ISSN 2455-3360 (Online)
Journal of Automobile Engineering & Applications (JoAEA) September–December 2016
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Journal of Automobile Engineering and Applications ISSN: 2455-3360(online)
Focus and Scope Covers
Vehicle Dynamics
Noise, Vibration, and Harshness Engineering
Fluid Dynamics and Aerodynamics
Automotive Diesel Engines
Vehicle Body Engineering
Engine Construction and Operation
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Editorial Board Arunachalam Kandavel
C Lakshminathan
Associate Professor, Department of Automobile Engineering, MIT Campus, Anna University, India.
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Sakthivel NR
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Sanjay Tukaram Satpute
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Sanjay Yadav
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Nirvesh Mehta
Ajay Tripathi
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Rustamji Institute of Technology, BSF Academy, Tekanpur, Gwalior, M.P., India.
Sujan Chakraborty ME Department, RVCE, Bangalore.
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It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 3, Issue 3] of our Journal of Automobile Engineering and Applications (JoAEA), 2016. The intension of JoAEA Journal is to create an atmosphere that stimulates vision, research and growth in the area of Mechanical Engineering. Timely publication, honest communication, comprehensive editing and trust with authors and readers have been the hallmark of our journals. STM Journals provide a platform for scholarly research articles to be published in journals of international standards. STM journals strive to publish quality paper in record time, making it a leader in service and business offerings. The aim and scope of STM Journals is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high level learning, teaching and research in all the Scientific, Technical and Medical domains. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude to our Editorial/ Reviewer board, Authors and publication team for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring write ups/reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality Research/Reviews findings for our customers base. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.
Dr. Archana Mehrotra Managing Director STM Journals
Journal of Automobile Engineering and Applications
Contents
1. A Review of Aerodynamics Effects to a Vehicle Bhanu Prakash Panwar
1
2. Elimination of Super Chargers in Automobiles by Using Cooling System Sunil Kumar P.
8
3. Experimental Investigation of a 4-Stroke Diesel Engine for Varying Fuel Injection Pressure and Compression Ratio A.D. Badgujar
11
4. Deflection Analysis of the Leaf Spring Suspension System with the Combination of Helical Springs Sachin Gayakwad, Ishan Patel, Pushpendra Kumar Mishra
21
5. Analysis of Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission Characteristics of VCR Engine Fuelled with Different Blends of Jatropha Biodiesel M.J. Pathak, G.D. Achrya
31
Journal of Automobile Engineering and Application ISSN: 2455-3360(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
A Review of Aerodynamics Effects to a Vehicle Bhanu Prakash Panwar* Department of Mechanical Engineering, H. R. Institute of Technology, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India Abstract This paper summarizes the contributions made to the special issue on aerodynamics and whole design procedure in order to assure the achievement of the expected objectives in terms stability and handling. In this paper after a short introduction about the aerodynamics of vehicle further aspects of coefficient drag, lift coefficient and its impact on acceleration as well as the velocity of a vehicle will be described along with mathematical formula and illustrated diagrams as well. Attentions will be focused on the methods, both experimental and computational those are presently available to obtain the desired aerodynamic drag influence to a vehicle. In particular, the calculated drag number of different cars also provided in an arranged tabular form, with this new derived technology of aerodynamic testing from BMW also described in this paper. A sight of possible future development and research in this field also suggested. Keywords: Aerodynamics, drag and drag coefficient, lift coefficient, impact on velocity and acceleration, testing of aerodynamics
INTRODUCTION
AERODYNAMICS OF VEHICLE
When objects move through the air, forces are generated by the relative motion between the air and surfaces of the object. Aerodynamics is the branch of engineering which deals with the study of these forces, generated by the motion of air, usually aerodynamics are categorized according to the type of flow as subsonic, hypersonic, supersonic, etc. It is essential that aerodynamics be taken into account during the design of a vehicle as an improved aerodynamics in the vehicle would attain higher speeds and more fuel efficiency [1].
