ISSN 2349-9001 (Online)
Journal of Microwave Engineering & Technologies (JoMET) September–December 2016
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Journal of Microwave Engineering & Technologies ISSN: 2349-9001(online)
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It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 3, Issue 3] of our Journal of Microwave Engineering & Technologies (JoMET), 2016. The intension of JoMET Journal is to create an atmosphere that stimulates vision, research and growth in the area of Microwave Engineering. Timely publication, honest communication, comprehensive editing and trust with authors and readers have been the hallmark of our journals. STM Journals provide a platform for scholarly research articles to be published in journals of international standards. STM journals strive to publish quality paper in record time, making it a leader in service and business offerings. The aim and scope of STM Journals is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high level learning, teaching and research in all the Scientific, Technical and Medical domains. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude to our Editorial/ Reviewer board, Authors and publication team for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring write ups/reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality Research/Reviews findings for our customers base. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.
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Journal of Microwave Engineering & Technologies
Contents
1. Performance Analysis of Single Band PIFA for 4G/LTE Mobile Communication Networks Fariha Afrin, Kawshik Shikder, Rinku Basak
1
2. Triangular Slotted Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Application Manju Devi, Vinod Kumar Singh
8
3. A Compact Spiral Shape Microstrip Path Antenna Anil Kumar Verma, Vinod Kumar Singh, Zakir Ali
13
4. Evaluation of SAR and Temperature Elevation in Human Head for Advanced Wireless Services (AWS) Application Faria Jaheen, M. Tanseer Ali
19
5. UWB Band Pass Filter Using Dielectric Resonator Karunesh, Rajeev Singh
25
Journal of Microwave Engineering & Technologies
ISSN: 2349-9001(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Performance Analysis of Single Band PIFA for 4G/LTE Mobile Communication Networks Fariha Afrin*, Kawshik Shikder, Rinku Basak Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh Abstract
This paper presents a Planer Inverted F Antenna (PIFA) for Fourth Generation (4G) Long Term Evaluation (LTE). The proposed antenna is designed on FR4 substrate and the dimension is 22.5 mm x 18.5 mm x 2.8 mm. The Antenna covers the LTE 40 frequency band application from 2.3–2.4 GHz (resonance at 2.35 GHz). Different performance parameters: return loss, VSWR, radiation pattern, current distribution, gain and efficiency are analyzed. The proposed antenna is suitable candidate for 4G LTE mobile phone application due to its compact size and low profile. Keywords: PIFA antenna, 4G, LTE, single band, mobile antenna
INTRODUCTION
Mobile communication systems are now a vital cornerstone where the mobile devices are an indispensable tool in the lives to the vast majority of people in this world. With the tremendous development in mobile communication networks, the mobile industry has experienced a noticeable growth. The evolution of mobile communication systems start from analog First Generation (1G) to digital Second Generation (2G) Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). After that, it reaches to Third Generation (3G) Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) or Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) with high date rate cellular wireless communication, and further to packet optimized 3.5G High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) which has extended to almost everywhere in the world. In the modern mobile communication market, the up-to-date generation in this evolution is Fourth Generation (4G) Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, which have been deployed or are soon to be deployed in many countries [1]. This 4G/LTE system of the mobile communication network offers high quality audio/video streaming over one end to another, either stationary or mobile condition. 4G/LTE technologies permit seamless mobility from cell to cell [2]. By the end of 2015, the worldwide LTE subscriber base is anticipated
