A Short Historical Sketch of The Art of Bookbinding by William L. Andrew (1895)

A Sh ort His tor ica l Ske tch of

Th e A rt of Bookbinding by

Will iam L. Andrews

W it h a D e sc ri p ti o n of th e P ro m in e n t St yl es by

Willi am Matthews

P ub li sh ed fo r th e be ne fi t of T h e A rt L oa n E x h ib it io n he ld A pr il, 1895

C o p y r ig h t, 189 5, by

W il li am L . A n d r e w s a n d W il l ia m M a tth ew s.

L IS T O F IL L U S T R A T IO N S .

1.

An It al ia n bi nd in g of th e XV I. Ce ntu ry.

2. Copy of a Gr ol ier es qu e bi nd in g, by Fr an ci sq ue Caz in, of Pa ris .

3. A De ro me bi nd in g.

4. A bi nd in g by Ro ge r Pa yn e.

5. Bi nd in g fo r M ar gu er ite de V alo is, sup pos ed to be .

by Clov is Ev e.

6. Bi nd in g, sai d to be by Le Gas con .

C H A P T E R I. V CHARAC TERIST ICS

OF THE

PRO MIN ENT

STYLES

OK

BO OK -BI ND IN G.

S T U D Y of th e c h a ra c te r of th e o rn a ­ m en ts us ed in th e de co ra ti on of bo ok ­ b in d in g wi ll se rv e m at e ri a ll y to d is ti n ­ gu is h th e se ve ra l pro m in en t st yl es .

Th e a A ld in e " or e a r ly I t a l i a n : — T h e o rn a ­ m en ts of th e A ld in e or ea rl y It a li a n st yl e w er e A ra bi c in ch ar ac te r, of so lid fa ce , w it h o u t a n y sh ad in g w ha te ve r. T h is st yl e of o rn am en t us ed

by A ld us an d o th er ea rl y It a li a n p ri n te rs was. pa rt ic ula rl y ad ap te d to th e “ bl in d to o li n g ” of th e bi nd er , wh ich st yl e of de co ra ti on se rv ed hi m u n ti l he be ca m e fa m il ia r w it h go ld to ol in g. Im p re s­ sio ns of th es e orn am en ts w er e re pe at ed by th e bi nd er , fo rm in g ve ry ef fe ct iv e de co ra ti on in bo rd er s an d pa ne ls . In o th er ex am pl es of th is st yl e th e de sig n is co m po se d of an in te rs ec te d sq ua re an d di am on d, w ith th e A ld in e o rn am e n ts im pr es se d in th e co rn er s an d ce nt er s.

3

“ M a io I i " o r l a t e r I t a l i a n : — In th e la te r I ta li a n st y le a g r e a t a d v a n c e in th e q u a li ty of d e ­ s ig n is o b se rv e d . A m a s te r se em s to h av e ar is en a n d f u rn is h e d d e s ig n s of g r e a t m e ri t to th e b in der .

I n an e x a m p le b o u n d fo r T hos. M ai ol i, d a te d 1509. th e fr a m e w or k is co m p o se d of sc ro ll sh ie ld s w it h i n te r tw in in g sc ro ll -w o rk fl o w in g th ro u g h it. a n d th e fiel d o f th e s h ie ld s is e n ri c h e d b y a s tu d d in g o f g o ld do ts . T h e o rn a m e n ts a re M or es qu e in c h a r­ a c te r r a th e r th a n A ra b ic , a re no lo n g e r so li d on th e fa ce , b u t a re d e fi n e d in sh a p e bv an o u te r lin e, w h il e t h e re st of th e fa ce is li n e d or a z u re d as in h e ra ld ry , w it h sm a ll o p e n in g s in th e c e n te r as fo r th e in la y of co lo r.

T h e s e fe a tu re s m ar k th e “ M a io li ” or la te r I ta li a n st y le . “ G r o l i e r . ”— M ai ol i a n d G ro li e r w er e c o n te m ­ p o r a r y co ll ec to rs , a n d d o u b tl e ss w h il e th e fo rm e r w as in It a ly , p a tr o n iz e d th e sa m e b in d e r or b in d ­ e rs . -T h e st y le of o rn a m e n t is th e sa m e, m er el y v a ry in g a s y e a rs i n c re a se d . T h ro u g h o u t G ro li e r’s •c ar ee r, w it h fe w e x c e p ti o n s, th e sa m e c h a ra c te r of M or es qu e a z u re d li ne o rn a m e n t w as us ed . T h e st y le s of M ai ol i a n d G ro li e r a re n o t ea si ly d is ti n ­ g u is h a b le .

T h e d if fe re n ce o b se rv ab le is m os t m a rk e d in th e c h a ra c te r of th e fr am e or la y- ou t of th e d e si g n , th a t of G ro li er b e in g a g eo m e tr ic al in te r la c in g of sq u a re s, se m i- ci rc le s a n d d ia m onds, w h il e th a t of M ai ol i is u su al ly of a sc ro ll sh ie ld 4

3W . <

3

S

8<%^<Sw ?ä IT A L IA N — X V I. CE NT UR Y.

c h a ra c te r. W he n G ro li er re tu rn ed to F ra n ce he c o n ti n u e d th e sa m e st y le of o rn am e n t, a n d to th e p re s e n t ti m e it is id en ti fi ed by hi s na m e.

“E v e : " — U n d e r th e p a tr o n a g e of De Tho u, N ic hola s an d Cl ov is E ve , es pe ci al ly th e la tt er , ar e ju s tl y e n ti tl e d to th e cr e d it of o ri g in a ti n g a ne w st y le . T h e la y-o ut of th e st y le is geo m et ri ca l, re ­ se m b li n g a te ss e ll a te d p a v e m e n t, t h e c o m p a rt m e n ts b e in g fil led so m e w it h pi ne a n d del ic at e fa ce d ci r­ c u la r sc ro lls , a u d o th e rs w it h b ra n c h e s of la ur el a n d pa lm . T h es e o rn a m e n ts m ar k th e pr in ci pa l fe a tu re of th e Eve st yl e. It s el a b o ra te c h a ra c te r m a k e s it ve ry co st ly .

L e Ga sc on :— As if de si ro us of st ill m ak in g th e •o rn am en ts fi ne r a n d m or e del ic at e in c h a ra c te r th a n th os e us ed by th e Eve s, a bi nd er , su pp os ed to "be n a m e d Le G as co n, in tr o d u c ed a dot te d fa ce to th e o rn a m e n ts in st e a d of th e co nt in uo us or so lid lin e. H is fr am e- w ork a t fir st wa s si m il ar to th e Ev es ’s, a n d th e c o m p a rt m e n ts w er e filled wi th th e se d o tt e d o rn am e n ts , b u t la te r in hi s ca re er he u se d th e dott ed o rn am e n ts al en e to for m his d e ­ si g n . W he n w or ke d in bord er s th ey g iv e th e eff ec t of la ce , he nc e ar e ca lle d ‘ d e n te ll e ” bo rd er s.

W h e re v e r th es e d o tt e d o rn ar n e ut s ar e us ed th e st v le is ca ll ed Le G as co n.

D e R o m e :— A bo ut a ce n tu ry la te r th an Le G as ­ c o n ’s tim e, th e o rn am e n ts ha d ch an ged in to a foli6

a te d c har ac te r, m or e s oli d of fa ce , y et f irm ly sh ad ed by th e g ra v e r, a n d ar e d es ig n at ed by bin d er s as De Ro m e or re na is sa nc e too ls. T h e st yl e is be st ex em pl ifie d in bo rd er s ‘‘V a n d y k e ,” or p o in te d in fo rm to th e ce nt er . T h e De R om e bo rd er is no t ca pa bl e of m uc h var ia ti o n , b u t is ric h in eff ec t, a n d th e st ro n g e r fa ce of th e o rn am e n ts re nder s th em ve ry su it ab le fo r g ra in e d m or oc co .

The E ng li sh H ar le ia n s ty le i s s om ew hat si m il ar , th ou gh th e o rn am en ts ar e m or e f or m al a n d a re v ar ie d w it h ac or ns an d co ne s.

R o g e r P a y n e :— T h is st yl e is p u re ly E ngli sh a n d its m er it be lo ng s to th e b in d er w ho se na m e it be ar s. H is st yl e of dec or at io n w as st ri k in g ly hi s ow n. T h e orn am en ta l to ol s he us ed ar e, as fa r as bi nd er s ar e co nc er ne d, ori gi na l in fo rm . T h ey are fr ee an d flo wi ng in st em a n d fl ow er, n e v e r sti ff an d fo rm al lik e th e “ H a rl e ia n .” T h e ho ne ys uc kl e is a ch ar ac te ri st ic fo rm . H is de si gns ar e sim pl e in co ns tr uc tio n, bu t he se ld om fa il s to en ri ch th ei r ef fe ct by st u d d in g p ro m in en t p a rt s w it h a field of go ld do ts.

J a n s é n is te :— T h is st yl e is kn ow n by it s ab so lu te pl ai nn es s, an en ti re ab se nc e of all orn am en t.

W il l ia m M a t t h e w s .

7

T E C H N IC A L TE RM S DE LI NEL).

F orw ard ing —T he pr oc ess es th ro ug h whic h th e vo lum e pa sse s fro m th e se w in g to th e fini shin g.

F in is hi ng —T he or na m en ti ng of th e cov er—th e fini sh to th e bi nd in g.

F in ish er ’s T ools—E ng ra ve d br as s sta m ps for im pr es sin g th e or na m en ta ti on on th e cov er.

