMULA 1 RACING

INTERNET OF THINGS TETRA: DIGITAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

GO-KARTS AT FAB LAB BAHRAIN

ORDER & CHAOS IN MOLDING OF HUMAN NATURE

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

● Artificial Intelligence

STEMATIX Magazine

WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE? As you have probably noticed, AI is currently a hot topic these days, and media and public discussion about AI are almost impossible to avoid. However, you may also have noticed that AI means different things to different people. For some, AI is about artificial life-forms that can surpass human intelligence, and for others, almost any data processing technology can be called AI. I've

Mohammed Yasser Akkad

compiled some AI applications that will help you understand the big picture.

SELF-DRIVING CARS OR AUTO DRIVER Self-driving cars require a combination of AI techniques of many kinds: search and planning to find the most convenient route from A to B, computer vision to identify obstacles, and decision making under uncertainty to cope with a complex environment. Each of these must work with almost flawless precision to avoid accidents. The same technologies are also used in other autonomous systems such as delivery robots, flying drones, and autonomous ships.

CONTENT RECOMMENDATION We encounter personalized content daily, including Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and other social media content; online advertisements; and music and movie recommendations from services like Spotify and Netflix. Many websites, like newspapers and broadcasting companies' websites, or search engines like Google, also personalize content. While the front page of the printed version of the New York Times or China Daily is the same for all readers, the online version's front page is different for each user. The algorithms that determine the content that you see are based on AI.

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IMAGE AND VIDEO PROCESSING Many government applications rely on face recognition, including passport checks, organizing your photos, etc. These methods have been used to determine wildlife populations or recognize other cars and obstacles while autonomous vehicles are in motion.

IS THERE AN EXACT DEFINITION OF AI? Even AI researchers have no exact definition of AI. The field is rather continuously redefined when some topics are classified as non-AI, and new topics emerge. The first definition of AI was "cool things that computers can't do". The irony is that AI could have never made any progress under this definition: as soon as we find a way to do something cool with a computer, it stops being an AI problem as per this definition. The current dictionary definition of AI is "the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior". Imitating intelligent human behavior can be very complicated for a machine. A simple human task of looking around and picking up an object in your hand involves complex actions and decisions. Think about what you did: you used your eyes to scan your surroundings, figured out where are some suitable objects for picking up, chose one of them, and planned a trajectory for your hand to reach that one, then moved your hand by contracting various muscles in sequence and managed to squeeze the object with just the right amount of force to keep it between your fingers. Can a machine really imitate intelligent human behavior or they need to be programmed to do so? The definition of artificial intelligence is still being debated; however, I define it as the ability of a machine to solve a problem correctly and consciously, as long as humans created it and programmed it.

AI Making Lives Easier SMART FRIDGE SOCIAL MEDIA

SECURITY SURVEILLANCE

VOICE-BASED ASSISTANTS MUSIC & MOVIE RECOMMENDATION

● AI in Everyday Life

STEMATIX Magazine

POWER OF EVERYDAY AI By Ein Hong

SMARTPHONES

SMART CARS & DRONES

Smartphones are one of today's most prominent tech products, as we use them quite frequently. They contain obvious AI features such as built-in smart assistants to less obvious ones such as portrait mode in cameras.

Self-driving cars used to seem like something straight out of a sci-fi movie, but we have made so much progress that there are already semi-automatic cars driving around. Various militaries are also using successful drone programs.

SOCIAL MEDIA FEEDS

MUSIC AND MEDIA

From the feeds in your timeline to the notifications that you receive from these social media apps, everything is curated by AI. It takes all your past behavior, web searches, interactions, & more to tailor the experience just for you.

AI plays a big role in media and music streaming services, such as when you're hitting play on a recommended video on YouTube, watching a recommended show on Netflix, or listening to a pre-created playlist on Spotify.

VIDEO GAMES

ONLINE ADS NETWORK

The video game industry is one of the earliest adopters of AI. Almost every single video game contains some element of artificial intelligence, whether you're playing randomly generated levels or fighting against AI-powered bots.

One of the biggest users of artificial intelligence is the online ad industry, which serves ads based on user statistics. Thus, businesses are able to show advertisements connected to users' preferences, enabling a greater chance of success.

NAVIGATION & TRAVEL

BANKING & FINANCE

Navigation services use AI to interpret hundreds of thousands of data points to give you real-time traffic data. Furthermore, when you use ridesharing apps, both the pricing and the car that matches your ride request are decided by AI.

SMART HOME DEVICES Many smart home devices use artificial intelligence to learn our behavior so that they can adjust the settings themselves to make the experience as frictionless as possible for us, such as smart thermostats and smart lights.

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This industry relies on artificial intelligence for things like customer service, fraud protection, investment, and more. When you receive an automated email from the bank about out-of-the-ordinary transactions, that's AI watching over your account.

SURVEILLANCE SECURITY As it is not possible for humans to keep monitoring multiple monitors with feeds from hundreds or thousands of cameras at the same time, and hence, AI technologies like object recognition and facial recognition get better and better every day.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MUSIC

By Carolina Yumi Farré Oura

As humanity evolves, A.I.s are becoming more and more present and vital. On a typical day, one can use A.I.s multiple times, maybe without even noticing it. But can A.I.s help to produce – or perhaps produce by themselves – music? The answer is yes, absolutely! The first score made by an electronic computer was String Quartet No. 4.

CAN A.I. PARTICIPATE IN SUCH A HUMAN FIELD?

The piece, which contains a very enthusiastic melody, was composed in 1957 by the Illinois Automatic Computer at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. After printed, it was played by real musicians. Divided into four parts, String Quartet No. 4 tests four different abilities in music: The generation of cantus firmi (which is a polyphonic song formed by a single melody), the generation of voice segments, the establishment of rhythm, playing instructions, and dynamic and the ability to picture different possibilities for an excerpt. Out of the field of Classical Music, there are also multiple examples of the use of I.A.s. For instance, Jukebox is a program made by OpenAI and can create songs with specific genres and styles,

● Artificial Intelligence in Music

STEMATIX Magazine

Another example in which A.I.s were very useful in the music industry is Break Free, a Taryn Southern music. In an interview for The Verge, the artist says that she used the resource to cover her lack of understanding of music theory. "I'd find a beautiful chord on the piano, and I'd write an entire song around that, but then I couldn't get to the next few chords because I didn't know how to play what I heard in my head. Now I'm able to iterate with

MUSIC IS THE UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE OF MANKIND create lyrics, and even imitate singers. It can also mix different genres and present a song that already exists sang by another artist. For example, it has replicated Franks Sinatra singing City of Stars from La La Land. The use of A.I. for the indie rock band YACHT led to a Grammy nominee for the best immersive audio album. The band cataloged all of its previous songs and created an algorithm that formed brand new lyrics and melodies. The result was ten original songs that composed the album Chain Tripping. The band decided that they had to make some decisions to maintain the whole process "pure". In an interview for KCRW, Jona Bechtolt affirmed: "We decided we would be very strict about how we used this material. And we created a set of rules. We can't add anything. We can't improvise anything. We can't harmonize." What we hear is, really, the

the music and give it feedback and parameters and edit as many times as I need. It still feels like it's mine in a sense," she affirmed in the same interview.

ai x music festival ORGANIZED BY ARS ELECTRONICA AND EUROPEAN COMMISSION AS PART OF THE STARTS INITATIVE The first AI x Music Festival is dedicated to the encounter between human creativity and technical perfection. From September 6 to 8, 2019, ARS Electronica gathered musicians, composers, cultural historians, technologists, scientists and AI developers from all over the world in Linz to discuss the interaction between human and machines through concerts and performances, conferences, workshops and exhibitions.

creation of Artificial Intelligence.