to be around 1.37 billion [3]. With the rapid advancement of mobile communication, mobile devices have leaded to the increasing demand of internal antennas. The Planar Inverted F Antenna (PIFA) has appeared as one of the most promising candidate in this area in last three decades [4]. The PIFA has been widely used due to some exclusive characteristic, which makes it suitable for use in portable wireless device especially on mobile handsets. The advantages of PIFA compared to other microstrip antennas are low profile, small in size, easy to fabricate, low manufacturing cost, simple structure and can locate in structure such as at the back cover of the mobile phone [5, 6]. PIFA exhibits a high degree of sensitivity to both vertical and horizontal polarization, thus making it ideally suited to mobile applications. Low Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) value of PIFA, which is an important issues indicate that it has a small backward radiation toward the user’s head [7] and minimizing the electromagnetic wave power absorption. Conventional PIFA has some drawbacks like cannot support multi frequencies simultaneously, narrow bandwidth, and low antenna efficiency [8–11]. Typically, the PIFA consists of four main elements, which is radiating patch located above a ground plane, a short circuiting wall or plate, ground plane, and a feeding technique for the planar element. In order to reduce the
JoMET (2016) 1-7 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
Page 1
Journal of Microwave Engineering & Technologies
ISSN: 2349-9001(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Triangular Slotted Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Application Manju Devi1, Vinod Kumar Singh2,*
1
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow, UP, India 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, S.R. Group of Institutions, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
In this article, a dumbbell shape microstrip patch antenna has presented mainly used for WLAN wireless applications. The simulated result shows that dual bandwidth of 49.07 and 9.47% are obtained covering the frequency range from 1.63 to 2.69 GHz and 3.42 to 3.76 GHz. The characteristics of the designed structure are investigated by using MoM based on IE3d. In the end, an extensive analysis of the return loss, radiation pattern and gain of the proposed antenna has been studied. Keywords: Microstrip antenna, Broadband, Efficiency, Bandwidth
INTRODUCTION
The mobile phones free the human being from the handset cords in many home, institutions and offices. Now we can speak with each other at any place with the help of cell phones without disturbance. Wireless technology provides more independence to us to access to the internet without suffering from running yards of unsightly and costly cable. The trend of these applications and technology has radically decreased the weight and size. Therefore, there is requirement for antennas of small sized light- weighted, low profile with good directivity and radiation pattern in the horizontal plane [1–5]. The substrate dielectric constant acts a role similar to that of substrate thickness. A low dielectric constant for the substrate will increase the fringing field at the patch periphery. This is resulted that the radiated power of the antenna will be also increased. An increase in the substrate thickness has effects on the antenna characteristics as decreasing the value of the dielectric constant. A high substrate loss tangent increases the dielectric loss of the antenna which results to reduce the antenna efficiency.
antenna. However, it affects the input resistance and bandwidth to a larger extent. A bigger patch width increases the power radiated and therefore provides a decreased resonant resistance, increased bandwidth, and increased radiation efficiency. A constraint against a larger patch width is the creation of grating lobes in antenna arrays [6–10].
ANTENNA DESIGN
The design of triangular shape is cut on the patch antenna is shown in Figure 1. An antenna has 37.82×46.09 mm ground plane and 28.22×36.49 mm of rectangular patch dimensions. The dielectric material of the substrate (εr) selected for this design is glass epoxy which has a dielectric constant of 4.4 and loss tangent equal to 0.001 with the resonant frequency of 2.9 GHz. Table 1: Design Specifications of the Antenna.
Patch width has a minimum effect on the resonant frequency and radiation pattern of the
JoMET (2016) 8-12 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
Parameters
Value
εr
4.4
h
1.6 mm
Wg
46.8 mm
Lg
38.4 mm
L
28.8 mm
W
37.2 mm
Page 8
Journal of Microwave Engineering & Technologies ISSN: 2349-9001(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
A Compact Spiral Shape Microstrip Path Antenna 1,2 3
Anil Kumar Verma1, Vinod Kumar Singh2,*, Zakir Ali3
Department of Electrical Engineering, S. R. Group of Institutions, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India Institute of Engineering & Technology, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
In this article, novel design is proposed to develop a microstrip patch antenna for 1.70–2.60 GHz frequency with bandwidth 41.8%. In this paper, the design of proposed antenna has the dimensions 37.8×46.0 mm, dielectric constant 4.4 and substrate thickness of 1.6 mm. The simulated result of proposed antenna such as bandwidth, return loss and smith chart is presented. The proposed antenna is simulated with the help of IE3D simulator which is based on method of moment. The presented antenna can be used for UMTS/WLAN/WiMAX application. Keywords: Microstrip Patch antenna, Wide band, Bandwidth, Efficiency
INTRODUCTION