Gouge R—V ar io us siz es of cu rve d lin es use d by th e fin ish er to form or na m en ta l scro lls.

R oll —A wh eel on wh ich th er e is an en gr av ed co nt in uo us fig ure us ed by the fin ish er to ma ke or ­ na m en ta l bo rde rs.

F ill et —A w hee l, th e ed ge of wh ich is a sin gle , a dou ble , or a tre bl e line .

P et it F ers —Th e sm all en gr av ed tool s use d by th e fini she r in or na m en tin g.

P oin te ll e —Th e do tte d or Gas con tools .

D ent ell e B ord er —A bo rd er fini shed w ith finely cu t an d do tte d too ls to res em ble lace.

B lin d T ool ing —Im pr es sio ns of the fin ish er’s too ls w ith ou t gol d.

S emis —A re pe tit io n of tools for mi ng a di ap er de sig n. s

G au fre E dge s—Impressions of the finisher’s tools on the edges of the leaves when g ilt.

S quar es —The parts of the boards that extend beyond the leaves.

D oub lure —An inside leather lin ing to the cover for additional ornamentation.

W ill ia m M at th ew s .

9

l ' R E X C I I â&#x20AC;&#x201D; l ' R A XC I SQ U E C A Z l N .

C o p y o f G ro li e re s q u e B in d in g .

C H A P T E R II . * “B oo ks ca n n o t li v e lo n g iv it ko u t b in d in g s. " O O K B IN D IN G a t th e da w n of th e A rt in E ur op e w as no m or e th a n a sp ec ia l b ra n ch of th e c ra ft of th e go ld sm it h or th e ca rv er , an d a t fi rs t bu t a ru de a n d M an us cr ip ts , ta st el es s ex er ci se of th es e A rt s. of te n la vi sh ly an d gorg eo usl y il lu m in at ed , w er e th e on ly bo ok s in th os e da ys . T h e y w er e fe w an d co stl y, an d th ei r ow ne rs co ve re d th em w it h p la te s of go ld an d sil ve r, in cr u st e d w it h en am el s, iv or ie s an d pr ec io us sto ne s, or els e w it h p urp le or cr im so n ve lv et el ab ora te ly em bro id er ed w it h go ld , si lv er a n d co lo re d si lk en th re a d s a n d sp ri nkle d w it h pe ar ls . N ot m an y of th es e ric h b in d in g s ha ve su rv iv ed to ou r da y. U n d e r th e ed ic ts of ze al ou s re fo rm er s “ th e go ld an d si lv er o rn am en ts on Po pi sh bo ok s w er e st ri p ’t off an d pai d in to th e K in g ’s T re a s u ry .” T o th e ir re p ar ab le los s of all bi bl io ph ile s in ti m e to co me , th es e in cu nab ula of Bi bl io pe gi c A rt w er e ca st in to th e sa m e fie ry cr u ­ cib le to w hi ch w er e co ns ig ne d so m an y re fu lg en t IT

p a g e s of m is sa ls a n d p ri ce le ss “ Bo ok s of H o u rs .” in o rd er th a t th e pr ec io us m et al w it h w hi ch th ei r g o ld en le tt e rs w er e o v e rl a id m ig h t be ex tr ac te d .

T h e m as si v e bo ss es , cl as ps , ho ok s a n d ch ai ns upon th e p o n d e ro u s ch urc h se rv ic e bo ok s of th e 16 th c e n tu ry , w er e of b ra ss or s om e o th er m et al too b as e to te m p t sp o li a ti o n , so th a t b in d in g s of th is c h a ra c te r a re m ore p le n ti fu l.

T h e e a rl ie s t d a te a ss ig n e d to le a th e r bi nd in gs , w it h w h ic h th e a rt p ro p e r m ay be sa id to be gi n, is th e io th c e n tu ry .

T h e ca lf or pi gs ki n w as s tr e tc h e d o v er th in b o ar d s, g e n e ra ll y of oa k, an d th e co ve rs th u s p re p a re d w er e to ol ed by m ea ns of sm al l di es . T h e se di es em b ra ce d a v a ri e ty of su b je c ts —m en , b e a st s — re al a n d im a g in a ry —a nd m an y p u re ly c o n v e n ti o n al de si gns.

T h e fo ur e v a n g e li s ts w er e sp ec ia l fa v o ri te s, b u t as th e di es w er e al lo w ed to o v er la p ea ch o th e r w he n th ey di d n o t h a p p e n to fit, th es e sa in ts p re se n t a t ti m es a pro m is cu ous a n d u n d ig n if ie d ap p ea ra n ce .

The d e si g n s a re n o t so v a ri e d in c h a ra c te r as at fir st a p p e ar s, as fo ll ow in g th e ex am pl e of th e p ri n te rs of e a rl y il lu s tr a te d bo ok s, th e b in d er re p ea te d th e u se of th e sa m e di es in c a rr y in g ou t hi s pl an of d e co ra ti o n . T h e y w er e ap pl ie d to th e co ve r re ­ g a rd le ss of th e ir ap p ro p ri at e n es s to t he co n te n ts of th e bo ok it en cl os ed .

A n in te rl a c e d ch ai n w or k or a se ri es of ov er 12

la pp in g se gm en ts of ci rc le s (so m et im es si lv er ed ), fills th e ce n te r of th e sq ua re or pa ra ll el ogra m fo rm ed by th e bo rd er of di e w or k ; or, as on m o­ nas ti c bi nd in gs , it m ay be oc cu pi ed by pi ct ure s of sa in ts , as of St . M ich ae l a n d St . G eo rg e, St . B ar ­ b a ra an d th e to w er , or by a fig ur e sy m bo liz in g F ai th or H op e, fr am ed in , or ac co m pa ni ed w it h a sc ri pt ur al qu ot at io n. In la te r ex am pl es , th e ce n te r pa ne ls bea r th e he ad s of no te d or pop ul ar c h a r­ ac te rs , su ch as th e g re a t G er m an re fo rm er s L u th e r an d M el an ct ho n.

T h u s we fin d on th es e old st am pe d bi nd in gs , th re e d is ti n ct st yl es of ce n te r pa ne l de co ra ti on —th e in te rl ac ed , th e pi ct or ia l an d th e port ra it . T h e y w er e use d w it h an d w it hout th e bo rd er of die s.

Fo llo w in g th e us e of se p ar a te sm al l di es ca m e th e in ve nt io n of th e pa ne l st am p, by m ea ns of wh ich th e en ti re sid e of th e bo ok co ul d be de co ­ ra te d fro m on e sta m p.

So me of th es e pa ne l b in d in g s ar e of g re a t bea ut y, an d oc ca si on al ly b ea r th e na m e or m ar ks of th e bi nd er , a fig ur e of hi s p at ro n sa in t w ith a re lig io us te xt , an d a su pp lic at io n to th e sa in t fo r pro te c­ tio n.

A rt is ti c to ol ed le a th er b in d in g ha d it s rise in It al y. It is no t kn ow n w it h c e rt a in ty w he n th e It al ia n s be ga n th e us e of go ld to ol in g, b u t it wa s pr ob ab ly du ri n g th e la st q u a rt e r of th e 15th ce n13

tu ry . T h e p ra c ti c e no d o u b t ca m e fr om th e S a r­ ac en s. V en ic e h as be en ju st ly st y le d th e cr ad le a n d th e ‘‘fo st e r m o th e r of th e a r t ,’' a n d it s in tr o ­ du ct io n in to It a ly h as b ee n as si gn ed , b u t on in su f­ fi ci en t ev id en ce , to th e “ sc hola r p r in te r, ” A ld us .

T h e g re a t V e n e ti a n ty p o g ra p h e r is al so sa id to h a v e be en th e fi rs t to d is c o n ti n u e th e us e of th e cu m ber so m e w oo de n b o ar ds.

T h e e a rl ie s t bo ok s th a t A ld us is su ed ha ve a go ld st a m p in th e ce n te r. T h e n fo llo w ed a de co ra ti on co m po se d of bl in d or go ld to ol ed par al le l lin es w it h co rn e r o rn a m e n ts , a n d la st ly , we ha ve th e e la b o ra te g e o m e tr ic a l p a tt e rn s w it h w hi ch th e n a m e o f G ro li er is as so ci at ed .

T h e pl ac e in th e h is to ry of th e A rt of bo o k -b in d ­ in g oc cu pi ed by J e a n G ro li er is un iq ue . Le on G ru el , a m oder n F re n ch b in d er , a n d th e a u th o r of th e m os t th o ro u g h tr e a ti s e up on th e a rt of bo ok ­ b in d in g in F ra n c e , th u s ex to ls th is g re a t p at ro n of le tt e rs a n d p ri n c e ly B ib li op hi le : “ H e ha s le ft a co ll ec ti on of b in d in g s so ric h th a t we m ay cl ai m fo r hi m th e ro le of c re a to r in a sp ec ia lt y w hi ch u n ti l hi s ti m e h a d no t ri se n ab ov e th e ra n k of an o rd in a ry h a n d ic ra ft , b u t w hi ch he el ev at ed to th e h e ig h t of a g e n u in e a n d b e a u ti fu l a r t. ” It is no t kn ow n p osi ti vel y w hi ch of Gr oJ ier's b in d in g s w er e ex ec u te d fo r h im in F ra n ce or wh ic h in It a ly . I t is a n a tu ra l su pp os it io n th a t hi s e ar li er

bo ok s w er e bo un d fo r h im in It a ly d u ri n g hi s re si ­ de nc e th er e, an d th e la te r on es in F ra nce , pr oba­

by It a li a n w or km en b ro u g h t w it h hi m on hi s re ­ H is tu rn ho m e by th is re no w ne d pe rs on ag e. li b ra ry co nt ai ne d a n u m b er of vo lu m es no t sp e­ ci al ly bo un d fo r hi m , b u t up on w hi ch he al lo w ed th e b in d in g to re m ai n a n d si m pl y ad ded hi s na m e.

