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It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 7; Issue 3] of our Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies, 2016. The intension of JoAEST is to create an atmosphere that stimulates vision, research and growth in the area of Alternate energy sources. Timely publication, honest communication, comprehensive editing and trust with authors and readers have been the hallmark of our journals. STM Journals provide a platform for scholarly research articles to be published in journals of international standards. STM journals strive to publish quality paper in record time, making it a leader in service and business offerings. The aim and scope of STM Journals is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high level learning, teaching and research in all the Scientific, Technical and Medical domains. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude to our Editorial/ Reviewer board, Authors and publication team for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring writeups/reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality Research/Reviews findings for our customers base. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.
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Journal of Alternate Energy Sources & Technologies
Contents
1. Oceanic Temperature Gradient as an Alternative Energy Source Apoorva Kulkarni, Aakanksha Mishra
1
2. Studies on Oil Extraction from Pongamia Seeds using Mechanical Expeller and Microwave Heating Technique Chandra Kumar R., M.M. Benal, B. Durga Prasad, M.S. Krupashankara, Siddaligaswamy N.H.
7
3. Voltage Stability Assessment of Wind Integrated System for Variable Wind Speed with FACTS Devices Satish Kumar, Ashwani Kumar, N.K. Sharma
15
4. Preparation of Biodiesel from Karanja Oil using Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalyst Rupesh L. Patel, Chandresh D. Sankhavara
23
5. Investigating the Effect of Spectral Variations on the Performance of Monocrystalline, Polycrystalline and Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells Anil Kumar Berwal, Nisha Kumari, Inderjeet Kaur, Sanjay Kumar, Abid Haleem 28 6. Capacity Estimation of Pump Storage System for Microgrid with Resourceful Use of RES in Deregulated Power Sector Digambar Singh, Yog Raj Sood
37
Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies
ISSN: 2230-7982(online), ISSN: 2321-5186(print) Volume 7, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Oceanic Temperature Gradient as an Alternative Energy Source Apoorva Kulkarni*, Aakanksha Mishra Department of Oils, Oleochemicals and Surfactants Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Abstract
World is facing an energy crunch. To respond to the global warming, we either need a supply that has no carbon release or we need to find means to consume less energy. As the supply of non-renewable energy resources is depleting, there is a demand for new energy technologies. Oceans cover almost 70% of the earth’s surface, making them world’s largest solar collector. This paper discusses a new technological approach of generating electricity indirectly from solar energy by making use of the temperature difference between the sun-warmed surface of tropical ocean and the colder deep water. Being a completely natural form of energy, the electricity produced will be inexhaustible and green. The paper elaborates on the principle and working of an oceanic thermal plant in details, mentioning its easy adaptability in the current energy cycle and the drawbacks which are coupled along with it. Keywords: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), ammonia, open cycle system,
closed cycle system, thermal energy
INTRODUCTION
Since ancient time, nature has been upheld by man to quench its needs. Energy, the most important factor in the progress of mankind has been extracted from non-renewable sources like coal, petrol, diesel etc. from centuries. These being finite sources, will get exhausted. Thus, there is a need to look for alternate renewable options to ameliorate the situation. Energy sources like nuclear, solar, tidal, wind energy etc. have been adapted lately, but there are limitations associated with each. Like nuclear energy, this was thought as an answer to all the energy questions, did not turn out to be the same due to its expensiveness. Even tidal and wind energy are limited for certain places only. Under this entire scenario, OTEC, i.e., ocean thermal energy conversion proves to be significant in satiating world’s energy requirements. OTEC is a technology that converts solar radiation to electric power by using oceans’ natural thermal gradient. The concept utilizes the temperature difference existing between the surface warm waters and the deep oceanic cold waters to release stored solar energy to power a turbine.
