ISSN 2230-9845 (Online) ISSN 2321-516X (Print)
Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics (JoEAM) SJIF: 4.676
September–December 2016
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Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics ISSN: 2230-9845(online), ISSN: 2321-516X(print)
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Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics
Contents
1. Analytical Comparison of a Gas Turbine Blade Cooling Using Wet and Dry Air Snehal N. Patel, Dilip S. Patel, Kedar A. Pathak
1
2. Experimental Determination of Tire Stiffness using Nitrogen P.A. Narwade, C.R. Shah, P.Y. Mhaske
13
3. Report on the Separation Efficiency with Separation Time in the Microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip Systems Fabricated by Polymers in this 21st Century of 3rd Millennium Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay
20
4. Effect of Different Parameters on Energy Loss Coefficient of Square Edged Orifice Plate Chirag Sanghani, Dharmesh Jayani
38
5. Effect of Input Parameters on Surface Roughness of Wire-Cut EDM of AISI EN 31 Tool Steel Nimratjot Singh, Khushdeep Goyal, Rakesh Bhatia
43
6. Finite Element Analysis of Thick Beams using Lagrange-9 Element and ADINA Poonamrani Basavraj Patil, Ajay Gulabrao Dahake, Vasudev Raghunath Upadhye
50
Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics ISSN: 2230-9845 (online), ISSN: 2321-516X (print) Volume 7, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Analytical Comparison of a Gas Turbine Blade Cooling Using Wet and Dry Air Snehal N. Patel1, Dilip S. Patel2,*, Kedar A. Pathak1
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Navrachana University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Ganpat University, Ganpat Vidhanagar, Gujarat, India
Abstract Air cooling is widely used technique to shield the turbine aerofoils against hot flue gases. The cooling of a gas turbine blade using wet air and dry air as a coolant is analytically investigated. The investigation is carried out considering effect of rotation for inward and outward flow of coolant. Wet air cooling performance is compared with dry air cooling. It has been observed that wet air provides better cooling and the performance improves with increase in relative humidity. The temperature of blade at tip decreases from 1293.44 K to 1172.6 K when relative humidity of wet air is increased from 10% to 90%. Keywords: Air and wet air cooling, gas turbine, blade, rotation, outward flow, inward flow
INTRODUCTION
Gas turbine converts the fuel energy in to mechanical energy. During its operation, the blade temperature may reach up to 1400 K, which may be above the melting point of blade metal; hence, it is essential to cool the blades effectively. Mostly air is used as coolant for blades for the cooling of blades. To achieve effective cooling, various techniques have evolved recently. Cooling air, of around 800 K is from the compressor can be used as a cooling media and the temperature of the blades may be lowered to 1273 K for safer operation [1]. Albeirutty et al. [2] proposed a general model of the combined system to compare the performance of the blade cooling by air, openloop steam and closed-loop steam. Studies on the rotating blades suggested that the rotation is an important parameter and need to be analytically investigated. Apart from internal cooling of turbine blade, there are different techniques of providing cooling to the gas turbine blade. The conventional gas turbine blade analysis by Cohen et al. [3] does not consider the effect of rotation.
This paper presents the analysis of gas turbine blades using dry air and wet air considering rotation. The rotation introduces centrifugal force on the coolant, which may increase or decrease the temperature of coolant depending on the coolant flow direction.
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
A MATLAB code is made to solve differential equation implementing forward difference scheme to determine the blade temperature at various points across the length. The coolant is passing span-wise from root to tip of the blade (outward flow) or from tip to root (inward flow). The geometry particulars and operating parameters of gas turbine blade [4] are as under Table 1. In this analysis, the equations are written in terms of relative total temperature. The relative total temperature ( Toc,rel and Tog,rel ) is the temperature at a point when the flow is adiabatically brought to rest, with respect to non-inertial reference frame.