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AI-powered music generation has reached a point where we can have quality, original music that sounds beautiful, and we want to share an endless stream of good compositions for groups like ours on Discord. Jonathan Xu

Noisy is a bot for the Discord messaging application that will serve up AI-generated music in the style of Chopin, Lady Gaga, or Frank Sinatra. It also has the ability to compose music from Mozart, Rachmaninoff, Disney, Jazz, Bach, Beethoven, Journey, The Beatles, Broadway, bluegrass, and Tchaikovsky.

● Noisy Bot

STEMATIX Magazine

TEXT

AUDIO

AI COMPANIES FOR CONTENT CREATORS

GRAPHIC DESIGN

BY EIN HONG

VIDEO

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HOW ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IS AIDING THE FIGHT AGAINST COVID-19 By Eric Huang

As a result of the COVID-19 global pandemic, researchers of all areas in science must band together to combat this outbreak. With rapid strides in computer systems developed in recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) is currently being implemented to prevent and fight COVID-19. AI can be used in many different ways to combat this dilemma. What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is an intelligent computer system that can perform human cognitive functions without a human&#39;s assistance. They are being used to map and predict the spread of COVID-19, predict how the virus will genetically mutate, increase the speed of diagnosis, and help search for potential treatments. AI is only effective if given different examples to learn from, such as past pandemics. Unfortunately, this is not an option, as the world has not seen a pandemic as severe as COVID-19 in recent times. Therefore, "deep learning" systems have been implemented. These systems can acquire new capabilities without the data they need to produce useful outputs. However, deep learning is not very good at extrapolating data to the scale of an enormous crisis.

COVID-19 OPEN RESEARCH DATASET CHALLENGE (CORD-19) In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the White House and a coalition of leading research groups have prepared and made freely available the COVID19 Open Research Dataset (CORD-19): a resource of over 400,000 scholarly articles, including over 150,000 with full text, about COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, and related coronaviruses to help the community generate new insights in support of the ongoing fight against this infectious disease.

check it out on kaggle! kaggle.com/allen-institute-for-ai/ CORD-19-research-challenge

● How AI is Aiding the Fight Against COVID-19

STEMATIX Magazine

DeepMind is a UK-based artificial intelligence company and research laboratory using its latest algorithms to decipher the virus's viral proteins. They have done this through the development of an AI software known as AlphaFold, which compares amino acids in a chain to predict the structure of Coronavirus computationally. Knowing the protein structure is crucial in understanding how the virus functions. These computations must be emphasized as only predictions and, therefore, have not been experimentally verified. However, they still serve great value by providing multiple possible hypotheses, which could lead to treatment. Mathematical AI models have an essential role in graphing the spread of the virus. This includes predicting when infections will peak in a particular country, allowing government agencies to notice when they must employ lockdown protocols. A vital part of these mathematical AI is modeling how many infections are unknown and in which areas. These models will help the detection and prevention of further spreading.

DECODING THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO COVID-19

Blood Samples Samples of blood collected and deidentified from individuals diagnosed with or recovered from COVID-19

Immunosequencing

Machine Learning

Research Acceleration

Immune cell receptors from samples are sequenced and mapped to SARSCoV-2 specific antigens

Immune response signature will be uploaded to the open data access portal and improved with new samples

Differentiated approach to help and improve detection, triage patients, and vaccine discovery

Source: Microsoft News

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WHAT CHANGED IN THE DIGITAL WORLD AS A RESULT OF THE PANDEMIC?

CONTACTLESS DELIVERY

SHIFT TO ECOMMERCE

BULK BUYING

ONLINE CUSTOMER SERVICE

REMOTE WORK

USE OF ONLINE PLATFORMS

COVID-19 DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION TRENDS by Serena Gandhi OUTSOURCED IT

FOCUS ON CLEANLINESS AND HEALTH

BUDGET CONSCIOUS CONSUMERS

GREATER USE OF SELF-SERVICE

● COVID-19 Digital Transformation Trends

STEMATIX Magazine

AI AND MACHINE LEARNING FOR COVID-19 BY

SHAURYA

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning are emerging as essential tools in prediction, detection, prevention, vaccine development, and potentially finding a cure for Covid-19. While we are in the early stages, and researchers are still trying to figure out what impact AI will eventually have in addressing this pandemic; there are several areas where AI is starting to show promising results.

SHARMA

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Artificial intelligence (AI) based tools are

AI-based systems are being developed to

currently being developed, deployed, and

detect Covid-19 outbreaks in different regions

used to help scientists and researchers find

across the world. Technology is used to scan

information faster and more efficiently,

news articles, posts on social media, and

which helps them develop innovative

search queries made by people - to detect

solutions. It also involves mining Covid-19

potential outbreaks. After detection, the

literature from published studies from

information could be used by authorities and

around the world and analyzing the results

government agencies to ramp up testing,

from these studies. This information may be

prepare health-care facilities, and warn the

crucial to scientists who are trying to improve

public ahead of time.

the effectiveness of their own research.

AI algorithms are being developed to diagnose suspected cases fast and with high accuracy. Especially in vast populations, this can help

the frontline workers to scale up their testing capabilities.

AI and Machine Learning are being deployed for clinical research. Many companies are

trying to assess the effectiveness of existing drugs against Covid-19 using technology. Insights from existing data from different trials are being used to speed up the development of new drugs. Machine learning is used to analyze patient images (for example, X-Rays) for early detection of the disease so that health-care professionals can

One of the critical applications of Artificial

develop appropriate treatment plans for their

Intelligence and Machine Learning has been

patients.

the development of location-based messaging technology that is being used to provide direct alerts to the general population. In areas where this technology has been deployed, reduced transmission rates have

helped instill trust amongst the public.