The oceans cover almost 70% of the earth’s surface. This makes it the world’s largest solar energy collector and energy storage system. It is reported that on an average every day, 60 million square kilometers of tropical seas absorb an amount of solar radiation equal in heat content to about 250 billion barrels of oil. If less than 1/10th of 1% of this stored solar energy could be converted into electric power, it would supply more than 20 times the total amount of electricity consumed in the United State (263 million inhabitants) on one day! [1]. OTEC has its roots grounded since 1880s but it never gained popularity. The depleting energy resources have left us with nothing but an urgent need to bring OTEC in the picture as a green, eco-friendly, renewable ultimate energy source for the 21st century [2].
OTEC—BASIC PROCESS
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is an old concept, which aims to tap solar energy stored as sensible heat in the upper mixed layer of tropical oceans. Deep cold seawater originally formed at polar margins provides the low temperature needed for an appropriate working fluid, such as ammonia to complete a thermodynamic. The warm seawater is used to
JoAEST (2016) 1-6 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies
ISSN: 2230-7982(online), ISSN: 2321-5186(print) Volume 7, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Studies on Oil Extraction from Pongamia Seeds using Mechanical Expeller and Microwave Heating Technique Chandra Kumar R.1,2,*, M.M. Benal3, B. Durga Prasad1, M.S. Krupashankara2, Siddaligaswamy N.H.4
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, JNTUA College of Engineering, Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, India 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, RV College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Kushalnagar, Karnataka, India 4 Director, All India Council for Technical Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, New Delhi, India
Abstract
The extraction of oil from seeds is carried out traditionally by using mechanical expeller. In this study, four configurations of oil extraction systems, namely, single screw, modified single screw, twin screw and microwave assisted oil extraction have been evaluated for oil yield and production or through put rate. Pongamia pinnata seeds have been used as the reference raw materials for this study, both in whole seed form and in crushed form. Present day conventional 10 kW power single screw mechanical oil expellers have a throughput of 15 kg/h with an oil yield of 20%. This study has demonstrated that a twin screw extrusion system can provide a throughput rate of 80 kg/h with an oil yield of 27% for the same energy input. Microwave assisted oil extraction process was also evaluated as an alternative method. It provides a throughput rate of 35 kg/hr with a yield of 25% for the same electric power input. Keywords: Pongamia pinnata, microwave, oil, screw
INTRODUCTION
Extraction of oil from seeds is carried out conventionally by mechanical expellers. These expellers work on the principle of screw press. Existing mechanical expellers are of single screw type. The expeller mainly consists of three sections (a) Feeding section (b) Crushing section (c) Oil extraction section. The functional parts of the expeller include a barrel, worm shaft, gear reduction box, prime mover, oil outlet, residue outlet and power transmission system. The compression effect can be achieved, either by decreasing the clearance between the screw shaft and the barrel (progressive or step-wise increase of the shaft diameter) or by reducing the length of the screw flight in the direction of the axial movement. The gradually increasing pressure releases the oil, which flows out of the press through the slots provided on the periphery of the barrel, while the press cake continues to move in the direction of the shaft, towards a discharge gate installed at the other extremity
of the machine [1]. There have been research efforts to increase the oil yield from seeds by optimizing the screw configurations of the expellers [2]. Research is being conducted on development of twin screw expellers, which would increase the productivity of oil [3]. There have also been research efforts to extract oil from seeds using innovative techniques such as use of microwave heating. Microwaves are electromagnetic energy with frequencies from 300 MHz to 300 GHz. This energy is transmitted as waves, which penetrates into biomaterials and interact with molecules to generate heat [4]. Microwaves interact selectively with the polar molecules present, leading to localized heating. Thus, there is rapid expansion leading to the rupture of their walls [5]. Lipids have low specific heat. Hence, they become susceptible to this radiation [6]. This would lead to permanent pores in the seed and thus result in higher yield [7]. Rapid heating is the key advantage of
JoAEST (2016) 7-14 Š STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies