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Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics
ISSN: 2230-9845 (online), ISSN: 2321-516X (print) Volume 7, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Experimental Determination of Tire Stiffness using Nitrogen P.A. Narwade*, C.R. Shah, P.Y. Mhaske Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil College of Engineering, Ahmednagar, Gujarat, India Abstract Vehicle stability generally depends on the tire forces and torque at wheel. Forces and reactions generated at tire play major role in the control of vehicle. On application of torque to the wheel, due to contact friction between road, tire pushes on the ground and moves forward and backward. Tire also supports the load of vehicle and deforms under load for the flexibility and damping. The stiffness of fluid in tire is the important parameter for tire stability and effectiveness. Inflation pressure in tire decides the stiffness and damping in the tire. The objective of this paper is to discuss the experimental results of tire stiffness with air and nitrogen. Tire stiffness of Tata Nano car with size P135/70R12 is tested on test rig for air and nitrogen and compared for various loads. Primarily load deflection simulation of Tire is done on Ansys software and validated with experimental result for air and then other tests are performed. Optimized tire stiffness is obtained for minimum amplitude of vibration. Keywords: Amplitude, inflation pressure, tire stiffness and deflection
INTRODUCTION
An effective performance of car tires depends on tire size, tire pressure, vehicle load, resistance to aging, resistance to wear, etc. The tires must be large and strong enough to support the vehicle on road. The tire must absorb shock transferred from road irregularities to the vehicle. Stiffness of a tire plays an important role for a comfortable ride for passenger, protecting the chassis and other working parts from getting damaged due to road irregularities. Vehicle stability largely depends on its tire interaction with the ground. Krzysztof tried to find some correlations in static conditions and found that the average tire has a radial stiffness of about 180 N/mm, circumferential 80 N/mm and lateral 65 N/mm [1]. It was noticed that the higher the pressure in the tire, the stiffness increases and optimized value of stiffness was between the tire pressures 2.2 and 3.2 bar. R.K. Taylor et al. derived the vertical stiffness of tire by five different methods and found that Loaddeflection and non-rolling equilibrium load deflection results were similar at all inflation pressures [2]. The stationary stiffness of the tire is usually greater than rolling tire stiffness. Stiffness decreases significantly with speed at low rolling speeds, but at speeds above 10 km/h is effectively constant. [3]. Air is approximately 78% nitrogen (N2), 21% oxygen (O2), and 1% other gases. The inflation
of tires with gas mixtures containing more than 90% nitrogen has long been claimed to be beneficial to tire performance [4]. W. Hall conducted simulation of load and deflection on LS-DYNA 3D and found approximately linear relationship between load and deflection [5]. The modeling of the tire road interaction is of special importance as it influences the accuracy of the entire vehicle dynamics model. The tire stiffness decreases more at lower inflation pressures and is more predominant with high inflation pressure [6]. Mathematical modeling of hyper-elastic materials and analysis of deformation presented by numerical simulation based on tire deflection on the pressure and load with the use of Abaqus CAE software was validated by the author and was approximately same [7]. A simple on/off control strategy is developed to improve normal forces at tires by varying the stiffness at tires and simulated for the better stability of the vehicle. The adjustment of variable stiffness and damping behavior is feasible by the use of MR damper because MR damper is capable to change damping coefficient rapidly [8].
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ISSN: 2230-9845(online), ISSN: 2321-516X(print) Volume 7, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Report on the Separation Efficiency with Separation Time in the Microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip Systems Fabricated by Polymers in this 21st Century of 3rd Millennium Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay* Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Ministry of Human Resource Development (Government of India), Yupia, Papum Pare, Arunachal Pradesh, India Abstract In this report, author has fabricated total 1157 individual microfluidic devices including many microfluidic lab-on-a-chip systems by the maskless lithography, hot embossing lithography, direct bonding technique, clamping, and surface modification techniques, by his own handson completely. Author has used total 30 individual electrical and non-electrical instruments (including the cleanroom equipment) to perform all experiments of this report by his own hands-on completely. Many microfluidic flow phenomena have been experimentally investigated in this report using the polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and SU-8 as polymers. Also, the separation of polystyrene microparticles from aqueous microparticle suspensions have been experimentally investigated in the microfluidic lab-on-a-chip systems considering the separation efficiency and separation time as two experimental parameters of these investigations for bioengineering applications. Keywords: Polymer, lab-on-a-chip, separation efficiency, separation time
INTRODUCTION
In this 21st century of 3rd millennium, Mukhopadhyay et al. have reported many microfluidic flow phenomena in the royalworld of science-and-technology [1–10]. Many other scientists and researchers have also contributed generously in the field of fluid mechanics [11–19]. Fluid mechanics has two branches as fluid statics and fluid dynamics according to the motion of fluid [1–10]. The principles of fluid mechanics are really essential in the aerospace engineering, rocket engineering, and mechanical engineering including different fluid machines. For example, Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has successfully applied different principles of fluid mechanics in the rocket engineering towards a rocket-industry in this 21st century of 3rd millennium. To generate the active capillary flow, the external connections are required directly with the microfluidic devices for different applications [1–10]. To generate the passive capillary flow, no external connection is required with the microfluidic device resulting into simple microfluidic networks [1–10]. Passive capillary flow is generated by the surface tension forces between the solid-liquid-gas interfaces [1–10]. After microfluidics, the next level of fluid mechanics
is nanofluidics from the aspect miniaturization of the fluidic devices [10].
