Feasibility Study for a UAS Conservation Program in Gunung Leuser National Park, Indonesia
Project No. 0236 Tom Mills Orangutan Conservancy
Steps for Mankind
April 22, 2015
Document Revision History Rev Rev Description No.
Author
Reviewer
Approver
Rev Date
A
Ryan Cant
Justin Barnes
Ryan Cant
April 2015
Issued as Final
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
Page ii
17,
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
Table of Contents 1!
PROJECT EXEUCTION SUMMARY ...................................................................................... 1! 1.1! INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1! 1.2! PURPOSE & SCOPE .............................................................................................................. 1!
2!
SCALE OF THE PROBLEM .................................................................................................... 2!
3!
UAV TECHNOLOGIES ......................................................................................................... 2! 3.1! PROTOTYPE UAV BY CONSERVATION DRONE .................................................................. 3! 3.2! BATELEUR UAV BY DESERT WOLF ........................................................................................ 3 3.2.1 KEY FEATURES.............................................................................................................. 4 3.3! ALBATROSS UAV BY STEPS FOR MANKIND ........................................................................ 5 3.3.1 KEY FEATURES.............................................................................................................. 6 3.3.2 AERIAL IMAGING FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND WILDLIFE. ........................ 7 3.3.3 OUTPUTS & RESULTS .................................................................................................... 8 3.4! COMPARISON BETWEEN UAV TECHNOLOGY .................................................................. 9
4!
INTEGRATING THE INFORMATION SECTORS ..................................................................... 10 4.1 LAND USE/ COVER MAPPING ..................................................................................... 10 4.2 HUMAN ACTIVITY DETECTION ..................................................................................... 11 4.3 BIODIVERSITY SURVEYS .............................................................................................. 12 4.4 GROUND TRUTHING ..................................................................................................... 13 4.5 INTEGRATING INFORMATION SECTORS ..................................................................... 13
5!
LACK OF DATA AND AWARENESS .................................................................................... 14!
6!
URGENT NEED FOR CONSERVATION IN SUMATRAN, INDONESIA .................................. 15!
7!
SOLUTION TO CONSERVATION IN SUMATRAN, INDONESIA ........................................... 16!
8!
LAW, REGULATIONS, AND CURRENT TRENDS ................................................................... 17 8.1 BASIC LAWS AND REGULATION ................................................................................. 17 8.2 PRIVATIZING CONSERVATION AREAS ........................................................................ 18 8.2.1 LEUSER ECOSYSTEM AND A UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE ........................... 20 8.2.2 FATAWA ................................................................................................................. 20 8.3 GOVERNMENT APPROVAL AND SUPPORT ................................................................ 21!
9!
EXPERTISE, COORDINATION AND FINANCING ............................................................... 21!
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
Page iii
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
10!
CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................. 22 10.1 UAV OPERATIONS ...................................................................................................... 23 10.2 BIODIVERSITY SURVEYS ............................................................................................ 23 10.3 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT AND CONCLUSIONS ........................................................... 23!
Tables within Text TABLE A.!
GOVERNANCE BY CONSERVATION AREA .........................................................................................................18
TABLE B.!
NUMBER OF TERRESTRIAL & AQUATIC CONSERVATION AREAS IN INDONESIA ................................................19
Figures within Text FIGURE 1.! THE PROTOTYPE OF THE CONSERVATION DRONE USED IN TEST MISSIONS IN SUMATRA, INDONESIA. ............3 FIGURE 2.! APM PLANNER SOFTWARE USED TO PLAN THE FLIGHT PATHS OF EACH DRONE MISSION. ...............................3 FIGURE 3.! THE BATELEUR DRONE AND CATAPULT SYSTEM. ..................................................................................................4 FIGURE 4.! TARANTULA TRAILER SYSTEM FOR LARGE SURVEILLANCE OPERATIONS. ...........................................................4 FIGURE 5.! THE SURVEILLANCE NETWORK FOR THE ALBATROSS BY STEPS FOR MANKIND... ...............................................5 FIGURE 6.! THE GROUPE VAMUDES WITH THEIR COMPETITION DRONE, 2014.. ....................................................................6 FIGURE 7.! AGISOFT USED TO DETERMINE THE CROP TYPES AND POST-DEFORESTATION. ..................................................6 FIGURE 8.! 3D AERIAL SURVEY MODEL OF USING AGISOFT.. ................................................................................................8 FIGURE 9.! UAV FLY OVER OF PALM OIL PLANTATION ..........................................................................................................10 FIGURE 10.!UAV FLYOVER IDENTIFYING ON-GOING DEFORESTATION ACTIVITIES. .............................................................10 FIGURE 11.!ACEH PROVINCE, INDONESIA. IMAGE COURTESY OF SUMATRAN FOREST AND GOOGLE EARTH. .................11 FIGURE 12.!ORANGUTAN DISCOVERED IN A TREE BY CONSERVATION DRONE...................................................................12 FIGURE 13.!THE ORANGUTAN DISTRIBUTION (ORANGE) IN SUMATRAN, INDONESIA.. ........................................................15 FIGURE 14.!DISPLAYS THE SUMATRAN ORANGUTAN CONSERVATION PROGRAMME CAMPS LOCATED AROUND THE GUNUNG LEUSER NATIONAL PARK. ........................................................................................................................................16
Appendices APPENDIX 1 – CONSERVATION DRONE SPECIFICATIONS! APPENDIX 2 – BATELEUR UAV SPECIFICATIONS APPENDIX 3 - ALBATROSS UAV SPECIFICATIONS APPENDIX 4 - CLASS A ESTIMATE!
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
Page iv
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
1
PROJECT EXEUCTION SUMMARY 1.1
Introduction
The Orangutan Conservancy has requested that Steps for Mankind provide a feasibility study for a UAS conservation program. This program will provide vital statistics on orangutans in Indonesia. In 2015, the Orangutan Conservancy estimates there are only about 40,000 orangutans remaining in Borneo and Sumatra [1]. The Rainforest Alliance estimates there are fewer than 7,500 Sumatran Orangutans left in the wild. The orangutan population had decreased by a staggering 33% in the previous decade. At this rate of loss, many experts estimate orangutans could be extinct in the wild in less than 25 years. Due to, economic instability combined with natural disasters and human impacts, Orangutans are being pushed close to extinction. The main threats to the survival of orangutans in 2015 include: o o o o
Loss of habitat through deforestation; Palm oil plantations; Illegal hunting; and Illegal pet trade.
Orangutans have lost over 80% of their habitat in the last 20 years. An estimated onethird of the wild population died during the fires of 1997-98 [1]. However, the rapid loss of rainforests has mainly occurred due to deforestation by palm oil plantations in the 21st century [2]. Palm oil plantations destroy thousands of hectares, taking with it the lives of many orangutans [2]. Meanwhile, governmental mandates meant to protect the land and the animals, disappear faster than do the trees. Steps for Mankind aims to help conserve orangutan bands/troops, all while monitoring palm oil, deforestation, poaching and hunting activities. If these issues are not addressed in a serious, urgent and sustained manner, wild orangutans will be soon gone from this earth.