The bo ok s bo un d d ir ec tl y to hi s o rd e ra re in br ow n ca lf or mo roc co , w hi ch la tt e r m at er ia l it is c la im ed he wa s th e fir st t o use . I t is c e rt ai n th a t he to ok g re a t pai ns to im po rt th e fin es t le a th e r fro m th e L ev an t. T he ch oi ce st le a th e r fo r bo ok -b in di ng pu rp os es is sti ll su pp lie d fro m th is q u a rt e r, a n d th e ve ry be st th a t is p ro du ce d is su re to fin d its w ay to P ar is a nd to l od ge i n th e h an d s of th e F re n ch b oo k­ bi nd er . T he fin es t L e v a n t m or oc co , lik e th e m os t de lic io us coc oa, is n ev er p e rm it te d to le av e F ra n ce ex ce pt in th e fo rm of a m an u fa ct u re d ar tic le .

T he de co ra ti on on G ro li er ’s b in d in g s is in co m ­ p a rt m e n ts , e it h e r in th e ri g id geo m et ri ca l st yl e w hi ch he fir st a d o p te d —th e It a li a n w it h co lo re d ri bb on s— or th e F re nch in bl ac k an d go ld , or els e in th e th ir d a n d la te st st yl e w it h a g ra ce fu ll y in te r­ lace d de si gn , us ua ll y pai n te d , an d re li ev ed by a de li ca te p a tt e rn co nsi st in g of fine go ld li ne s w it h tr ef oi l or ar ab es qu e fin ia ls in col or. T h e It a li a n G ro lie rs ar e all p a in te d —bl ac k, w hi te an d re d b e ­ in g th e co lor s u su al ly em pl oy ed .

15

T h e fa m o u s m ot to , “ A? G r o li e r ii c t A m ic o r u m " or ‘LIA?/ G r o li e r ii L u g d u n e n s e t A m ic o r u m ," is g e n e ra ll y fo u n d on th e b o tt o m of th e fr o n t bo ar d, b u t is so m et im es p la c e d in th e c e n te r pa nel , an d on th e re v e rs e of t h e co ver a re th e w or ds , “ P o rt io m e a s it in t e r r a v i v e n t u m ,” “ T a n q u a m v e n in s e st v i t a m e a d or ‘‘ Q u is q u e su os p a t i m u r m anes i' T h o m a s M aio li, an It a li a n B ib lio ph ile , w as a c o n te m p o ra ry of J e a n G ro b e r, a n d th e st yl e of o rn a m e n ta ti o n on th e bo ok s of th es e tw o fa m ou s co ll ec to rs is si m il a r in c h a ra c te r. By so me th e b in d in g s of M ai ol i a re c o n si d e re d t he m ost a rt is ti c .

F ra n c is I. is re p u te d to h av e be en a g re a t p a tr o n of th e fin e a rt s a n d a lo ve r of b ea u ti fu l bin d in g s.

H is b in d e rs w er e P ie rr e a n d E ti e n n e R of fe t (c al le d L a F a u lc h e u r) , a n d P h il ip p e le N oi r. So m e of th e d es ig n s a re su ppose d to h av e be en ta k e n fr om G eo ff re y T o ry kn ow n as th e “m a it r e aie P o t C a s s é ” fr om hi s tr a d e m ar k , a br ok en va se . T h e d e c o ra ti o n up on th e bo ok s of F ra n ci s I. is in th e e a rl ie r G ro b e r st yle , th e a rm s of F ra n ce ta k in g the pl ac e in th e c e n te r p an el of th e m ot to of th e bo ok lo v in g T re a su re r- G e n e ra l of F ra nc e. T h e e m bl em of th is m o n ar ch , ad o p te d fo r hi m in hi s yo ut h by hi s tu to r, th e Co m te d ’Es ta m p es , w as a S a la m a n ­ d e r w re a th e d in fla m es , a n d hi s m ot to w as “N u ­ tr is c o e t E x t i n g u o .” T he sid es of hi s bo ok s ar e 16

FR EN C H â&#x20AC;&#x201D; X V II I. CE NT UR Y.

DE RO M E.

so m et im es co ve re d w it h th e le tt e r F, a lt e rn a te d w it h th e f l e u r de l y s } a n d th ey ar e g e n e ra ll y bound in d a rk co lo re d le a th er , w hi ch h a s be co m e bla ck w it h ti m e.

D u ri n g th e ti m e of H e n ry II . th e a rt of bo ok ­ b in d in g in F ra n c e is co n si d er ed by so m e a u th o ri ­ ti e s to h av e re ac h ed its h ig h e s t p er fe ct io n . M an y of t h e bo ok s boun d fo r hi m a n d h is m is tr es s, D ia ne de P oic ti er s. a re c h a ra c te ri z e d by se ve re si m pli c­ ity , a n d w it h th e ex ce pti on of th e em ble m s— th e in te rl a c e d c re sc e n ts a n d in it ia ls of H e n ry a n d D ia n e, a n d th e bo w of th e g o ddes s a rr a n g e d to fo rm a c e n te r pan el w hi ch en cl os es a sh ie ld b e a r­ in g th re e ' f l e u r de ly s ’—t h e d ec o ra ti o n co ns is ts o f p a ra ll e l li n es w it h a cr ow ned H in ea ch co rn er an d a t th e si de s. O th e r b in d in g s w hi ch be lo ng ed to th is K in g a re , how ev er , co m pl et el y co ve re d w it h an e la b o ra te d es ig n in p a in te d m os ai c, th e bo w, q u iv er a n d cr es ce n ts fo rm in g an in te g ra l p a rt of th e in tr ic a te in te rl a c in g of th e p a tt e rn .

Bo th C a th e ri n e d e M ed ic is a n d D ia n e de P o ic ti er s w er e o w n er s of fin e li b ra ri es . T h e bo ok s of th e Q ue en w er e k ep t a t C li en on ce au x in T o u rr a in e, an d th o se of D ia n a a t h e r b e a u ti fu l C hat ea u d ’A net .

M a rg a re t d ’A ug ou le m e, ca lle d by th e po et s th e fin e p e a rl of th e V al ois —s is te r of F ra n ci s I. , a u th o re ss of th e “ F le p ta m e ro n ,” a n d th e m os t le a rn e d w om an of h e r tim e, po ss es se d so me fine 18

b in din gs o rn am e n te d w it h in te rl a c ed co m p ar t­ m en ts co n ta in in g a cr ow ne d M se p ar a te d by m a r­ g u er it es ox' d ai si es , a n d h a v in g in th e ce n te r th e cr ow ne d m onogra m of th e D uc he ss d ’Ale nç on , Q ue en of N av ar re . O th er re no w ne d co lle ct or s of bo ok s in th is ce n tu ry w er e M ar c L au w ri n , Ch ar le s, Co m te de M an sf el dt , A nne de M on tm or en cy , F ra n ci s I I. , C ha rl es IX . a n d H e n ry II I .

B el on gi ng to th is pe ri od a n d t h e ce n tu ry fo llo w ­ in g, ar e th e bin d in g s is su ed by th e p ri n te rs a n d st at io n er s w hi ch ha ve be en st y le d “ co m m er ci al b in d in g s. ” So m e of th es e w er e han d -t o o le d ; th a t is, th e de si gn w as w or ke d ou t by sm al l si ng le to ol s an d no t m ec han ic al ly im pre ss ed fr om s ta m ps u po n w hi ch th e o rn am e n ts w er e cu t en ti re . A m on g th e m os t ce le b ra te d of th es e b in d er s w er e Ge of fre y Tor y, Ph il ip pe P ig ouch et , C hri st opher P la n ti n , an d th e fa m ou s E lz ev ir s of L ey de n a n d A m st e r­ da m .

T h e u E ve ” st yl e of b in d in g is fi rs t as so ci at ed w it h th e li b ra ry of M ar g ar et de V al oi s, th ir d d a u g h te r of H e n ry II . a n d C at her in e de M ed ici s a n d fir st wi fe of H e n ry IV . T h e bo ok s re p u te d to be fr om h er li b ra ry ar e bo un d in ol ive , re d a n d ci tr on mo roc co , an d ar e d ia p er ed w it h m ar g u e ri te s in ov al co m pa rt m en ts , su rr o u n d ed by a b ord er of ble nd ed pa lm a n d la ur el bra nch es . In th e ce n te r of th e fr o n t co ve r is a sh ie ld w it h th re e “ f l e u r de *9

ly s ." On th e ba ck co ver th e re is al so fo und a sh ie ld b e a ri n g th re e li li es a n d th e m ot to , “E x p e c t a ia non e in d e i. " Of th e “ E v e ” fa m il y of b in d e rs , th e fi rs t N ic h ­ ol as , w ho se st y le of o rn a m e n t is c o m p ar at iv el y si m ple in c h a ra c te r, w o rk ed fo r H e n ry I I I ., a n d a t on e ti m e b o u n d fo r hi m 42 co pi es of th e ‘‘L iv re d es S ta tu ts de l’or d re du S a in t- E s p r it /’ an o rd er of w h ic h he w as th e fo u n d er . Cl ov is, th e b ro th e r of N ic h o la s E v e, b o u n d al so fo r H e n ry IV . a n d fo r L ou is X I I I. T h e la te s t st y le of dec or at io n of th is b in d er , w hic h co ns is ts of sm al l sp ir al s a n d pal m le av es in te rm in g le d w it h la ure l a n d oa k b ra n ch es , is no w kn ow n as th e F a n fa re st yl e, a n a m e g iv en to it in th e la st c e n tu ry by C ha rl es N odie r, w ho h a d a vo lu m e e n ti tl e d ‘‘L es F a n fa re s e t C our vé es a b b a d e s q u e s ,” bound in th is m an n er .