of
Separation of suspended microparticles from liquid microparticle suspensions is a strong field of research to develop the microfluidic laboratory-on-a-chip systems by many active and passive techniques. According to the review of Sajeesh and Sen, the methods of particle separation and sorting in microfluidic devices are divided into three categories: 1. Passive techniques, 2. Combined techniques, and 3. Active techniques [20]. The passive techniques are divided into the following categories: i. Pinched flow fractionation (PFF), ii. Inertia and dean flow fractionation, iii. Micro vortex manipulation, iv. Deterministic lateral displacement, v. Zweifach–Fung effect, vi. Filtration,
JoEAM (2016) 20-37 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics
ISSN: 2230-9845(online), ISSN: 2321-516X(print) Volume 7, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Effect of Different Parameters on Energy Loss Coefficient of Square Edged Orifice Plate Chirag Sanghani*, Dharmesh Jayani Department of Mechanical Engineering, S.T.B.S. College of Diploma Engineering, Surat, Gujarat, India Abstract Orifice meter is a differential pressure type flow measuring device in which energy loss is a major problem. The energy loss coefficient is an important indicator of energy dissipation. In this paper, different parameters like contraction ratio, orifice plate thickness and Reynolds number were analyzed by numerical simulations using Ansys CFX 15.0 software for their effects on energy dissipation. Results of simulations revealed that, Reynolds number has negligible effect on energy loss coefficient when it is in the range of 0.5 105 to 100105. With increasing thickness of orifice plate, the energy loss coefficient decreases slightly while it decreases with increase in contraction ratio. Keywords: CFD, contraction ratio, energy loss coefficient, orifice plate, Reynolds number
INTRODUCTION
In large hydropower projects, orifice plates are used to control flood discharge due to energy dissipation characteristics. Due to sudden contraction and expansion of area, turbulence is generated before and after square-edged orifice plate, which is responsible for energy dissipation, especially the backflow region after orifice plate is the main source of energy dissipation [1]. Many researchers have worked on the effects of the geometric parameters of orifice meter on hydraulic characteristics such as energy loss coefficient, cavitation number, etc. Zhang et al. showed that the energy loss coefficient is closely related to orifice plate’s contraction ratio [2]. The contraction ratio is defined as the ratio of the orifice diameter and the diameter of discharge channel. The energy loss coefficient increases with the decrease in contraction ratio [3]. The sharpedged form has larger energy dissipation ratio compared with the square-edged and slopingapproach type orifice [4]. Cai and Zhang showed that the energy dissipation ratio decreases with the increase of the thickness of the energy dissipater [5]. The contraction angle is a key factor influencing the effects of the energy dissipation of the slit type energy dissipater [6]. Rani et al. studied turbulent flow of heavy water and light water in a cross
sectional orifice and found that the energy dissipation rate attains the maximum value at the wall of orifice compared to recirculation region [7]. Wanzheng concluded that the energy loss coefficient of sharp edged orifice plate and its backflow region length are mainly dominated by the contraction ratio of the orifice plate [8]. In this work, the effects of the geometric parameters of square edged orifice plate such as the contraction ratio, thickness of orifice plate and Reynolds number on the energy loss coefficient are investigated as well as an empirical relation of the energy loss coefficient to concerned parameters is presented by means of numerical simulations.
PARAMETERS AFFECTING ENERGY LOSS COEFFICIENT
The energy loss coefficient indicates the measure of energy dissipation. The energy loss coefficient of square edged orifice plate can be defined as follows [9]: ∆p (1) K= 2 0.5ρv
Where, ∆p is the pressure difference across orifice plate; ρ is the density of fluid and v is the average velocity of flow in pipe. There are many geometric as well as hydraulic parameters that affect the energy loss coefficient of square edged orifice plate.