1.2
Purpose and Scope
The purpose of this investigation is to provide the framework for how Steps for Mankind will execute the project. The scope of this investigation is as follows: •
Scale of the problem;
•
UAV Technologies;
•
Integrating the information sectors;
•
Lack of data and awareness;
•
Urgent need for UAV conservation in Sumatran, Indonesia;
•
Solution to Conservation in Sumatran, Indonesia;
•
Laws, Regulations, and Current Trends;
•
Expertise coordination and financing; and
•
Conclusions;
2
SCALE OF THE PROBLEM Tropical deforestation is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and biodiversity loss [3]. In Southeast Asia, for example, forest conversion to plantations of oil palm, rubber, cacao, and Acacia spp. (for pulp and paper) has resulted in deforestation and forest degradation. These rapid and widespread land-use changes have severely affected tropical biodiversity [4, 5]. As global demands for food and biofuels continue to place increasing pressures on land in the tropics, an urgent challenge for conservationists is to be able to accurately assess and monitor changes in forest cover, species distributions and population dynamics. To address these challenges, Steps for Mankind is looking to develop and utilize inexpensive (<$10,000), autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) for surveying and mapping forests, agricultural landscapes, and biodiversity. We describe the development of the Albatross (Fig. 5) and evaluate its potential. Additionally, we discuss the utilization of this system for environmental and conservation applications, which include large-scale mapping of local land cover, monitoring of illegal forest activities (e.g., logging, fires), and surveying of large animal species (e.g., Orangutan, Sumatra Rhino, Elephant, etc).
3
UAV TECHNOLOGIES An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a “drone”, is an aircraft without a human pilot aboard. ICAO classify unmanned aircraft into two types under Circular 328 AN/190.[1] • •
Autonomous aircraft Remotely piloted aircraft
Historically, UAVs were simple remotely piloted aircraft, but autonomous control is increasingly being employed. In recent years, UAVs have been deploys as vital conservation tools. June 2012, World Wildlife Fund (WWF) announced it will begin using UAVs in Nepal to aid conservation efforts following a successful trial of two aircraft in Chitwan National Park, with ambitions to expand to other countries, such as Tanzania and Malaysia. The global wildlife organization plans to train ten personnel to use the UAVs, with operational use beginning in the fall. In December 2013, the Desert Wolf and Sea Shepherd Conservation Society was selected by the Namibian Government and WWF to help combat rhino poaching [6]. The drones will be monitoring rhino populations in Etosha National Park and will use RFID sensors [7]. These conservation efforts have been extremely successful due to advances in UAV technology. However, UAV technology is still premature, and many commercial issues still exist today. To further understand these issues, Steps for Mankind has reviewed and compared three types of UAVs, which include: • • •
Prototype UAV by Conservation Drone; Bateleur UAV by Desert Wolf; and Albatross UAV by Steps for Mankind.
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
Page 2 Rev 1 April 22, 2015
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
3.1
Prototype UAV by Conservation Drone
The Prototype UAV by Conservation Drone is a financially feasible system, but limited in functionality. The UAV can function remotely or autonomously – utilizing an autopilot system know as the ’ArduPilot Mega’ (APM), which has been developed by an online community (diydrones.com). The APM includes a computer processor, geographic positioning system (GPS), data logger, pressure and temperature sensor, airspeed sensor, triple-axis gyro, and accelerometer. By combining the APM with an open-source mission planner software (APM Planner), this remote control model airplane became semi-autonomous. The prototype is based on a popular model airplane known as the Bixler, which is produced by Hobbyking (hobbyking.com). This UAV is relatively inexpensive (<$2,000), lightweight (~650g), and has ample room within its fuselage for installing the APM and an onboard camera. The UAV is powered by a 2200 mAh (milliampere-hour) battery, which allowed it to fly for ~25 minutes per mission, and over a total distance of ~15 km. However, this UAV is not commercially available and is unable to transmit real time video streaming. The drone is also limited to a flight radius of 8km. More details about the Conservation Drone are provided in Appendix 1.
Fig. 1. The prototype of the Conservation Drone used during a test missions.
3.2
Fig. 2. APM Planner software used to plan the flight paths of each UAV mission.
Bateleur UAV by Desert Wolf
The current market-leading provider of conservation drone technology is Desert Wolf. Desert Wolf has created a surveillance drone known as the Bateleur fixed wing UAV System. Used as part of the “perching UAV capability” or as a stand-alone system. The Bateleur is an easy to operate, high-performance UAV, which provides advanced situational awareness for its customers. However, the bateleur is autonomous and becomes relatively expensive for the entire UAS. To operate the Bateleur, a surveillance system and ground operation control system is required. The Bateleur and surveillance systems can cost approximately $200,000 - depending on the payload and system options.
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
Page 3 Rev 1 April 22, 2015
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
Fig. 3. The Bateleur Drone and catapult system.
Fig. 4. Tarantula Trailer System for large surveillance operations.
3.2.1 Key Features • • • • •
Autonomous; Can be operational during the day and night; Has a mission radius of 30 km; Reconnaissance, identification and geo-location are all in real-time; and Launched via catapult with a choice of autonomous or parachute landing.
With the Bateleur system you have the ability to execute almost immediate, on-demand reconnaissance missions to obtain detailed intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) data in real-time. The Bateleur has been designed for special operations and tactical missions for “over the hill” non line-of-sight operations and situations. The Bateleur is easy to detect due to its operational height of between 30 to 100 meters. The operation radius is limited to 30 km. With a total duration of only 60 minutes airtime and a cruise speed of 100 km per hour, one can do a round trip of only 50 km and back. The Bateleur family carries both an electro-optical (EO) system and a FLIR infrared (IR) camera system in a digitally stabilized gimbal payload bay. One EO will be forward looking for flight and navigation control and the bay-mounted FLIR IR camera will be downward-looking for area surveillance. The bay-mounted system will also then be the stabilized system with on-board recording capabilities, one does not have the risk of “losing” any reconnaissance information, even in the event of link interference or jamming (country specific). This allows for detailed information to be made available for full analysis after the mission and storage for long-term use. Location devices can be used in conjunction, which can include RF ID tag tracer system, crowddispersing pepper gas pellets, laser target designator, search and rescue “follow me” high-powered LED markers. More details about the UAV are provided in Appendix 2.