Ja c q u e s A u g u st e de T h o u , w ho w as th e m os t n o te d p a tr o n of th e a r t of b o o k -b in d in g in th e 16th c e n tu ry , h a d a m o n g hi s bo ok s vo lu m es boun d in th e F a n fa re st y le , a n d al so in th e st yle ca ll ed Le G as co n, a ft e r a b in d e r w ho c re a te d on e o f th e m os t p o p u la r fo rm s of bo ok co ve r d ec ora ti on th a t ha s e v e r ex is te d , a n d y e t of w ho se w or k th e re is sa id to be no a b so lu te ly a u th e n ti c ex am pl e re m ai nin g.

In F ra n c e it is sa id “ pla in n es s ca m e in w it h th e B o u rb o n s, ” a n d m ost of D e T h o u ’s b in d in g s w er e in p la in re d m or oc co , or in br ow n ca lf, b ea ri n g 20

'I

on ly hi s de co ra ti ve co at s of ar m s a n d m on og ra m s.

T he se var ie d a t di ff er en t pe ri od s of hi s life , as he w as tw ic e m ar ri ed , an d th e ar m s of ea ch of hi s w iv es (M ar ie B ar ba nç on an d G as pa rd e de l a Ch as tr e j ar e su cc es si ve ly im pa le d up on hi s es cu tc he on an d th ei r in it ia ls co m bi ne d w it h hi s ow n. T h e b in din gs w hi ch b e a r th e m on og ra m of hi s fir st wi fe ar e th e ra re st .

In th e op in io n of th e a u th o r of Mr. Q u a ri tc h ’s C at al og ue of B oo k- bi nd in gs , ‘‘th e so be r ta st e an d su m pt uo us p la in nes s of D e T h o u ’s bo ok co ve ri ng s fo rm ed th e m od el fo r th e ‘Ru et te , ’ or as he ca lls th em , ‘Ro ya l B ou rb on ’ b in d in g s of th e 17th an d iS th ce nt ur ie s, w hi ch w er e e le g a n t an d sol id, b u t m or e so be r in t a s te th a n th e E ve or Ga sc on st y le s. ” H en ry II I . w as a g re a t lo ve r of fin e bi nd in gs , an d is sa id to ha ve be en so m ew ha t of an ad ep t at th e a rt hi m se lf. T h e em bl em s a t firs t us ed up on hi s bo ok s ar e of a m os t m el an ch ol y or els e of a re lig io us ch ar ac te r. A d e a th ’s he ad w it h th e th e de co ra ti on u po n th e m ot to “S fte s m ea D e n s" ba ck of a vo lu m e w hi ch bea rs in t he c en te r of ea ch sid e pa ne l a re p re se n ta ti o n of th e Cr uc ifi xio n w it h th e V ir gi n a n d St . Jo hn a t th e fo ot of th e Cro ss, a rr a n g e d so as to fo rm th e C hr is ti an em bl em , I. H . S. So me of hi s bo ok s ha ve a “ se m is ” of t ea rs .

On th e co ve r of a n o th e r is a m on og ra m fo rm ed of th e in it ia ls of M ar y of Cle ves , Pr in ce ss of Co nd e, 21

to w ho m th e K in g , w he n D uk e of An jo u, w as g r e a tl y a tt a c h e d . T h e m o n o g ra m is en cl os ed w it h tw o w re a th s, a n d a t th e ba ck is a d e a th ’s h ea d b e tw e e n tw o te a r dr op s, w it h th e sa d in ­ sc ri p ti o n , M o r t r i es t v ìe ," H e n ry IV . w as th e o w n e r of fe w bo ok s. H is tu rb u le n t re ig n w it h it s e a rl y tr a g ic en d, ap p ea rs to h av e af fo rd ed hi m li tt le o p p o rt u n it y to c u lt iv at e th e fin e a rt s o u ts id e of th o se re la te d to a rc h it e c tu re . H is b in d e r w as G eo rg e D ro b et , a p ri n te r a n d bo o k se ll er e s ta b li s h e d a t T o u rs , w ho si g n ed hi s b in d in g s, as di d o th e r 17t h c e n tu ry b in d er s, by p la c in g hi s n a m e as “ R e li e u r du R o y ” on th e ti tl e p a g e of th e bo ok s he p u b li sh e d a n d bo un d. T h e sm al l e n g ra v e d ti c k e ts or ‘‘et iq u e tt e s ” of th e F re n c h 17t h c e n tu ry b in d e rs , fo un d on ly too ra re ly , p a s te d in si d e th e co ve rs , ar e m an y of th em c h a rm in g in co m po si ti on a n d g ra c e fu l in ex ec u­ ti on ; fu ll y in k e e p in g w it h th e a rt is ti c q u a li ty of th e b in d in g it se lf . T h e p re s e n t p ra ct ic e of s ig n ­ in g th e b in d in g in sm al l le tt e rs a t th e bo tt om of th e in si de co ve r or on th e fo ot of th e ba ck ca n be tr a c e d on ly to th e e a rl y p a rt of th is ce ntu ry .

In d e sc ri b in g a b in d in g in th e B ib li ot hè qu e N a ti o n a l b e lo n g in g to H e n ry th e G re at , Le on G ru el sa ys th a t th e g e n e ra l ef fe ct is rich , b u t th a t th e co m po si ti on has no g ra n d e u r, a n d di sp la ys a w a n t of in v en ti o n a n d o ri g in a li ty .

22

U n d er th e re ig n of Lo ui s X II I. , w ri te s th e sa m e au th or, th e lov e of bo ok s a n d th e ta st e fo r b e a u ti ­ fu l bin d in g s beg an ra p id ly to in cr ea se an d to e x ­ te n d be yo nd th e ra n k s of R o y al ty , to w hi ch th e re ­ to fo re it h ad la rg el y be en co nf in ed , al th ough th e fo rm of de co ra ti on m os t in fa v o r w as th e ea si ly de si gn ed an d m on ot on ou s on e of a “ s e m is ” of cr ow ne d le tt e rs co ve ri ng th e e n ti re sid e of th e bo ok . T h e b in d er s of L ou is X I I I. w er e Clo vis Eve , as be fo re st a te d , a n d M ar c R u et te . R u et te is sa id to ha ve be en th e fir st b in d er to m ak e us e of m ar bl ed p ap er s fo r in si de li n in g s a n d fly -le av es, T he se w er e a t fir st of w hit e p a p e r or v el lu m . (T he bo ok s of G ro lie r ar e g en er al ly fo un d to co nt ai n an un us ua l n u m b er of f ly -le av es of on e or th e oth er of th es e m at er ia ls .) T h en ca m e in to us e en d pa pe rs a n d fly -le av es of a pl ai n hi ghly b u rn is h e d go ld or si lv er su rf ac e, or ri ch ly g il t a n d p a in te d w it h flow­ er s, e it h e r of w hi ch w er e pre fe ra b le to the m ar ble d pa pe rs w hi ch R u e tt e is cl ai m ed to ha ve in tr o ­ du ce d, be ca us e les s m ec ha ni ca l an d m or e in h a r­ m on y w it h th e a rt is ti c ex te ri o r o f th e bo ok . So me of th es e de co ra ti ve pap er s b ea r th e im p ri n t of th e m a k e r’s na m e.

T o th e la tt e r p a rt of th e re ig n of Lo ui s X II I. be lo ng t he de nt el le or la ce -w or k bo rd er s in im it a­ tio n of V en et ia n po in t lac e so m et im es fo un d in ­ sid e th e ‘‘ J a n s e n is t” b in d in g s of th is pe ri od , 23

w hic h w er e a b so lu te ly w it h o u t dec o ra ti o n on th e outs id e. T h e n am e, Ja n se n , w hic h is sti ll us ed to d e si g n a te a p e rf e c tl y p la in e x te ri o r in a b in d in g , is ta k e n fr om th e s tr ic t e c cl es ia st ic al se ct of Ja n se n is ts , fo u n d ed by C orn el iu s Ja n se n , Bi sh op of Y pr es , w ho d ie d in 1638.

A n to in e R u e tt e su cc ee d ed hi s fa th e r ab o u t th e y e a r 1650 as cr ow n b in d e r, a n d al so boun d bo ok s fo r A n n e of A u st ri a .

H e is su ppose d to ha ve e x e cu te d th e m a g n if ic e n t b in d in g s of th e C ha nce ll or S e g u ie r, T h e fi rs t b in d e rs of L ouis X IY . w er e A n to in e R u e tt e a n d F lo ri m o n d B ad ie r. It is th o u g h t th a t th e la st n a m e d m ay h a v e e x e cu te d m an y of th e “ p o in ti ll é ” b in d in g s a tt r ib u te d to L e G as co n.

A m o n g th e m an y im it a to rs in all co u n tr ie s of th is gr ec it a rt is t, th e b es t is co n si d er ed to ha ve be en M ag n u s of A m st e rd a m , w ho bo un d fo r th e g re a t F le m is h p ri n te rs , th e E lz ev ir s.

