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Journal of Offshore Structure and Technology ISSN: 2349-8986(online)
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Dr. Ajaykumar Ramdas Kambekar
Dr. Anitha Joseph
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Professor, Department of Civil Engineering ,TKM College of Engineering, Kerala, India.
Engr. Habib Zaman Memon
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Dr. Rizwan Assistant Professor,Department Of Civil Engineering, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute Of Technology Jalandhar, Punjab, India.
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Editorial Board Dr. Zeeshan Ali
Dr. Upendra Singh Yadav
Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering Dept., MUET, Sindh, Pakistan.
Assistant Professor , D.I.T University, Dehradun, India.
Dr. Rajiv Sharma
Dr. G. S. Palani
Associate Professor, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai, India.
Senior Principal Scientist, Head Steel Structures Research Facility, CSIR-Structural Engg. Res. Centre CSIR Campus, Chennai, India.
Jian Xiao Senior structural Consultant in Intelli SIMS in houston, TX, U.S
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It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 3 Issue 3] of our Journal of Offshore Structure and Technology, 2016. The intension of JoOST is to create an atmosphere that stimulates vision, research and growth in the area of Offshore Structure and Technology. Timely publication, honest communication, comprehensive editing and trust with authors and readers have been the hallmark of our journals. STM Journals provide a platform for scholarly research articles to be published in journals of international standards. STM journals strive to publish quality paper in record time, making it a leader in service and business offerings. The aim and scope of STM Journals is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high level learning, teaching and research in all the Science, Technology and Medical domains. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude to our Editorial/ Reviewer board, Authors and publication team for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring writeups/reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality Research/Reviews findings for our customers base. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.
Dr. Archana Mehrotra Managing Director STM Journals
Journal of Offshore Structure and Technology
Contents
1. Comparative Study on Fatigue Analysis Methods using Turret-moored FPSO Model Ozgur Ozguc
1
2. Evaluation of Buckling Response on a Semi-Submersible Platform Ozgur Ozguc
16
3. Q Anisotropy in the Region of Garhwal Himalaya Gaurav Sharma, Akshat Dimri
25
4. Aqua Search: A New Metaheuristic Modified Firefly Algorithm for Topology Optimisation of Continuum Structures K.N.V. Chandrasekhar, T. Muralidhara Rao, Sangu Swapna
32
5. Oil Price Volatility Sitanshu Tiwari, Kartik Parolia, Pranav Kaila, Gurpreet Singh
38
Journal of Offshore Structure and Technology ISSN: 2349-8986(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Comparative Study on Fatigue Analysis Methods using Turret-moored FPSO Model Ozgur Ozguc* Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey Abstract Floating structures are prone to fatigue due to high cyclic loads mainly caused by waves and changing loading conditions. Therefore, fatigue is an important criterion during design. The fatigue life is dependent upon factors such as global and local design, workmanship during construction, maintenance, corrosion protection, and trade and load history. Different approaches are applied to the fatigue strength assessment. Longitudinal stiffener end connections are also important structural elements in the hull structure of ships, floating production storage and offloading units (FPSOs), semisubmersibles and tension leg platforms. Further, the wave loads introduce significant dynamic stresses in the side shell below the mean water level. This has led to a number of fatigue cracks in the welded connections between side longitudinal stiffeners and transverse frames and bulkheads of hull structure. The objective of this paper is to perform the comparative study between full stochastic fatigue analysis methodology and DNVGL load component stochastic fatigue methodology using the calculated fatigue life of longitudinal members amidships. A turretmoored FPSO is used as a case study. These fatigue calculations should also be used as guidance for close-up inspections. Advantages and limitations of the different fatigue design approaches are discussed based on results from the case study. Keywords: Fatigue design, S-N curves, FPSO hull structure, Finite element analysis, Turret mooring
INTRODUCTION During the last 10–15 years the industry has put significant focus on fatigue analysis methodologies for ship-shaped structures. The reason for this is a large cost consequence associated with fatigue cracks in these structures. During these years’ experience has been gained from classification of ship-shaped structures, experience from a number of detailed fatigue analyses of ships and recommendations have been developed through joint industry projects. In this paper, a brief overview of fatigue analysis methodology used today are presented together with some of the recent advances in analysis methodology. More than 40% of the registered fatigue cracks in ship structures are observed to occur in the side shell, more specifically in the connections of longitudinal to transverse web frames. The fatigue damage was caused partly by vertical and horizontal wave-induced hull bending and
partly by outside water pressure on the side shell. Due to the nonlinear nature of the outside water pressure the fatigue damage of the combined stress cannot be solved via a traditional frequency domain analysis. Hansen and Winterstein solved the combination problem by application of a realistic wave model [1]. The proposed model was used to analyze a segregated ballast tanker, and the results are compared to previously registered fatigue cracks. The analysis showed that it was very important to include the water pressure in the fatigue analysis, as this accounts for the majority of the expected fatigue damage. The analysis was performed for both I-shaped and L-shaped stiffeners. Full-scale fatigue testing of five test specimens of side longitudinal of ships was carried out by Lotsberg and Landet at the structural laboratories of DNV in Oslo [2]. The main