3.3
Albatross UAV by Steps for Mankind
The future of autonomous UAV – a hybrid between a UAV and a satellite – has been designed by Steps for Mankind. The Albatross drone will be able to carry out long
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
Page 4 Rev 1 April 22, 2015
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
endurance observation operating at an altitude between 10-1000m. The new breed of autonomous UAV’s have mission of observation, security, telecommunications, broadcasting, and navigation. The lightweight and portable Albatross Drone is the first commercially-available UAV airplane to stream live media, enabling high-quality aerial footage to be broadcast from anywhere in the world. Designed to 9.8ft. x 6.5 ft. (Figure 6). it’s made with carbon fiber and equipped with a single 1200V motor. The Albatross will be able to take high resolution pictures and maintain a stronger communications system, as it will roam airspace much lower than actual satellites. The Albatross has the potential to include a wide range of applications that current UAV technology is unable to conduct. The UAV is equipped with light weight solar panels and a ultra light lithium sulfur batteries for energy storage. Our UAV system truly is unlike anything currently available on the market. The Albatross was designed by Steps for Mankind and constructed with support from groupe VAMUdeS at the Universitè de Sherbrooke, and Project Phoenix. The Albatross has un-matched characteristics and versatility at an unbeatable price. Used as part of the “perching UAS capability” or as a stand-alone system, the Albatross is the “top choice” for sustainable innovation.
Fig. 5. The Albatross UAV By Steps for Mankind. The Albatross is an easy to operate (Pix4D mobile app), high-performance UAS, which provides advanced situational awareness for its customers. Our Environmental Information Systems (EIS) offers affordable solutions to create accurate and timely mosaics and models. QGIS is an open source GIS applications that enables us to create extensive inventories of natural resources, verify the enforcement of environmental regulations, and assess the vigor of vegetation with vegetation indices to name only some examples. Output results such as orthomosaics, DSMs, DTMs, contour lines etc. will integrate seamlessly into existing EIS software. Agisoft, Pix4D, and QGIS offers an efficient and affordable way to map and model natural areas, parks, reserves and nature conservation areas so we can focus more time on the analysis of environmental data.
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
Page 5 Rev 1 April 22, 2015
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
Fig. 6a., Dimensions of the Wingspan (9.8ft.) for the Albatross UAV.
Fig. 6b., Dimensions of the payload for the Albatross UAV.
3.3.1 Key Features: • • • • • • •
Autonomous; Cloud based transmission service with very remote operations; Operation throughout the day and night (480 min of flight time); Has a mission radius of 250-350 km; Reconnaissance, identification, geo-location, real-time video capture, and aerial surveying (post-flight); Lithium Sulphur Battery powered by 40,00 mAh; 60 watt Solar panels power the UAV; and
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
Page 6 Rev 1 April 22, 2015
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
•
Manual launched system and parachute landing.
With the Albatross UAV you have the ability to execute immediate, on-demand reconnaissance missions to obtain detailed intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) data in real-time. Additionally, aerial imagery surveying is also conducted and can be analyzed post-flight operations. The Albatross has been designed for special operations and tactical missions for “over the hill” non line-of-sight endurance operations and surveying needs. With on-board recording capabilities, one does not have the risk of “losing” any reconnaissance information, even in the event of link interference or jamming. This allows for detailed information to be made available for full analysis after the mission and storage for long-term use. The Albatross UAV carries one aerial surveying camera that capture both electro-optical (EO) system and a infrared (FLIR) camera system in a digitally stabilized gimbal payload bay. The system is fully “autonomous” and needs very little user input. The system will also allow for the more demanding user to take control of the UAS during specialized operations, again without risk to the system. Within a couple of minutes of arriving at the mission site, the Albatross can be assembled and lifted towards the sky, as the UAV is ready to start the mission. The operation radius between 350-450 km allows for proper surveillance of the target area. With a total duration of 360-480 minutes airtime and a cruise speed of 50-100 km per hour. More details about the UAV are provided in Appendix 3.
Figure 7. The Albatross UAV ready for mapping and surveillance missions.
3.3.2 Aerial Imagery Surveying for Agriculture, Forestry, and Wildlife Several factors determine the resolution of aerial photographs taken by a UAV, including flight altitude, and the focal length and sensor size of the camera. The APM 2.5 Planner includes a built-in application that allows the user to calculate picture resolution
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
Page 7 Rev 1 April 22, 2015
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
based on camera and flight settings to compensate for movement of the UAV in metering and focusing. Under this setting, our test photographs will be taken at shutter speeds of between f1/320 and f/1000, which effectively avoided motion blur. During flight, the electric motor produces vibrations, which could result in vibration blur in photographs for many drones. As a solution, we included the digitally stabilized gimbal payload bay. This instrument for Stable Placement of ONboard Gear and Equipment (Gimbal) successfully removes vibration blur. This is a vital piece of equipment as precision agriculture calls for continuous land management at a competitive cost, all the while caring about environmental protection. Forestry companies are required to complete extensive pre- and post-harvest inventories of their operating areas to ensure business models are up-to-date, as well as meet industry and government regulations. The project’s scope can included the following tasks in an environmental monitoring data collection project: • • • • • • • • •
Final harvest boundary; Survey suitable terrain for replanting (stocking); Survey final planted blocks to ensure complete coverage; Stream impact from post-harvest; Landslides and slope stability; Agricultural survey’s; Human Activity; Wind throw (blow down) event and mapping; and Wildlife & tree identification.
Fig. 8. 3D aerial survey model of using Pix4D
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
Page 8 Rev 1 April 22, 2015
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
With Tau 2 LWIR Infrared (LIDAR) Aerial camera system by FLIR, the high resolution camera can take a series of overlapping (80% x 50% overlap) images in a grid pattern across the area. Agisoft software is then used to “stitch” together these overlapping images into a geo-referenced orthomosaic and DSM. Finally, through a combination of proprietary software processes, the trees were extracted from the DSM, creating a bareground surface image and a method to calculate individual tree heights.
3.3.3 Outputs & Results The I2S solution produced results that matched or exceeded the accuracy that could be achieved through normal field/ground survey methods. Additionally, the high quality of the images allowed a forester to conduct an accurate post-harvest inventory in his office – he didn’t visit the site. The ability of the Scout to take overlapping images (stereo views) enabled the creation of a DSM, which in turn was used to calculate pit/mound volumes quickly and accurately without involving an expensive and time consuming field survey. While the I2S process is not a complete replacement for field survey, it effectively augments the survey process.
Key advantages of Agisoft & Pix4D Software. • • • •
3.4
Highly accurate results not obtainable through field/ground survey methods; Reliable and easy to use; Seamless integration with GIS software; and Cost-effective alternative to LIDAR that augments traditional survey methods.