L uc A n to in e B oy et , n o te d fo r hi s fin e do ub lu re s, w as K in g 's b in d e r fo r th ir ty -f iv e y ea rs , a n d boun d bo ok s al so fo r th os e c e le b ra te d co lle ct or s, C ol be it a n d L o n g p ie rr e, a n d fo r C ou nt H oy m , th e G ro li er of th e iS th c e n tu ry . P ad el o u p , w ho m G ru el p ro ­ n o u n ce s th e g re a te s t m a s te r of bo ok b in d in g of h is ti m e, a n d Du Se ui l, as we ll as Bo ye t, w er e em plo yed by C ou nt H oy m , a n d hi s li b ra ry sp ar k le d w it h th e ir ri ch m os ai cs a n d bea u ti fu l g il d in g s.

24

E v e n th e p la in b in d in g s of C ou nt H oy m . w ith no o rn a m e n t on th e si d es b u t hi s ar m s, bu t w it h d e li c a te ly to ol ed bac ks, a re h ig h ly pr iz ed by bo ok co lle ct or s. I t is sa id th a t li tt le w ork w as ex ec ute d by th is tr io of fin e b in d e rs a ft e r (in co ns eq ue nc e of h is m is fo rt u n es ) th e y c ea se d to en jo y t h e p a tr o n a g e of th is g r e a t B ib li op hi le .

B oy et w as su cc ee d ed as R e li e u r du R oy in 1733 b y A nt oi ne M ic he l P ad el o u p , co m m on ly ca ll ed Le Je u n e, to d is ti n g u is h him fr om P hil ip , hi s el d er a n d le ss d is ti n g u is h e d b ro th e r.

C on sp ic uo us a m o n g th e b in d e rs of F ra n c e in th e 13th c e n tu ry , s ta n d th e n a m e s of D u Se ui l, b in d e r to L ou is X V ., L ouis D ou ce ur , w ho boun d bo ok s fo r M ad am e de P o m p ad o u r, a n d Le M on ni er , le je u n e , w ho se m os ai c b in d in g on a co py of “ D a p h ­ ni s et C hlo e, ” is d es cr ib ed by L eo n G ru el as “ A?

p lu s ch arm ant , j o y a u de X V I l l e . S ie d e qu e j' a ie j a m a i s r e n c o n tr é ” T e ss ie r w as th e su cc es so r of th is a d m ir a b le b in d e r a n d w as “ R el ie ur- D ore ur” of th e bo ok s of th e D ue d ’O rl ea ns. B is ia ux w as th e b in d e r of M ad am e du B ar ry , w ho , a lt h o u g h it is sa id th a t sh e co ul d w it h di ff ic ul ty re a d or w ri te , po ss es se d a li b ra ry as bec am e a w om an of fa sh io n in th o se da ys .

O ne of th e fe w “ fe m m es bib li op hi le s” of th e w or ld w ho re a ll y u n d er st o o d th e a rt of bo ok co l­ le c ti n g , w as th e Co m te ss e de V er ru e, w ho g a th e re d 26

I I

to g et h er in th e ea rl y p a rt of th e iS th ce nt ur y, ab ou t iS,o oo vo lu m es , boun d b y all th e g re a t a rt is ts of h er tim e.

T h e bi o g ra p h er o f M ad am e V er ru e de sc ri be s her as a wo m an of b ri ll ia n t qu al it ie s a n d ch a rm in g d e­ fe ct s, pa ss io na te ly fo nd of th e a rt s a n d po ss es se d of th e co ll ec to r’s m an ia , no t on ly fo r bo ok s, bu t fo r fu rn it u re , po rc el ai ns a n d ob je ct s of a rt of ev er y de sc ri pt io n. T he g a y e ty a n d li g h th e a rt e d n e ss of th is la dy ar e re vea le d in th e ep it a p h w hi ch s he le ft up on he rs el f, a n d w hi ch h as be en th u s fr ee ly tr a n s ­ la te d : “ H er e lies in sle ep sec ure , A da me in cli ne d to m irt h : W ho by wa y of m ak in g sur e, Ch ose he r Pa ra di se on e a rt h .”

The m os t pro lif ic fa m il y of b in d er s th a t ev er e x ­ is te d in F ra n ce w er e th e D er om es . T h e re ap pea rs to ha ve be en s ix te en o f th e na m e wh o fo llo w ed th is pr of es si on . N ic ho la s D en is D er om e, ca ll ed Le Je un e, w as th e m os t ce le bra te d, a n d is th e on e to wh om re fe re nc e is m ad e w he n a b in d in g is as cr ib ed to De ro m e. L in in g s a n d fly -le av es of sil k w er e fr eq u en tl y em pl oy ed b y th is bi nd er . H e pro ba bl y bo un d fo r P re si d e n t Lam oi gn on , th e ca ta lo gu e of wh os e bo ok s is th e ra re st of all ca ta lo gues ; on ly fif te en copies, w er e p ri n te d . P ei g n o t sa ys th a t Mr. H ar ri s, of th e R oy al In st it u ti o n , wh o po ss es se d a 27

co py , p la ce d it w h er e A le x a n d e r di d hi s be lo ve d H o m e r, u n d e r h is pi llo w , “ q ti a n d i l ve ut. se re ­ p o s e r à c a u se de s s o n g e s a g r é a b le s ."

Ja c q u e s A n to in e D er om e, fa th e r of D er om e Le Je u n e , w as a c o n te m p o ra ry of P ad el oup, a n d im i­ ta te d h is " d e n te ll e s de l' o is e a u ."

B ra d el 1’ A in e w a s a n e p h e w a n d t he su cc es so r of D er om e le Je u n e , a n d hi s b in d in g s so m ew ha t re ­ se m bl e th o se of hi s un cl e.

P ie rr e P a u l D u b u is so n w as , sa ys G ru el , th e la st b in d e r of th e iS tli c e n tu ry o f go od ta s te a n d ex ec u­ ti on, a n d w as , sa ys th e sa m e w ri te r, on e o f a n u m e ­ ro us bod y of w o rk m en w ho h a d sp ru n g up in P a ri s in a n sw e r to t h e g e n e ra l d e m a n d fo r fin e bi ndin gs, as b y th is t im e ( L ou is XV . )th e re w as sc ar ce a p er so n of q u a li ty in F ra n c e w ho did n o t po ss es s a li br ar y.

F o u rn ie r, in hi s ‘‘H is to ry de la R el iu re en F r a n c e ,” a ss e rt s th a t th e fi rs t h a lf b in d in g s d at e fr om M ar ie A n to in e tt e .

T h is il l- fa te d Q ue en fo rm e d a li b ra ry of a b o u t 5,000 vo lu m es a t th e T u il le ri e s, a n d a n o th e r sm al l on e, co m po se d p ri n ­ ci pal ly of ta le s a n d ro m an ce s, a t th e P e ti t T ri an o n .

T h e y w er e b o u n d p ri n c ip al ly by Bl ai zo t, a n d fo r th e m o st p a rt u n if o rm ly in re d m or oc co , w it h th e jo in e d a rm s of F ra n c e a n d A u st ri a a n d a sim pl e fil le t upo n th e si de s. T h e bo ok s fr om th e C ha te au T ri a n o n h a v e th e cr ow ne d le tt e rs C. T. st am p ed on th e b ac k a t th e fo ot .

28

Al l th e bo ok s of M ar ie A n to in e tt e w er e co nf is­ ca te d by o rd er of th e N a ti o n a l C on ve nt io n, a n d th e la rg e r p a rt st ill re m a in s in th e B ib li ot hè qu e N at io n al e a n d th e P ubli c L ib ra ry a t V er sa il le s, a l­ th o u g h a fe w ha ve pas se d in to p ri v a te han ds.

W it h th e R ev ol ut io n a n d th e R e ig n of T e rr o r, fin e b in d in g in F ra n c e w as b ro u g h t, lik e ev er y The o th e r fin e a rt , to a su d d en te rm in a ti o n . re d of “ R el iu re s R e v o lu ti o n ä re s et P a tr io ti q u e s ,” m or oc co a n d st a m p e d w it h th e le tt e rs R . F. a n d th e “ b o n n et p h ry g ie n ,” su rm o u n ti n g a R om an fa sc es or b u n d le of pi ke s, fo u n d up on al m a n ac k s a n d co pie s of th e “ C o n st it u ti o n F ra n ç a is e of 1791,” a lt h o u g h of no a rt is ti c v al ue, a re h ig h ly pri ze d by F re n ch bo ok co lle ct or s. T h e bin der s d u ri n g th is p er io d w er e p ro h ib it e d by la w from u si n g “f le u r s de ly s" or “a r m o ir ie s .”

T h o u v en in , B oz er ia n a n d P u rg o ld w er e th e b in d ­ er s wh o re la id in th e ea rl y p a rt of th is c en tu ry , th e fo u n d at io n s of a sc ho ol of F re n c h boo k -b in d in g w hi ch has r es to re d F ra n c e to th e fr o n t ra n k in th e B ib li op eg ic a rt , w hi ch sh e h ad al w ay s th er e to fo re O f o ri g in ­ h e ld an d w hi ch sh e to th is d ay re ta in s is no w re e th ed ed nc co be st u m it , gn si de in a li ty oder n m e th of k or p ra c ti c a ll y no ne , a n d th e w F re n c h b in d e r co ns is ts of a d a p ta ti o n s a n d v a ri a ­ tio ns of th e de si gns le ft hi m by hi s pr ed ec es so rs , b u t in de li ca cy a n d m a th e m a ti c a l e x ac tn es s of 29

to oli ng, p u n c ti li o u s a tt e n ti o n to ev er y d et ai l of th e fo rw a rd in g , tr ip le g il d in g , a n d th e li tt le ni ce ti es of th e a rt , su ch as g il d in g t h e ed ges ov er m ar b li n g , a n d b ra id e d si lk h e a d b a n d s, th e m od er n F re n ch b in d e r h as no ri v al .