Automobile industry commences with an idea of using aerodynamic body shapes in the primitive part of their history. As technology develop frequently and engines become more puissant and vehicles become faster. Designers and engineers analyze that flow of wind significantly hinders their velocity. Sports car section among automotive world are the first who adapt aerodynamic or streamlining and their outstanding performance influence others to think about this particular phenomenon. “Regarding the aerodynamics of a racing car, Dr. Joe David, professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering, and known as “Mr. Stock Car” at North Carolina State University said, “Most of the horsepower generated by a racing engine is eaten up by the high-pressure air pushing the front of the car and the lowpressure air—a partial vacuum—dragging at the car from behind.” However, drag cannot be the only consideration.
To ensure that the aerodynamics factor of a vehicle is all-correct, generally vehicles are designed lower to the ground, and during their process of designing the designers always keep in mind that corners or edges should not be sharp. They rounded off so that air passage is easily feasible. Other components like wings, spoilers are also integrated into a vehicle for enhancing factor of aerodynamics. Efficient methods like wind tunnel testing are used to examine the aerodynamics of a vehicle along with this illustrated computational software are also developed to ensure the precise and efficient aerodynamics design.
While lift is somehow mandatory for a flight, it can be threatening for a vehicle in terms of maintaining better control over driving including braking and handling. Automobiles are designed in a way so that wind exerts a force towards downwards which tends to
JoAEA (2016) 1-7 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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Journal of Automobile Engineering and Application ISSN: 2455-3360(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Elimination of Super Chargers in Automobiles by Using Cooling System Sunil Kumar P. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andhra Pradesh International Institute of Information Technology, Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract Nowadays, the fossil fuels are depleting day by day. The efficiency of an automobile has to be increased to overcome the shortage of fossil fuels. If we reduce the consumption of the brake power obtained during combustion for other purposes rather than running the vehicle such as super chargers, cooling systems etc., we can increase the efficiency. We are using almost 35% of the output power of the crankshaft for cooling purpose only. Here I am proposing a novel and efficient cooling system that will serve the purpose of super charging along with cooling. It will also increase the efficiency of the automobile by decreasing the compression work. By using this method, the cooling system can be used for both, cooling purpose and super charging. Keywords: Liquid cooling, super charging, efficiency, compression ratio, super charger
INTRODUCTION Nowadays fossil fuels are depleting day-byday. In order to compensate the problem of shortage of fossil fuels we have to look for alternate sources of energy or we have to increase the efficiency of the automobile engines. In automobiles, super charger is used to increase the intake of air for complete combustion. For running the super charger, we are using some amount of brake power produced by the engine [1]. Cooling system is required for automobile to reduce the high temperatures of the engine. If we do not cool the engine, the temperatures will go on rising and at some point, the engine components will reach their melting points. So, in order to avoid overheating problems, proper cooling is required [2]. Here, I am using the cooling system to serve the both purposes of cooling and super charging.
NEED OF THE TECHNOLOGY The purpose of supercharging an engine is to raise the density of the air charge, before it enters the cylinders. Thus, the increased mass of air will be inducted which will then be compressed in the cylinders. This makes more oxygen available for combustion than in
conventional method of drawing the fresh air charge into the cylinder (naturally aspirated). So combustion will takes place more efficiently than in naturally aspirated engines. So super charger increases the power without increasing the fuel consumption [3]. The superchargers use power to compress the air. This power is drawn from the engine itself. The engine should be able to with stand higher forces due to supercharging. The increased pressure and temperature during supercharging may lead to detonation [4]. The existing super charging technology in automobiles is not used in all the vehicles because of many problems, such as cost criteria, energy consumption, space occupancy, increase of engine weight etc. But super charging is required for an engine to increase the air intake to the engine mainly for the vehicles, which are running at hilly regions, and vehicles running at places where the availability of air is low. Then the amount of air entering the engine will be less and the stoichiometric ratio cannot be maintained. This leads to over usage of fuel, environment
JoAEA (2016) 8-10 Š STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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Journal of Automobile Engineering and Application ISSN: 2455-3360(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Experimental Investigation of a 4-Stroke Diesel Engine for Varying Fuel Injection Pressure and Compression Ratio A.D. Badgujar Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Navrachana University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Abstract Diesel engines are widely used in transportation, agriculture, power sector and various other types of industries due to its high fuel efficiency. An improvement in the performance of the same makes remarkable difference in nation economy. This paper presents an experimental investigation of a 4-stroke engine, using diesel as a fuel. The engine is modified to study the effect of various parameters on the performance of engine. The parameters varied are; fuel injection pressure and compression ratio. The fuel injection pressure is measured using piezoresistive sensors and is varied from 224 to 240 bar. The compression ratio is varied from 16 to 18 by changing the clearance volume. It has been experimentally observed that as the fuel injection pressure increases, the efficiency of the engine decreases and as the compression ratio increases, the efficiency of the engine increases. Keywords: Diesel engine, compression ratio, fuel injection pressure