ISSN: 2230-7982(online), ISSN: 2321-5186(print) Volume 7, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Voltage Stability Assessment of Wind Integrated System for Variable Wind Speed with FACTS Devices 1
Satish Kumar1,*, Ashwani Kumar2, N.K. Sharma3
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India 3 Department of Electrical Engineering, Greater Noida Institute of Technology, GB Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
2
Abstract
Requirement of power utilization is increasing exponentially both by industrial usage as well as in our day-to-day life due to inclusion of latest developments in the technology and automation. So, increase of power generation from conventional as well as non-conventional type of energy resources to meet these challenges is also needed. This increase in power generation is not possible alone by existing methods. Wind energy and integration of wind energy system with existing systems to increase the power generation is one of the methods to meet day to day need of high power demands. Though, an integration of wind system needs some compensation techniques to increase the power generating capacity of multimachine machine system. Reactive power compensation or drop in voltage of various buses of the system is needed from the stability point of view. Inclusion of FACTS, devices to boost active power proves to be good method for this purpose especially when the system is integrated with renewable energy resources. Based on simulated IEEE-14 Bus wind integrated system provided by PSAT, the performance of various FACTS devices needs to be checked, so that variations in the bus voltages of the integrated system can be controlled to improve the stability of the system. In this paper Identification of various week buses by Line Voltage stability indices are presented with in the composite system so that placement of suitable FACTS devices can be done to improve the performance of the system. Keywords: FACTS, wind penetration, voltage stability, line indices, voltage collapse
INTRODUCTION
Considering the various challenges of voltage stability, various new techniques for improvement in voltage profile and reactive power compensation needs to be monitored closely for better performance of the system. Integration of renewable energy as being the latest techniques for both the fulfilment of small power requirements and to increase the level of power generation. Wind power system, solar system, hybrid energy resources are some of the examples which can be combined in the existing conventional methods for better performance and more power output. Various countries like China, Brazil, Ukraine and many more are utilizing the resources with some compensation techniques. But due to some technical restrictions and limitations, integration is limited to some defined voltage levels only. Voltage stability issue is very critical which researchers have considered while generating power from these resources either alone or
with integration. When the wind energy conversion systems are introduces in the power system, the voltage stability of the system tends to decrease due to the voltage drop of the system or various component present in the system. Various types of wind energy conversion systems are available nowadays. Doubly Fed Induction Generators (DFIG) type wind energy conversion systems are very popular and user friendly to tackle the issue of voltage stability.as far as system security is concern, they give more flexibility and support for compensation techniques. Flexible AC Transmission systems (FACTS) technically play very crucial role while handling the voltage stability and security issues in the wind integrated systems. Various
JoAEST (2016) 15-22 Š STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies ISSN: 2230-7982(online), ISSN: 2321-5186(print) Volume 7, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Preparation of Biodiesel from Karanja Oil using Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalyst 1
Rupesh L. Patel1,*, Chandresh D. Sankhavara2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Rajkot, Gujarat, India 2 School of Engineering, R.K. University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
Abstract
In India, diesel consumption is increasing at an alarming rate which is increasing the import bill and the problems related to environment pollution. Biodiesel (BD) from nonedible oil like karanja is attractive feed stock for diesel engine. Due to high acid value of karanja oil (KO), a two-step process is necessary for BD production using homogeneous catalyst. In present study, BD was produced from KO by transesterification process using homogeneous catalyst (KOH) and heterogeneous catalyst (CaO) by two-step process. A catalytic characteristic of CaO was improved by loading lithium on CaO. Prepared Li-CaO was used to produce BD from KO in single step simultaneous esterification and transesterification process. Keywords: Biodiesel, karanja oil, transesterification, edible oil, catalyst, thermal efficiency