T h e re ha s, it is tr u e , of la te a ri se n a sc ho ol of b in d e rs in P a ri s w hic h has a tt e m p te d to av oi d c o n v e n ti o n a li ty of d es ig n as la id do w n by th e e a rl y cl as si c sc ho ol , b u t so fa r it has m et w it h q u e st io n a b le su cc es s. I t is no t tr u e bo ok d e c o ra ­ tio n.

T h e g re a te s t of th e m o d er n F re n ch b in d er s wa s u n d e n ia b ly T ra u tz -B a u z o n n e t, th e m an wh o is sa id to h av e re fu se d a lif e pe nsi on fr om B ar on R o th sc h il d on co n d it io n th a t he w ou ld w or k fo r hi m al on e. T h e m os ai cs of T ra u tz , of w hi ch th er e a re b u t t w e n ty -t w o (se ve n of th em a re in N ew Y or k) , a re a m o n g th e m ost h ig h ly pr iz ed ex am ple s of th e a rt of b o o k -b in d in g th a t ex is t, a n d ri val in pr ic e th e G ro li er s a n d th e M aio lis , th e E v es a n d th e G as co ns , of w hi ch th e y a re fo r th e m os t p a rt si m ­ pl y su p e rb ly ex ec u te d co pi es . O th e r g re a t F re nch b in d e rs la te ly dec ea se d w er e N ei dr ée , M ar iu s M ic he l, Ca pè , E o rt ic th e el d er , a n d Cu zin . Fr om th e a te li e rs o f th e la st th re e is su ed w or k w hi ch ap p ro a c h e d if it di d no t eq ua l th e fin es t pr od uc ed

by T ra u tz -B a u zo n n e t.

30

CH APTER

II I.

H E A ng lo -S ax on m ig h t as we ll ac kn ow l­ ed ge w it h go od g ra c e th e su pre m ac y of th e F re n ch bo ok -c ol lec to r. H e p re ­ ce de d hi m a lo ng w ay in an a p p re c ia ­ tio n an d a lov e of fine bo ok s an d go od an d b e a u ti ­ ful bi nd in gs . If no o th er pr oo f w er e fo rt hco m in g, th is fa ct co uld be d e m o n st ra te d by th e di ff er en ce in th e st at e of p re se rv at io n in w hi ch bo ok s of th e sa m e pe rio d ar e fo un d in th e tw o co un tr ie s. In on e th ey ca re d fo r an d ch er is hed th es e th in g s of b e a u ty —in th e o th er th ey di d no t. T h e F re n c h ­ m an is eg ot is ti ca l be yo nd w or ds , an d be lie ve s th a t ev er y th in g ar ti st ic is F re nch , an d e v e ry th in g F re n ch is ar ti st ic , bu t th en he is no t al w ay s so ve ry fa r ou t of th e w ay in th is as se rt io n. T h a t he is th e co lle ct or “ p a r ex ce ll en ce ” we m ust ad m it .

In w hat ev er he co lle cts he di sp la ys m or e re fine d ta st e, m or e kh ow le dg e an d m or e ju d g m e n t th a n a n y o th er pe op le. D em an d cr ea te s su pp ly , an d th e co ns eq ue nc e is th a t th e F re n ch a rt is a n m ust be an d al w ay s is th e fo re m os t ex ponen t of æ st he3

ti c c u lt u re in E u ro p e. W it h th is fa c t in m in d, we sh al l n o t be d is a p p o in te d w hen we op en th e c h ap ­ te r upon E n g li s h B ib li op eg y, a n d fin d th a t it is s h o rt e r by h a lf a n d p re s e n ts le ss of novel ty a n d in te re s t th a n th e on e we h a v e ju s t clo se d.

I t is no t, we a re to ld , u n ti l th e re ig n of E d w ar d V I. , th a t g o ld to o li n g ca m e in to g e n e ra l us e in E n g la n d . M os t of th e le a th e r b in d in g s in th e re ig n of H e n ry V I I I. w er e st il l b li n d to ol ed , a l­ th o u g h th e re ex is t in th e B ri ti sh M us eu m ex am pl es of th is m o n a rc h ’s b in d in g s w hi ch a re gi ld ed .

A m o n g th e to ol s use d on th e bo ok s of th is K in g, w er e th e T u d o r ar m s, th e ro se , fle ur de lys , p o rt ­ cu ll is a n d gr iff in .

T h e p ri n te rs , R ic h a rd P y n so n a n d Ju li a n N o ta ry b o u n d fo r H e n ry V I I ., a n d co n ti n u ed to bin d fo r H e n ry V I I I, u n ti l Jo h n R ey n es , al so a p ri n te r an d bo ok -s el le r, b ec am e th e R oyal b in d er . T o T hom as B e rt h e le t, w ho w as m ad e K in g ’s p ri n te r in 1530. is a w a rd e d th e c re d it of b e in g th e fi rs t to in tr od uc e go ld to oli ng in to E n g la n d . T h e d es ig n s on hi s go id to ol ed b in d in g s w er e co pi ed fr om th e It a li a n , a n d a re d e cl ar ed so to be in hi s bi lls , ‘‘af te r th e fa sc io n of V e n ic e .”

Q uee ns M ar y a n d E li z a b e th po ss es se d b in d in g s of E n g ii sh w o rk m an sh ip w hi ch w er e ch ief ly m od el le d, th e fi rs t up on It a li a n , a n d th e la tt e r u p o n F ra n c o -I ta li a n de si gns, th e fa sh io n ap p a r□

en tl y h av in g ch an ged fr om th e V en et ia n to th e Ly on es e sch ool.

A m on g th e B ri tis h p ri v at e co lle ct or s of th es e da ys w er e Si r T ho m as W ott on , ca lle d th e E ng li sh G ro lie r (so me of th e fin es t ex am pl es of E ng li sh G ro lie re sq ue b in d in g s re m a in in g ar e fr om hi s li br ar y) ; A rc hb is ho p C ra nm er , L or d B ur le ig h, Du dl ey , E ar l of L ei sc es te r (w ho se bo ok s bea r hi s cr es t of th e B ea r an d R a g g e d Sta ff) , A rc hb ish op Pa rk er , th e E ar l of A ru ndel , S ir T h o m as Bo dle v, an d Si r R o b er t B ru ce Co tto n. Br ow n ca lf an d sh ee p we re th e co ve ri ng s us ed , an d w ith ve lv et an d li m p ve llu m fo rm ed w ith fe w ex ce pt io ns th e m at er ia ls in w hi ch th e bo ok s of th es e co lle ct or s w er e bo un d.

A num be r of go ld to ol ed E n g li sh b in d in g s ex e­ cu te d fo r Ja m es I. ar e am ong th e bo ok s in th e Ro ya l L ib ra ry in th e B ri ti sh M us eu m . T h ey ha ve he av y co rn er pi ec es a n d th e ar m s of E n g la n d ar e st am pe d in th e ce n te r of th e co ve r. T ho se w it h ­ ou t co rn er st am ps a te so m et im es di ap er ed w ith th e th is tl e, ros e, f le u r s de ly s an d flam in g he ar ts .

T he bo ok s of H en ry , P ri nce of W al es , ha d bo ld co rn er st am ps of cr ow ne d ro se s, lio ns or fl e u r s de ly s, an d in th e ce n te r ar e di sp la ye d th e fe a th er s wi th “ Ic h D ie n” an d H. P. C ha rles I. po ss es se d so me vo lu m es bo un d an d dec or at ed in E n g la n d in po or im it at io n of th e bin d in g s of Lo ui s X II I. , 33

th is tl e s, ro se s a n d li li es ta k in g th e pl ac e of th e f l e u r s de ly s of th e F re n c h K in g.

M r. H e rb e rt P. H o rn e in hi s w or k on th e ‘‘B in d­ in g of B oo ks ,” d es cr ib es a st y le of b in d in g pro ­ du ce d a t th is p er io d, w hic h he c la im s w as p ec ul ia rl y E n g li sh . “ T h e w ho le su rf a c e of bo th b o ar ds w as co ve re d w it h a d ia p e r of sm al l lo ze ng es or ci rc le s, em b el li sh ed b y fi gure d to ol s a n d so m et im es a lt e r­ n a te ly a z u re d .”

A n o th e r d is ti n c tl y E n g li sh st yle of b in d in g wa s in tr o d u c ed by S am u el M ea rn e, to w ho m th e office of b o o k -b in d er to th e K in g w as g ra n te d in 1660.

I t is kn ow n as th e c o tt a g e p a tt e rn . T h e d ec ora ­ ti o n is co m po se d of a p a n e l, so m et im es in la id , th e to p a n d b o tt o m of w hi ch re p re se n t th e ga ble en d of a c o tt a g e. The si des of th e pan el ar e als o b ro k en in to v ar io u s c u rv ed fo rm s. A b o rd er e n ­ g ra v e d w it h a d o tt e d lin e lik e th a t of Le G as co n co m p le te s th e o rn a m e n t of th e co ve r of a co py of “ T h e G e n tl e m a n ’s C a ll in g ,” L on do n, 1660, no w in th e h a n d s of th e w ri te r, w hi ch an sw er s in a m ea s­ u re to th e fo re goin g d es cr ip ti o n by Mr . H or ne , a nd is u n d o u b te d ly an ex am ple of th is fa nc if ul an d so m e w h at m ix ed st y le of de co ra ti on .