INTRODUCTION An internal combustion engine (IC) is a heat engine that converts chemical energy in a fuel into mechanical energy. The history of design and development of IC engine is presented in detail by Cummins [1]. In the 1880s, the IC engine was incorporated in automobiles [2], during 1890s; Rudolf Diesel had patented the compression ignition engine known today. The diesel engines are practically always of the 4stroke type in automobile applications [3]. Efforts have been made to improve the performance of diesel engine for last many years. Alperstein et al. used mixture of hexane and n-heptane with air in a diesel engine [4]. They observed that under certain operating conditions, the single cylinder engine gives better performance in a premixed mode. The exhaust gases of the diesel engine consist of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, water vapour, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulate matter. Amongst these gases, NOx is more toxic, thus, reducing the NOx level in exhaust gases is a focus of research in recent times [5, 6]. This paper presents experimental investigation of a 4-stroke engine, using diesel as fuel. The engine is modified to improve the performance of the engine by varying the fuel injection pressure and compression ratio.
Various terminologies used in internal combustion engine are given in following section. Compression ratio (CR) is given by:
CR
Vs VC Vc
(1)
Here, Vs is swept volume and Vc is clearance volume. Indicated power (IP) is given by:
IP
IMEP L A N kW 2 60000
(2)
Here, IMEP is indicated mean effective pressure, L is stroke length A is the cross section area of cylinder and N is engine speed. Brake power (BP) is given by:
BP
2 N T kW 60000
(3)
Here, T is engine torque. Mechanical efficiency is given by:
JoAEA (2016) 11-20 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
mechanical
BP IP
(4)
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Journal of Automobile Engineering and Application ISSN: 2455-3360(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Deflection Analysis of the Leaf Spring Suspension System with the Combination of Helical Springs Sachin Gayakwad*, Ishan Patel, Pushpendra Kumar Mishra Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malwa Institute of Technology, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India Abstract An efficient and optimized leaf spring suspension system for heavy vehicles must have low deflection but good damping capacity of absorbing shocks and jerks. In this research article, deflection analysis of a modified leaf spring suspension system with the combination of helical spring model is presented. To furnish this end, in the typical leaf spring suspension system model, a helical spring at each side of the master leaf is incorporated. Design and static analysis work is performed in CATIA V5R20. The average overall maximum deflection reduction by the proposed modified model with helical springs achieved is 3.6% for various loading conditions in comparison to typical leaf spring suspension system’s master leaf spring model. The deflection characteristics of the proposed modified model can be maintained for the optimization of the comfort and flexibility conditions, by adjusting and adopting the best combination of the design parameters of both types suspension springs. Keywords: Leaf spring, helical spring, FEA, deflection, combined model
INTRODUCTION For the assessment of the vehicles performance, three criteria have to be used: ride comfort, driving safety and suspension travel [1]. The suspension systems carries the total load of the vehicle and provide comfort to passengers and also deliver a good road holding when the vehicle travels on a rough terrain [2]. The main purpose of vehicle suspension is to achieve good driving stability and passenger comfort regardless of road surface [3]. Other performance requirements for a suspension system are to adequately support the vehicle weight, to maintain the wheels in the appropriate position so as to have a better handling and to keep the tyre in contact with the ground [4]. Leaf springs and helical springs are two basic types of suspension springs used in suspension systems. Leaf springs, especially the longitudinal laminated type are reliable and persistent element in automotive suspension system [5], and helical springs are also one of the mechanical elements used in several industrial applications and automobile vehicles to satisfy the desired functions [6]. Generally, helical springs are made of an elastic material
formed into the coil shape which returns to its initial length when unloaded [7]. Leaf springs are commonly formed by stacking leafs or plates of steel in progressively longer lengths on top of each other, so that the spring is thick in the middle portion to resist bending and thin at the ends where it attaches to the body [8]. Increasing the energy storage capability of a leaf spring ensures a more compliant suspension system [9]. Both the springs as a suspension element have their specific benefits and some limitations. So, a leaf spring can be used in conjunction with helical spring to enhance the spring rate adjustability function for chassis set up balance and for overall better performance of the suspension system. The first automotive helical spring was on the model-T (Ford) in 1910, where the suspension system was a combination of leaf spring and helical spring [10]. The design of this leaf and helical spring suspension was totally different from the model presented in our work. Taking consideration of these above-mentioned facts, in our work, a conventional steel leaf spring (master leaf) is combined with two helical springs, each at both the sides of leaf spring.