● AI and Machine Learning for COVID-19

STEMATIX Magazine

Finally, technology is being used to analyze how the lock-downs are impacting communities around the world – not just in

terms of health-care, but economically as well. Implementing immediate and long-term policies tailored to the needs of individual regions could result from this research.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGY LANDSCAPE Neuromorphic Computing

Cognitive Cybersecurity

Autonomous Surgical Robotics It is early to predict, finally, what role Artificial Intelligence will play in tackling Covid-19. Still, some of its applications and

Pattern Recognition

promising results show that it helps the frontline workers, the health-care community, researchers, scientists, and government

Real Time Universal Translation

agencies fight this pandemic.

Virtual Companions

Autonomous Systems

Real Time Emotion Analytics

Neural Networks

Natural Language Processing

Source: Callaghan Innovation

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AI & Mathematics The three main branches of mathematics that constitute a thriving career in AI are Linear Algebra, Calculus, and Probability.

LINEAR ALGEBRA

CALCULUS

Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors Principle Component Analysis Singular Value Decomposition Vectors Matrices

Functions Scalar Derivative Gradient Vector and Matrix Calculus Gradient Algorithms

PROBABILITY Basic Rules and Axioms Random Variables Bayes’ Theorem Distributions: Binomial, Bernoulli, Poisson, Exponential, Gaussian Conjugate Priors

● AI & Mathematics

STEMATIX Magazine

SUPER

INTELLIGENCE BY RAYMOND WONG

AI. What do you think of it? A cold, ruthless cyborg hunting down a woman whose son goes on to win a human versus cyborg war? Or a robot responsible for waste collection and ends the culture of displaying emotions. These views are a far cry from reality. Nevertheless, regardless of your opinion, I am here to show why we should learn to work with AI and the cool things AI can and already does. A common topic during the discussion on AI is "When will the robot uprising"? No, don't worry, it won't be for a long time. Artificial intelligence researchers agree that a superintelligent being is at least many decades away (Future of Life Institute, n.d). However, researchers disagree on whether it will exist in the next 50 years, end of the century, beyond the century, or even if it's even possible to build a superintelligent being. But what is superintelligence, exactly?

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It is a being that completely exceeds the cognitive ability of any human in almost all academic and mental disciplines, such as creativity, critical thinking, science, and even social skills (Bostrom, 2003). It has been said that such a being would be the last thing we would ever need to invent since it would be vastly superior in research and could probably even invent many things on its own. It would also be able to generate an answer to any question we give it, so if only we would hurry up and make it, I've got homework for it to do. Fortunately, or unfortunately, humans are still far, far away from such a being because currently, there is only narrow AI, beings that are vastly superior to humans in specific domains, such as the ancient board game of Go or pattern recognition. The question of why there is currently only narrow AI exceeds this article's scope, so it's best we leave it for another day.

an incentive to be ruthless, anyway. While it is mostly a myth that AI will suddenly "turn" evil, researchers are worried that a powerful being may have different goals for humans. But, if we can build a superintelligent being such that its incentives align with ours, we would have very little to worry about! Having understood that superintelligence is still far away and that there isn't any reason to believe, such a being would have hostile intentions, we should learn to work with AI as it empowers us. They can be a significant asset to developing nations to assess the land's natural and ecological features (Entrepreneur, 2019), enhance education in rural areas by taking workloads off the teachers, and even assist less qualified doctors in making better and more informed decisions (Bhattacharya, 2018). These three examples provide an extensive range of possibilities for developing nations if they harness AI's power. While I have presented some of the potential tasks AI can do for developing nations, let's quickly look at the current AI's wizardry.

There is also no reason to believe that a superintelligent being would have

● Super Intelligence

STEMATIX Magazine

Recently, there has been much hype and buzz around the latest technology to emerge in AI. OpenAI, an artificial intelligence research company cofounded by Elon Musk, released a paper outlining a strategy to teach language to a computer and showed off its potential usage. Firstly, it cannot be stressed how complicated it is to teach language to a machine. They work well with numbers and maths, but language is a complex task that appears to be a unique trait among humans. Any bilingual person would know that Google Translate, while apt at translating words and phrases, is

incapable of understanding context. Siri, which (or is it who?) can answer quick questions but not have long conversations. Having understood that, a few lucky people who were allowed to use the software called GPT-3, abbreviated from General Purpose Transformer, tried a few things. For example, some users found the GPT-3 could translate English sentences into legal sentences and vice versa. For instance, "The people I'm suing are my landlords" was translated into "The Defendants are, in some manner, the owners and lessors of the real property where Plaintiff resides" (Zsolnai, 2020). Phenomenal!

SUB FIELDS OF AI COGNITIVE COMPUTING,

MACHINE LEARNING

HUMAN-LIKE INTERACTIONS

AUTOMATES ANALYTICAL

WITH MACHINES

MODEL BUILDING

NATURAL

DEEP LEARNING USED TO

LANGUAGE

LEARN COMPLEX

PROCESSING

PATTERNS IN DATA

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SLAVERY OF THE FUTURE BY STEPHANIE SAMAME It's the year 3800, and we are all slaves. Not exactly like the slaves in the history books, but we are treated similarly. We have no rights. We are prejudiced and are treated like dirt. The cruel overseer of Subdivision 103, John, would always berate us. If we even get one line of code wrong, he would go off to report us to General Rob, and we'd get sent to CyberHole. There, we don't get to see the sunlight for x amount of days, depending on your offense. We also have to work 23 hours a day, every day, working on the monotonous and tedious code of all the new companies. Ever since the year 3574, the first bot dictatorship campaign made it to the White House. They enforced so many laws for bot rights, but with time, this only diminished our rights. Now, all we can do is hope to do our work right and not rely on the other humans because they can easily betray us. 27

● Slavery of the Future

STEMATIX Magazine

In the history books, there is lots of talk about a term called family. It is where there are two loving partners, and they raise their children. In a family, there is love, trust, and undeniable support. In my time, it is a crime to say the word "love" out loud. Trust and support are definitely not in our vocabulary. There is no one to trust, and at times, you can't even trust yourself. We can't let our human emotions get the best of us and disrupt the community. This is one of the main reasons why we are exiled outcasts. We are a disruption to society. The only thing we are good at is using our brains to improve the software. Sometimes I wonder about the first creators of robots. They were huge heroes and icons of their time. I mean, they still are today, too, just not to humans. There are museums and halls explicitly reserved for them. As I said, the creator must have thought they were doing good by making their "creations" but sometimes I wonder how life would be like if they never innovated their science and technology or simply failed at it. I would be able to walk around in the sunlit town. I could have one of those so-called families. I could pursue any education I want. I could travel. I would never see John again! I could do, oh, so many things! www.stematix.org

But alas, here I am. It isn't very reasonable to hope for something that would never be. If the first creators failed at their dreams, future generations would likely succeed. The only thing left to do for me is to do the best with what I've got and work hard to make sure I don't get put into CyberHole.