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ISSN: 2230-9845(online), ISSN: 2321-516X (print) Volume 7, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Effect of Input Parameters on Surface Roughness of Wire-Cut EDM of AISI EN 31 Tool Steel 1,2
Nimratjot Singh1, Khushdeep Goyal2,*, Rakesh Bhatia3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yadavindra College of Engineering, Talwandi Sabo, Punjab, India
3
Abstract Wire-cut EDM is emerging machining process for machining hard to machine materials and intricate shapes, which are impossible to make with conventional machining process. This paper analyses the effect of significant input process parameters of WEDM, i.e., wire type, Pulse on, Pulse off, peak current on the output parameter surface roughness of AISI EN 31 tool steel. The other process parameters like wire tension, servo voltage, wire feed rate, spark gap voltage are kept constant. The Taguchi L18 orthogonal array is used to make a design of experiment. Two levels have been selected for wire type while all other three input parameters have been varied for three levels. AISI EN 31 tool steel is used as the work-piece material. The effect of all the selected input parameters on the output responses have been analyzed using ANOVA method. The result reveals that pulse on time and pulse off time are the most significant to influence surface roughness, followed by wire type. Keywords: surface roughness, process parameters, wire-cut EDM
INTRODUCTION
EDM is a one of the primitive nontraditional machining concept, which was developed in the late 1940s. In this process, the material is removed from work piece in small amounts when the series of repeated electrical discharges takes place between the tool called the electrode and the work piece. The material is removed with the erosion produced by the help of electrical discharges, thus both the tool and work piece should be electrically conductive to generate the spark [1]. But the EDM process which revolutionized the tool and die, mold, and metal working industries in the late 1960s is the Wire-cut EDM. Wire-cut EDM is a nontraditional machining process in which a thin wire acts as a tool to make very complex shapes of the work pieces. The material of the wire used in the machining process is brass, copper, coated wires like brass or zinc coated and cryogenic treated wires. In this process, the material is removed by a series of sparks between wire electrode, i.e., tool and work piece, thus it is also known as spark EDM. It is used for the manufacture of geometrically intricate shapes
in two or three dimensional with good surface finish and great accuracy. The WEDM process is viewed as similar to counter cutting with a band saw, as a slowly moving wire cuts the work piece along the well-defined path, with the discharge sparks acting like cutting tooth [2]. In WEDM, negative electrode, i.e., tool is a continuously moving wire and the positive electrode is a work piece. The spark is generated between two closely spaced electrodes under the influence of dielectric fluid. The dielectric fluid acts as a coolant and helps in flushing out the debris. De-ionized water is used as a dielectric in WEDM, because of its low viscosity [3].
LITERATURE SURVEY
Bhatia et al. worked on the comparative analysis of Surface Roughness of Untreated and Cryo-Treated H-11 Die Steel by WEDM [4]. The effect of three important parameters like Peak Current, Pulse On and Pulse Off time on Surface Roughness was studied. It was that the microstructure of the cryo-treated samples became more refined than untreated samples. Furthermore, it was also found with the use of the Taguchi method that the surface
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ISSN: 2230-9845(online), ISSN: 2321-516X(print) Volume 7, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Finite Element Analysis of Thick Beams using Lagrange-9 Element and ADINA 1,2
Poonamrani Basavraj Patil1, Ajay Gulabrao Dahake2,*, Vasudev Raghunath Upadhye3
Department of Civil Engineering, Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India 3 Department of Civil Engineering Department, Marathwada Institute of Technology, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
Abstract There has been a lot of research in the field of thick beam analysis. The classical beam theory was the first beam theory but it neglected the effects of shear deformation and this induce the need for further research to develop the beam theory to be helpful in thick beams where the shear deformation is paramount. In this research work, the trigonometric shear deformation theory for thick beam, which includes the sinusoidal functions in the thickness coordinate accounting the shear deformation, is explored. A thick simply supported beam is considered subjected to uniformly varying load, the flexural stress and displacement along the thickness and span are obtained. Further, the implementation of numerical method, namely finite element method, was explored. The two-dimensional plane stress nine-noded isoparametric displacement-based finite elements were used to develop the thick beam problem and the finite element analysis was conducted by programming the procedure in MATLAB®, a technical computing software. The finite element analysis procedure applied to find the displacement and stresses in the model. The calculated displacements and stresses are validated against the equivalent finite element analysis model in ADINA®, a general purpose finite element analysis software. Keywords: Thick beams, shear deformation, numerical method, finite element analysis, plane stress formulation
INTRODUCTION General Beam has numerous implementations in the field of mechanical and civil engineering. The roots for the theories describing the beam behaviour go back three centuries. Euler and Bernoulli were the first to explain the behaviour of the beams using elastic theory. This theory is known as the Euler-Bernoulli’s Beam Theory (ETB). Further development of this theory is required for the thick beams. This section explains the history and development of these beam theories. This section also gives insight into the working of finite element method and its formulation, which will help helps solve the thick beam problems. The limitations and veracity of the finite element analysis is explored. MATLAB, a computational programming tool is used to code the finite element formulation. When
used astutely this computer program help solve thick beam problems with complex loading and boundary conditions in matters of minutes. A general purpose finite element analysis (FEA) software, ADINA, built the finite element beam models and checks the validity of MATLAB code. Finite Element Method (FEM) is a numerical method for calculating approximate solution of real-world engineering problems, which can be expressed in terms of differential equations. It is difficult to quote a date of invention of FEM, the method originated from the need to solve complex elasticity and structural analysis problems in civil and aeronautical engineering. The FEM obtained its real impetus in the 1960s and 1970s. One of the major advantages of FEM is that a general purpose computer program can be developed easily to analyse various kinds of physical problems. FEA uses
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Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics (JoEAM) SJIF: 4.676
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