JoAEA (2016) 21-30 Š STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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Journal of Automobile Engineering and Application ISSN: 2455-3360(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Analysis of Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission Characteristics of VCR Engine Fuelled with Different Blends of Jatropha Biodiesel M.J. Pathak1,*, G.D. Achrya2 1
School of Technology, R.K. University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India Department of Automobile Engineering, Dr. J.N. Maheta Government Polytechnic, Amreli, Gujarat, India 2 Principal, Atmiya Institute of Technology and Science, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
1
Abstract With the concern to global environment issues, researchers are encouraged to find alternate for scarce and rapidly diminishing fossil fuels. From the variety of options, fuels obtained from vegetable oils or animal fats have proven better alternate for petroleum fuels. Having its roots in agriculture, vegetable oils are capable to minimize overall СO addition to the atmosphere. Due to higher viscosity and low volatility compared to petroleum diesel, neat vegetable oils are used in diesel engines; some functional or longevity issues have been highlighted in the literature. In this study, experiments were carried out using fossil diesel and ϳаtrophа-diesel blends to evaluate the exhaust emissions and performance characteristics of diesel engine. A single cylinder, four stroke, constant speed, water cooled, variable compression ratio engine was useԁ for the experiments. The measured values were analyzeԁ for various parameters like brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake power (BP), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFc), brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) and emissions of СO2, СO and Hc. While operating the engine on ϳatropha-diesel blends, performance and emission parameters were found to be very close to petroleum diesel for lower blend concentrations. Keywords: Biodiesel, VCR engine, exhaust emissions
INTRODUCTION The tightening norms on air pollution caused by the wide spread use of petroleum fuels, fading fossil fuels reserves and cultivation based market of India are the motivating forces to advance biodiesel as an alternate to petroleum diesel. Fuels made from renewable natural non-edible resources for use in conventional diesel engines are known as biodiesel. Biodiesel is eco-friendly fuel similar to petroleum diesel in combustion properties. Biodiesel obtained from vegetable oil is being used in USA and Europe to reduce air pollution and dependence on fossil fuel. JATROPHA (RATAN JYOT) BETTER ALTERNATE FOR DIESEL FUEL India, being larger importer of vegetable oils, concerning country’s economical aspect, edible oils should be avoided for production of
biodiesel. Harvesting of plants like Jatropha curcas, pongamia, neem mahua, castor, linseed etc. can be promoted; and thereby India can become leading producer of such non-edible oils to supplement conventional diesel fuel. Many of these oils produced are yet to be utilized properly. Among these plants, India is keen on jatropha curcas, which can be grown in barren and wastelands. Jatropha seeds contain oil around 30–40%. India is having wasteland around 80–100 million hectares, which can be utilized for Jatropha plantation. Besides drastic reduction on paying huge amount on importing crude petroleum, promoting use of biodiesel in our country will lead to many benefits like green cover to wasteland, support to agriculture and rural economy and mainly drastic reduction in air pollution. The significant weak points of vegetable oils, as diesel fuels are related to its
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Journal of Automobile Engineering & Applications (JoAEA) September–December 2016
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