During the past two decades wireless technology has changed human lives. Wireless technology provides communication with each other at any time and in any place such as cell phones. Wireless local area network (WLAN) technology provides us access to the internet without suffering from managing yards of unsightly and expensive cable [1–5]. The trend of these applications and technology has dramatically decreased the weight and size. Thus, there is thirst for antennas of small sized light- weighted, low profile with good directivity and radiation pattern in the horizontal plane. Conventional microstrip antennas in general have a conducting patch printed on a grounded microwave substrate, and have the attractive features of low profile, light weight, easy fabrication, and conformability to mounting hosts [6–14]. It is difficult for design of microstrip antenna with suitable substrate, thickness and loss tangent. If microstrip antenna has being mechanical strong and there will be increase in thickness then there will be also increase in radiated power and improve impedance bandwidth. But the disadvantage is that it will increase the weight and dielectric loss. Therefore, dielectric constant of less than 2.5 is preferred unless a smaller patch size is desired. An increase in the substrate thickness has similar effects on the antenna
characteristics as decreasing the value of the dielectric constant. A high substrate loss tangent increases the dielectric loss of the antenna and reduces the antenna efficiency [13–20]. Microstrip Patch width has a minor effect on the resonant frequency and radiation pattern of the antenna. However, it affects the input resistance and bandwidth to a larger extent. A bigger patch width increases the power radiated and thus provides a decreased resonant resistance, increased bandwidth, and increased radiation efficiency [21–25]. Table 1: Design Specifications of the Antenna. Parameters
Value
fr
2.5 GHz
εr
4.4
h
1.6 mm
Wg
46.0 mm
Lg
37.8 mm
L
28.2 mm
W
36.4 mm
Microstrip Antenna Design The configuration of proposed Microstrip Patch Antenna is shown in Figure 1. An antenna has 37.8×46.0 mm ground plane and 28.2×36.4 mm of rectangular patch dimensions. The dielectric material of the substrate (εr) selected for this design is glass epoxy which has dielectric constant of 4.4.
JoMET (2016) 13-18 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
Page 13
Journal of Microwave Engineering & Technologies
ISSN: 2349-9001(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Evaluation of SAR and Temperature Elevation in Human Head for Advanced Wireless Services (AWS) Application Faria Jaheen*, M. Tanseer Ali Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, American International University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh Abstract
In this paper, the specific absorption rate (SAR) and the temperature rise in the SAM phantom human head model as a consequence of the exposure to radiation of planar inverted F (PIFA) mobile handset antenna has been estimated at Advanced Wireless Services (AWS) band downlink frequency range. Biological hazards on human head owing to electromagnetic wave (EMW) exposure in advanced wireless services has been analyzed by computing the temperature rise in head's tissue. A miniaturized planar inverted F antenna having dimension of 15.9Ă—10Ă—4 đ?‘šđ?‘š3 is located aside human head using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.0 to establish a pragmatic analysis. Even a source data created from magnetic-resonance image (MRI) of a human head is imported for estimating the variation of tissue type inside head. In this model, Radio Frequency (RF) Module and Heat Transfer Module have been elected for accurate analysis of the physical element, i.e., planar inverted F antenna and the biological element, i.e., human head correspondingly. Keywords: Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), SAM phantom, PIFA, EMW exposure, MRI
INTRODUCTION
A small electric portable crate which is lording over communication technology from nineteenth century is mobile communication device. Modern life is implausible barring it and each petty segment of life is ineffably subservient to it. The golden age of communication technology, i.e., invention of wireless mobile communication has started after the invention of 'Radio' by Guglielmo Marconi. As Radio Frequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation is merely a preferable via of communication so every biological and nonbiological entity is exposed to this radiation. Indeed, electromagnetic radiation is enclosing us at every feasible frequency [1]. For instance, WI-LAN technology ranging 2–4 GHz is used on the internet, at home and office networks regularly [1]. Additionally, very long distance (ranging from 10–20 Km) connectivity, long distance connectivity and short distance connectivity are established via WiMAX, WI-FI and Bluetooth technology, respectively [2]. Since the installment of base station along with mobile station is