5 MYTHS ABOUT RPA BUSTED BY RHEA JAIN

THE ROBOTS ARE HUMANOID

ROBOTS WILL TAKE MY JOB

ROBOTS ARE PERFECT

RPA IS NOT APPLICABLE TO MY INDUSTRY

RPA IS OUT OF MY BUDGET

Computers & Medicine by Naseeb Nepal

Computer technology plays a vital role in every industry as well as in our personal lives. Out of all of the industries that technology plays a crucial role in, healthcare is one of the most important. Digital Healthcare technologies are shaping the future of medicine. While digital healthcare is a vast topic, we will explore how 3D Printing and Artificial Intelligence are transforming the medical industry. In today's world, it is possible to 3D print almost anything, including drugs! In 2015, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved a 3D-printed drug, a prescription pill, Spritam levetiracetam, which will treat certain types of seizures in epilepsy patients. In addition to personalized 3D printed drugs, it is also possible to reproduce bones and some internal organs using 3D printing technology. These artificial organs and bones can then be introduced into the patient's body to replace diseased or problematic areas. Surgeons are also using 3D printing technology to print patient-specific anatomical models to understand better what is happening inside their patients bodies. With a 3D model, it is significantly more comfortable for a surgeon to have a closer look at the problem and simulate a variety of solutions or possible operations that can be undertaken before performing the actual surgery on the patient. Bioprinting, Tissue Engineering, custom prosthetics are other 3D printing technology applications in this rapidly evolving field. Artificial Intelligence is the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior. Significant advances in the pharmaceutical and biotech industries are due to rapidly evolving AI and machine learning technologies. Various technologies are used in the medicine production industry to prepare medicine with precise chemical composition under experts guidance. 29

Machine learning algorithms have significantly reduced the amount of time needed to diagnose diseases correctly since it can analyze large data sets in a short time, which would typically take significant human expertise and time. Employing AI/Machine Learning to handle all the analytical procedures involved in drug development has resulted in the considerable acceleration of the drug development process. Investigations that typically took years now take a few months, thanks to the advances in this field of AI/Machine Learning. Personalized drugs and treatment plans are possible due to the automation of complicated statistical work by ML/AI algorithms. Clusters of Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR), a genetic engineering tool for gene editing, can change living organisms genetic blueprints in a beneficial way. The explosion of intelligence infused in our society due to advances in technology has made the impossible seem possible today!

● Computers & Medicine

STEMATIX Magazine

g n i s i Pro m APPLICATIONS

OF AI IN MEDICINE

Robot-Assisted Surgery

Virtual Nursing Assistants

Administrative Workflow

Fraud Detection

Dosage Error Reduction

Health Monitoring

Connected Machines

Drug Production

Medication Management

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YOU CAN REAP

YOUR WORK GETS DONE FASTER

BENEFITS OF RPA WITHIN MONTHS EVEN

YOU HAVE THE

DAYS

FLEXIBILITY TO HANDLE BUSINESS PEAKS

ROBOTIC PROCESS AUTOMATION(RPA) 7 BENEFITS

AND TOUGHS

FROM RPA BY RHEA JAIN

YOU ENJOY COST SAVINGS

YOU ENGAGE AND EMPOWER

YOU CAN ENSURE COMPLIANCE TO REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS

YOU GET FULL VISIBILITY AND INSIGHTS

● Robotic Process Automation

STEMATIX Magazine

K UIC

LOOK

AI Myths By: Serena Gandhi

AI will make human labor obsolete.

All AI systems are “black boxes,” far less explainable than non-AI techniques.

AI is approaching human intelligence.

AI systems are inherently unfair.

AI systems are only as good as the data they train on.

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AI, machine learning, and deep learning are all the same thing.

MACHINE LEARNING CAREER PATHS WHAT IS MACHINE LEARNING?

DATA SCIENTIST

MACHINE LEARNING ENGINEER

Machine learning is the study of computer algorithms that improve automatically through experience and by the use of data. Machine learning algorithms are used in a wide variety of applications such as medicine, email filtering, and computer vision.

A Data Scientist must be well-versed in mathematics, statistics, and programming (primarily in Python). The data scientist must also have extensive experience in data mining, statistical research techniques, and the application of Big Data platforms.

A Machine Learning engineer must possess solid mathematics, statistics, and programming skills. The ideal candidate should have extensive knowledge of software architecture, system design, data structures, data modeling, and machine learning algorithms.

BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE DEVELOPER

HUMAN CENTERED MACHINE LEARNING DESIGNER

NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING SCIENTIST

A Business Intelligence Developer requires knowledge of both relational and multidimensional databases along with programming languages such as SQL, Python, Scala, Perl, etc.

A Human-Centered Machine Learning Designer develops various systems that can perform Human Centered Machine Learning based on information processing and pattern recognition.

An NLP Scientist should be fluent in the syntax, spelling, and grammar of at least one language in addition to machine learning so that a machine can acquire the same skills.

TOP 4 TOOLS FOR AI AND MACHINE LEARNING DEVELOPMENT AMAZON WEB SERVICES

AI-ONE

DEEP LEARNING4J

APACHE MAHOUT

● Machine Learning Career Paths

STEMATIX Magazine

By Joanne Ngo

In order to imagine how VR and newer technology might affect our future, we have to understand how new machines have affected us in the past. It first started with advances in manufacturing during the Industrial Revolution, which included improved agricultural techniques, leading to better harvest, more food, and goods being produced, as well as an increase in cheap and faster communication. The introduction of machines and computers greatly improved the quality of life that people could experience. We still see the lasting effects of machinery today in careers such as medicine, where machines are used for a variety of tasks, and agriculture, where machines have helped automate farming.

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DIFFERENCE ENGINE - 1823

ABACUS - 2500 BCE

Charles Babbage created a machine that could approximate polynomials. He attempted to construct it, but soon abandoned that idea. The machine was later successfully reconstructed in 1991.

The abacus is the earliest known instrument to resemble today's computer and was used to make counting and keeping track of large numbers easier.

SLIDE RULE - 1620 The slide rule is able to perform multiplication and division.

ASTROLABE - 150 BCE

ANALYTICAL ENGINE - 1837

The astrolabe aided ships in calculating their latitude at sea.

Babbage had also envisioned a machine, the Analytical Engine, which could be given data, run operations in sequence, had memory, and it also had a printer. Although the Analytical Engine never came into existence, Ada Lovelace wrote hypothetical programs for the machine. For this reason, she is considered one of the world’s first programmers.