Comparison Between UAV Technology
The Albatross produced by Steps for Mankind is like no other UAV. It is a profitable alternative over existing technologies. With the integration of renewable energy, the Albatross is extremely efficient in comparison to existing commercial UAVs. Real-time control systems produce a unique multi-component that has useful applications in conservation. By design, the drone utilizes a whole new concept along with benefits from existing technologies and combines those benefits into a single UAS. The key advantages is that the Albatross can fly for longer durations over further distances while processing real-time information faster and produce higher quality geo-referenced aerial imagery. We are developing UAVs at low-cost in comparison to alternative commercially available technology that have been used by the military, agriculture sector, and the film industry. Some ecologists have also started using commercial systems for surveying wildlife [12-15]. However, commercial drones can cost tens of thousands of dollars. For example, a commercially-produced prototype system for wildlife research in Florida cost $35,000 [14]. Surveying drones developed by Sensefly cost in the range of $40,000$80,000. A newer UAV by Silent Falcon is similar in endurance capabilities. However, the UAV is $300,000 and not yet commercially available. The quality of data acquired by the Albatross is comparable to these commercial systems (e.g., sensefly.com). Furthermore, commercial systems often have an integrated photographic camera, but
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
Page 9 Rev 1 April 22, 2015
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
not a video camera. Therefore, not only is our Albatross a magnitude less expensive, but it also allow for much greater flexibility in terms of the sensor system they can carry. Another key advantage of the Albatross over commercial UAS stems from the fact that our UAVs are based on hardware and most software that are being developed by an open-source community (APM 2.5, QGIS). Therefore, as users demand and contribute new features and functionalities, this technology will continue to improve. This communal and crowdsourcing approach is highly efficient and cost effective compared to product development by any single research team. At the same time the cost of producing the Albatross will likely decrease along with the cost of its components (i.e. lithium-sulphur batteries).
4
INTEGRATING THE INFORMATION SECTORS 4.1
Land Use/ Cover Mapping
In the images acquired during potential routine routes, we could easily distinguish different land uses, including oil palm plantations (Fig. 9), maize fields, human habitation, forests, logged areas (Fig. 10), and forest trails. These geo-tagged photographs and the flight paths of each mission could also be superimposed on Google Earth (Fig. 10), which allows for easy visualization of the location of features of interest from the photographs.
Figure. 9. UAV fly over of palm oil plantation
Figure. 10. UAV flyover identifying on-going deforestation activities.
Using commercially available software, we produced geo-referenced mosaics from these aerial photographs (e.g., Fig. 9). These mosaics are essentially near real-time land use/ cover maps, which could be useful for local conservation workers seeking to
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
Page 10
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
monitor land-use change and illegal forest activities. An example is a possible mosaic produced from a routine route, which can be overlaid on a Landsat-based land use/ cover map (Fig. 11). The pixel resolution of our mosaic (5.1 cm) is 800 times higher than that of the Landsat-based map Google Earth (30 m).
Figure. 11. Aceh province, Indonesia. Image courtesy of Sumatran Forest and Google Earth.
4.2
Human Activity Detection
Video footages and FLIR imaging can complement still images and mosaics, particularly for detecting on-going human activities. In video footages recorded at relatively low altitudes (300 m above ground), one could easily detect objects below the droneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s flight path, including individual forest trees, oil palms, orangutans and elephants. When the UAV was flying at 1000 m above ground, activities in the larger landscape could also be monitored, including fires and recent logging. For example, one could clearly observe plumes of smoke rising from several locations in the landscape. This information could facilitate more targeted deployment of local rangers to patrol the problem areas.
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
Page 11
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
The FLIR infrared camera could display thermal imagery to distinguish wildlife and human activities within the dense and lush rain forest. Therefore, the drone could also facilitate enforcement of protected areas, particularly where constraints in conservation resources have led to forest encroaching and illegal forest activities [11]. Furthermore, owing to the negligible cost of operating the UAV, target areas could be repeatedly surveyed at high frequency to monitor potential land use changes and activities.
4.3
Biodiversity Surveys
When equipped with a still-photograph camera and FLIR infrared thermal sensor, the Albatross UAV could document large mammals during the day and night. A wild Sumatran orangutan was photographed by Conservation Drone while it was on top of a palm tree feeding on palm heart (Fig. 12). A tame elephant was also clearly photographed, which illustrates how large wildlife species could be surveyed with this technology. Based on the GPS telemetry data sent from these collars via satellite link to a researcher, a Conservation Drone could be deployed to the current location of the animal to acquire photographic and video information about its behavior, habitat and food resource utilization. Although no specific attempts were made to identify flora during their test flights, the resolution of the camera payload of the Albatross is more than sufficient to allow for identification of tree species based on canopy, fruit and flower characteristics [13].!!
Figure 12. Orangutan discovered in a tree by Conservation Drone.
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
Page 12
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
4.4
Ground Truthing
Another potential application of the UAV is for ground truthing. Conventional methods of classifying land use/ cover from satellite data requires ground truthing to assess the accuracy and reliability of classification outcomes. Given that the deployment of local workers for ground truthing is often costly in terms of time and financial resources (and practically impossible in the most remote and inaccessible areas), ground truthing is often only carried out for a very limited extent of the area being classified. In principle, the Albatross UAV could be used for ‘drone truthing’ of satellite-based land use classification, since drones could be deployed more quickly and over larger distances than local researchers on the ground.
4.5
Integrating Information Sectors
With the use of UAV technology, “the sky is the limit”. With information collected by the Albatross, Steps for Mankind can create programs that can serve various sectors across Indonesia. Steps for Mankind’s UAV framework can broadcast real-time aerial surveillance and surveying information of wildlife, natural environments, and potential threats. This can allow for quick reaction times for local enforcement agencies. Additionally, we can develop a strategic monitoring program by using Environmental Information Systems (EIS). This EIS can be developed on Google Earth (KMZ files) to support and determine existing infrastructure. Services such as this can help provide various benefits (Google Sketchup). One benefit of EIS could be REDD+ validation on the forest inventory to bring in carbon payments to the community that will provide further incentives to protect these forests—and, ultimately, to protect the entire landscape. Information from health and safety can also be supplied. Inform could be supplied to medical personnel field staff, and national agents working in the great apes’ habitats to safely work with the animals and to collect all biological samples and other wildlife health data. By Integrating these systems, Steps for Mankind could potentially create a UAV method to sedate and deliver oral vaccines to wildlife that are threatened by disease. Another service that could further benefit from this program could be the local communities. Integrating sectors can insure the flow of the latest disease information to remote areas in Indonesia. This can help guide existing community programs on how to prevent “animal to human” and “human to animal” transmissions of disease. It can also create healthcare programs for the orangutans, tourists, and villagers of rural communities in the area where all three groups can be effectively serviced.