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Journal of Offshore Structure and Technology ISSN: 2349-8986(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Evaluation of Buckling Response on a Semi-Submersible Platform Ozgur Ozguc* Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey Abstract The primary aim of the present paper is to investigate the buckling strength assessment of a stiffened deck panel on a semi-submersible platform by means of the nonlinear finite element code ADVANCE ABAQUS. Comparison is performed with the PULS buckling code for stiffened panels. The cases studied correspond to in-plane bi-axial compression in the two orthogonal directions. An imperfection sensitivity study is also accounted for. The strength values from ADVANCE ABAQUS and PULS code are very close. The results and insights derived from the present work are summarized. Keywords: Nonlinear FE analysis, buckling strength, stiffened panel, initial imperfection
INTRODUCTION Stiffened plates is the main structural building block in ship and offshore hulls and their structural response subject to combined loads is a topic of significant practical interest in ship and offshore structural design. Figure 1 shows an example of such construction where the stiffened plate spans between girders. Since the overall failure of a hull is normally governed by buckling and plastic collapse of the deck, bottom and sometimes the side shell stiffened plates, it is of importance to accurately calculate the ultimate strength of stiffened panels in deck, bottom and side shell in order to achieve a more advanced structural design of ships.
Precise modelling of stiffened panels can be achieved by means of analysis tools and computing power. Initial imperfections such as welding induced residual stress and initial deflections of the cross section can be explicitly incorporated into numerical models. In a series of studies, Grondin et al. have considered the behaviour of structural elements under axial compression, both experimentally and numerically [1, 2]. The goal of that study was to investigate the tripping failure mode and validate with experiments, a sophisticated nonlinear finite element model that would allow a more extensive study of the behaviour to be conducted numerically.
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Journal of Offshore Structure and Technology ISSN: 2349-8986(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Q Anisotropy in the Region of Garhwal Himalaya Gaurav Sharma*, Akshat Dimri Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India Abstract Empirical relations have been found out to describe the decay in amplitude with distance of swaves in the region of Garhwal Himalaya. These functions results from the analysis of spectral amplitudes of three component digital records from 19 local earthquakes obtained from 12-station seismological network deployed in the Garhwal lesser Himalaya. The events lie in a magnitude range from ML 2 to ML 4.5, epicentral distance 5 to 120 km and focal depth from 5 to 50 km. To determine the variations of the quality factor Q in the direction of wave propagation (Q anisotropy), independent estimates have been made of the attenuation of SVand SH-waves using vertically polarized and transversely polarized components, respectively. Frequency analyzed (1–12 Hz) and in the whole distance range, the frequency dependence of Q can be approximated as Qsh = 74.3 f 1.0 for the SH-wave and Qsv = 81.5 f 0.95 for the SVwaves. The small difference between SH and SV spectral decay, suggests that Q anisotropy is negligible. However, in the distance range of 5–50 km, Qsv tends to be significantly greater than Qsh at frequency > 8 Hz. So in this distance range we observed Q anisotropy in the studied region. The dependence of Q value with frequency in this range is Qsh = 110 f 0.94 for SH- wave and Qsv = 134 f1.0 for SV-waves. Keywords: Velocity, Anisotropy, Frequency, S-wave
INTRODUCTION Due to devastating effect of earthquake, its prediction and estimation is a matter of great interest for the safety of humans. Earthquake prediction should be reliable on the basis of the natural processes and its derivation in such a way that any other ‘researcher’ would obtain the same result using the derived methodology. There are numerous earthquake precursors ‘exists’ now a days but they are having their own advantages and limitations. It has been observed that when events have occurred, the properties of medium at that location get changed. The change in properties of medium is expressed in terms of Quality factor that is measure of attenuation. Attenuation is one of the basic properties of seismic waves from which physical properties of earth’s interior and its state can be known. The quality factor Q of shear wave is considered as an important input parameter for the assessment of seismic hazard in earthquake prone areas by studying dependency of attenuation on frequency of seismic waves and also the effect on the nearby areas as the distance increases from the source. It is also
necessary to give seismic estimation of soil. Many studies related to S-wave attenuation have been carried out by various researchers in world, (e.g., Tsukuba (1979) (Japan), Marmara (2004) (turkey)) as well in India (Garhwal Himalaya (Sharma et al. (2004)) with the varying focal depth and interpret the dependency of attenuation on frequency [1]. Many Recent studies have been carried out on P-wave and S-wave attenuation’give the idea about the presence of a strong attenuation zone beneath the Italian Apennines [2]. They interpreted that these observations are due to advection of asthenospheric material in the uppermost crust mantle. The area of northern Alpine is characterized as the area of high heat flow (Ponziani et al., 1995). They had estimated that beneath the anisotropic region in Apennines, it is having thickness of 160 km based on the observed delay time between split shear-wave phases. Another study has been carried out across Tuscan-Umbro-Marchesan region situated in Italy. Ponziani et al. (1995) found that the structure is crustal structure. In another study in Marche region they found that the lower