T he se b in d in g s, lik e th o se of R o g e r P ay ne, h av e be en co pi ed by m o d er n L on do n b in d er s w it h m or e or le ss e x a ct n e ss a n d fid el ity .

Mr . H o rn e ogi ve s th e nam es of W ill ia m C hu rc hi ll ^4

FR EN C H â&#x20AC;&#x201D; XV I.

C EN TU R Y .

Att rib ute d to Clovis Eve ; belonged to M argu erite de Valois.

a n d E d w a rd C as tl e as th e ro yal bo ok se ll er s, bo ok ­ b in d e rs a n d s ta ti o n e rs fr om ab o u t 1700 to 1755, a nd of A n d re a s L in d e as b o o k -b in d e r t o G eo rg e, P ri n ce of W al es a ft e rw a rd s G eo rg e I II . H e sa ys of th e la tt e r ’s w or k as sh ow n in th e b in d in g up on ‘ D er g a n tz e P s a lt e r, ” L ondon, 1750, th a t it ‘‘ex h ib it ed th e co ar se ex ec u ti o n a n d cr ude o rn a m e n ta ti o n u n ­ in te n ti o n a ll y g ro te sq u e w hi ch p re ce d ed th e s tu d ie d a rt of R o g e r P a y n e .” T h is we ll des cr ib es th e p re ­ v a il in g st y le of bo ok d e c o ra ti o n in E n g la n d at th is pe ri od .

A n im p e tu s w as g iv e n to E n g li sh b in d in g in th e e a rl y p a rt of th e iS th c e n tu ry by th e p a tr o n a g e of R o b e rt H a rl e y , fi rs t E a rl of O xf or d, wh o is sa id to h av e p ai d hi s b in d e rs E li o t a n d C ha pm an , /' i3 ,o o o fo r th e b in d in g of h is li b ra ry . T h is st yl e, sin ce kn ow n as th e H a rl e ia n , co nsi st s of a bro ad to ol ed b o rd er w it h c e n te r pa nel s, co m po se d of o rn am e n ts of a sp ik y c h a ra c te r usu al ly te rm in a te d w it h a p in e -b u rr or ac orn , so m et im es em pl oy ed in co m bi ­ n a ti o n w it h th e “ c o tt a g e ” p an el o f S am ue l M ea rn e, a n d th e st y le is th e n d es cr ib ed as “ T h e H a rl e y C o tt ag e R o o f. ” T h e le a th e r em pl oy ed , gen er al ly re d in co lor , w as su ppli ed to hi s b in d er s by th e E a rl of O xf or d, a n d th e y fr e q u e n tl y co m pl ai ne d of it s po or qu al it y .

T h e em b le m a ti c a ll y to ol ed b in d in g s of T hom as H ol li s, e d it o r of A lg er n o n S y d n e y ’s “ D is co ur se s 36

C on ce rn in g G o v e rn m e n t” an d o th er w or ks , we re a cu rio us d e p a rt u re in th e lin e of bo ok de co ra tio n.

T he to ol s fo r th es e bi nd in gs w er e en g ra v ed by T hom as Pi ng o, th e m ed al li st . H ol lis , it ha s be en pr es um ed , in te n d e d to ad orn hi s bo ok s w it h em bl em s ap p ro p ri at e to th e c h a ra c te r of th e wo rk , p la ci ng t h e C ad uc eu s of M er cu ry up on th e co ve rs of hi s bo ok s on O ra to ry , th e Ca p o f L ib er ty on P at ri o ti c bo ok s, a n d th e ow l on w or ks of Ph il os op hy ; b u t all th es e st am p s an d se ve ra l in ad di ti on of an eq ual ly ir re le v a n t c h a ra c te r ap ­ pe ar on T o la n d ’s L if e of M ilt on , Lo nd on , 1761 ; a bo ok of w hi ch H ol lis m u st ha ve po ss es se d a num ber of co pie s bo un d al ik e, as th er e is on e in th e B ri ti sh M us eu m a n d a n o th e r lie s be fo re th e w ri te r.

L a te r b in d er s ap pli ed th es e em ble m at ic to ol s w ith ple as in g ef fe ct to bo ok s on an g li n g . T he va riou s in si g n ia of th e “ g e n tl e A rt ” a n d th e li tt le fis hi ng ho us e of C ot to n w it h its le gen d “ P is ca ­ to ri bu s sa cr u m ,” su pp ly q u a in t a n d g ra ce fu l o rn a ­ m en ts , th a t ap pe al ir re si st ib ly to th e h e a rt of th e W al to ni an , be tw ee n wh om a n d th e Bo ok H u n te r th er e ha s al w ay s ex is te d a st ro n g af fi ni ty ; th e tw o purs uit s ar e m uc h al ik e ; th ey e n g e n d er th e sa m e p a ti e n t, qu ie t sp ir it , a n d th e sa m e del ig h tf u l a ir of u n c e rt ai n ty as to th e ou tc om e of th e d a y ’s w a n ­ der in g s a nd qu es ts ov er ha ng s th em bo th . In hi d37

d en no ok s a n d w her e th e “ su n n e ’er sh in es ” is ap t to lu rk th e p re y o f ea ch .

T h e g re a te s t E n g li sh b in d e r of th e iSt h ce n tu ry bey o n d all qu es ti o n w as R o g er P a y n e , hie wa s th e fo u n d e r of a d is ti n c t st y le of d ec ora ti on, an d on e th a t h a s b ee n as e x te n si v e ly im it a te d sin ce hi s d ay as th e st y le s of th e E v es or Le G as co n of F ra n ce . H e m ig h t w el l be ca ll ed th e Le Ga sc on of E n g la n d .

T h e m a te ri a ls us ed by R o g er P a y n e in hi s b in d ­ in gs w er e al m o st ex cl usi vel y R u ss ia le a th e r or s tr a ig h t g ra in e d re d or bl ue m or oc co , of a fine , st ro n g q u a li ty , now all b u t u n o b ta in a b le H is c h a ra c te ri st ic st y le of dec o ra ti o n is a tr a c e ry of v in es a n d le av es i n te rs p e rs e d w it h num er ous sm al l do ts , st a rs a n d ci rc le ts of go ld , w hi ch he ca lle d ' ‘ st u d d e d w o rk .” Pie w as fo nd of la v is h in g dec ­ ora ti o n up on th e p e rf e c tl y sq u ar e ba ck s (he ra re ly ro u n d ed th em ) or w id e in si de jo in ts of hi s bo oks, a n d d is p la y e d hi s go od ta s te by le av in g in th es e ca se s th e si de s al m o st p e rf e c tl y pla in M an y of hi s b in d in g s w er e ac co m p an ie d by le n g th y an d m in u te ly it em iz ed bi ll s of ch ar g es . T h es e bil ls, w hi ch a re full of q u a in tn e ss , o ri g in a li ty an d q u e e ri sh o rt h o g ra p h y , h av e no w be co m e hi gh ly p ri ze d li te ra ry cu ri os it ie s. T h is B ib lio pe gi c g en iu s p as se d hi s lif e in pov er ty , a n d no t on ly ex ec ut ed all hi s b in d in g s w it h hi s ow n ha nd s, bu t is be lie ve d 38

to ha ve be en ob li ge d by hi s im pe cu ni os it y to m ak e ev en th e to ol s w hi ch he m an ip u la te d so sk il lf ul ly .

R oger P ay n e w as on e of th e fe w b in d er s of an y pe ri od of wh om th er e ex is ts a we ll e n g ra v e d a n d undoub te dly a u th e n ti c p o rt ra it .

Jo hn W h it a k er w as th e in v e n to r of a st yl e of b in d in g kn ow n as t he E tr u sc a n , th e de si gns being* ta k en fro m dec ora ti ons on E tr u sc a n va se s.

A n o th er b in d er o f th is pe ri od n o te d fo r th e n o v el ­ tie s w hi ch h e in tr o d u ce d , w as E d w a rd s of H al if ax wh o too k ou t a p a te n t fo r th e d ec ora ti on of ve llu m fo r bo ok co ve rs by re n d e ri n g it tr a n s p a re n t, a n d p a in ti n g up on th e u n d e r su rf ac e. H e is als o fa m ­ ous fo r hi s dec or at io n of th e fo re ed ges of a bo ok w it h p a in ti n g s u n d e r th e g il d in g , w hi ch ar e on ly vi si bl e w he n th e ed ges ar e d ra w n ou t ob liq ue ly .

H e w as no t, ho w ev er , th e in v en to r of th is p ro ce ss , as we re ad of bo ok s th e fo re ed ge s of w hi ch w er e th u s tr e a te d as fa r ba ck as th e re ig n of Q ue en An ne .