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
Page 13
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
5
LACK OF DATA AND AWARENESS Lack of data and awareness exist when assessing the impacts associated with Indonesiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s conservation programs. Steps for Mankind will tackle these issues in an attempt to â&#x20AC;&#x153;fill-in the gapsâ&#x20AC;?. Most conservation researchers and practitioners currently rely on satellite-based remote sensing for mapping and monitoring land use change [5]. However, UAV and remote sensing technology might not be accessible for many developing-countries due to financial constraints. Although certain low- resolution satellite images are freely available (e.g., Landsat [landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov] and MODIS [modis.gsfc.nasa.gov]), other sub-meter resolution images can be prohibitively costly (e.g., QuickBird [digitalglobe.com], IKONOS [geoeye.com]). The need for current high-resolution data are critical for accurately detecting and tracking land use change at the landscape scale (< 1,000 ha). Furthermore, much of the humid tropics is often obscured from remote sensing satellites due to a persistent cloud cover [6]. As such, cloud-free satellite images for a specific time period and location are often not readily available. Researchers typically have to search from a time series of images to obtain the cloud-free data they require, thus rendering any real-time monitoring of land-use change practically impossible. The second major conservation challenge concerns assessment and monitoring of biodiversity. Currently, this is largely achieved through ground surveys, which can be time-consuming, financially expensive, and logistically challenging in remote areas [7]. For example, ground surveys of deforestation and land use change in Sumatra, Indonesia can cost up to ~$250,000 for a two-year survey cycle. Due to this high cost, surveys are not conducted at the frequency required for proper analysis and monitoring of population trends [8]. Furthermore, some remote tropical forests have never been surveyed for biodiversity due to difficult and inaccessible terrain [9]. Therefore, little reliable data is currently available. Owing to the lack of reliable data about quantity, quality, composition, and seasonal variations, are many issues that governance is struggling with. A huge need to come up with a structured and a well-moderated response to their own needs in required. Lack of data decreases the clarity in tender requirements put forth by many UAV conservation companies and leads to miscalculations by private parties. It was also one of the main reasons for the failures of many first generation (1990s to 2000s) and second generation UAV programs (2000), The lack of operational data from the first and second generation UAV conservation companies, continues to impact the scope of current projects and the financing and regulatory policy. Lack of consistent operational data is the reason for improperly conceived projects whether it is regarding negotiations about preferential incentives, or risk and profit sharing.
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
Page 14
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
Due to a lack of awareness about the technology and best practices, the governing ministries, local governments, are expecting magical solutions from supporting NGO’s. Steps for Mankind is excited for the opportunity to provide assistance under such difficult circumstances.
6
URGENT NEED FOR UAV CONSERVATION IN SUMATRAN, INDONESIA The Albatross UAV aims to cover a study area (‘approx. perimeter 1,815km; 22,000 sq/km’), around the parameter of Leuser National Park in Sumatra, Indonesia (Fig. 13). The vegetation of the study site largely covered with dense lush rain forest with some regions comprised of regrowth lowland rainforest that had been selectively logged [9]. The Leuser Ecosystem contains the last few contiguous lowland rainforests in Sumatra. This ecosystem is known to contain important habitats for Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii) (figure 13), elephants (Elephas maximus sumatranus) and tigers (Panthera tigris sumatrae) [10].
Figure 13. The orangutan distribution (Orange) in Sumatran, Indonesia.
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
Page 15
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
7
SOLUTIONS TO CONSERVATION IN SUMATRAN, INDONESIA The Albatross can conduct flights between 350-480km. The main missions are to obtain photographs and videos on land use, human activities, and orangutan troops around the borders of the Gunung Leuser National Park. Here, we describe the extent of 6 potential missions (Fig. 14).
Figure. 14. The Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme Camps set-up around the Gunung Lesure National Park
â&#x20AC;˘
â&#x20AC;˘
The first route could be a simple mission, in which the drone is programmed to fly at an altitude of 200 m above ground for a total distance of ~325 km, over an area that is known to be heavily degraded. The mission would start at Camp Ketambe and end at Camp Suaq Balimbing; We designed the second route as a transect from Camp Suaq Balimbing to Camp Tripa. A total of approximately 325km;
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
Page 16
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
•
•
•
•
The third route would cover dense rainforest to study orangutan troops as the UAV makes its way from the Tripa to Orangutan Coffee. This route is approximately 250km; The fourth route is the longest route that stretches a total of 310km along the Northeast of the Gunung Leuser Ecosystem. The route starts from the Orangutan Coffee camp and ends at camp Sikundur; The fifth route is another long aerial mission at approximately 300km. The Albatross UAV will begin at camp Sikundur and complete its mission at the Orangutan Heaven camp. The Last and final mission also covers and area that is known to be heavily degraded. The sixth route begins at Orangutan Heaven camp and finishes where is all began at camp Ketambe, an approximate distance of 250km.
Each mission will consist of a frequent transect that can monitor activities on the ground. The UAV will follow a grid like pattern. These flight paths cover an average of 310 km (min 250; max 310km). The Albatross can cover a total flight distance of 1,760km, which is predominantly forested landscape. For this mission, the drone will send back real-time video footage from our satellite provider. Additionally, our flight characteristics ensured sufficient overlap (>50%) between photographs to allow for the creation of a georeferenced mosaic for subsequent spatial analysis (e.g., quantifying areas of different land uses). The purpose of these missions help visual demonstrate and monitor human activities in and around forests, which is the biggest hurdle for the Gunung leuser National Park.
8
LAW, REGULATIONS AND CURRENT TRENDS 8.1
Basic Laws and Regulation
Basic Law concerning the management of natural resources and conservation areas in Indonesia are outlined under the following dictation: • • • • •
Basic Law No.5/1990 concerning Conservation of Living Resources and Their Ecosystem Basic Law No.41/1999 concerning Forestry Basic Law No.27/2007concerning Management of Coastal Areas and Small Islands Government Regulation No.68/1998 concerning Sanctuary Reserves and Nature Conservation Area Presidential Decree No 32/1990 on Management of Protected Areas
Currently, the conservation areas in Indonesia are governed by different Ministries, Local governments, and NGO’s as outlined in table 1.
Table A. Governance by Conservation Area
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
Page 17
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
Managed by Ministry of Forestry
o o o o o
National Park (terrestrial & Marine); Nature Recreational Park Game Hunting Park Strict Nature Reserve Wildlife Sanctuary
Managed by Ministry of Marine Affairs & Fisheries
o
Marine Nature Recreation Park (8 sites formerly managed by MofF) Newly established national & local marine protected areas.
o
Managed by Local Government
o o
Protected forest Grand Forest Park
Managed by NGO
o
Restoration Ecosystems
Although, serious constraints for the government in the Management of Conservation/Protected Areas. Currently, there is a lack of support from local stakeholders and other sectors, which leads to land encroachment and conflict of interest with local stakeholders and other sectors. Also, a lack of sustainable financing. Additionally, a lack of technical capacity (staffs, infrastructures, etc.). Lastly, the low political commitment by the National Government. However, a trend in the fashion of governance has formed over recent years. Marine conservation areas were handed-over from Ministry of Forestry to Ministry of Marine Affairs & Fisheries (MMAF was established in Oct. 1999). The decentralization of conservations areas has increased roles of Local Government in conservation due to the pressing issues of deforestation, canola oil production, and wildlife crimes. NGO participation has increased tremendously, helping to managing areas for conservation or through collaboration with Government
8.2
Privatizing Conservation Areas
On January 28, 2011, WWF-Indonesia in collaboration with the Faculty of Forestry Gadjah Mada University (UGM), initiated the privatization discourse focus group discussion of conservation areas in Indonesia. The discourse of private including • terms of policy makers; • academics; • law; and • conservation practitioners and observers of conservation. involvement in the management of conservation areas in Indonesia have become important factors to be studied. Lessons learned by the private management of protected areas that could provide inputs that can address the challenges of privatization of management of conservation areas in Indonesia.