INTRODUCTION
Due to better thermal efficiency of diesel engine and lower diesel price compared to petrol, is the cause, diesel engines are widely used in generator sets and in agriculture sectors. In India, diesel consumption is quite higher then petrol. India is a developing country and is not self-sufficient for petrochemical products. India imported 159.259 MMT of crude oil in 2009 and 189.238 MMT in 2013–14. This indicates 18.82% rise in import for crude oil. While during the same time period, the local production of crude oil was increased from 33.69 to 37.788 MMT only, which indicates that the gap between oil consumption and its production is increasing at alarming rate. In 2000–2001, India consumed 40.34 MT of diesel, in which 66% diesel was imported having cost of ₹200 billion. In 2012–13, India consumed 69.08 MT of diesel which was 43.98% of total consumption of all types of petroleum products; the consumption of petrol was 10.02%, LPG-9.93% and Naptha-7.82% [1–3]. This data shows that in India, consumption of diesel is quite higher than other petroleum products. It is well known fact that the emissions of diesel engine contain higher percentage of harmful gas (CO, CO2, HC and smoke) than petrol engine. So, for a country like India, it is necessary to find an alternative fuel which should be locally available at reasonable rate and is environment
friendly. Karanja tree is widely available in many states of India. The toxic component present in its oil makes it non-edible. The cost of karanja oil (KO) is ₹50–55 per liter. Its seeds contain up to 40% oil. Its oil contains mainly oleic, linoleic, palmitic and stearic acids. KO is also used to run generator set by the farmers in the Karnataka. But its high viscosity (10 to 15 times higher than diesel) creates problem in fuel injection and atomization [4]. Transesterification of vegetable oil using homogeneous base catalyst (NaOH and KOH) is most widely used process for the production of biodiesel (BD). But, homogeneous catalyst has certain problems related to neutralization, separation and purification steps at the end of process. Heterogeneous base catalysts are easy to separate from the reaction product and can be recycled again [5]. A variety of heterogeneous catalyst have been used for the production of BD by transesterification process like calcium carbonate [6], sulphated zirconia [7], zeolites [8], alkali earth metal compounds [9], titanium-grafted mesoporous silica [10] and tin compounds supported in ion exchange resins [11]. Table 1 shows the BD yield for various
JoAEST (2016) 23-27 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies
ISSN: 2230-7982(online), ISSN: 2321-5186(print) Volume 7, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Investigating the Effect of Spectral Variations on the Performance of Monocrystalline, Polycrystalline and Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells 1
Anil Kumar Berwal1,*, Nisha Kumari1, Inderjeet Kaur1, Sanjay Kumar2, Abid Haleem3
Centre of Excellence for Energy and Environmental Study, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, Sonipat, Haryana, India 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, International Institute of Technology and Management, Murthal, Sonipat, Haryana, India 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
Abstract
The study of spectral variations is very important in the characterization of silicon solar cells. The spectral variations of monocrystalline, polycrystalline and amorphous solar cells is studied through the spectral response with the help of spectral response evaluation meter, CEP-25HS-50SR. PVsyst 6.4.3 software is used to study the variation of air mass throughout the day and the year and to understand that how solar irradiance varies with the changing air mass. As per the findings, the spectral sensitivity of monocrystalline and polycrystalline silicon solar lies in the entire visible region and partial UV and infrared region of solar spectrum whereas amorphous silicon solar cells have a narrow spectral range. This is most likely due to partial absorption of the long wavelength photon. It is observed that with the increase in value of zenith angle and air mass there’s a continuous decrease in light intensity received in the form of solar radiation. The intensity of solar radiations decreases because of atmospheric refraction which further decreases the spectral response value and hence the power output of the silicon solar cells is affected adversely. Keywords: Solar spectrum, spectral response, short circuit current, air mass, zenith angle and quantum efficiency
INTRODUCTION