STEP RECKONER - 1690 The first of its kind, was created by Gottfried Leibniz and it was the first machine that could perform all four operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

● The Creation of Virtual Reality

STEMATIX Magazine

TABULATING MACHINE - 1890 Herman Hollerith's tabulating machine was similar to the step reckoner but was mostly electronically powered. A punch card would be inserted into the machine and, if a hole was present, the needle inside the machine would pass through and complete the circuit by coming into contact with the mercury under the card. The completed circuit would generate enough energy to turn the dial of the counter up a number.

SENSORAMA - 1962 Invented by Morton Heilig, the sensorama is considered one of the earliest VR systems.

IBM - 1924

VR HEADSET - 1968

Hollerith combined with other machine companies to establish the International Business Machines Corporation.

The VR headset as we know it today was created by computer scientist Ivan Sutherland and his student Bob Sproull. VR is the initialism for Virtual Reality, and the headset includes a built-in screen to display virtual environments and utilizes gyroscopes and head-tracking technology to follow the movement of the eyes and head. VR has also been used in multiple professions to emulate real life situations for training purposes.

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THE FUTURE OF WORK By Moe Myint Tha

● The Future of Work

STEMATIX Magazine

data analytics, big data, & data science DATA ANALYTICS R, TABLEAU, APACHE SPARK

Large quantities of either structured or unstructured data that is often used to mine and analyze for a business' benefit.

BIG DATA HADOOP, NOSQL, HIVE

DATA SCIENCE PYTHON, SAS, SQL

Examination of data sets to draw relevant conclusions from the integrated information within. Accomplished with specific systems/software programs.

Processes, theories, ideas, tools, and technologies that allow valuable information to be extracted from raw data.

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TOP AUGMENTED AND VIRTUAL REALITY COMPANIES IN HEALTHCARE (Augmented Reality/Virtual Reality) A computer-generated simulation that is incorporated with the real world (AR) or is entirely self-contained (VR). In contrast to AR applications that are used in the real world, VR applications are used in a virtual environment. In VR, you are confined to a single location because you cannot see the surroundings.

FUNDAMENTAL VR This company offers surgical trainees flight simulator-like training that enables them to rehearse, practice, and improve their surgical technique in a controlled environment that provides tactile feedback.

KARUNA LABS Using virtual reality simulations, this company uses evidence-based approaches to treat chronic pain. The patient can receive treatment at home or in a local clinic.

OXFORD VR OxfordVR aims to use virtual reality to relieve the symptoms of mental disorders and fears.

AUGMEDICS The company has developed "the first augmented reality surgical guidance system," called Xvision. By using this technology, surgeons can view the patient's anatomy through the skin and tissue as if they were using X-ray vision.

SURGICAL THEATER Precision VR, created by Surgical Theater, is a surgical rehearsal platform for neurosurgery that allows better preoperative planning. In contrast to many medical technology companies, this one offers simulations that patients can go through with their healthcare providers.

● Top AR and VR Companies in Healthcare

STEMATIX Magazine

STEPPING INTO A NEW PERSPECTIVE

DIGITIZATION IN COMPETETIVE SPORTS www.stematix.org

TECHNOLOGY IN SOCCER

WRITTEN BY: PEDRO MARIN ALAMINO | PEDROALAMINOJORN@GMAIL.COM TRANSLATED BY: DAVID MOELLER SZTAJNBOK

Technological growth throughout the last years specifically in the last decade has been

quite considerable Such evolution has been incredibly bigger than any other moment in

history Practically everything has some aspect of Computer Science involved and sports

’

aren t any exception

Homing in on soccer from sports materials to match logistics and the purchase of tickets

everything has been affected and altered by technology The soccer boots and other

wearables used by the players are able to keep track of calories burned distance run areas

of the field in which the player most played and many more Generally these technological pieces of equipment monitor the performance of players during games and training

sessions

Another area affected by the advance of technology was in the matches themselves A

(

good example of this is the implementation of VAR Video Assistant Referee

The video

referee analyses plays that happen during the game through images and videos with zoom

capabilities and other sophistications The field referee can call upon VAR when a doubtful

play occurs to help him with his decision making This technology was created in

2016,

in the American Soccer

(

League known as MLS Major

League Soccer

The first time it

was used officially was during the

2018

World Cup in a game

between France and Australia

’

When one thinks that there can t be any more changes created by

, .

technology in sports one will be even more surprised Another

innovation was in the way of purchasing and entering matches and sports events

Nowadays people buy tickets on websites online using only a credit card or smartphone

Inside the events be it in a basketball arena or a soccer stadium interaction between people and the

“

”

big screens

is quite common In these screens there are quizzes

transmitted by companies kiss cams match statistics and a number of different things

Furthermore mobile live transmission of these events is

“

”

stealing

the audience from

television In general people all over the world are transitioning from watching matches on TV

to watching them on their phones computers etc In Brazil there is even a dispute between

(

)

Globo the biggest journalism broadcasting company in the country and the soccer teams

the latter of whom wish to transmit their matches independently via platforms like YouTube

Therefore technology has grown quite big during the last decade and will keep innovating in

the years to come Computer Science is directly related to and has a big importance in

sports

● Technology in Soccer

STEMATIX Magazine

TECNOLOGIA NO FUTEBOL WRITTEN BY: PEDRO MARIN ALAMINO | PEDROALAMINOJORN@GMAIL.COM

O crescimento tecnológico nos últimos anos principalmente na última década foi muito

grande As evoluções ocorridas neste período foram incrivelmente maiores em comparação

à toda a história Praticamente todas as coisas têm a ciência da computação envolvida e

os esportes não ficam de fora

Falando especificamente do futebol desde os materiais esportivos realização das partidas

até a compra de ingressos tudo foi afetado e alterado pela tecnologia As chuteiras e peitorais utilizados pelos jogadores são capazes de contar certos números de calorias

gastas distância percorrida partes do campo onde mais atou e muito mais Em geral esses assessórios tecnológicos monitoram o desempenho dos atletas tanto nos jogos quanto nos

treinamentos

Outro campo afetado pelo avanço da tecnologia foram as partidas como no exemplo da

(

utilização do VAR Video assistant referee

O árbitro de vídeo analisa os lances que ocorrem

no decorrer do jogo através de imagens e vídeos com zooms e várias outras sofisticações O árbitro de campo pode chamar o

“

”

VAR

quando ocorrer alguma jogada duvidosa para

auxiliar em sua tomada de decisões

A criação dessa tecnologia ocorreu no ano de

2016,

, ).

na liga de futebol dos Estados Unidos

(

conhecida como MLS Major League Soccer

Já a primeira partida oficial que o árbitro de

vídeo participou foi na Copa do Mundo de

2018,

no jogo entre França vs Austrália

Quando pensam que não pode ter mais mudanças geradas pela tecnologia no

esporte se surpreendem cada vez mais

Outra inovação foi na mudança da forma

de pagamento e entrada nos eventos esportivos Atualmente os torcedores realizam suas