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
Page 18
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
Currently, the conservation area in Indonesia covers an area of 27.2 million hectares or about 20% of the entire forest area of Indonesia (136.88 million hectares). Until the year 2009, the Government of Indonesia has stipulated 527 units of terrestrial and aquatic conservation area, which consists of the following: Table B. Number of Terrestrial & Aquatic Conservation Areas in Indonesia Terrestrial Conservation Areas 50 National Park units; (IUCN Category V) 118 units of Nature Park; (IUCN Category V) 22 units Forest Park; (IUCN Category IV) 24 units Hunting Park; (IUCN Category IV) 248 units Natural Reservation Park; and 75 units Wildlife Refuges. (IUCN Category Ia & Ib)
Aquatic Conservation areas 7 units of National Parks; 14 units of Nature Parks.
5 units Nature Reservation Parks; 2 units of Wildlife Refuges.
Discourse of privatization conservation area has been growing since late 2010 when the Ministry of Forestry openly invite the investors to participate in the management of national parks and conservation areas in an effort to improve the effectiveness of the implementation of conservation activities. According to the Director General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation (DG PHKA), the involvement of investors, rather than to seek profit, it wants to maximize the management of national parks or conservation areas that have been facing the difficulties on minimal funds. Questions related to management of conservation areas such as extent and distribution of protected areas, the changes, problems faced, and the human resources and financing conservation areas in Indonesia. Based on some of the above are considered to involve the private sector in conservation area management. In addition, legal framework that supports third-party involvement in the management of conservation areas, namely Government Regulation No.36 year 2010 on the Exploitation of Nature Tourism, P.19/Menhut-II/2004 in the Collaboration Management and the revision No. 68 of 1998 of Restoration or Rehabilitation of the Regions. Various aspects underlying the privatization of the conservation area, the meaning of privatization, profits and privatization schemes, the merits of conservation area management, problems in the privatization, governance types of protected areas by IUCN, conservation management and business collaboration in the conservation area is still undefined. To examine further aspects of the privatization of various aspects of collaborative conservation area are a big factor. In addition, Steps for Mankind aims to integrate a sustainable joint management of conservation area rather than isolated privatization. However, there are some aspects that still need to be observed and require new breakthroughs in terms of privatization of conservation areas in Indonesia, namely legal aspects, socio-economic, biodiversity, technical issues, and engineering and need of the model. Steps for Mankind is excited about these opportunities. We are looking forward to providing support to engage and initiates across the country.
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
Page 19
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
8.2.1 Gunung Leuser Ecosystem as a UNESCO World Heritage Site Indonesia’s Aceh Province are calling upon the local governor to nominate the Gunung Leuser Ecosystem as a UNESCO World Heritage Site to help protect the area from new legislation that would grant large blocks of forest for logging concessions, mining, and industrial plantations. The Leuser Ecosystem (Kawasan Ekosistem Leuser / KEL) is an irreplaceable ecosystem to the people of Aceh, providing approximately four million people with clean water for downstream irrigation, agriculture and food production. As a World Heritage Site, the Leuser Ecosystem would remain part of the legal territory of Aceh but UNESCO considers it in the interests of the international community to preserve each site, the petition continues. “Therefore World Heritage status would give KEL special recognition and further support from the international community. Governor Zaini Abdullah is preparing to sign a revision of the Aceh’s spatial plan, which governs land use in the province. Heavy lobbying by mining, logging, and palm oil companies has resulted in large carve-outs for forest conversion. The proposed changes would diminish important ecological services, increase the likelihood of flooding and landslides, and put endangered wildlife at greater risk. The draft Regulation proposed contravenes Aceh Governance Law No 11 / 2006, National Law No 26/2007 on Spatial Planning and Government Regulation No 26/2008, also on Spatial Planning. Part of the greater Leuser ecosystem has already been lost to oil palm plantations. The Tripa peninsula was home to some 60,000 hectares of primary peat swamp forest in 1990 and some 3,000 orangutans. Conversion of the area for plantations has left only scraps of degraded forest and a small population of critically endangered orangutans.
8.3
Fatawa
On January 22, Indonesia’s top Islamic body has issued a fatwa against the illegal hunting and trade in endangered animals in the country, which the WWF hailed on Wednesday as the world’s first. The fatwa by the Indonesian Ulema Council declares such activities “unethical, immoral and sinful”[16]. the fatwa the first of its kind in the world, and said the use of religion for wildlife protection “is a positive step forward.” The fatwa urges the government to effectively monitor ecological protection, review permits issued to company’s accused of harming the environment, and bring illegal loggers and wildlife traffickers to justice. The clearing, often illegally, of Indonesia’s oncerich forests for timber extraction or to make way for oil palm or other plantations poses a severe threat to critically endangered species such as the Sumatran tiger, orangutan, and Sumatran elephant. Poachers also target wild elephants for their ivory tusks, for use in traditional Chinese medicines. Under Indonesian law, trafficking in protected animals can result in a maximum of five years in jail and 100 million rupiah ($8,700 US) fine[16].
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
Page 20
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
8.4
Government approval & support
This advanced technology support project falls under Steps for Mankind’s Wildlife Crime Technology Project – a groundbreaking project showcases how our technology and wildlife protection can be integrated. Similar projects are also being undertaken in collaboration with Namibia’s Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET). The Orangutan Conservancy has long called for the support of technology and surveillance as part of anti-poaching initiatives. Although subject to international funding, if the project proves that poaching can be drastically reduced by the help of this advanced technology, then one can surely predict the ministry expanding and taking up similar projects in the near future. An added advantage is the tracking of wildlife movement, migration patterns and so forth. These surveillance UAVs may very well prove their pound’s worth in Indonesia’s last but not forgotten wilderness locations.