Conventional solar cells are made from silicon and are commonly termed as wafer based Si solar cells and their popular sub division is single crystal (monocrystalline) and multi crystal “mc-Si” (Polycrystalline) and are real workhorse of the PV industry, worldwide. Hetro-junction with intrinsic thin layer (HIT) is another form of silicon based solar cells, which are developed by Sanyo, Japan [1]. Second-generation solar cells are called thinfilm solar cells because they are made from amorphous silicon or sometimes non-silicon materials such as cadmium telluride “CdTe”. Amorphous silicon “a-Si”solar cells are the second most popular solar cells technology after silicon based solar cells. But their market share is meagre in comparison to silicon solar cells due to high manufacturing cost and low efficiency [2, 3]. Third-generation solar cells
are being made from a variety of new materials besides silicon, including solar inks using conventional printing press technologies, solar dyes, and conductive plastics. Characterization plays an important role in the fabrication of solar cells while keeping a check on the quality control. The importance of spectral effects on PV devices has been investigated by Gottschalg et al. and Kenny et al. on the basis of computer simulations and indoor measurements [4, 5]. The total distance travelled by the sunlight to reach the earth varies throughout the day and throughout the year and this path length of sunlight is defined by the term air mass. The spectral variations throughout the day and year can easily be understood by air mass. Magare et al. studied the effect of seasonal spectral variations on the performance of different PV technologies in the Indian
JoAEST (2016) 28-36 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies
ISSN: 2230-7982(online), ISSN: 2321-5186(print) Volume 7, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Capacity Estimation of Pump Storage System for Microgrid with Resourceful Use of RES in Deregulated Power Sector Digambar Singh*, Yog Raj Sood Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India Abstract
The present era dominates with green energy, such as the wind, solar, geothermal, tidal, ocean, bio, etc., since these sources plentifully available, pollution free, zero noise. Power shortages in rural, as well as remote areas, encourage the development of green energy sources. To meet the demand by dissimilar configurations such as standalone or grid interconnected microgrid. Standalone green energy microgrid provides the most appropriate solution for electrification of rural and remote areas. This paper has been presented a proposed approach for energy storage system through pumping in the form of water potential. A standalone microgrid with storage system is capable to provide continuous and reliable supply by a little loss of load. The two case studies have been proposed for continuous power supply operation of the standalone microgrid. The first case has been considered without pump storage system and the second case considered with the storage system. The optimal capacity of the pump storage has been determined. The work has been validated 3-microgrid interconnected system with green energy generation. Keywords: Energy management, green energy microgrid, pumped storage system, green energy resources
INTRODUCTION
Standalone green energy microgrid (SGEMG) is the plentiful sources of energy generation. It consists of all types of green resources such as wind, solar, geothermal, tidal, etc. depend on availability. They provide the most appropriate solution to the electrification for rural and remote areas without interconnection of the main grid. SGEMG is widespread energy generation to remote places. Further SGEMG is used with storage system like pump storage system then it can give continuous power supply operation. Because of pumped hydroenergy storage seems more inexpensive than the battery and other power storage system for the standalone microgrid. The performance of SGEMG is highly future-energy generation resources and there is often a gaunt correlation between their generation peak and the demand peak. To accomplish this goal using green energy sources, not only for large-scale energy production but also for small-scale standalone systems [1]. The fossil fuel and pollutant emission is declined by using these sources.
Green energies keep away from the safety problems consequent from atomic power generation [2]. The author [3] has been presented the assessment of social point of view; it becomes more desirable to approve renewable energy power plants. In the past few years, over 1.5 billion people in isolated areas of worldwide and most living in small isolated villages or islands still lack access to convenience grid electricity have been introduced [4]. Such types of place use power by diesel generators or even living in without electricity. Therefore, the Phs is the most extensive energy storage technology with a roundtrip efficiency of 70–85% [5], and its first application in 1890. This stored energy must be use to allow for transmitting of the energy on demand. Therefore, energy storage system is a vital significance for providing electricity by use of popular resources as PV and wind power. It has been presented pumped hydro storage having more than 300 plants, which is vital energy
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