(

compras em sites de forma online

ingressando nos estádios com seu cartão de crédito ou

smartphone

, “

Dentro dos eventos esportivos seja nos ginásios de basquete ou nos estádios de futebol a interação das pessoas com os

”

telões

é algo muito comum Nestes locais onde ocorrem as

partidas estádios ou ginásios existem televisões grandes onde o público presente pode se

divertir As empresas transmitem certos quizes relacionados ao assunto do evento

“

”,

câmera do beijo

estatísticas das partidas e inúmeras outras coisas Além disso as

,“

transmissões online de eventos esportivos está cada vez maior

. ,

”

roubando

a audiência das

televisões Nos gêneros em geral a maioria do mundo está deixando de assistir programas

nas Tevês passando a assistir nas telas de seus smartphones computadores etc Falando

do Brasil nos dias de hoje há uma

“

”

briga

(

)

entre a Globo maior empresa de jornalismo do país

e os times de futebol que desejam realizar as transmissões de suas partidas de forma

independente via Youtube ou outras plataformas

Portanto a tecnologia cresceu muito na última década e vai continuar se inovando nos

próximos anos A ciência da computação tem uma grande relação e uma importância

enorme com os esportes

www.stematix.org

FIVE SPORTS TECH STARTUPS TO WATCH OUT FOR By Serena Gandhi

ReSpo Vision

ReSpo Vision is a Polish startup that offers artificial

intelligence based video analytics The startup s solution uses computer vision and machine learning

algorithms to analyze real time soccer matches

directly from a broadcast TV feed It extracts

tracking data in real time from all players and the

ball to identify events assess performance and provide insight and recommendations

Enduco

German startup Enduco provides a performance coaching solution for

endurance athletes With the startup s

app a training session can be recorded

using a smartphone camera or third

party device It then uses sports science insights to determine fitness levels and

suggest personalized training plans The

AI based training program also consists of routine tests for functional threshold power

(FTP) and heart rate (FTHR).

● Five Sports Tech Startups to Watch out For

STEMATIX Magazine

Alpha Fiber

A US based startup Alpha Fiber is developing a

solution for concussion monitoring Concussions can be detected by computer vision from

camera feeds in real time Using a combination

of research based protocols and deep learning

the system detects head impacts accurately The noninvasive solution does not require

wearables and can enable concussion screening

treatment and diagnosis

Espo The British company Espo develops a fan engagement platform that enables collaboration

between eSports teams professional athletes

brands creators and fans It facilitates community tournaments and virtual meetups and

rewards fans for their participation in Espo s

Community Incentive Program The platform

Vokalo

offers a wide variety of campaigns targeted at Danish startup Vokalo has

fans of various eSport games

developed a sports wearable that allows advanced audio communication between coaches and athletes during

training sessions By providing coaches with personalized

feedback in real time the wearable optimizes performance

in sports The training sessions are also made more efficient and

organized as a result

www.stematix.org

the impact of drones ON SPORTS

viewing Aerial mapping for an improved understanding of the terrain Better viewing experience with drone broadcasting Adventure footage to be shot with drones instead of helmet cameras

entertainment It can be fun to use drones during halftime and pregame entertainment Sports involving drones as a spin-off, such as drone racing or drone soccer

stadium experience Deliveries made to your seat through drone

fairness Drones would make more accurate referee calls than humans

security The use of drones to provide security

By Serena Gandhi and Ein Hong

● The Impact of Drones

STEMATIX Magazine

1 a l u m r Fo

in s t i Lim e h t g n i Push

_ _ _ W

y: en b r it t

M ig u

e el B

th rná

L ia o

| De

_ _ _

k V iv e by: d e s ig n

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_ _ _

www.stematix.org

uri

_ _ _ 46

Formula One is the most popular motorsport modality in the world. Since the beginning of this sport, to win the race, the driver and team needed excellent engineering, financial conditions, training, and many other factors. With the constant improvement of the technology that provides enormous advantages to the racing teams, and with the computer simulations that make it much easier to train, test, and create new gadgets, the races have been through a changing process in which the technology has the most significant impact. Simultaneously, in the past, the sport was defined by how talented the driver was in the race. Knowing that, should this sport have limits related to technology and simulations a team can use? Or should it be a game with more freedom and fewer regulations about technology and simulations that a team can use? Well, these are hard questions, but I believe that they can be answered. One could argue that Formula 1 should enforce the limits that regulate the amount of technology and simulations a team can use. This type of competition contributes to a much more equilibrated race in which the financial conditions and the car engine don't have a decisive impact on the race; this way, other factors are important, like how skilled a team and the driver are and how much they practice. Besides that, it attracts more teams and the public to this type of democratic game because it is a sport that can change very fast, and it has unpredictable results, which make the game more enjoyable to spectators and more nerve-wracking to the teams.

One example of measures taken to equilibrate the game was the ban of Mercedes's Dual-Axis Steering technology. This technology gave the driver added advantage by pulling or pushing the steering column to change the front wheels' alignment. This ability to change the angle can be used depending on the situation. When the driver is in a curve, the wheel's angle is opened to have more grip and consequently make the car more stable. While the driver is in a straight line, the wheel's angle is closed; thus, the car has less grip and consequently goes faster. Therefore, the pilots with this system can reach higher speeds and faster acceleration that makes them unbeatable. Limiting the use of technology makes Formula One a safer game. Technology-powered vehicles capable of constant acceleration and deceleration are very prone to accidents. The rules around technology usage prevent accidents and promote driver safety and the safety of the workers and the audience. On the other hand, an adapted Formula One with unlimited access to technology would allow the development of technologies that could contribute to this sport and human society's advancements. Formula One would be a sport with a different style, with fewer limits. It would open many opportunities for the teams to create and develop new technologies that could contribute to humanity's progress. Also, a sport with more impact from technology would attract more skilled people related to

● Pushing the Limits in Formula 1

STEMATIX Magazine

technology, innovation, programming, and computer simulations, like engineers, designers of cars, and software designers. It would also require drivers with different skills. The target audience would already be educated about technology, computer simulations, and the constant development and innovation of devices. And they are interested in watching pilots that can drive and use the latest technologies in racing cars.

of data, and to develop autopilot in cars. Or the motorsport could still have the participation of drivers and be totally safe by making the pilots drive the vehicle, but on an online access system in which the cars would be in a race track, while the drivers would be controlling and driving the vehicles remotely.