9
EXPERTISE, COORDINATION AND FINANCING Adding to the challenges facing UAV programs in Indonesia, a lack of consultants and professional expertise has led to tender documents being developed that are often not clearly scoped, not thorough or are just copied from existing tenders from other companies and do not consider local requirements and policies. This is mainly due to the lack of consultants and professionals who have expertise in designing conservation UAV projects. This leads to the stipulation of unreasonable eligibility criteria, one-sided agreements and choosing the wrong partners. Further to this, the Steps for Mankind is young and growing, with a significant influx of new players from other sectors. They all face similar challenges while developing projects such as these, but do not have mechanisms to achieve consensus on their basic requirements, so that those can be communicated to decision makers. At Steps for Mankind, we have developed at Project Execution Plan (PEP). The purpose of this execution plan is to provide the framework for how Steps for Mankind will execute the project. This project execution plan (PEP) is a live document that will be updated at various stages throughout the project, as required. All team members will be made aware of any revisions and the relevant changes to the PEP. The scope of this PEP is as follows: •
Project Execution Summary;
•
Corporate Drivers, Objectives and Challenges;
•
Scope of Work;
•
Assumptions and Design Basis;
•
Key Project Milestones and Schedule;
•
Sustainable Design Opportunities;
•
Risks and Mitigation
•
Roles and Responsibilities;
•
Communication Plan;
•
Project Delivery Plan; and
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
Page 21
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
â&#x20AC;˘
10
Engineering Delivery Plan.
CONCLUSIONS 10.1 UAV Operations A key consideration in developing the Albatross is their ease of use for non-specialist operators, who would mainly include conservation workers and field ecologists. Our UAS already meets this criterion in most operating aspects in Canada, especially in the planning of each mission using the APM Planner. Equally noteworthy is the ability of the UAV to take off autonomously with a light catapult system, launched by the operator. Landing of the drone in a constrained space (<100 x 100 m) providing an auto parachute launching gesture.
10.2 Biodiversity surveys in other ecosystems Both the photographic and video data obtained during our test missions were of sufficient quality to identify large animals such as orangutans (and their nests in tree canopies) and elephants. In principle, the Albatross could also be used in other ecosystems, particularly open habitat types such as woodlands or savannas. In those systems, the Albatross could obtain valuable information on wildlife abundance, distribution, as well as habitat and resource utilization. Steps for Mankindâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s UAV could also be used for surveying marine animals, such as turtles (based on their tracks on beaches), as well as dugongs in shallow waters.
10.3 Future development and conclusion To assure the perpetuation in resource values of the property, the Gunung Leuser National Park must be managed on a scientific basis and possess a management plan which will facilitate, among others, a better delineation of the different zones. Strengthened surveillance is required to assure the integrity of the Park boundaries. It would reduce poaching, deforestation, and pressure on the fishery resources (which risk increase), notably activities by isolated armed groups. To this end, the strengthening of staff and availability of equipment as well as the training of Park staff are of primary importance. Improvement and strengthening of the administrative and surveillance infrastructures would contribute towards reducing the pressure on the rare and threatened species, such as the orangutan, elephants, rhinos, etc. In view of the important increase in the populations, the establishment of buffer zones in all the sectors is indispensable and a matter of urgency. The use of the Albatross UAV could lead to significant savings in terms of time, manpower and financial resources for local conservation workers and researchers, which would increase the efficiency of monitoring and surveying forests and wildlife in the developing tropics. We believe that our UAS will be a game-changer and might
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
Page 22
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
soon become a standard technique in conservation efforts and research in the tropics and elsewhere. Another big priority for the Gunung Lesuer National Park is to establish a Trust Fund to guarantee sufficient resources for the long-term protection and management of the property. Additionally, the promotion of a localized and controlled tourism, which could increase the income and contribute towards regular financing for the maintenance of the property.
11
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank Tom Mills of the Orangutan Conservancy for allowing us the privilege to investigate the feasibility of a UAV conservation program for the Gunung Lesuer Ecosystem. We would also like to thank Julien Huot (VAMUdeS), Mathieu Houde Lessard (Project Phoenix), Hans Bock (Xenics), Darrly Adams (AVguage) for their logistical support and technical assistance in the research phase of our UAV. This feasibility study is provided by Steps for Mankind as part of an on-going effort to conserve the Gunung Lesuer National Park. Sincerely,
STEPS FOR MANKIND
Ryan Cant, B.Sc., EPt Senior Environmental Scientist
STEPS FOR MANKIND
Justin Barnes, B.Sc., Senior Geoscientist
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
Page 23
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
12
REFERENCES [1] Orangutan.com â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Threats To Orangutans < Orangutan Conservancyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. N.p., 2015. Web. 8 Mar. 2015. [2] Nellemann, C. The Last Stand Of The Orangutan. Arendal, Norway: United Nations Environment Programme, GRID-Arendal, 2007. Print. [3] Baccini, A., et al. 2012 Estimated carbon dioxide emissions from tropical deforestation improved by carbon-density maps. Nature Clim. Change in press. [4] Koh, L. P. and Wilcove, D. S. 2008 Is oil palm agriculture really destroying tropical biodiversity? Conserv Lett 1:60-64. [5] Hardus, M. E., Lameira, A. R., Menken, S. B. J. and Wich, S. A. 2012 Effects of logging on orangutan behavior. Biol. Conserv. 146:177-187. [6] Worldwildlife.org,. 'An Eye In The Sky For Boots On The Ground | WWF'. N.p., 2015. Web. 8 Mar. 2015. [7] Your African Safari,. 'Google-Funded Surveillance Drones Keeping Watch Over Namibia's Rhinos'. N.p., 2014. Web. 8 Mar. 2015. [8] Meijaard, E., Wich, S., Ancrenaz, M. and Marshall, A. J. 2012 Not by science alone: why orangutan conservationists must think outside the box. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1249:29-44. [9] Abdulhadi, R., Mirmanto, E. and Kartawinata, K. 1987 A lowland dipterocarp forest in Sekundur, North Sumatra, Indonesia: five years after mechanized logging. Proceedings of the Third Round Table Conference on Dipterocarps, ed Kostermans AJGH), pp 255273. [10] Wich, S. A., et al. 2008 Distribution and conservation status of the orang-utan (Pongo spp.) on Borneo and Sumatra: how many remain? Oryx:329-339. [11] Barrett, M. A., Brown, J. L., Morikawa, M. K., Labat, J.-N. and Yoder, A. D. 2010 CITES Designation for Endangered Rosewood in Madagascar. Science 328:1109-1110. [12] Sarda-Palomera, F., et al. 2012 Fine-scale bird monitoring from light unmanned aircraft systems. Ibis 154:177-183. [13] Koski, W. R., et al. 2009 Evaluation of an unmanned airborne system for monitoring marine mammals. Aquat. Mamm. 35:347-357. [14] Jones IV, G. P., Pearlstine, L. G. and Percival, H. F. 2006 An assessment of small unmanned aerial vehicles for wildlife research. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 34:750-758.
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
Page 24
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
[15] Watts, A. C., et al. 2010 Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems for Low-Altitude Aerial Surveys. The Journal of Wildlife Management 74:1614-1619. [16] Heartofborneo.or.id,. 'Discussion On Conservation Areas Privatization In Indonesia « News & Articles « Heart Of Borneo'. N.p., 2015. Web. 8 Mar. 2015.