aggrandizing rapidly to meet the huge demand for communication so the exposure of nonionizing electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from wireless equipment on biological entity particularly on human body has been an affair of angst. Therefore, recently defined several safety standards should be maintained to thwart adverse effects of nonionizing radiation (NIR) in human beings [3–5]. The parameter which indicates the amount of power absorbed per unit mass of human biological tissue exposed to electromagnetic radiation is called Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). SAR calculation to observe EM exposures from google glass, cell phones and notebooks have been examined by researchers [6–13]. In this study, a SAM phantom human head model is imported in the COMSOL Multiphysics software. Then a planar inverted F antenna (PIFA) used in mobile handset is designed at the left side of the head model. In the simulation RF module is used to design the planar inverted F antenna and heat transfer module is used to investigate human head heating owing to the exposure of electromagnetic wave from the PIFA. Over
JoMET (2016) 19-24 Š STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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Journal of Microwave Engineering & Technologies
ISSN: 2349-9001(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
UWB Band Pass Filter Using Dielectric Resonator Karunesh*, Rajeev Singh Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India Abstract
A novel ultra-wideband (UWB) bandpass filter is proposed and implemented using a dielectric resonator, with aim of transmitting the signals in the whole UWB passband of 3.1– 10.6 GHz. Ultra-wideband (UWB) is a promising innovation for some remote applications because of its expansive transfer speed, great proportion of transmission information and low power cost. The filter is compact in size with a great simplicity in assembly and integration. The developed UWB band pass filter using dielectric-resonator is potentially applicable for applications in future wireless communication systems. Four dielectric resonators having similar parameters (permittivity and diameter) are selected for ultra-wide bandwidth of the filter. The proposed approach provides control of all the major parameters such as center frequencies, intercavity couplings, and input/output couplings of filter independently in the designated bands. The coupling effect as well as minimization of the insertion loss in the passband increases in this new approach. Theoretical results and measurements look like very close to each other. There is good agreement between experimental simulated result and measured values. In order to analyze the return loss and insertion loss of the filter, the new approach contributes more advantages and is feasible at the desired application band. Keywords: Bandpass filter, dielectric resonator, ultra-wideband, Q-factor, micro-stripline
INTRODUCTION
Lots of research has been done and proposed using various configurations for minimizing the filter size and for improvement of filter response as well as performance. Hairpin resonator, ring resonator, step impedance resonator and short circuited stub are used for configuring some filters. Various wireless services had grown very fast during 1960 and the demand of multiband microwave communication systems is increasing day by day. The capability of adapting multiple wireless communication platforms have greatly increased. The great potential of ULTRA-WIDEBAND (UWB) technology has introduced for the development of various modem transmission systems, for instance, through-wall imaging, vehicular radar, indoor and hand-held UWB systems, etc. [1]. In February 2002, the unlicensed use of UWB devices for variety of applications has been authorized by US Federal communication commission (FCC) [1–3]. The UWB bandwidth must strictly contain the frequency from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz to fulfill the FCC
requirement for the indoor and handheld UWB systems. Many researchers have shown their interest to arise the development of UWB band pass filters [4–6] for meeting the requirements on emission level [1] and covering the whole UWB bandpass filter at centre frequency 6.85 GHz with the fractional bandwidth of 109.5%. Various passband filters are found very useful to establish narrow passband filter, systematically using traditional filter theory. Various techniques such as multiple mode resonator (MMR) [4, 5], multilayer coupled structure [6, 7], defected ground structure (DGS) [8], defected microstrip structure (DMS) [7] and cascaded low-pass/high-pass filters [9] have been presented to design UWB bandpass filters to meet the ideal characteristics of UWB filter. Bandpass filter is a frequency selective network which is able to pass the signal of specific bandwidth with certain centre frequency and reject signals in another frequency region. So, a bandpass filter can be used at transmitter and receiver side to reject unwanted signals. Ring resonators are
JoMET (2016) 25-29 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved
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ISSN 2349-9001 (Online)
Journal of Microwave Engineering & Technologies (JoMET) September–December 2016
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