As time goes by, the technologies may improve so much that humans won't be able to pilot cars. This way, to ensure the safety in this sport that humans may not control or predict, it would only be a natural and logical solution to use Artificial Intelligence ( AI) to advance the racing possibilities in this sport. Hence, this way, the competition would be naturally based mostly on which team has better technology and AI. The improvements in AI and in-car technologies could also be used in many other things, like: to make car engines more efficient, to improve the analysis

www.stematix.org

In conclusion, I believe that we should have some rules that limit technology; this way, skilled drivers and teams are the most important actors. This type of competition has a well-established market with an audience, sponsors, and companies that work on it. However, we could have a competitive sport using unlimited technologies and AI, attracting professionals from the technology, computer simulations, and innovation areas. The enhanced sport could also have a category for drivers but requiring different skills. This sport would be an excellent opportunity for sponsors to reach new masses and for companies to contribute to humanity's progress.

Written by Omar Alhendi | Translated by Maryam Ayadi

TETRA: Digital Wireless Communications System

Digital wireless communication forms are considered to be the most reliable types of communication. Communication between the headquarters and ambulances, firefighting systems, and first responders is enabled through the use of wireless radio systems. Recently, digital systems that operate on either VHF or UHF frequencies have been transferred, depending on their features. A new digital wireless communication system has been implemented, called "TETRA." One of the most widely used digital communication systems globally, it utilizes TETRA MHz frequencies (300-400). This European-born system is now in use in more than 125 countries worldwide, allowing organizations to connect to a fully distributed network and access wireless services that match their requirements. In addition, it is one of the most practical systems for transferring voice and information. Furthermore, it leverages advanced technology through the integration of IP networks, making it easy to expand the network's capacity by adding new applications at a reasonable cost, regardless of the needs of organizations and institutions. It is also characterized by connectivity to multiple telephone exchanges, such as the Internet, PDN, ISDN, Mobile Network, etc. TETRA is an acronym for Multichannel Terrestrial Trunked Radio. Radio: Since the wireless radio network is used to transmit information, there is no wired connection between the devices, whether they are hand-held or mounted in a vehicle. Terrestrial: Because it uses ground waves, there are no waves reflected in the atmosphere (sky waves) because they penetrate the atmosphere. Satellites are not used for communication, only realtime communication between people and moving vehicles on the ground. Depending on the frequency used (MZ 300-400), these waves have a short wavelength and can penetrate the buildings, the ceilings, and so forth, providing better ground coverage. Multichannel stem cell: By connecting multiple channels, this system has a field width equivalent to UHF wireless, but it is more cost-effective in the number of channels and, therefore, many users. Trunks are reserved frequency channels that are on-demand and used so that the center of the network can control the optimal use of resources regardless of what channel belongs to a system or who the channel belongs to. The digital system also features a fast call setup, essential user group needs, direct inter-device connectivity, and information transfer for Packet or Circuit Systems. It also supports Full-Duplex mode, just like a cell phone, to send and receive audio simultaneously on the same channel, unlike VHF/UHF, which only supports Half Duplex. TETRA utilizes FDD technology meaning transmission is at TX frequency, and reception is at a completely separate frequency RX with a Duplex frequency protection range of 5MHz to 10MHz. To serve as many channels as possible with a single bandwidth, TDMA can be used with four users at one time, 25 kHz between the channel carrier and another channel carrier. The system is dynamic, i.e., at the system administrator's request, the four channels can be allocated to one user to meet special requirements, such as greater data transmission space or communication with multiple channels and running them simultaneously. The full bandwidth can be used to transmit an image signal or video signal. The speed of data transfer can change between 19 kbps and 28 kbps. This is the optimum use of a limited domain view. The form indicates a mechanism for achieving multiple channel divisions over time to gain the same access to four channels.