B au m gar te n, W al th er , S ta g g e m ie r a n d K al tho eb er , all G er m an s, se tt le d in E n g la n d , fo llo w ed R oger P a y n e —a t a re sp ec tf ul d is ta nce , be i t sa id — al th ough K al th o eb er 's pla in b in d in g s ar e oc ca si on ­ C ha rl es al ly m is ta ken fo r th os e of th e m as te r. of th e y an m of er H er in g , C ha rle s Lew is (th e b in d B ec kf or d b oo ks a nd th os e in t he l ib ra ry a t A lt ho rp ) C la rk e (fa m ou s fo r hi s tr ee ca lf) , an d hi s p a rt n e r 39

F ra n c is B ed fo rd , w er e a m o n g th e b es t of th e E n g ­ lis h bin d er s, re c e n tl y de ce as ed . T h e ir b in d in g s al l d is p la y go od a n d th o ro u g h w ork m an sh ip , an d a re n e a tl y a n d ca re fu ll y to ol ed . T h e y ar e ty pic al , hones t, so lid E n g li sh h an d iw o rk . A u st in D ob so n in hi s f T St h C e n tu ry V ig n e tt e s ,” al lu des to th e s u b s ta n ti a l c h a ra c te r of th e b in d in g s of R oger P ay n e, a v ir tu e w hi ch m ig h t be cl ai m ed w ith eq u al ju st ic e fo r th o se of m a n y of hi s su cc es so rs . “ Yo u m ay le t a w ag on ro ll ov er th em a n d th ey wi ll n o t be in ju r e d ,’’ sa id T h o m a s P ay n e th e se co nd . T o w hi ch , sa ys Mr . D ob so n, a m at te r- offa c t m an m ig h t re a so n a b ly r ep ly (l ike D ib di n) , th a t he di d no t re q u ir e to m ak e a ca us ew ay of hi s li b ra ry .

A cl as s of sm al l b oo ks i n en am el le d, em bro id er ed a n d si lv e r b in d in g s re m a in s to be m en ti oned .

T h e y a re th e b ri c -a -b ra c of th e bo ok -c ol le ct or .

T h e du od ec im o a n d “f o rm a m in im a ” si lv er b in d ­ in g s to w hi ch we re fe r, ar e of G er m an m an u fa ct u re a n d a re fo u n d u n if o rm ly up on bo ok s of a de vo ­ ti o n al c h a ra c te r. T h is w or k of th e si lv er sm it h ra n g e s fr om e a rl y in th e 16t h c e n tu ry do wn to th e p re s e n t d a y a n d th e d es ig n a n d w o rk m an sh ip di s­ p la y a st e a d y d e te ri o ra ti o n as th e w or k be co m es m or e m o d er n . T h e en am el le d b in d in g s af fil iat e w it h th e sn uf f bo xe s of th e sa m e pe ri od an d ev i­ d e n tl y ca m e fro m th e h a n d s of th e sa m e ar tif ic er s.

4°

I

FR F N C H â&#x20AC;&#x201D; X V II . CE NT UR Y. A tt ri b u te d to Le G as co n.

T h e fa s c in a ti n g li tt le e m b ro id er e d bo ok co ve rs a re g e n e ra ll y a tt r ib u te d to th e n u n s of L it tl e G id d in g , th e in m a te s of t h e P ro te s ta n t n u n n e ry in P lu n ti n g d o n sh ir e , w hic h in th e re ig n of C ha rl es I, w a s fo u n d e d b y N ic h o la s F e rr a r, a n d in wh ic h he li v ed w it h hi s m o th e r a n d n e p h e w s a n d ni ec es “ in th e p ra c ti c e of go od w ork s a n d th e w or sh ip of G o d .” J. FI. S h o rt h o u se in hi s no ve l “ Jo h n In g le s a n t, ” d e sc ri b es th e “ b e a u ti fu l da il y lif e o f th is li tt le fa m il y .”

T h e se sk il lf u ll y a n d d e li c at e ly w ro u g h t fe m in iu e c o n tr ib u ti o n s to th e B ib li op eg ic a rt co ve r sm al l E n g li sh T e s ta m e n ts a n d P sa lm bo ok s p ri n te d in th e e a rl y p a rt of th e 17t h c e n tu ry , so th a t th er e is no ch ro nolo gic al di ff ic ul ty to ov er co m e w he n we as cr ib e th em to th e se dev o ti o n al nu ns . B in din gs in m or oc co w er e al so ex ec u te d a t L it tl e G id di ng .

In a bo ok a d v e rt is e d by Q u a ri tc h , th e L on do n bo ok -s el le r, is th e fo ll ow in g no te in th e h a n d w ri t­ in g of L ord A ru n d e l, “ I. FI. 8. T h is bo ok w as boun d by th e h a n d s of M rs. M ar y F a r re r (of L it tl e G id d in g in P lu n ti n g d o n sh ir e ), wh o has w ho le ly d e d ic a te d h er se lf to th e se rv ic e of Go d in th e st at e o f v ir g in i ti e .”

Al l re fe re n ce to li v in g bo ok -b in de rs ha s be en p u rp o se ly o m it te d in th is p a p e r in o rd er to av oi d co m par is ons w hi ch m ig h t be de em ed in vi di ou s. A w ord , ho w ev er , in re la ti on to th e A rt of boo k42

b in d in g as i t ex is ts to -d ay in ou r ow n co un tr y, m ay no t be ou t of pl ac e, in as m uc h as up to th e p re se n t ti m e E ngli sh w ri te rs on th e su bje ct ha ve , as fa r as m y kn ow le dg e ex te n d s, e n ti re ly ig no re d th is b ra n ch of th e A rt a nd le ft th e c h a p te r on A m er ic an Bo ok -b in di ng ye t to be w ri tt en .

A ve ry la rg e pr op or ti on o f th e fin e an d ra re bo ok s an d bea ut if ul b in d in g s th ro w n up on th e E u ­ ro pe an m ar k e t in th e la st q u a rt e r of a ce n tu ry ha ve fo un d th e ir w ay to th e U n it e d S ta te s. I n ­ de ed , to su ch an e x te n t ha s th is be en th e ca se th a t it ha s a t la st ex ci te d th e a tt e n ti o n of th e E ngli sh bib li ogra pher an d he is no w se n d in g h er e fo r s ta ­ ti st ic s co nce rn in g th is a la rm in g ex od us of bo ok s.

T he se li te ra ry tr e a su re s ha ve fr om ti m e to tim e be en di sp la ye d to th e pu bl ic . T h e G ro lie r Cl ub of th is ci ty ha s v it hin th e pa st fe w yea rs m ad e ex h i­ bi ti on s of bo ok -b in di ng s, a n c ie n t a n d m od er n (co n­ tr ib u te d so lel y fro m p ri v a te lib ra ri es ), w hi ch fo r bea u ty an d co m pl et en es s co ul d no t be su rp as se d, e it h e r in Lo nd on or P ar is . A ta st e fo r go od an d a rt is ti c b in d in g ha s th u s be en de ve lo pe d a n d is in ­ cr ea si n g am on g us. U n d e r th es e st im u la ti n g in ­ flu en ce s th e A m er ic an bo ok -b in de r ha s be co m e th e eq ua l of hi s E ngli sh co us in in w or km an sh ip , wh ile he n ot in fr eq uen tl y ex ce ls hi m in go od ta st e. T h e A m er ic an am a te u r of bo ok s m ay sti ll ne ed to se nd hi s ch oi ce st bo ok s to F ra n ce to b e bo un d, b u t th er e 43

is no su b st a n ti a ] re as o n w h y he sh ou ld se nd th em to E n g la n d , un le ss it be to sa ve a fe w sh il li ngs in th e p ou nd on hi s b in d e r’s bi ll.

A u th o rs of al l ti m e s h a v e be en st ra n g e ly ob li v­ io us of th e im p o rt a n c e to t h em o f th e b o o k -b in d er ’s a rt . T h e y a re in re a li ty m ost co nce rn ed in th e m a tt e r.

L es ne, a p o e t- b in d e r of th e iS th C en tu ry , w as ri g h t b ey o n d q u es ti o n w he n he cl ai m ed th a t go od b in d in g s a n d th e lo ve of th em w as a ‘‘co n se rv in g fo rc e of th e h ig h e s t im p o rt a n c e to li te ra tu re .” “ T h e b in d in g ,’’ he sa ys, “ is to ty p o g ra p h y w h a t th e la tt e r is to th e o th e r a rt s. T h e on e tr a n s m it s to p o st e ri ty t h e w ork s of s a v a n ts a n d a rt is ts , th e o th e r p re se rv es f or it th e p ro d u ct io n s o f ty pogra phy, A b in d in g po or ly ex e cu te d is a v er it ab le la rc en y fr om fu tu re a g e s .”

In a sh o rt re su m é, su ch as th e fo re go in g, it is of co ur se im po ss ib le to m or e th a n sk et ch th e m er e o u tl in es of a h is to ry of th is a rt p re se rv at iv e o f a rt s.

H ow la rg e th e su b je c t is a n d ho w w id e­ sp re a d a n d in c re a si n g th e in te re s t it ha s ev ok ed , is sh ow n by th e cl as si fi ed li st of bo ok s an d pap er s re la ti n g to b o o k -b in d in g fu rn is h ed by Mi ss P ri d eau x. I t co n ta in s n e a rl y 500 ti tl es , an d th e pr es s h as a d d e d m an y m or e to th e n u m b er in th e tw o y e a rs w hi ch h av e el ap se d si nc e M iss P ri d e a u x ’s bo ok w as p ri n te d .

44

In th e pre p ar at io n of th is ar ti cl e I ha ve co n­ su lt ed an d dr aw n fro m am on g ot he rs , th e fo llo w­ in g wo rk s. “ T he B in di ng of B oo ks .” H e rb e rt P. Pl or ne . “ H is to ri ca l Sk et ch of B oo k- bi nd in g. ” Mi ss S. T . Pr id e aux. “ M an ue l H is to ri qu e e t B ib li og ra ph iq ue de l’A m at eu r de R e li u re s. ” L. Gr ue l. “ Le s Fe m m es B ib lio ph ile s de F ra n c e .” E rn e st Q ue nt in Ba uc h art .

W. L. A nd re w s .

45

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