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
Page 25
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
Appendix 1 – Conservation Drone Specifications © Conservation Drone Items
Specifications
Hobbyking Bixler ($100) Weight (g)
650
ArduPilot Mega (APM) ($265)
Computer processor, GPS, Data logger, Pressure & Temperature sensor, airspeed sensor, triple-axis gyro, and accelerometer
Camera 1 (Canon IXUS 220 HS) ($500)
4000 x 3000 pixels
Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
6.17 x 4.55 mm
Camera 2 (Pentax Optio WG-1 GPS) ($400)
4288 x 3216 pixels
Charge-coupled Device
6.17 x 4.55 mm
Camera 3 (GoPro HD Hero) ($300)
1080 x 720HD (60 FPS); 320min
Battery (mAh) ($30)
2200
Flight time (min)
25
Total Distance
15 km
APM Planner Overall Price ($)
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
Approx. $2,000
Page 26
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
Appendix 2 – Bateleur UAV Specifications
Wing Span
2100mm
Max take of weight
3.5 kg
Bateleur Jet
Electric Turbo Fan
Bateleur Prop
Electric Brushless motor
Endurance
25m – 15km
Bateleur Jet
6000 mAH; 15min
Bateleur Prop
10000 mAH; 45min
Cruise Speed
50-100km/h
Max Speed
140km/h
Surveillance Speed
38km/h
Operation Altitude
30m – 300m AGL
Max Ceiling
3000m ASL
Wind Speed Max
50km/h for take off
Real time telemetry and data link
Up to 20km
Real time video link
Up to 10km
Real time UAS
Control up to 25km
Guidance
3D GPS waypoints or Semi-Autonomous
Mission radius
30km
Bataleur Cost
Approx. $80,000
Pangolin C3: Ground Control Station
Approx. $5,000
Additional Surveillance Equipment Required (ie. Black Widow Trailer System)
Approx. $110,000
Total Cost for Complete Set-up
Approx. $195,000
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
Page 27
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
Appendix 3 – Albatross UAV Specifications Albatross UAV Items
Specifications
AIRFRAME
Wingspan: 3000mm or 9.8ft
Price ($)
MTOW: 10+KG or 22lbs Endurance: 6-8Hrs Range: Limited to Endurance Cruise Speed: 18M/S / 40MPH Max Level Speed: 40 M/S / 90MPH Takeoff: 40-100ft Glide Ratio (L/D): 28:1 – 30:1 AIRPLANE
Engine Type: Electric Battery Type & Capacity: Li-S (40,000mAh) IR Sensor: Available with use of thermal imaging. Advanced Features: Large and versatile Payload Capacity, Adaptable Payload Bay Analog Payload Link 1: Analog Unencrypted Video Transmission @ 1.3GHZ Digital Payload Link 2: Digital Encrypted Video Transmission @ 5.8GHZ Telemetry Data Link: Digital Transmission @ 915MHZ Command and Control Link: 433MHZ UHF Transmission / 2.4GHZ
Custom body package
Requires NDA
$3,650
Surveying camera (FLIR) and HD video camera + Flat Mapping Gimbal
Requires NDA
$3,923
Requires NDA!
$3,355
Solar cells
Requires NDA
$1000
Software: Pix4D
Per month: $350 or Annual Subscription: $3,500
Antennas RX and TX + upgrades
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
!
Page 28
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
Engineering & Construction (min)
umbilical custom installation
Overall Price ($)
Airplane Approximately
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
Page 29
$335 $12,263
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
Appendix 4 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Conservation Class A Estimate
NP15-ENV-PRO-0236
Page 30
Rev 1 April 22, 2015
Table 1. Class A Cost Estimate Project Name: Client Name: Project Manager: Project Scientist: Client Proj Manager: Client Proj Engineer: Date:
Task
UAV Conservation Program for Gunung Leuser National Park Tom Mills Ryan Cant Justin Barnes Tom Mills
Project Number: Project Start Date: Project End Date: Accounting Type: Project Group: Risk Classification: Rev #:
April 22, 2015
Description Rate
NPP15-ENV-PMF-0002 PREF 20-Feb-15 Project Completion Date Non Reimbursable Standalone A A
Project Manager (Hrs)
Senior Scientist (Hrs)
Project Coordinator (Hrs)
160
170
130
33 24 1 8 0
9
4 2
16 16 24
24 4 20 24
49
33
Intermediate QA/QC Consultant (Hrs) 115
Senior UAS Technician (Hrs)
EIS Specialist (Hrs)
HSE Advisor (Hrs)
140
160
120
8
8
0
8
8
8
218 25 168
Total (Hrs)
Total ($)
Labour Project Management and Planning Planning, Project Management Safety Plan, General Review, Technical Support Meetings Field Work Mob (1 trip) UAV Supervision and Reporting Systems testing DeMob (1 trip) Analysis and Reporting Data Review and Logs Report Writing Project Presentation and Close-out
(Project Set-up, 4CastPlus) (Health & Safety Review, Project Risks, Safety Plan) (8 x 1hr each)
1 8 0
Mob to site (Toronto, YYZ - Medan, KNO) (14 days of Video Surveillance and Daily Field Reports) (Pre and Post Flight Caliberation, 2hrs/per day) DeMob from site (Medan, KNO - Toronto, YYZ) Data Review Final Conservation Report Formal Presentation of UAV Conservation Study
Total Labour
2 2 1
1 4 2 2
25 32 16 16
186 23 112 28 23 32 16 16
10
258
226
8 0
0
160 160
0
160
8
70 26 26 18 406 49 280 28 49 268 198 70 48
792
10,330.00 4,100 3,330 2,900 51,370.00 6,225 35,000 3,920 6,225 40,920.00 30,620 10,300 7,920
$ 110,540.00
Non-Labour Third Party/Field Expenses Albatross UAV Construction Equipment and Materials Quality Control Testing Other Expenses Field Expenses
Expenses Mob/demob, Installation, Expenses, Materials Back-up Supplies Incase of UAV Damage Flight Testing by Groupe VAMUdeS Expenses and Disbursements Accommodations, Meals, Vehicle, Fuel
20,263.00 12,263 6,000 2,000 6,350.00 6,350
Total Non-Labour
Notes: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Mob and DeMob includes a 12hr day (Flight Duration is 24hr) + flight ticket ($1,500). Albatross UAV & Construction Equipment will be refunded ($18,000) if UAV is not damaged. Field Expenses: deduct $3,000 If accomidations and meals are supplied at camp. Scope of analysis and reporting are supplied in the PEP.
Macintosh HD:Users:ryancant:Dropbox (Personal):3-Environmental & Geosience Group:3.1-Environment:NP15-ENG-OC-001:Research Cost Est_Subtotal.xlsm 20 June 2012
$ 26,613.00
Labour Subtotal Non-Labour Subtotal Third-Party Mark-up (10%) Contingency (15%) Other Direct Costs (8%)
110,540.00 26,613.00 2,661.30 20,572.95 10,972.24
Estimate Total
$ 171,359.49
Page 1 of 7