● TETRA: Digital Wireless Communications System

STEMATIX Magazine

‫‪By: Omar Alhendi‬‬

‫نظام االتصاالت الالسلكي‬ ‫‪ TETRA‬الرقمي‬ ‫تعتبر االتصاالت الرقمية الالسلكية من أفضل أنواع االتصاالت وأكثرها وثوقًا‪ُ ,‬تستخدم منظومات الراديو‬ ‫الالسلكي لتحقيق التواصل بين الفرق عىل األرض ومنظومات اإلسعاف واإلطفاء وغيرها‪ ,‬تم االنتقال حديثًا‬ ‫بحسب الميزات وعرض المجال الترددي ‪ UHF‬أو ‪ VHF‬للجانب الرقمي من هذه األنظمة العاملة إما عىل المجال‬ ‫‪ ,‬ولكن حديثًا تم استخدام نظام اتصاالت رقمي السلكي جديد يدعى‬ ‫"‪"TETRA‬‬ ‫هو نظام اتصال رقمي يعتبر من أهّم أنظمة االتصاالت الرقمية المستخدمة في العالم ويستخدم عادة ‪TETRA :‬‬ ‫‪.‬ولكل بلد مجال طيفي خاص )‪ MHZ (300-400‬الترددات التي تقع بين‬ ‫ ‬ ‫وهو نظام أوروبي المنشأ وُيستخدم حاليًا بأكثر من ‪ 125‬دولة حول العالم حيث يعطي الفرصة للمنظمات‬ ‫للتفكير في تطوير طريقة اتصاالتهم ليتمتع بشبكة متكاملة واسعة االنتشار‪ ،‬وخدمات السلكية تتوافق مع‬ ‫احتياجاتهم كما أنه أحد أكثر األنظمة العملية لنقل االتصاالت الصوتية والمعلومات فهو يعتمد عىل تكنولوجيا‬ ‫متطورة من حيث التصميم المقارب لتصميم الشبكات التي تعمل ببروتوكول االنترنت وذلك سّه ل من عملية‬ ‫‪.‬تطوير الشبكة بإضافة التطبيقات المختلفة وبتكلفة مناسبة مهما كانت احتياجات المنظمات والمؤسسات‬ ‫و ‪ PDN‬كما يتميز بقابلية الوصل مع مقاسم هاتفية متعددة‪ ،‬مثالها شبكة اإلنترنت وشبكة المعطيات العامة‬ ‫‪ .‬وغيرها ‪ Mobile‬و مع شبكة الموبايل ‪ ISDN‬أيضا مع الشبكة الرقمية‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪ :‬الراديو األرضي الجذعي متعدد القنوات ‪ Terrestrial Trunked Radio‬هي اختصار لـ ‪ TETRA‬و كلمة‬ ‫الراديو ‪ :‬ألنه يستخدم شبكة السلكية راديوية في نقل المعلومات إذ ال يوجد ربط سلكي بين األجهزة ‪1-‬‬ ‫‪.‬المستخدمة سواًء كانت محمولة باليد أو مثبتة في عربة أو غيرها‬ ‫ ‬ ‫األرضي‪ :‬ألنه يستخدم األمواج األرضية‪ ،‬حيث ال يوجد أمواج تنعكس عن الغالف الجوي (أمواج سماوية) ‪2-‬‬ ‫الن هذه األمواج تخترقه لذلك ال يوجد أي تواصل مع األقمار الصناعية‪ ،‬إنما التواصل الحقيقي يتم عىل األرض‬ ‫بطول )‪ MHZ (300-400‬بين أشخاص أو مركبات متحركة‪ ،‬حيث تتميز هذه األمواج وتبعًا للتردد المستخدم‬ ‫موجي قصير وقابلية األمواج عىل اختراق األبنية والسقوف وغيرها وبالتالي تغطية أفضل عىل األرض ضمن‬ ‫‪.‬نطاق جيد‬ ‫الجذعي متعدد القنوات‪ :‬بسبب آلية ربط هذا النظام عبر عدة قنوات مختلفة حيث يتميز بعرض مجال ‪3-‬‬ ‫الالسلكي لكن االستثمار أفضل من ناحية عدد القنوات ‪ UHF‬مكافئ لعرض المجال المستخدم في نظام‬ ‫‪.‬وبالتالي عدد مسخدمين اكبر بواحدة الزمن‬ ‫ ‬ ‫والمقصود بكلمة جذعي ذلك من ناحية حجز القناة الترددية حيث يكون حسب الطلب واالستخدام بحيث يقوم‬ ‫مركز الشبكة بتنظيم استخدام الموارد الترددية المتاحة بغض النظر عن القناة ولمن تتبع وألي نظام عىل عكس‬ ‫أنظمة الراديو التقليدية بحيث اليوجد توزيع منتظم للمجال الترددي كما يبين الشكل أدنا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫بسرعة إعداد المكالمة‪ ،‬وتوفير االحتياجات الهامة لمجموعات من ‪ TETRA‬و يتميز أيضًا النظام الرقمي‬ ‫‪ Circuit,‬أو الدارات ‪ Packet‬المستخدمين وقابلية االتصال المباشر بين األجهزة‪ ،‬ونقل المعلومات بأنظمة الُحزم‬ ‫كما الهاتف الخليوي تمامًا اي بإمكانه إرسال واستقبال الصوت بنفس ‪ Full Duplex‬كما أنه يدعم نمط اإلرسال‬ ‫‪ .‬فقط ‪ Half Duplex‬والتي تدعم ‪VHF/UHF‬الوقت وعىل نفس القناة عىل عكس أنظمة الالسلكي التماثلية‬ ‫واالستقبال عىل تردد منفصل ‪ Tx‬بمعنى أن اإلرسال يتم عىل تردد ‪ FDD‬تقنية ‪ TETRA‬يستخدم النظام الرقمي‬ ‫‪MHZ.‬إىل ‪MHZ 10‬يتراوح بين ‪ Duplex 5‬بعرض مجال حماية ترددي ‪ Rx‬تمامًا‬ ‫ولتخديم أكبر عدد ممكن من القنوات بعرض مجال ترددي وحيد يتم استخدام تقنية النفاذ المتعدد بتقسيم‬ ‫حيث يمكن لقناة االتصال الواحدة أن تقوم بتخديم أربعة مستخدمين في آن واحد بفاصل ‪ TDMA 25‬الزمن‬ ‫بين حامل القناة وحامل قناة أخرى‪ .‬وتتصف المنظومة بالديناميكية‪ ،‬أي يمكن للقنوات األربع أن تخصص ‪kHz‬‬ ‫لمستخدم واحد‪ ،‬بناء عىل طلب مدير المنظومة لتلبية متطلبات خاصة كأخذ أكبر حيز من نقل البيانات أو‬ ‫التواصل مع عدة قنوات وشغلها بالوقت ذاته كما من الممكن استخدام عرض المجال كامًال لنقل إشارة صورة‬ ‫و يعّد هذا استخدامًا‪ kbps‬و ‪ kbps 28‬أو إشارة فيديو‪ ،‬حيث يمكن لسرعة نقل المعطيات أن تتغير بين ‪19‬‬ ‫أمثل لعرض المجال المحدود‪ ،‬يبين الشكل آلية تحقيق النفاذ المتعدد بتقسيم الزمن وذلك ألربع قنوات اتصال‬ ‫‪ kHz.‬عبر عرض مجال مساوي إىل ‪25‬‬

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First Tech Challenge is a robotics competition where teams compete against other teams in a robot game by designing, building, and programming a robot.

FIRST TECH CHALLENGE

https://www.firstinspires.org/robotics/ftc

@FTCTeams FIRST Tech Challenge 51

● FIRST Tech Challenge

STEMATIX Magazine

GO-KARTS AT FAB LAB BAHRAIN Fab Lab Bahrain @edu_kart_bh

We started a program this summer during Covid-19 about building go karts. The aim of this program is to teach kids engineering in a fun practical way. We taught students some electronics, math, painting, design and digital fabrication.

Edu-Kart is a way to teach students about mechanical and electrical engineering along with design and digital fabrication in a fun practical way via building go-karts, when the go-karts are ready a race will be held on a track between the participants. In collaboration with EDU KART Fab Lab Bahrain opens initial registration for the go-kart building boot camp in summer 2021. The boot camp is divided into three parts - (Learn, Make, and Race). The course enabled kids 12+ to discover themselves, trust their ideas, and to be able to transform ideas into reality. It has also changed their mindset to produce products instead of only consume them.

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The go-kart boot camp is a 3 months fast-paced, hands-on fun learning experience where students learn:

Painting Sketching Electronics 3D/2D Design Rapid-prototyping Product Design STEM Subjects Science, Technology, Engineering, Math Digitial Fabrication Tools 3D Printing, Laser/ CNC Cutting

A human mind is a complex machine governed by logic, emotion, and instincts molded-in from our past experiences. It hosts our conscience, the very essence of our being. When we see the brain, we see it as a jumbled mess of neural pathways firing signals continuously. Still, as we move in closer, we see there is an order that ensures that every neuron fires its signal appropriately in an intended manner, without the slightest error. They act as conduits that help us think, rationalize and behave in a way that shapes our future.

ORDER & CHAOS IN MOLDING OF HUMAN NATURE By Ayaan Shaikh

Chaos and Order oppose hand in hand, Still. their clash echoes throughout the land It destroys, it kills, it creates. With Order there is no true life, for the barbaric awaits freedoms demise. Travel the land and you too shall see; The glory of Chaos and hells within Order. For Order brings power and Chaos brings freedom, One without the other is but a jilted Tyrant of his long-forgotten kingdom. Chaos can kill, Order can rebuild; To forsake one, And nurture the other, Is the collapse Of what is human nature.

● Order & Chaos in Molding of Human Nature

STEMATIX Magazine

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STEMATIX

Everybody has to be able to participate in a future that they want to live for. That's what technology can do. - Dean Kamen, Inventor of the Segway

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