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Journal of Offshore Structure and Technology ISSN: 2349-8986(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Aqua Search: A New Metaheuristic Modified Firefly Algorithm for Topology Optimisation of Continuum Structures K.N.V. Chandrasekhar*, T. Muralidhara Rao, Sangu Swapna Department of Civil Engineering, CVR College of Engineering, Rangareddy, Telangana, India Abstract The focus of the paper is to propose a new search algorithm which requires less computational effort to perform topology optimisation of continuum structures. The basic idea is based on performing underwater search operations by a group of divers in a school. This algorithm is named as Aqua Search (AS). The design domain here is compared to the water body. The AS algorithm is an improvement over the conventional Firefly algorithm. The diver makes his decision based on the base station information, his intuition and the field conditions such as visibility and feasibility. These are represented by relevant Mathematical expressions which can be used to determine the subsequent step length and the direction. This search algorithm is tested further using a few benchmark examples from the literature and the convergence is compared. Keywords: Aqua Metaheuristics
Search,
Firefly,
Topology
Optimisation,
Continuum
Structures,
INTRODUCTION
THEORY
The knowledge of metaheuristics inspired by nature contributes alongside the computational technology to provide better and faster means to identify the optimal solution [1]. This paper presents a new modified Firefly algorithm an optimiser that can locate the global optimum with fewer iterations compared with the Firefly algorithm [2]. The ability of the optimiser lies in exploring the local minima and the algorithm to achieve the optimal convergence at lower cost, and computational effort. The knowledge of technology helps to improve the computational ability at an affordable cost and when used along with the optimiser can explore and exploit the search domain intensely. Next section discusses the algorithm in detail. The mathematical formulation is done in the subsequent section in detail. Later in the paper few problems have been solved and the performance of the proposed algorithm is verified with the Firefly algorithm and the results are presented. The short comings of the algorithm that has been observed are discussed in a separate section. In the last part of the paper, the conclusions and the future scope are discussed.
The inspiration, I would rather name it as need to reduce the computational effort required by the algorithms, for lack of access to computational resources is the primary reason. One of the possible ways to optimise a given domain is to improve the algorithm itself and the other way is to improve the finite element analysis program improve its efficiency. Alike other metaheuristic algorithms, this current algorithm is based on a real time happening in the nature. The main idea behind this algorithm is Firefly algorithm, but based on the search operations conducted by divers underwater in the deep sea. This modified search algorithm will be named as Advanced Aqua Search. Inside the deep sea, it is completely dark and the diver has to search based on a set of criteria namely the interaction of the diver with the base above using a GPS device, his instinct and visibility as well. Alike other metaheuristic algorithms, this algorithm has quite a few parameters. A group of divers are performing the search operation. The divers can interact with each other using an electronic device and can exchange information between them. The base
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Journal of Offshore Structure and Technology ISSN: 2349-8986(online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com
Oil Price Volatility Sitanshu Tiwari1,*, Kartik Parolia1, Pranav Kaila1, Gurpreet Singh2 Department of Oil and Gas, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
Abstract Over the last 14 months, the average price of oil has gone down by about 60%. Oil prices fluctuate for a numerous of reasons. To name few are like, rise in global economic activity can bring demand and hail prices higher, while increasing production rates can cause prices to decline as well; although simple economic supply and demand tales are useful in describing the oil price movements. Keywords: Oil prices, economic activity, supply and demand
INTRODUCTION The reasons driving changes are often difficult to identify reasons. As a result, large ups and down are experienced in oil prices can bring a surprise, same is the case with the recent decline which started in mid-2014 [1]. The current phase of price imbalance is not unique. Oil prices were also declined by over 50% during the recession of 2007–09. However, the price fall during the recession was primarily because of the slowdown in global economic activity during this phase [2]. A slowdown was experienced in the commodities other than oil
to fall abruptly. Prices for some of the commodities, such as copper, dipped in 2014, but nowhere till the extent of oil prices [3]. These types of movements notify that a portion of the recession in 2014 was likely due to weak global economic activity. Increasing supply may be another side of the explanation for the oil price decline which started in 2014. Total global oil production increased 3.7% year over year as of December 2014, via reports [4]. The increase is on the higher side, though not remarkable by the standards of the past five years (Figure 1).
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ISSN 2349-8986 (Online) ISO: 9001Certified
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